ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF) FOR

THE SÃO TOMÉ E PRÍNCIPE ENERGY TRANSITION AND INSTITUTIONAL

SUPPORT PROGRAMME (ETISP)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
JANUARY 2020

1. BRIEF PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The small population of São Tomé e Principe (197,900 people) depends largely on biomass to meet 80%
of its energy needs, which puts pressure on the environment. The Government of São Tomé e Principe’s
(GoSTP) ambition is to reverse this trend by achieving universal electrification by 2030. However, while
the current electricity access rate stands at 70%, the power infrastructure is aging and electricity supply is
very erratic forcing businesses to run on diesel generators. The sector is also highly subsidized since the
electricity production is mainly based on expensive diesel - which is imported - and tariffs are not cost-
reflective. Therefore, to reduce its dependence on fossil fuel and improve the sector financials, the GoSTP
aims at implementing its energy sector Least Cost Development Plan (LCDP), which targets to increase the
share of renewable energy in the energy mix to 50% from the current levels of 5%.
The broad objective of the proposed Programme is to ensure sustainable development of STP’s power
system and promote green growth by supporting the implementation of the LCDP. This will involve the
diversification of the country’s electricity matrix by increasing power generation capacity based on
renewable energy, increasing the reliability of power system, and promoting the sustainable and efficient
use of electricity. The Programme will ensure: (i) development of renewable energy , thus reducing the
country’s carbon footprint and dependency on fossil fuels; (ii) implementation of energy efficiency
improvement throughout the country; (iii) improvement of the utility’s performance and financial
sustainability, including improved environment and social management, and governance; (iv) increase
electricity access by allowing new connections (households, business and industries) to a more reliable grid;
and (v) development of local expertise in hydropower, solar energy and energy efficiency. Table 1.1
summarises the Programme components and intended benefits.
Table 1.1: Programme Benefits and Intended Benefits
PROGRAMME COMPONENTS ENVISAGED RELATED BENEFITS
Component I
Subproject 1: Envisaged economic related benefits:
• Increased efficiency in electricity production, deriving from the
Grid reinforcement and maintenance
expected reduction in fuel consumption per kwh produced;
interventions in selected thermal
• Enhanced stability of the grid due to improved technical reliability
installations
in maintaining power output;
• Decreased power losses during transmission / distribution.
Envisaged environmental and social benefits:
• Reduced GHG emissions;

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Subproject 2:
Rehabilitation interventions in
Papagaio mini-hydro
Subproject 3:
Installation of a Solar PV power
plant at Santo Amaro generation
park
Component II
Subproject 4:
Implementation of an energy
efficiency programme for public
buildings and streetlights
Component III
Subproject 5: Establishment of a
Hygiene, Safety and Environmental
(HSE) unit at EMAE
2. OBJECTIVES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL
MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF)
The objective of the ESMF is to provide a unified process to address all environmental and social safeguard
issues for subprojects within the Energy Transition and Institutional Support Programme (ETISP) in São
Tomé e Principe, from preparation, through appraisal and approval, to implementation. It thereby ensures
• Mitigation of environmental risks associated to the current
operation of thermal generators by reduction of oil, water and air
pollution;
• Better quality and more stability of the power supplied;
• Health and safety benefits to surrounding neighborhoods and staff
members.
Envisaged economic related benefits:
• Replacement of expensive thermal power generation with lower
cost mini-hydro generation;
• Enhanced resilience of Príncipe’s power matrix with the inclusion
in the current power matrix of roughly 50% capacity from another
dispatchable power generation technology;
• Reduction of dependence on external diesel supply.
Envisaged environmental and social benefits:
• Reduced GHG emissions;
• More availability and better quality of the power supplied.
Envisaged economic related benefits:
• Direct reduction of daytime peak demand supplied by expensive
thermal power generation;
• Enhanced resilience of country’s power matrix with the inclusion
in the current power matrix of roughly 6% of capacity from
another power generation technology.
Envisaged environmental and social benefits:
• More availability of clean energy;
• Reduced GHG emissions.
Envisaged economic related benefits:
• Significant reductions in energy consumption;
• Direct funds release for other investments.
Envisaged environmental and social benefits:
• More availability of clean energy;
• Reduced GHG emissions.
Envisaged economic related benefits:
• Reduction of work accidents;
• Increase of performance of the workers.
Envisaged environmental and social benefits:
• Reduction of work accidents;
• Reduction of negative impacts of the fuels.
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compliance with the Bank’s Integrated Safeguards System (ISS) and applicable national requirements. The
ESMF describes the process for screening, assessing, addressing and managing safeguard issues for site-
specific project activities and subprojects that will be further defined. The ESMF covers all project
components including any capacity building as well as any small-scale works related to the subproject
investments.

3. OVERVIEW OF THE MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL RISKS

AND STAKES IN THE PROJECT IMPLMENTATION AREA
The Programme is to be implemented in various part of the country according to the different subprojects
defined. Subproject 1 on rehabilitation of thermal power stations and reinforcement of the grid will be
implemented in the towns of São Tomé and of Principe. Subproject 2 on rehabilitation of Papagaio hydro
power plant is to be executed on the River Papagaio in one of the peak areas of that river. Key features of
the biological environment in the project areas are found in Papagaio River for the hydro power plant, in
the framework of the subproject 2, where both terrestrial and aquatic ecologies are impacted. Apart from
that, Papagaio River is part of a conservation area. Subproject 3 entailing the construction of a solar PV
power plant, in Santo Amaro, occurs in an urban area. Subproject 4 on energy efficiency also takes place
in an urban area. The major potential environmental and social risks of the Programme’s components and
subprojects are related to the physical, biological and socio-economic contexts found in São Tomé and
Principe, as detailed in the following subsections.
3.1. Physical Features
In terms of physical features, São Tomé and Príncipe Islands are of volcanic origin, with an equatorial
climate, as the country is crossed by the equator, warm and humid climate, with average annual
temperatures ranging from 22º C to 31º C. It is a country with a multiplicity of microclimates, characterized
mainly by rainfall, temperature and location. The island of São Tomé is extremely mountainous, being the
highest point the Pico (peak) of São Tomé, with an altitude of 2,024 m. Watercourses in the country receive
about 2.1 million m³ of water/km²/year, equivalent to about 10,000 m³ per year per inhabitant. The amount
of water available per inhabitant is relatively higher compared to many other regions of the world, especially
the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa [4, 5]. The soils of the country are considerably fertile.
3.2. Biological Features
Regarding biological features, the isolation of the São Tomé and Príncipe from the other African continent
countries has generated a unique biodiversity. From the air, the Island of Príncipe is a vivid green, with lush
volcanic slopes falling precipitously into the sea and sandy beaches dotted along its coastline [4, 5]. It is
home to many species that are found nowhere else on Earth. São Tomé and Príncipe is well endowed with
a diversity of ecosystems in the form of forests, mangroves, inland waters, as well as coastal and marine
ecosystems, many of which at their typically pristine state. The human hand has contributed since the
Portuguese occupation in the 15th century to lend to the natural landscape substantial modifications that
resulted in secondary forests of old plantations (mainly cocoa, coffee, bananas, etc.), shade forests, savannas
and dry forests. In all these ecosystems it is to find fauna with a very great variety of species, some of which
are endemic. STP protected areas and national parks are: Natural Park Obo in São Tomé, Natural Park of
Obo in Principe, Biosphere Natural Reserve of Principe and Forest Reserve of Pico in São Tomé .

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3.3. Socio-Economic Features
Looking at the socio-economic features, one finds that population density of the archipelago is over 156
inhabitants per km², a figure which is relatively high when compared to Sub-Saharan African average. The
degree of urbanization of the population is also relatively high at around 65%, although this translates into
population concentrations in small urban areas and mostly horizontally settled, as there are few tower
buildings in São Tomé and Príncipe. Access to potable water is around 90% and in urban areas it is close
to 99% which is also considerably high compared to sub-Saharan African standards. Sanitation coverage
(based on improved services) is low, at an average of 35% for the population as a whole and about 41% for
urban areas [6, 7]. The remaining population uses non-recommended services. In education, São Tomé and
Príncipe has made excellent progress, especially in primary school education which has universal coverage
and has a net enrolment rate of close to 100% and a completion rate of 97% [6, 7]. Secondary school
education does not yet have the desirable universal coverage, but the network and educational provision
have been increasing, reflecting the growth in gross and net enrolment rates and the completion rate at this
level. Higher education remains for an elite and with a limited supply: only 1.2% of the population has
higher education [6, 7]. There have been significant improvements in health, including a noticeable
reduction of the maternal and child mortality rates. Significant progress has also been made in the fight
against malaria, with a record low incidence as well as the prevalence of HIV/AIDS, which stands at 0.80%
[7]. The country’s economic growth was estimated at 5% in 2016, led by agricultural investment and
tourism, and an average of 5.5% in the years 2017 and 2018 [6]. Gross domestic product (GDP) growth has
averaged over 4% per year since 2012, faster than many small island states [7]. Inflation also fell sharply
from 28% to about 4%, the lowest in the past two decades. Major economic activities in the country are
agriculture, fishing, tourism and industry [8, 9, and 10]. Despite methodological issues, there is a consensus
that poverty incidence has not changed significantly between the last two household surveys (2000 and
2010) undertaken in the country. Recent World Bank estimates show that about one-third of the population
lives on less than $1.9 per day, and more than two-thirds of the population is poor, using a poverty line of
$3.2 per day [6]. The country is experiencing unprecedented suppressed demand. In fact, the country often
experiences power outages due to dependence on the dilapidated thermal power plants running on
expensive fuel, translating into 33.8% of households complaining of power reliability as the key constraint
in power provision [2]. The country’s current electricity access rate stands at 70%, however this percentage
level is perceived as optimistic, since electricity access does not necessarily imply permanent availability
of electricity, as stated above.

4. INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK

4.1. Environmental Institutional Framework in São Tomé e Príncipe
Since the 1990s, the Government of São Tomé and Príncipe (GoSTP) has had a central entity responsible
for environmental issues within its governance framework. Currently, the environment administration is
undertaken by “Direcção General do Ambiente – DGA” (Directorate General for the Environment) within
the Ministry of Public Works, Infrastructure, Natural Resources and Environment (Ministério das Obras
Públicas, Infraestruturas, Recursos Naturais e Ambiente - MOPIRNA). The Directorate General for the
Environment is the ministerial body that coordinates all environmental activities, including climate change.
It has two technical units, the environmental and social units. The DGA is responsible for the development
of environmental regulations. MOPIRNA and/or its predecessors have been developing their approach to
dealing with environmental management by adopting medium to long term strategies and policies. The

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main areas of intervention include policy formulation, planning, research/technology, investment in
infrastructure and other relevant areas, regulation, supervision, development of extension
activities/education/awareness, among others. The regulation on environmental impact assessment process
lists the following activities for the entity responsible for environmental management:
a) Issue and disseminate general guidelines on the environmental impact assessment process;
b) Prepare, in coordination with the body (ies) responsible for the activity (ies), and with
environmental consultants, the Terms of Reference for carrying out the environmental impact
studies of the proposed activities;
c) Periodically issue, in coordination with the body (ies) responsible for the activity (ies), updated
criteria and standards to be followed by the analyses to be carried out in the context of the
environmental impact assessment process;
d) Proceed, in close coordination with civil society and communities, to review environmental impact
studies;
e) Issue environmental licenses;
f) Register and issue licenses for consultancy in the environmental area;
g) Guarantee, in coordination with the proponent and the organization / s responsible for the activities,
and periodic monitoring of the environmental activity; and
h) Carry out, in coordination with the body (ies) responsible for the activities, the control and
inspection of the licensed activities.
In addition to the DGA, another body dealing with environmental projects is the Projects Administration
Agency (AFAP), a governmental entity established to manage DFI-funded programmes in the country.
AFAP has different areas of expertise, including environmental and social safeguards.

4.2. Environmental Legal Framework in São Tomé and Príncipe

As was the case for many countries following the Rio Conference on Sustainable Development in 1992,
Sao Tomé and Príncipe began a significant legal and institutional reform to integrate sustainable
development concepts into planning and action models. The environmental legal framework is part of this
process. Major laws in the environmental field are as follows [11]:
• Law 10/1999: Environmental framework law (articles 7 and 8 define the principle of participation
in decision-making processes of citizens and social groups and guarantees everyone the right to
adequate access to environmental information);
• Law No. 11/1999: Law on the conservation of fauna, flora and protected areas;
• Law No. 5/2001: Forest Law;
• Law 9/2001: Fisheries and fishery resources law;
• Decree No. 35/1999: Law on inert extraction;
• Decree No. 36/1999: Decree on waste;
• Decree No. 37/1999: Environmental impact assessment regulation (public consultation process is
outlined in article 7, requiring stakeholder involvement and describing the process followed, the
concerns raised and the responses given);
• Law 6/2006: Obô Natural Park of São Tomé law;
• Law 7/2006: Obô Natural Park of Principe law;

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 • Law No. 3/91: State land property management law;
• Law 1/2003: Constitution of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Principe (article 10d of
the Republic's constitution considers the preservation of the harmonious balance of nature and the
environment as an important objective of the State. Further on, point 1 of article 49 states that
everyone has the right to housing and a human life environment and the duty to defend it).

4.3. African Development Bank Operational Safeguards and Other Relevant Policies and
Guidelines
The African Development Bank’s relevant guidelines and policies applicable to the Programme consist of
the following [12]:
• The Integrated Safeguards System (ISS) Policy adopted in December 2013. The Bank requires
that borrowers/clients comply with operational safeguards (OSs) requirements during project
preparation and implementation:
o Operational Safeguard 1: Environmental and social assessment;
o Operational Safeguard 2: Involuntary resettlement land acquisition; population
displacement and compensation;
o Operational Safeguard 3: Biodiversity and ecosystem services;
o Operational Safeguard 4: Pollution prevention and control, hazardous materials and
resource efficiency; and
o Operational Safeguard 5: Labour conditions, health and safety;
• The Gender Policy (2001) and the AfDB Group Gender Strategy (2013);
• AfDB Civil Society Engagement Framework (2012);
• Disclosure and Access to Information Policy (2012);
• Policy on Poverty Reduction (2001);
• Policy for Integrated Water Resources Management (2000);
• Environmental and Social Assessment Procedures (ESAP).
Furthermore, the following documents of the International Funding Corporation (IFC) should be
considered [13]:
• IFC Stakeholder Engagement Handbook (2007);
• IFC Handbook for Preparing Resettlement Action Plan (2002);
• IFC General Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines (2007).

Furthermore, STP has adhered and adopted several international and regional environmental protection and
conservation conventions and protocols, including creation of specific public institutions or strengthening
of existing ones dedicated to environmental and social protection. Examples of these are the strengthening
of the action of MOPIRNA and the creation of the DGA. STP is a signatory of the following international
and regional conventions/protocols:
• The UN Convention on Biodiversity - “National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action
Plan” (“Plano Nacional de Estratégia e Acção para a Conservação da Biodiversidade”);
• The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) – Decree 64/2009 , December
31, 2009 (Diário da República nº 90, 19º Suplemento); and
• The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - ratified on May 30 1998.

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4.4. Other Considerations
Development of relevant laws for sustainable development is São Tomé e Príncipe is in its initial stage.
Therefore, some legislation for pertinent issues is still missing. This is the case of involuntary resettlement,
which does not have a specific legal provision. There is no land law as such. The State Land Property
Management Law ((Law No 3/91) and the constitution cover some aspects which should be part of a land
law but not completely. This law defines the framework of land-related issues belonging to the State and
the basic principles of land reserve creation. It deals with property, identifying public and private property,
and also defines the basis of private occupancy and the use of state land, particularly at the level of
distribution for investment purposes. Among other things, the law specifies that “land corresponding to
river and seabed beds” is in the sphere of the State.
The fiduciary law (Law No 3/91) addresses the issue of land use but it is not very detailed in this regard.
AfDB ISS Policy and Operational Safeguards must therefore be followed. A full RAP (FRAP) is to be
developed for projects affecting more than 200 people and an abbreviated RAP (ARAP) should be
developed for projects affecting less than 200 people. In all instances where there is no specific legal
provision in the country, legislation of the AfDB and of the IFC is to be used. Furthermore, for very specific
issues other international legislation will be considered, such as those relating to persistent organic
pollutants.

5. RISK AND GENERIC POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF EACH TYPE OF

ELIGIBLE SUBPROJECT
For this Programme, which comprises different subprojects, the details of which are not yet fully known,
preliminary environmental and social (E&S) impacts and risks assessments were undertaken, following the
national legislation and the legislation of the funding organisation, the African Development Bank (AfDB).
The decision was to undertake an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF), which is
the most appropriate environmental and social assessment tool in such cases of not yet fully known
interventions [3]. The objective of the ESMF is to provide a unified process to address all environmental
and social safeguard issues for subprojects within the Energy Transition Support Programme (ETSP) in
São Tomé and Príncipe, from preparation, through appraisal and approval, to implementation. It thereby
ensures compliance with the Bank’s Integrated Safeguards System (ISS) and applicable national
requirements.
As far as the local legislation is concerned, Decree No. 37/199 of “Regulation on the Environmental Impact
Assessment Process” [4], includes six chapters. Chapter one is about general definitions; chapter two is on
environmental impact assessment; chapter three deals with environmental licensing, (there is no chapter
four), chapter five is about ensuring and enforcing law enforcement and chapter six takes care of
environmental consultants issues.
The regulation considers the following steps for environmental impact assessment:
a) The carrying out of the environmental pre-assessment by the governmental entity that manages
the environment area, considering that all activity in the areas listed in Annex I to the regulation on
the environmental impact assessment process must be subject to pre-assessment by the
governmental entity responsible for environmental management;

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 b) The carrying out of the environmental impact study by the project proponent, which is the
technical component of the environmental impact assessment;

c) Public consultation held by the project proponent with the participation of relevant government
entities, which is the moment when the perceptions of the parties involved and interested in relation
to the environmental impact study being carried out are heard;

d) Determination of the effect of the impact of the proposed activities in accordance with the
predetermined evaluation criteria, by the project proponent;

e) The review of the environmental impact study by the governmental entity that manages the area
of the environment;

f) The decision on environmental feasibility by the governmental entity that manages the area of
the environment and the issuance of the respective environmental license in case of a positive
assessment;

g) The registration and consultation of the process, considering that the processes related to the
environmental impact assessment will be available for consultation by the interested public, after
safeguarding the rights of the third party, which are also protected.

Annex I of the regulation on environmental impact assessment process is about activities that may have
significant impacts on the environment and that require environmental impact studies. The activities
proposed here are framed in point 3 of Annex I, exploration of water resources and large-scale hydraulic
works (subproject 2), point 4, electricity transmission lines (subproject 2), point 9, thermal, hydroelectric
and nuclear power plants (subprojects 1 and 2), and point 14, programs and projects that involve the
permanent or temporary displacement of population or communities (subproject 1). As it can be seen in
previous statements, the national regulation does not explicitly include matters of social nature in its
chapters. Development of relevant laws for sustainable development is São Tomé and Príncipe is in its
initial stage. Therefore, some legislation for pertinent issues is still missing. This is the case of involuntary
resettlement, which does not have a specific legal provision. There is no land law as such. The state land
property management law and the constitution cover some aspects which should be part of a land law but
not completely. In all the cases where there is no specific legal provision in the country, legislation of the
AfDB and of the IFC will be used. Furthermore, for very specific issues other international legislation will
be considered.

A similar procedure is followed by the African Development Bank. The AfDB integrated safeguards system
defines four levels of details for the pre-assessment (scoping), which are called categories, namely
categories 1, 2, 3 and 4 [5]. Category 1 refers to the category with the highest environmental and social
impacts and category 3, the one with the lowest or negligible impacts. The present project was classified
under the category 2 in the AfDB pre-assessment exercise. Category 2 projects require an appropriate level
of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment tailored to the expected environmental and social risks so
that adequate Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMPs) can be prepared to manage the
environmental and social risks of sub-projects in compliance with the AfDB safeguards.
Following both methodologies, at project scoping phase the potential impacts/risks have been classified as
follows:

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 • Physical impacts: Waste and emissions handling & disposal; water contamination; accidents;
noise and vibrations; holes and different types of waste on the soil; dust;
• Biological impacts (particular attention to be paid in national parks): Loss of biodiversity;
disruption of biodiversity due to noise and vibrations; disturbance of habitats by the deposition of
dust;
• Socio-economic impacts: Physical presence of workers, equipment and materials on site; health
and safety issues; social conflicts;
• Climate change impacts: Flash floods, progressive erosion of soils and landslides.
Environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) activities will have to be undertaken in all subprojects
at the time their details will be fully known. At this stage of ESMF such details are not yet known.
Nevertheless, preliminary assessments of the subprojects have been prepared on the basis of available
information, taking into account that in due time such ESIAs will be updated by incorporating real
information that will be available at that time, so that final ESIAs can be prepared.
The key element of ESIA is to determine the significance of impacts on resources/receptors. The task of
assigning significance for a given impact involves combining a prediction of the magnitude of an impact
with an assessment of the sensitivity/vulnerability/importance of the impacted resource/receptor. Impacts
are assessed in the five different project phases, namely: (i) planning/design; (ii) preparation/pre-
construction; (iii) construction; (iv) operation and maintenance; and (v) decommissioning. Although ESIA
has these five phases, the last one, which is decommissioning, was not considered in this analysis. This is
because decommissioning would require an ESIA by itself at the time it happens, following relevant
legislation of that time.
Many of the identified activities are likely to have limited impacts, which are site specific and may be
reduced via the implementation of appropriate mitigating measures. From the impact significance matrixes
elaborated, the following potential impacts can be expected for each subproject:
• Subproject 1 (urgent grid reinforcement and maintenance works on existing thermal plants):
In this subproject, there are two categories of activities, namely (i) grid reinforcement; and (ii)
maintenance works on existing EMAE thermal power plants. Details are as follows:
o Grid reinforcement: Activities are limited to those derived from the installation of new
low voltage (LV) and medium voltage (MV) power lines. It is expected that the subproject
will install 12 km of transmission lines and 5 km of overhead distribution lines and supply,
including installation of 3 new 30 kV switching stations. The predictable impacts will
appear mainly from civil construction works for opening access roads, opening lanes for
line crossing, installation of poles and cable routing and risk of falls of workers from
heights and accidents of electrical origin. As the workload is reduced, the overall impact
is negligible, except for the impact of accidents that can be classified as "Moderate",
requiring special attention from EMAE. The same can be applicable to the maintenance of
existing lines. Compensation and resettlement of some agricultural fields can be necessary
for the installation of the new power lines and some tension and social conflicts between
the affected population and EMAE can be expected if not adequately managed.
Nevertheless following correctly the mitigation measures outlined in this document the
resettlement process can be avoided. Wastes generated during the installation of new power

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 lines will mainly comprise small portions of excavated soil from foundations, waste from
electrical activity and garbage from daily activities of workers. The overall impacts due to
the reinforcement of the grid are of minor significance.
o Maintenance works on EMAE thermal power plants: Interventions in power plants and
their operation present high impact risks due to oil and diesel spills and leakages from old
equipment and to the transportation and disposal of those liquids. Measures should be taken
to prevent these impacts and for prompt intervention if serious problems occur. Accidents
and incidents can occur during the thermal power plants operation and the
maintenance/installation of power lines due to exposure to electrical hazards. Machines
operation produces significant noise levels to the staff and the impact must be considered.

• Subproject 2 (rehabilitation of the Papagaio hydropower plant): Activities will consist in

installation of a new weir, repair of the water intake, rehabilitation of the access to the powerhouse
at 0.7 km, servicing/replacement of electrical/mechanical parts, including turbines. This means that
significant construction work will have to be undertaken, in addition to electrical/mechanical work.
In this subproject attention must be given to the likely occurrence of impacts of all kinds: physical,
biological, socio-economic and climate change. Details of such impacts are presented below:
o Reduction of the environmental flow;
o Quality of surface and underground water resources that may be affected by the residues
of construction works, oil / fuel spills and leakages, etc;
o Air quality, which has the potential to be negatively affected by dust generated from the
project's various construction / rehabilitation operations;
o Soils that may increase the susceptibility to erosion due to machines movements, clearing
of vegetation and other earth movements themselves, as well as being contaminated by oils
and lubricants;
o Vegetation that may have to be cleared to pave the way for the existing installation;
o Fauna that may be scared away, disturbed by noise, dust and other project components with
potential to affect the normal life of the local fauna; and
o Lifestyles of surrounding communities, which generally benefit from the project, can be
affected by the presence of several workers, equipment and materials on site.
Significant impacts can occur mainly during the Construction phase, although some may also occur
in the Preparation/Pre-construction phase, given the need to open access roads and move people
and equipment.
Considering that the site is inside the National Park Obô, the project must consider the optimal
compromise between the energy needs and biodiversity conservation, according to law 07/2006
and the fact that this area has been declared UNESCO biosphere reserve. In this regard, all studies,
so far available, on fauna and flora in the area should be considered, and specific site surveys should
be carried out to assess the possible biological impacts of the project. Special care should be taken
concerning water pollution by sediments and dust,that can bury, suffocate or overload living
organisms. Noise and vibrations can affect many animals in the immediate vicinity of the site. The
fact that the activities to be undertaken represent a rehabilitation and improvement of the
functionality of an existing system, which is already part of the landscape of the Park, everything

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 indicates that the Papagaio plant will not significantly interfere, more than at present, with the
balance of animal, plant and biotic populations.
• Subproject 3 (construction of a solar PV plant at the existing Santo Amaro generation site):
The new solar power plant will be installed at the existing Santo Amaro power generation park,
which substantially reduces the risk of significant impacts to occur. The most important will be
impact risk of accidents during the construction phase, because the work will be performed in the
vicinity of an operating thermal power station, therefore, requiring special attention from EMAE.
Small quantities of waste will be produced during the installation due to the construction of the
panel support structures foundations, including the installation of technical command/control
container and solar panels packaging. The system will inject power directly to the grid, without any
need of using batteries

• Subproject 4 (implementation of an energy efficiency program for public buildings and

streetlights): The activity consists in replacement of incandescent/fluorescent lamps by LED lamps
and replacement of inefficient air conditioners by more efficient ones in public buildings. The only
predictable significant negative impact stems from the disposal of replaced equipment (lamps, air
conditioners) which should be properly treated. Replaced equipment should be taken to appropriate
facilities where it will be dismantled so that some components and materials can be recycled or
destroyed, under proper safety conditions. Replaced fluorescent lamps, mercury lamps, air-
conditioner compressors, among others, with hazardous and environmentally harmful gases or
materials, are required to be treated by companies specialized in the treatment of such wastes, and
then dropped in proper places to accommodate toxic waste.

• Subproject 5 (Setting-up a Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) unit in EMAE): No

negative impacts are expected to occur in this subproject, provided that all procedures foreseen in
the ESMF related to this subproject, i. e., since the unit is adequately staffed, funded and
capacitated.

6. PUBLIC CONSULTATION
Relevant data collection and interviews were conducted with relevant stakeholders in the context of the
preparation of the ESMF, including the DGA, AFAP and the power utility EMAE. Once subprojects are
adequately defined, ESIAs/ESMPs will be prepared for each subproject according to their environmental
and social risk profile and in accordance with national and AfDB guidelines and requirements [1, 2, 3],
which, inter alia, require public consultations. According to article 7 of the regulation on environmental
impact, the public consultation period should be widely disseminated by the government entity responsible
for environmental management, in written and spoken press with greater impact on the communities
targeted by the project, also informing the place of filing of the study, the date of the public meeting and
the deadline, which should not exceed thirty working days, for the delivery of any grievance and complaints.

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7. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK
7.1. Enumeration of Generic Environmental and Social Management Procedure, from the Screening through Monitoring and
Evaluation of the Specific ESMP
Table 1.2 presents the step by step procedures of all subprojects from screening to monitoring and evaluation of the ESMF in accordance with
national environmental procedures and AfDB requirements.
Table 1.2: Step by step procedures for implementation of the ESMF

PROCEDURE
ACTIVITY RESPONSIBILITY Collaboration
STP AfDB
Pre-Assessment/categorisation: It is done according to decree 37/1999 of the national legislation for each subproject.
Yes Yes DGA and AfDB
For AfDB this activities count as one project and has been classified as category 2.
Preparation of ESIAs/ESMPs/RAPs: Items include (i) an introduction, (ii) the project scoping, (iii) the policy, legal and
administrative framework, (iv) project definition, (v) analysis of alternatives, (vi) project baseline, (vii) evaluation of the
EMAE/AfDB/Local
environmental and social impacts and their significance, (viii) expected residual effects, (ix) summary of public
authorities/ Local
consultations and the opinions expressed, (x) environmental and social management plans. In case of need of a Yes Yes Hired consultant
population
resettlement action plan, this should be an independent document. It is to note that two sets of documents should be
representatives
prepared. One set for the AfDB, in English and following AfDB guidelines. The other one for DGA, in Portuguese and
following STP legislation.
Public consultations: It is the time when the perceptions of the parties involved and interested in relation to the project EMAE/Local
are heard. This should involve people from all categories, particularly those living in the vicinity of the subprojects. Local authorities/ Local
Yes Yes Hired consultant
and relevant administrative authorities should participate in this event, which should be publicised in the written and population
spoken media. Where applicable, letters should be directed to relevant entities and or organisations. representatives
Presentation of ESIAs/ESMPs/RAPs: Final reports should be presented officially to both AfDB and DGA Yes Yes EMAE

Review of ESIAs/ESMPs/RAPs: Both DGA and AfDB have to make the review of the submitted documents in
Yes Yes DGA and AfDB
accordance with their legislations, whereby time has been stipulated for this review.

Decision on ESIAs/ESMPs/RAPs and issuance of licences: After approval of the submitted documents DGA will issue
licences for the implementation of the subprojects. In its turn AfDB will issue a letter of funding for the subprojects. In Yes Yes DGA and AfDB
case of a negative appreciation it will be said what is to be done.
Project/Subprojects implementation: After approval by both DGA and AfDB then the project/subprojects
implementation can start. It is to note that in case of a need of a resettlement in any subproject, no activities in that
Hired consultants/
subproject can start before compensation of the project affected people (PAP). The project/subprojects implementation Yes Yes EMAE
contractors
should follow strictly the mitigation measures outlined in ESIA and the ESMP/RAP. Monitoring and audit and evaluation
are part of the project/subprojects implementation.
- Follow-up / monitoring and management of complaints Yes Yes EMAE AFAP/Local authorities

Hired
- Audit and evaluation Yes Yes AfDB
auditors/DGA/AFAP

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7.2. Subprojects Environmental and Social Management Procedure
Based on the preceding step-by-step procedures, environmental and social impacts should be managed
through the following measures for all subprojects:
• For all impacts:
o Constitution of Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) unit of EMAE;
• For social conflicts impacts:
o Implementation of the Stakeholders Engagement Plan (SEP).
• For physical presence of workers, equipment and materials on site impacts:
o Implementation of a Stakeholders Engagement Plan (SEP).
o Dissemination of the relevant information and consultation with stakeholders, especially
the project affected people.
• For health and safety issues impacts:
o Implementation of the Health and Safety Management Plan (HSMP), the Transport
Management Plan (TMP) and the Hazardous Waste Management Plan (HWMP).
• For waste and emissions handling and disposal impacts:
o Implementation of a Health and Safety Management Plan (HSMP), a Transport
Management Plan (TMP), a Solid Waste Management Plan (SWMP) and a Hazardous
Waste Management Plan (HWMP).
• For water contamination impacts:
o Full implementation of the Health and Safety Plan, Transport Management Plan (TMP)
and a Hazardous Waste Management Plan (HWMP).
o Training and implementation of Emergency Response Plan (ERP).
• For accidents impacts:
o Implementation of the Health and Safety Management Plan (HSMP), Emergency Response
Plan (ERP) and procedures of EMAE.
o Health & safety basic training to all staff and people involved in the work must be provided
• For noise and vibrations impacts:
o Implementation of Health and Safety Management Plan (HSMP), mainly the use of
earmuffs by the workers.
• For disturbance of habitat by the deposition of dust impacts:
o Implementation of the Transport Management Plan (TMP) and Solid Waste Management
Plan (SWMP).

At the subproject level the specific management measures should consist of the following:
Subproject 1: Urgent grid reinforcement and maintenance works on existing thermal plants
• For social conflicts impacts:
o Implementation of an appropriate Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) can be necessary.
• For waste and emissions handling and disposal impacts:
o Disposal site for waste from the electrical/mechanical activity must be established by
EMAE, to where all the waste from the electrical/mechanical activity must be transported
at the end of the work.

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 • For water contamination impacts:
o It is advisable to build concrete pits, where they do not exist, that can accommodate more
than 100% of the oil capacity of the machines in case of a leak;
o Enclosing the fuel tank within a secondary concrete wall, that is equipped with a leakage
detector;
o Storm water channels should also be designed and installed, where they do not exist, in the
plant site and directed to the oil separator to ensure removal of any residual oil before
disposal.
• For noise and vibrations impacts:
o Preparation of feasibility studies for the installation of noise barriers and their installation
in critical cases.
Subproject 2: Rehabilitation of the Papagaio hydropower plant
• For holes and different types of waste on the soil impacts:
o At the end of the works, the access road shall be duly regularized and the temporary roads
and areas surrounding the plant shall be restored in harmony with the landscape.
• Disturbance of habitat by the deposition of dust impacts:
o Suppression of dust during pneumatic drilling by ongoing water spraying;
o Traffic lanes in unpaved locations should be humidified.
• Landslides and progressive erosion of soils impacts:
o Installation of additional supporting material at the foot of the slope;
o Reduction of the load on the slope (rock, soil or artificial structures);
o Stabilization of near-surface soil by preferably fast-growing plants with sturdy root system;
o Use of rock bolts to stabilize rocky slopes (on thin slide blocks of very coherent rocks on
low angle slopes).
• For loss of biodiversity and disruption of biodiversity due to noise and vibrations impacts:
o All applicable National legislation should be scrupulously followed, particularly Law No.
7/2006 establishing the Obô do Príncipe Natural Park;
o Study must be done to assess species diversity and the specific risks that may arise from
the work to be carried out;
• For disturbance of habitats by the deposition of dust impacts:
o Keeping construction debris in controlled area and spraying with water mist to reduce
debris dust;
o Suppression of dust during pneumatic drilling by ongoing water spraying;
o Traffic lanes in unpaved locations should be humidified.
• For flash floods impacts:
o Permanent monitoring of weather conditions is essential to minimize the effects of flash
floods;
o The construction activity program should take into account the weather forecasts so that
the most vulnerable works are carried out in periods of lower risk;
o Implementation of an emergency plan based on Monitoring, Warning and Response
Systems (MWRS) is recommended (operation phase).

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Subproject 3: Construction of a solar PV plant at Santo Amaro Generation Park
Apart from the applicable general measures, no specific measures are required.

Subproject 4: Implementation of an energy efficiency programme for public buildings and streetlights
• For waste and emissions handling and disposal impacts:
o Replaced equipment, with hazardous and environmentally harmful gases or materials, is
required to be treated by companies specialized in the treatment of such wastes, and then
dropped in proper places to accommodate toxic waste.

7.3. Public Communication and Consultation Mechanism Plan through the Project Cycle
Effective stakeholder engagement is needed to avoid and minimize environmental and social risks. The
Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) describes the planned stakeholder consultation and engagement
process for the subprojects. It outlines a systematic approach to stakeholder engagement that will help
EMAE develop and maintain over time a constructive relationship with their stakeholders throughout the
duration of the project. The document also includes a Grievance and Redress Mechanism (GRM) for
stakeholders to raise their concerns about the project. The SEP shall be produced in accordance with
international standards required by the African Development Bank (AfDB) and by national standards in
São Tomé e Principe. The SEP is a living document and it will be regularly monitored, reviewed and
updated by EMAE throughout all stages of project implementation. The entity responsible for the SEP
elaboration is EMAE, before the beginning of the project, and its review will be made by a hired consultant.
The implementation of SEP will be done and coordinated by EMAE or a hired consultant, on a daily basis
during the project implementation. EMAE/Consultant will be in charge of the reporting, on a monthly basis
or in case of event /public consultation, meetings, etc. The daily monitoring of the process will be made by
EMAE or a hired Consultant/Independent Auditor. The main stakeholders involved in the process are the
DGA, AFAP, local authorities and local community representatives, affected people and contractors.

7.4. Specific Target Capacity Building

EMAE, the Water and Electricity utility, is the national power utility of São Tomé e Principe which is to
benefit from the Programme. Therefore, it shall be prepared to undertake and fulfil its role in accordance
with the ESMF. However, EMAE currently does not have the needed technical capacity or any dedicated
body within its structure for undertaking a systematic environmental and social safeguard.

Under these circumstances, a Health, Safety and Social and Environmental Management Unit is proposed
to be established under the structure of EMAE, with the following objectives:

• Health and Safety Management:

o Secure the health, safety and welfare of employees and other people at work;
o Formulate HS policies and procedures
o Protect the public from the health and safety risks of business activities;
o Conduct workplace risks assessments
o Identify, eliminate or reduce to the minimum level all the workplace risks at the source;

ETISP ESMF Executive Summary | 15

 o Involve employers, employees and their representative organisations in the formulation
and implementation of health, safety and welfare standards;
o Ensure appropriate training for all employees in health and safety procedures; and
o Conduct frequent safety inspections and checks.

• Social and Environmental Management:

o Anticipate and avoid environmental risks and/or the respective negative impacts;
o Identify and conduct appropriate mitigation and/or resilient measures to the unavoidable
environmental impacts;
o Wherever significant residual impacts persist, ensure compensation or the respective
offsetting them, whenever technically and financially feasible;
o Utilize national environmental and social institutions, systems, laws, regulations and
procedures in the assessment, development and implementation of projects, whenever
appropriate;
o Promote improved environmental and social performance, in ways which recognize and
enhance institutional capacity; and
o Undertake Corporate Social Responsibility in line with the ISO 2600.

In order to be able to fulfil these roles, EMAE shall ensure a basic capacity building in order to successfully
and progressively establish and run the HSE Unit. The dimension of the proposed HSE Unit must be defined
according to the EMAE structure and level of demand of such services, as well as the maturation stage of
the company’s structure, human resources development and the company’s business development itself.

7.5. Grievance Mechanism for Anticipation and Handling the Project Environmental and Social
Related Complaints and Conflicts
The Grievance and Redress Mechanism (GRM) is a systematic process for receiving, evaluating and
facilitating resolution of affected people’s project-related concerns, complaints and grievances about the
borrower’s/client’s social and environmental performance on a project. Formal communication channels
should be established to enable the resolution of the apprehensions of the affected population, including
mechanisms for receiving and handling grievances. Grievances mechanism should ensure consultation,
responsiveness, timely evaluation and, where appropriate, access to justice. This includes the following
objectives:
• Provide the affected populations with credible and accessible means of putting a complaint or
seeking resolution of a dispute that may arise during the resettlement; Any person or organisation
may send comments and/or complaints in person, by phone or via post or email using the contact
information that must be provided and disclosed by EMAE;

• Ensure that each complaint is investigated and that appropriate and timely corrective action is
taken; and
• Provide means for arbitration and resolution of disputes or conflicts, as these arise.
Information of the existence of channels for receiving complaints, as well as the principles and rules of the
grievance mechanism, should be clearly communicated to all concerned. After a complaint or dispute has
been transmitted to EMAE by the affected persons directly or through local authorities, it will be registered

ETISP ESMF Executive Summary | 16

and sent to Project Implementation Unit (PIU). In cases of resettlement a copy should be sent also to the
Resettlement Committee (RC), which should be created to deal specifically with resettlement issues.
The PIU will evaluate the complaints and decide on the admissibility of each complaint. For each complaint
deemed admissible, reply should be prepared and, if necessary, the complainants and affected persons and
also all stakeholders, including local and regional authorities, should be heard. The reply must include
proposed resolution or compensation, the list of interviews or meetings held with the complainant, the exact
reason for the dispute, etc. A reply to each complaint will be sent to the complainant and to all stakeholders
involved, within a maximum of 15 working days from the date of registration of the grievance.

7.6. Listing of the Performance Indicators for the Monitoring of the Implementation of the
ESMF
Proper and effective implementation of the ESMF, and subsequent ESMP and ESIA, must be managed by
the Project Implementation Unit (PIU) where all sectors involved are represented. In case of need, expert
consultants and external auditors may be hired, who should also be part of the monitoring and auditing
actions, as well as support to the management of the entire process.

ESMF implementation monitoring indicators are as follows:

• Monitoring issue: Adequate dissemination of ESMF to stakeholders
o Indicators: (i) Record of consultations and meetings and (ii) Workshop reports;
• Monitoring issue: Establishment of the HSE Unit in EMAE
o Indicators: (i) Unit TORs and (ii) Legal creation of the unit;
• Monitoring issue: Capacity building and training programmes
o Indicators: Training reports
• Responsibility: DGA, AFAP, PIU, Consultants

At subproject level, the achievement of the following milestones of each subproject should be monitored:
• Process instruction / preparation of ESIA/ESMP;
• Submission of ESIA/ESMP;
• Issuance of the environmental license;
• Public consultations carried out;
• End of ESIA/ESMP implementation (mitigation measures implementation completed; final audits
done; monitoring of complaints process completed; final report done).

In the case of subproject 1, if there is a need for the elaboration and implementation of a Resettlement
Action Plan (RAP), the monitoring and evaluation indicators include the following primarily the rights of
the displaced people:
• Grievances registered/solved;
• Assets (houses, crops, fruit trees, etc.) compensated, the amounts paid out and facilities restored;

In the case of subproject 2, environmental care must be taken during the rehabilitation of Papagaio
hydropower plant considering its localization inside the Obô National Park. Environmental indicators can

ETISP ESMF Executive Summary | 17

be based on physical, biological or chemical measures associated with environmental quality or natural
resources. Quantitative measurements can preferentially be adopted to evaluate mitigation measures effects,
like the measurement of water quality and air quality parameters.

7.7. Comprehensive Institutional Arrangement

The institutional arrangement for the implementation of the ESMF is as follows:
• Steering Committee: All ESMF stakeholders
• Project Implementation Entity (PIE): Programme Implementation Unit
• Local authority: District/Municipal Government
• National/state EA Agency: DGA
• Governmental project management: AFAP.

The roles and responsibilities for the implementation of the ESMF are as follows:
• Project coordinator: EMAE
• Environmental safeguards specialist (ESS-PIE): Consultant (to be hired)
• Social safeguards specialist (SSS-PIE): Consultant (to be hired)
• Procurement specialist (PS-PIE): Consultant (to be hired)
• Technical specialist (TS – PIE): Consultant (to be hired)
• Financial management specialist (FS – PIE): Consultant (to be hired)
• Monitoring and Evaluation specialist (M&E-PIE): Auditor (to be hired)

Table 1.3 below presents detailed roles and responsibilities of ESMF implementation.

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Table 1.3: Roles and Responsibilities

No. Steps/Activities Responsible Collaboration Service Provider

Local authority
1. Identification and/or siting of the sub-project EMAE Consultant

2. Beneficiary;
Env. safeguards
Screening, categorization and identification of the required Local authority
specialist (ESS) on
instrument (national EIA procedure) Social Safeguards Specialist (SSS) on
the PIE
the PIE

Public EA Agency
ESS-PIE (PEA)
Approval of the classification and the selected instrument by the
3. PIE Coordinator SSS-PIE
Public EA Agency The Bank

Preparation of the safeguard document/instrument (ESIA, Env. Audit, simple ESMP, etc.) in accordance with the national legislation/procedure (considering
4.
the Bank policies’ requirements)
Preparation and approval of the ToRs The Bank

Procurement specialist (PS-PIE)

Preparation of the report ESS-PIE
SSS-PIE Consultant
Local authority

Public EA Agency
Procurement specialist (PS-PIE) (PEA)
Report validation and issuance of the permit (when required) SSS-PIE
Local authority The Bank

Media;
Disclosure of the document Project Coordinator
The Bank
Control Firm
(Supervisor) PEA
(i) Integrating the construction phase mitigation measures and
E&S clauses in the bidding document prior they’re advertised; (ii) Technical staff in
5. ESS-PIE
ensuring that the constructor prepares his ESMP (C-ESMP), gets charge of the sub-
project (TS-PIE) PS-PIE
it approved and integrates the relevant measures in the works
SSS-PIE
breakdown structure (WBS) or execution plan.

ETISP ESMF Executive Summary | 19

 SSS-PIE Consultant
6.
PS-PIE National specialized
Implementation of the other safeguards measures, including ESS-PIE TS-PIE laboratories
environmental monitoring (when relevant) and sensitization Financial Staff (FS-PIE) NGOs
activities Local authority

Monitoring and Evaluation specialist

(M&E-PIE) Control Firm
ESS-PIE
Oversight of safeguards implementation (internal) FS-PIE (Supervisor)
7. Local authority

M&E-PIE
Reporting on project safeguards performance and disclosure Coordinator ESS-PIE
SSS-PIE

M&E-PIE
ESS-PIE; SSS-PIE
External oversight of the project safeguards PEA
PS-PIE
compliance/performance
Supervisor

Consultant
SSS-PIE
8. Building stakeholders’ capacity in safeguards management ESS-PIE Other qualified public
PS-PIE
institutions
SSS-PIE
9. Independent evaluation of the safeguards performance (Audit) ESS-PIE PS-PIE Consultant

The Project Implementing Entity (PIE), and any institution participating in the implementation, will not issue a Request for Proposal (RFP) of any
activity subject to Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA), without the construction phase’s Environmental and Social Management
Plan (ESMP) inserted in, and will not authorize the works to commence before the contractor’s ESMP (C-ESMP) has been approved and integrated
into the overall planning of the works.

This abovementioned section, on the roles and responsibilities for the implementation of the ESMF, are to be inserted in the E&S safeguards
management section of the project implementation manual (PIM).

ETISP ESMF Executive Summary | 20

7.8. Itemized Estimates of the Budget for the Implementation of the Project Environmental and
Social Due Diligence
The itemized tentative estimate of the budget for the implementation of the ESMF is presented in
Table 1.5.
Table 1.5: Estimated costs summary

# Item Total US$

1 Preparation of specific ESIA 100,000
2 Capacity Building 50,000
3 Establishment of HSE Unit within 250,000
EMAE
4 Implementation of specific ESMP 100,000
5 Mid-term audit of ES performance 50,000
6 Completion audit of ES performance 50,000
Estimate Total 600,000

8. REFERENCES
[1] INE – Instituto Nacional de Estatística da República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe
(www.ine.st/index.php/o-pais/sobre-o-pais), retrieved on 29.09.2019;
[2] AfDB - STP Energy Transition Support Programme_v5.1 (Project Concept Note: Energy
Transition Support Programme), July 2019;
[3] AfDB - STP Energy Transition Support Programme Aide Memoire, October 2019;
[4] Mario Souto “Quadro de Gestao Ambiental e Social”, The World Bank, April, 2016;
[5] Fauna & Flora International (www.fauna-flora.org/countries/sao-tome-principe), retrieved on
29.09.2019;
[6] The World Bank (), retrieved on 29.09.2019;
[7] Programa Indicativo de Cooperação Portugal – São Tomé e Príncipe (2012-2015)
(https://www.instituto-camoes.pt/images/cooperacao/sumexec_stp1215.pdf), retrieved on
29.09.2019;
[8] http://www.seaaroundus.org/doc/publications/wp/2015/Belhabib-Sao-Tome-and-Principe.pdf ;
[9] https://macauhub.com.mo/2018/12/14/pt-sao-tome-e-principe-procura-aumentar-receitas-
turisticas/, retrieved on 29.09.2019;
[10] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/São_Tomé_and_Príncipe, retrieved on 29.09.2019;
[11] www.ambiente-stp.net, retrieved on 29.09.2019;
[12] www.afdb.org, retrieved on 29.09.2019;
[13] www.ifc.org, retrieved on 29.09.2019.

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