pasturization is a process of

boiling milk ,wine ,fruit juices

and dairy products to a temp
of 72 to 75 degree celcius and
imediatle cooling it this
process kills almost 99.5% of
microbes food preserved by
this method can last upto 6
days in friidge

the part of a mould or

viruses are so unimaginably
small that if we put them near a
single celled amoeba then the
protozoan would look like a
giant. viruses are of many forms
many viruses have a
geometrical shape they may be
elongated like a
wire,round,polyhedral or a
cuboidal shape
viruses are a group of
microrganisms that
aerobic
cannot live on there own
widespread some grow
bacteria use as they need a host cell
(the cell of other
oxygen for organisms) to do there
resperation life process therefore
viruses are parasites
photosynthesise they
that can harm us
anaerobic bacteria do
not use oxygen to respire oxygen
anaerobic reperation is
the main rout for
requirement
nitrogen to go back to the
atmosphere
unicellular algae like diatom
found in water are
phytoplankton they are plant
like aquatic microorganism
since they require light to
photosynthesise they live on
surface of water as free
floating organisms and
multicellular algae like
seaweed form large colonies
algae are extremely
on water while some
grow on land they
contain chlorophyl
and can
can be either
unicellular or
multicellular
mushroom which grows above
the surface is its fruiting body.
fungi are hetrotrophic as they
dont contain chlorophyll some chemicals such as
are saprophytes decomposing sodium benonte and
dead matter some are parasites sodium
causing damage to the host and metabisulphate are
somelive in sybiotic relation called preservaties as
where they and host are both microbes cant live in
benifited them
microbes cannot
live in oil and
vinegar so some
fungi are unicellular or foods are stored
multicellular they include 1 with oil or vinegar
celled yeast or multi celled
moulds and mushroom yeast
is round/oval shape cotany
gray spot on bread is bread microbes cant live in
mould (rizopus) moulds and concentration on salt
mushroom consits of mass or sugar so jams jellies
branched tubular filaments protozoa need moisture to
and fruit squash are
called hyphae and mass of live they are inactive in dry
preserved by sugar
hyphae is called mycelium conditions and canot survive
while fish is preserved
temp. higher than 80' celsius
by salts
when conition are not microbes caant
favourable they lose water live in extreamely
and produce a thick cell wall warm climates so
and become dormant boiled food can
stay fresh for few
days
microbes cant
grow in cold
climates so food
kept in fridge
remains good for
few days

fungi
algae drying-microbes need
warm and moist
virus condition to grow so
drying a food and
then storing it in a
clean container will
bacteria a grouped into 4 type of remain good

type of basic shapes - shape bacteria

spherical(coccus)
rod-like(bacillus) protozoa food prevatio-
spiral(spirillum) bacteria preserving food
from spoilage by algae contributes
comma(vibrio) microbes is called to sustain life on
food preservation oxygen producing earth they
microrgnisms produce food and
types of add large amount
microrganisms of O2 in the air

chemoautotrophs-
chemotrophic mode of they can live in almost any
bacteria which use bacteria which nutrients type of environment
inorganic obtian food from
nutrifying air,soil,water,hotspirngs,sn
compound like co2 chemicals either
bacteria- bacteria ow,salinewater,decaying in the nitrogen
to make food organic or the process by which nitrogen in different form moves
which use energy flesh,living bodies etc cycle
inorganic beetween atmosphere soil water microorganisms plant
from amonia
autotroph- role of and animals is called nitrogen cycle nitrogen fixation is the
chemical process where nitrogen in the atmosphere is
bacteria which use
heterotroph-
microorganisms in
converted into nitrogeneuos compounds such are nitrtes
inorganic CO-2
chemohetrotrophs- bacteria which use nature and amonia by blue green algae and rhizobium they are
bacteria which use organic also known as biological nitrogen fixers nitrogen is also
organic compound compounds like microorganisms fixed by lightning as nitrates are soluable in water and are
to make food eg e sugar/amino acids friend and foe absorbed by plants which are eaten by animals which
microorganisms are tiny
coli which is found produce excrete which is decomposed by microorganisms
organisms which cant be what are
in human intestine phototrophic- louis pasture- which yields amonia nitrification is a natural process
seen by our naked eye they microorganisms??
uses sugar bacteria which fermentation carried by nitrifying bacteria that converts amonia
photoautotrophic- can only be seen with the
generate cellular present in soil and water into nitrates which is used by
bacteria which use of a microscope they
energy from light plants and some bacteria in soil will later return the
make food from are usually unicelluler but
from nitrates to atmosphere by converting then into nitrius
sunlight and some are also multicellular
photosythesis robert koch- oxide n2o and nitrogen n2
inorganic co-2 the study of
microorganism is called tubercolosis vaccine
microbiology
soil bacteria and fungi
edward jenner-small decompose organic
useful harmfull pox in increasing soil matter turning into
microorganisms microorganisms fertility humus which makes the
alexander fleming soil fertile and give it
penicilin- more water holding
for the making of curd capcity
a bacteria named
lactobacilli is needed it
multiplies rapidly and making of curd and
makes milk into curd cheese
cheese is also made by
a bacteria which is
added to milk

some bacteria produce several fungi

dieses causing cause plant
poisons to kill insects other uses of
making bread microorganisms in dieses and
these are however not microorganisms
food poisoning plant damage crops
harmfull to others so
they can be used to
control plant pests other harmful
production of effects
alcohol ,wine and
vinegar

yeast has been used for 1000 of

amoebic
years to make bread the dough manufacturing on highly dangeoros
dysentery
rises when we add yeast because it medicines and dieses such as foot
breaks down sugar and produces vaccine cleaning the and mouth dieses
alcohol and produces co2 this envoirment that infect
process is known as fermentation certain microbes contaminte cattleand other
the bubble of co2 gas makes the food at times the harmfull animal is caused citrus canker-bacterium-air
dough rise and on baking makes the bacteria present in animals are by virus rust of wheat-fungi-air ,seed
bread soft and fluffy transfered to humans mainly bacterial leaf spot-bacteria-air
yeast is used for the malaria
by meat products powdery mildrew-fungi-air water
commercial production of
alcohol and wine by the
process of fermentation in diesease-causing
this yeast is allowed to grow microorgnisms in
on the natural sugars of rice animal including
barely wheat and crushed human biengs
fruit juices
bacteria and fungi are used to make antibiotics. antibiotics
are medicine which stop the growth of disies causing a protozoa called entamoeba
microbes the fungus penicilum in used to make penicillin a histolytica causes this dieses
some bacteria decompose plant certain fungi cause
drug used to treat a number of infection streptomycin it atacks wall of intestine and
and animal waste to produce serious skin nd lung
,tetracyclin , erythromycin and azithromycin feeds on red blood cell the
biogas bio gas is a environment dieses in human and
are some comonly used antibiotcs made from bacteria and dieses is lso present in
friendly fuel there re also animals the excrete of
fungi bacteria and yeast are used for the industrial excrete and is transmittited
bacteria that can decompose pigeons has fungi
production of vitamin b12 and e.coli is used for making by contaminated food and
petroleum waste they re bacteria and protozoa
insulin for diabetic patiants virusses are used to make water untreated sewage used
helpfull in oil spill some are that can caus dieses
vaccine for the dieses they cause vaccine contain asmanur is also able to
dead/weakend microbes which on entering human make usefull in decomposing sewage malaria is caused by a
communicable transmit this
antibodies antibodies fight against diseas cusing microbes waste protozoa parasyte called
dieses are caused by
the antibodies remain in the body and prevent the ocurance plasmodium vivax it lives in
bacteria and virusl
of dieses vaccines are in theform of injection and oral drop the female anophales
moquito and when the vector
bites a human the parasite
the fungus aspergillius
enters there body and rapidly
flavus produces several
starts multiplying and it
poisons(afltoxins) which
destroys the rbc so the
grows on stock feeds such
human suffers from malaria
as groundnuts which
when eated can cause
dieses and death of cattle

communicabe dieses
are those dieses
which can be
transfered from 1
organism to another
valuable insects
such as bee and
silkworms die
because of
bacteria