Biochemistry MCQs

Which of the following serum transaminase enzyme is used in diagnostic and prognostic
purpose of liver cirrhosis? *
1/1
PDH
SGOT
LDH
SGPT
Choose the wrong statement regarding the citric acid cycle. *
···/1
Conversion of a-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA through oxidative decarboxylation by a-ketoglutarate
dehydrogenase complex.
The citric acid cycle oxidizes two-carbon units and producing two molecules of CO2,
Isocitrate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate to oxalosuccinate and then to,
a-ketoglutarate. NADH is formed and CO2 is released.
High-energy electrons in the form of NADH and FADH2.
OAAs are not formed at the end of the cycle
The glucose transporter in adipose tissues is *
1/1
GLUT 1
GLUT 5
GLUT 2
GLUT 4
Choose the odd statement of the followings: *
1/1
Metabolism = Anabolism + Catabolism
Some pathways, called amphibolic pathways, can function anabolically or catabolically
Catabolic pathways combust carbon fuels to synthesize ATP or ion gradients
Metabolic pathways are not highly regulated in the cells
Anabolic pathways use ATP and reducing power to synthesize large biomolecules
Select the wrong statement regarding the transport and storage of ammonia *
1/1
Concentration in blood ammonia is low because of efficient mechanism through which is removed for
urea synthesis
Glutamine is a storehouse for ammonia. Its synthesis occurs mainly in liver, brain and muscle
Alanine is transported from muscle to liver by glucose-alanine cycle
High levels of free ammonia also take place between tissues and liver without any toxic to the
system
Transport of ammonia between tissues and liver occurs in the form of glutamine and alanine
Toxicity and metabolism of ammonia, except *
1/1
This can be due to genetic or acquired defects in the enzymes in urea synthesis or due to hepatitis,
alcoholism, etc.
Accumulation of ammonia shifts the equilibrium to the right with less glutamate formation
Accumulation of ammonia in the body leads to slurring of speech, blurring of vision and tremors.
Finally, to coma and death if not corrected.
A slight elevation of blood ammonia level is harmful to the brain.
Select the odd statement with respect to anabolism *
···/1
Starting materials are pyruvate, acetyl CoA, and the intermediates of citric acid cycle
Support of growth, production of secretions and building of nutrient reserves
Dependent on the supply of energy (ADP/GDP) and reducing equivalents (NADH+)
Performance of structural maintenance and repairs
The key step in glucose metabolism is the immediate activation of ---------- in
erythrocytes and -------- in skeletal muscles leading to increased levels of substrate in
these cells. *
1/1
GLUT4 & GLUT1
GLUT2 & GLUT6
GLUT4 & GLUT2
GLUT1 & GLUT4
Which of the following does NOT significant to type 1 diabetes mellitus? *
1/1
Excessive urination due to the osmotic effect of glucose in the urine
Dehydration
Acidosis due to excessive levels of ketones (ketone bodies) in the blood
Increased glucose utilization due to excessive glucose availability
Choose the wrong statement with respect to precursor(s) for biosynthesis *
···/1
Tyrosine gives rise to dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
Creatine is derived from glycine and arginine, and methionine
Glutathione is containing cysteine, aspartate, and valine (consists of cysteine, glutamate and
lysine)
Glycine is the major precursor for porphyrins
The allosteric activator of Carbamoyl phosphate Synthase (CPS) - I in urea cycle is *
1/1
N acetylglutamate
Acetyl CoA
Carbamoyl phosphate
Glutamate
PEST sequence are rapidly degraded in proteins, they are *
···/1
Proline, aspartate, serine, and tryptophane
Phenylalanine, valine, serine, and threonine
Proline, glutamine, serine, and threonine
Proline, glutamate, serine, and tyrosine
Oxidative deamination is the conversion of an amino *
···/1
Group from an amino acid to a carboxylic acid
Group from an amino acid to a keto acid
Acid to a carboxylic acid plus ammonia
Acid to a keto acid plus ammonia
Which of the following is a Characteristic of Phenylketonuria? *
1/1
Abundance of dihydropteridine reductase
α-ketoglutarate defect
Deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase
Upregulation of phenylalanine hydroxylase
The breakdown of glycogen to form glucose occurs *
···/1
In both liver and muscles by phosphorolysis
In the liver by phosphorolysis
In the muscles by hydrolysis
In the muscles by phosphorolysis
With respect to degradation of amino acids, except *
···/1
Amino groups from amino acids are funneled to glutamate, which is deaminated to form NH4+
Transamination is restricted to a-amino groups
Transaminases transfer amino groups from an amino acid to α-ketoglutarate to generate glutamate
Alpha-amino groups are converted into ammonium ions by the oxidative deamination of glutamate
Which of the following is a common compound shared by the TCA cycle and the Urea
cycle? *
···/1
Fumerate
Oxaloacetate
α-ketoglutarate
Succinyl-CoA
You administer 360 grams of oral glucose to a patient. Calculate the amount of ATP
your patient can generate under aerobic conditions *
···/1
7.6 ATP
76 ATP
1360 ATP
13680 ATP
Gluconeogenesis is decreased by _______________. *
1/1
Insulin
Epinephrine
Glucagon
Glucocorticoids
_______________metabolites build up in the teeth in porphyria’s causing them to turn
reddish brown and fluoresce under ultraviolet light *
···/1
Aminolevulinate I
Protoporphyrin
Uroporphyrinogen II
Uroporphyrinogen I
Which of the following is not an intermediate in the glycolytic pathway by which glucose
is oxidized to pyruvate/vice versa? *
1/1
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
3-phosphoglycerate
Glucose 1-phosphate
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Select the incorrect one regarding the location of urea biosynthesizing enzymes *
···/1
Argininosuccinate Synthase, Argininosuccinase, Arginase are located in cytosol
Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthase and Ornithine Transcarbamylase are located in mitochondria
The citrulline and aspartate to produce arginosuccinate, and the converting enzyme is present in
cytosol.
Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthase and Argininosuccinate Synthase are located in mitochondria
Which of the following enzymes is not involved in gluconeogenesis? *
1/1
PEP Carboxykinase
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase
Pyruvate Carboxylase
Hexokinase and glucokinase
Glucose 6-phosphatase
If the concentration of ATP is low, the availability of glucose and acetyl-CoA is high, and
no other metabolic demands are made on the cell, what is the most likely fate of
oxaloacetate? *
1/1
Glycogenolysis
TCA cycle
Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Which of the following conversions occurring in the citric acid cycle is coupled to a
substrate-level phosphorylation reaction? *
···/1
succinyl-CoA into succinate + CoA
acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetate into citrate + CoA
isocitrate into alpha-ketoglutarate + carbon dioxide
alpha-ketoglutarate + CoA into succinyl-CoA + carbon dioxide
succinate into fumarate
Which of the following amino acids is considered as both ketogenic and glucogenic? *
1/1
Tryptophan
Valine
Lysine
Serine
Which of the following processes are likely to be enhanced shortly after a
carbohydrate-rich meal? *
1/1
Growth hormone secretion
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Glycogenesis
Which of the following best describes the net organic products formed during the
oxidation of one acetyl group to two molecules of carbon dioxide via the citric acid
cycle? *
1/1
2 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 GTP
6 NADH + 6 ATP
3 NADH
3 NADH + 1 FADH2 + 1 ATP
Phosphofructokinase, the major flux-controlling enzyme of glycolysis is allosterically
inhibited by ___ and activated by ___. *
1/1
AMP, Pi
ADP, AMP
Citrate, ATP
ATP, ADP
Liver glycogen is used in fasting to provide glucose for use by other tissues including
the brain. Muscle glycogen is not. What could be the reason for this? *
1/1
Muscle cannot degrade glycogen further than glucose-1-phosphate.
Muscle does not have a de-branching enzyme.
The liver provides all the glucose necessary for metabolism and there is no need formuscle to do the
same.
Muscle lacks glucose-6-phosphatase.
With respect to synthesis of amino acids precursors, except *
1/1
TCA cycle – aspartate and glutamate
3-Phosphoglycerate of glycolysis – histidine
Pyruvate of glycolysis – alanine, valine and leucine
The glycolytic intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate is the precursor for serine
Induction of Insulin secretion by pancreatic b-cells except, *
1/1
Potassium channels are then inactivated that depolarizes the membrane, causing the calcium
channel to open up allowing calcium ions to flow inward.
Glucose is uptaken by the GLUT2 transporter and the glycolytic phosphorylation of glucose causes a
rise in the ATP:ADP ratio.
Rise in calcium leads to the endocytotic release of insulin
Rising blood glucose levels triggers insulin secretion by b-cells.
Which of the following statements about Glutamate dehydrogenase is correct? *
···/1
Catalyzes conversion of glutamate to glutamine
Required for transamination reactions
Present in all the cells in the body
Can utilize either NAD+/NADP+
Arsenic is capable of inhibiting enzymes that utilize free sulfhydryl groups for their
enzymatic activity. Which of the following enzymes would be negatively impacted if you
drank arsenic-contaminated water? *
···/1
Pyruvate Carboxylase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
HMG CoA synthase
Citrate synthase
Pyruvate kinase
Select the wrong one with respect to the Cori cycle, *
···/1
In muscle, lactate is produced in great quantities during exertion.
This excess lactate can be further oxidized in muscle.
Lactate is released from the muscles to the blood and travels to the liver for conversion to pyruvate
and, ultimately to glucose for re-use by non-hepatic tissues.
Lactate is the primary source for pyruvate.
Pick the wrong statement with respect to glycolysis *
···/1
Glycolysis converts one molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate with the generation of two
molecules of ATP
The enzymes of glycolysis are associated with one another
Evidence is accumulating that the enzymes of glycolysis are organized into complexes that
increases enzyme efficiency
The enzymes required for the glycolysis are available in mitochondria
The two nitrogen atoms of Urea are derived from *
1/1
Arginosuccinate and Ammonia
Glutamate and Ammonia
Aspartate and Ammonia
Alanine and Ammonia
The precursor to glycogen in the glycogen synthase reaction is *
···/1
UTP-glucose
Glucose-1-P
UDP-glucose
Glucose-6-P
Which of these amino acids are purely ketogenic? *
1/1
Arginine, Tryptophan
Leucine, Lysine
Lysine, Phenylalanine
Lysine, Tyrosine
The synthesis of acetyl coenzyme A from pyruvate requires three enzymes and five
coenzymes. Arrange the order according to the formation: I. Decarboxylation - Pyruvate
dehydrogenase: Thiamine pyrophosphate, II. Formation of acetyl CoA -
dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase: FAD, III. Oxidation - Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase:
Lipoamide, IV. The transfer of the protons and electrons to NAD+ to complete the
reaction cycle to NADH *
1/1
II, I, III & IV
III, II, I & IV
I, II, III & IV
I, III, II & IV
Which of the following is best describes the net organic products formed during the
oxidation of one molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate via glycolysis? *
···/1
4 ATP + 2 NADH
2 ATP + 0 NADH
2 ATP + 2 NADH
1 ATP + 1 NADH
2 ADP + 2 NAD+
Which of the following amino acids are not participating in transamination *
1/1
Lysine, tyrosine, valine, and hydroxycysteine
Lysine, tryptophan, proline, and serine
Lysine, threonine, proline, and hydroxyproline
Alanine, threonine, isoleucine, and hydroxyproline
Which substance is produced by the oxidation of pyruvate and fed into the citric acid
cycle? *
1/1
Lactate
Glucose
Citrate
Acetyl-CoA
Overproduction and loss of dopamine leads to *
1/1
Allergy & Schizophrenia
Epilepsy & Parkinson
Parkinson & Allergy
Schizophrenia & Parkinson
All the transaminases require pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), a coenzyme derived from
vitamin *
1/1
B6
B5
B2
B1
Which of the following statements about transamination reactions is correct? *
1/1
Is irreversible reaction
Requires Pyridoxal-5’-phosphate
Require NAD+ and NADP+
Involves ATP hydrolysis
Insulin........ *
1/1
promotes fat storage in the body
secretion is stimulated by a lowered blood glucose level
facilitates the transport of glucose into most brain cells
increases blood glucose levels to assure adequate nourishment for the brain
Which of the following is best describes the type of reaction catalyzed by a
Pyruvate/glutamate/lactate dehydrogenases? *
1/1
Deamination
Deprotonation
Oxidation–reduction
Hydrolysis
Esterification
Pick the wrong one in related to the regulation of glycolysis in muscle: I. The high
concentration of ATP inhibits phosphofructokinase (PFK) and pyruvate kinase, while
glucose 6-phosphate inhibits hexokinase. II. During exercise, the decrease in the
ATP/AMP ratio resulting from muscle contraction activates phosphofructokinase and
hence glycolysis. III. In muscle, glycolysis is regulated to meet the energy needs of
contraction. IV. Occurrence of uninterrupted glycolysis is important for skeletal muscle
during strenuous exercise where oxygen supply is huge. *
1/1
I, II & IV correct and III incorrect
I, III & IV correct and II incorrect
II, III & IV correct and I incorrect
I, II & III correct and IV incorrect
The end product of glycolysis is *
1/1
Lactate
NADH
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA

Which of the following enzyme modulation by ATP and ADP results in regulation of
glycolysis? *
Aldolase
Enolase
Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase
Phosphofructokinase
Trypsin as a protease causes cleavage in between which amino acids? *
Lys and Asp
Asp and Arg
Lys and Arg
Arg and Glu
_____________ enzyme undergoes feedback inhibition by isoleucine. *
Succinate deaminase
Arginine reductase
Threonine dehydratase
Glutamate synthase
Which of the following is NOT a form of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation? *
pH = pKa + log {[conjugate base]/[Acid]}
pOH = pKb + log {[conjugate acid]/[Base]}
pH = pKa - log {[conjugate acid]/[Base]}
pOH = pKb - log {[conjugate base]/[Base]}
Which among the following is an unsaturated fatty acid? *
Lauric
Arachidonic
Palmitic
Myristic
One among the following is a non-alpha amino acid. *
Ornithine
Homocysteine
Creatinine
GABA
Citrullinema is caused by _________________ enzyme deficiency *
Ornitine transcarboxylase
Phenyl alanine hydroxylase
Homocysteine
Arginosuccinase
Glucose is reduced to sorbitol by the enzyme ________________ *
Alpha Kinase
ketone Dehydrogenase
Aldose dehydrogenase
Aldol reductase
If the OH- concentration is higher than H+ the material is _________. *
Basic
Acidic
Neutral
Not having any charge
Which amino acid contributes towards the carnitine formation? *
Lysine
Arginine
Glutamate
Cysteine
For this representation C1 -aldehyde group is covalently linked to the C4 - hydroxyl
group. *
1/1
Fiescher
Howarth

Action of base on D-fructose results in ___________ *

1/1
D-mannose

D-lactose
D-sucrose
D-galactose

Which of the following agents on addition can detect the presence of a reducing
sugar? *
1/1
Phenol
Acetic acid
sodium carbonate and copper sulphate

O-Toludiene

What is a Furan? *
1/1
A sugar that contains a five-membered ring as part of its cyclical structure

A sugar that contains a six-membered ring as part of its cyclical structure

A six-carbon open-chain sugar
A five-carbon open chain sugar

One of the following carbohydrate is a ketose? *

1/1
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

ribose
Glucose and Galactose are called as ____________ *
1/1
Epimers

Anomers
enantiomers
Ketose

Carbohydrate that are called as simple sugar: *

1/1
Disaccharides
Monosaccharides

polysaccharides
Oligosaccharides

Which of the following carbohydrates is most likely to be found in an open chain? *

1/1
A triose

A heptose
Pentose
Hexose

*
1/1
Which of the following is a non-reducing sugar?
Sucrose
Trehalose
Glucose
Both sucrose and trehalose

Compared to a molecule of galactose, a molecule of glucose has __________ number

of hydrogen atoms and __________ number of oxygen atoms. *
1/1
a greater . . . the same
the same . . . the same

a greater . . . a greater
the same . . . a greater
Which of the following amino acids are not participating in transamination *
1/1
Lysine, tyrosine, valine, and hydroxycysteine
Lysine, tryptophan, proline, and serine
Lysine, threonine, proline, and hydroxyproline
Alanine, threonine, isoleucine, and hydroxyproline
Which substance is produced by the oxidation of pyruvate and fed into the citric acid
cycle? *
1/1
Lactate
Glucose
Citrate
Acetyl-CoA
Overproduction and loss of dopamine leads to *
1/1
Allergy & Schizophrenia
Epilepsy & Parkinson
Parkinson & Allergy
Schizophrenia & Parkinson
All the transaminases are require pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), a coenzyme derived from
vitamin *
1/1
B6
B5
B2
B1
Which of the following statements about transamination reactions is correct? *
1/1
Is irreversible reaction
Requires Pyridoxal-5’-phosphate
Require NAD+ and NADP+
Involves ATP hydrolysis
Insulin........ *
1/1
promotes fat storage in the body
secretion is stimulated by a lowered blood glucose level
facilitates the transport of glucose into most brain cells
increases blood glucose levels to assure adequate nourishment for the brain
Which of the following is best describes the type of reaction catalyzed by a
Pyruvate/glutamate/lactate dehydrogenases? *
1/1
Deamination
Deprotonation
Oxidation–reduction
Hydrolysis
Esterification
Pick the wrong one in related to the regulation of glycolysis in muscle: I. The high
concentration of ATP inhibits phosphofructokinase (PFK) and pyruvate kinase, while
glucose 6-phosphate inhibits hexokinase. II. During exercise, the decrease in the
ATP/AMP ratio resulting from muscle contraction activates phosphofructokinase and
hence glycolysis. III. In muscle, glycolysis is regulated to meet the energy needs of
contraction. IV. Occurrence of uninterrupted glycolysis is important for skeletal muscle
during strenuous exercise where oxygen supply is huge. *
1/1
I, II & IV correct and III incorrect
I, III & IV correct and II incorrect
II, III & IV correct and I incorrect
I, II & III correct and IV incorrect
The end product of glycolysis is *
1/1
Lactate
NADH
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Which of the following combination results in a buffer. *
Acetate and citrate
Glycine and sodium chloride
Monobasic and dibasic sodium phosphate
Citric acid and carbonate
Calculate the normality of the base if 31.87 mL of the base is used in the
standardization of 0.4258 g of KHP (eq. wt = 204.23)? *
0.564 N
0.465 N
0.445 N
0.654 N
What is the overall yield of ATP on the catabolism of two molecules of glucose. *
76
38
121
80
Among the following which has a beta (1-4) linked D-glucose units? *
Amylopectin
Lactose
Cellulose
Chitin
0.5 g of resorcinol dissolved in per liter of 10% HCl produces ___________ reagent. *
Molisch
Benedict
Barfoeds
Seliwanoff's
Addition of few drops of turmeric solution to the baking soda causes __________ due to
pH variation. *
No color change
Red color change
Blue color change
Green color change
Ferric chloride + acetic acid + Concentrated sulphuric acid is used to estimate. *
Glucose
Cysteine
Cholesterol
Guanine
Which of the following method is applied to identify the active components of the plant
root sample. *
PCR
DNSA
Zaks
TLC
Ribulose reacts with orcinol/HCl to generate a furfural green color product. What test
does this reaction signify? *
Selwinoffs
Benedict
Bial's
Phenyl Hydrazine
How many mL of 5.0M CuSO4 solution are needed to prepare 0.350L of 0.500M
CuSO4? *
45 mL
35 mL
65 mL
75 mL
An increase in which of the following serum components would induce an episode of
gout? *
1/1
Bilirubin
Urate
Cholesterol
Glutatmine
Bicarbonate
Each molecule of FADH2 results in the production of how many ATP molecules during
aerobic respiration? *
1/1
4
3
18
2
The standard free energy of hydrolysis of terminal phosphate group of ATP is *
1/1
– 8,300 cal/mol
+7,300 cal/mol
10,000 cal/mol
–7,300 cal/mol
Which of the following conversions occurring in the citric acid cycle is coupled to a
substrate-level phosphorylation reaction? *
···/1
Alpha-ketoglutarate + CoA → succinyl-CoA + carbon dioxide
Isocitrate → alpha-ketoglutarate + carbon dioxide
Succinate → fumarate
Succinyl-CoA → succinate + CoA
Acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetate → citrate + CoA
The high energy compound found in invertebrates *
1/1
Phosphocreatine
Phosphoarginine
Creatine
Arginine
Which of the following is not a standard base found in RNA? *
1/1
Guanine
Uracil
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Pick the wrong statement of the followings in connection with degradation of
pyrimidine *
···/1
Pyrimidine catabolism results in degradation of the pyrimidine ring to products reminiscent of the
original substrates, aspartate, CO2, and ammonia.
Free pyrimidines can be salvaged and recycled to form nucleotides via phosphoribosyltransferase
reactions.
Catabolism of the pyrimidine base, thymine (5-methyluracil) yields b-amino-isobutyric acid instead of
b-alanine.
Adenosine deaminase, an enzyme important in the degradation of AMP, deaminates adenosine to
form inosine.
b-Alanine can be recycled into the synthesis of coenzyme A.
Pick the partially incorrect one relevant to ketone-body synthesis. *
···/1
In tissues using ketone bodies, β -3-hydroxybutyrate is oxidized to acetoacetate, which is ultimately
metabolized to two molecules of acetyl CoA.
Ketogenic diets, rich in fats and low in carbohydrates but with adequate proteins, lead to formation of
substantial amounts of ketone bodies.
Ketone bodies—acetoacetate, β -3-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone—are synthesized from acetyl CoA
in liver mitochondria and secreted into the blood for use as a fuel by some tissues such as heart
muscle.
β -3-Hydroxybutyrate is formed upon the reduction of acetoacetate.
Acetone is generated by the non-spontaneous carboxylation of acetoacetate.
An enzyme which acts as allosteric regulator and sensitive to both phosphate
concentration and to the purine nucleotide is *
···/1
HGPRTase
Formyl transferase
PRPP synthetase
PRPP glutamyl midotransferase
A reaction, under particular conditions, has Δ G < 0. What does this tell you about the
reaction? *
1/1
Product formation is thermodynamically favored.
Product formation is accompanied by a loss of enthalpy in the system.
Product formation will occur at a reasonable rate even without catalysis.
Product formation is thermodynamically unfavored.
Product formation is accompanied by a gain of entropy in the system.
Pick the odd one among the following: *
1/1
Plants do contain cholesterol, but they do not contain other steroids very similar to cholesterol in
structure.
Prostaglandin synthase catalyzes the first step in a pathway leading to prostaglandins, prostacyclins,
and thromboxanes.
Lipoxygenases catalyze the initial step in a pathway leading to leukotrienes.
The cholesterol biosynthetic pathway begins in the cytosol with the synthesis of mevalonate from
acetyl-CoA
Arachidonate is the major precursor of eicosanoid hormones.
The Calvin cycle has three stages, except: *
1/1
The reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate to form hexose sugars
Fixation of CO2 by ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate to form two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate
Fixation of O2 by ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate to form two molecules of 2-carbone compound
The regeneration of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate
Methotrexate kills rapidly growing cells, such as cancer cells, because it: *
1/1
Substitutes for purine bases, creating a nucleotide that cannot pair with pyrimidines.
Is a suicide inhibitor of thymidylate synthase.
Allosterically modifies the specificity of ribonucleotide reductase and increases the synthesis of
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides.
Prevents the recycling of tetrahydrobiopterin to dihydrobiopterin.
Competitively inhibits dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the synthesis of thymidylate.
Which of the following carriers in the electron-transport chain is a protein (as opposed to
a small molecule)? *
···/1
Cytochrome c
FADH2
NADH
Ubiquinone or coenzyme Q
Succinate
Which of the following must be true for a reaction to occur spontaneously? *
1/1
ΔS must be positive
ΔG must be positive
ΔH must be negative
ΔG must be negative
Which of the following best describes the biochemical role of coenzyme A? *
···/1
It introduces adenine nucleotides into metabolic products.
It activates acyl groups for group transfer.
It shuttles electrons within the electron transport chain.
It introduces thiol groups into metabolic products.
It assists in the transport of metabolic intermediates across membranes.
Choose the incorrect one with relevant to pyrimidine synthesis *
1/1
The pyrimidine ring is synthesized first and subsequently attached to an activated ribose.
Pyrimidines are synthesized from bicarbonate, aspartate, and ammonia, with glutamine often serving
as the nitrogen donor.
The C-2 and N-3 atoms in the pyrimidine ring come from carbamoyl phosphate, whereas the other
atoms of the ring come from aspartate.
Nucleoside monophosphates are converted into diphosphates by specific nucleoside
monophosphate kinases.
The first step in pyrimidine synthesis is a three-step reaction to form carbamoyl phosphate catalyzed
by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS I).
The digestion of lipids is complicated due to hydrophobicity, pick the wrong statement of
the following: *
1/1
In the intestine, triacylglycerols are re-formed from free fatty acids and monoacylglycerol and
packaged into lipoprotein transport particles called chylomicrons.
Triacylglycerols from the diet form lipid droplets in the stomach. Bile salts, secreted by the
gallbladder, insert into the lipid droplets, rendering them more accessible to digestion by lipases.
Lipases, secreted by the gallbladder.
The digestion products are carried as micelles to the intestinal epithelium cells for absorption.
The chylomicrons eventually enter the blood so that the triacylglycerols can be absorbed by tissues.
Under normal conditions, as electrons flow down the electron transport chain of the
mitochondria: *
1/1
Redox potential is increased
The electrons gain free energy.
An electrochemical gradient is collapsed.
NADH and FADH2 are oxidized.
Choose the wrong one related to transport of acyl-CoA into mitochondria *
1/1
After being activated by linkage to CoA, the fatty acid is transferred to carnitine, a reaction catalyzed
by carnitine acyltransferase I, for transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Fatty acyl-CoA formed outside the mitochondria can pass through the outer mitochondrial
membrane, but cannot penetrate the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Transfer of the fatty acid moiety across the mitochondrial inner membrane involves carnitine
In the mitochondria, carnitine acyltransferase I transfers the fatty acid to CoA and the fatty acyl CoA
is now ready to be degraded.
It is recommended that women take folic acid supplements before and during the first
trimester of pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects in the developing fetus because: *
1/1
Oxygen transfer from maternal to fetal hemoglobin is accentuated by folic acid.
Folate derivatives from folic acid are required for the synthesis of nucleotides.
The synthesis of the cholesterol precursor HMGCoA requires folic acid.
Porphyrin and heme synthesis during development requires high concentrations of folic acid.
Some of the enzymes in phospholipid biosynthesis use folate derivatives as substrates.
In cells, NADH serves as a carrier of which of the following? *
1/1
Methyl groups
Phosphoryl groups
Electrons
Acetyl groups
Hydroxyl groups
The electron transport system is located in the following is *
···/1
Cristae
Cytosol
Matrix
Stroma
Choose the wrong one among the following: *
1/1
The fatty acids incorporated into triacylglycerols in adipose tissue are made accessible in three
stages such as degradation of TAG, activation of the fatty acids and degradation of the fatty acids to
acetyl CoA
Adipose tissue is located throughout the body, with subcutaneous (below the skin) and visceral
(around the internal organs) deposits being most prominent.
Fatty acids are stored in adipose tissue as triacylglycerols (TAG) in which fatty acids are linked to
glycerol with ester linkages.
Triacylglycerols in adipose tissue are converted into free fatty acids without any response to
hormonal signals.
With respect to photosynthesis, choose the wrong one from the following statements *
···/1
Photosynthesis begins with the absorption of light by a photoreceptor molecule, also called a
pigment.
Photosynthesis uses light energy to generate high-energy electrons.
The reactions powered by sunlight are called the light reactions.
These electrons are used to create a proton-motive force that powers the synthesis of ATP.
The high-energy electrons are also used to form NADH, biosynthetic reducing power.
Fatty acid degradation or β oxidation consists of four steps that are repeated, which
among the following is partially incorrect? *
···/1
Cleavage of the 3-ketoacyl CoA by β-ketothiolase forms acetyl CoA and a fatty acid chain two
carbons shorter.
Hydration of trans-Δ2-enoyl CoA by enoyl CoA hydratase yields l-3-hydroxyacyl CoA.
Oxidation of the β carbon, catalyzed by acyl CoA dehydrogenase, generates trans-Δ2-enoyl CoA
and FADH2.
Oxidation of l-3-hydroxyacyl CoA by l-3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase generates palmitoyl CoA
and NADPH.
Pick the wrong statement of the following in connection with degradation of purine *
1/1
A deficiency in adenosine deaminase activity is associated with some forms of severe combined
immunodeficiency disorder (SCID).
Adenosine deaminase, an enzyme important in the degradation of AMP, deaminates adenosine to
form inosine.
Administration of allopurinol, a suicide inhibitor of the oxidase, relieves the symptoms of gout.
Purines are then excreted as xanthine and hypoxanthine.
Xanthine oxidase catalyzes the conversion of uric acid into xanthine, the final common pathway for
the degradation of purine nucleotides.
High blood levels of urate induce gout, a painful disease that results from the accumulation of urate
crystal in the joints.
Choose the odd one among the following with relevant to fatty acid synthesis *
···/1
Acetyl CoA condenses with oxaloacetate to form citrate within cytosol
Production of Acetyl CoA and NADPH
Conversion of Acetyl CoA to Malonyl CoA
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase catalyzes the 2-step reaction by which acetyl-CoA is carboxylated to form
malonyl-CoA. As with pyruvate carboxylase, the enzyme prosthetic group is biotin.
Reactions of Fatty acid synthase complex, involved for syntheses of fatty acids by the repetition of
the following reaction sequence: condensation, reduction, dehydration, and reduction.
Coenzyme Q is involved in electron transport as *
···/1
Directly attached to O2
A lipid-soluble electron carrier
A water-soluble electron donor
Covalently attached cytochrome cofactor
Which of the following statement about the malate-aspartate shuttle is false? *
···/1
Mitochondrial malate is converted to oxaloacetate
Antiport transport is not involved
3 ATPs are formed per cytoplasmic NADH shuttled
Cytoplasmic oxaloacetate is converted to malate
Electrons from cytoplasmic NADH enter Mitochondria by shuttles, with relevant to this
pick the incorrect one among the following: *
1/1
The electrons are transferred from NADH to FADH2 and subsequently to Q to form QH2.
The malate–aspartate shuttle consists of four membrane transporters and eight enzymes.
In the heart and liver, electrons from cytoplasmic NADH are used to generate mitochondrial NADH
through the malate–aspartate shuttle.
In muscle, electrons from cytoplasmic NADH can enter the electron- transport chain by using the
glycerol phosphate shuttle.
Which of the following enzyme fixes carbon dioxide into organic molecule? *
···/1
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Ribulose 1, 5 –bisphosphate carboxylase
Ribulose 5 –bisphosphate kinase
Carbonic anhydrase
Select the wrong one from the following in connection with generating AMP and GMP. *
1/1
GMP is generated by the addition of water, dehydrogenation by NAD+, and the replacement of the
carbonyl oxygen atom by NH2 derived by the hydrolysis of glutamine.
The 6-O of inosine is displaced by aspartate to yield adenylosuccinate & IMP dehydrogenase
employs the substrates NAD+ and H2O in catalyzing oxidation of IMP at C-2.
AMP is formed by the addition of fumarate followed by the release of aspartate.
Inosine/Inosinate (IMP) is the precursor of AMP and GMP.
Which of the following statement is incorrect to de novo purine biosynthesis. *
···/1
Glycine is coupled to the amino group of phosphoribosylamine & N10-Formyltetrahydrofolate (THF)
transfers a formyl group to the amino group of the glycine residue.
Bicarbonate adds first to the exocyclic amino group and then to a carbon atom of the imidazole ring
& the imidazole carboxylate is phosphorylated, and the phosphoryl group is displaced by the amino
group of aspartate.
The inner amide group is dephosphorylated and then converted into a de-amandine by the addition
of ammonia derived from glutamine & an intermolecular coupling reaction forms a six-membered
imidazole ring.
Fumarate leaves followed by the addition of a second formyl group from N10-formyltetrahydrofolate
& Cyclization completes the synthesis of inosinate, a purine nucleotide.
The acyl-CoA formed in the cytosol is transported to the ___ for oxidation using a
shuttle involving the Intermediate formation of acyl- ____ *
1/1
Mitochondrial matrix, coenzyme A
Endoplasmic reticulum, carnitine
Mitochondrial matrix, carnitine
Endoplasmic reticulum, albumin
With relevant to photosystems in chloroplast, pick the incorrect statement of the
following: *
1/1
Photosystem I generates biosynthetic reducing power in the form of NADPH.
The reaction center in photosystem I & II are called P680 and P700 respectively.
The missing electrons in photosystem II are replaced by the photolysis of water.
Photosynthesis in green plants consists of two photosystems.
Photosystem II replenishes the electrons of photosystem I while generating a proton gradient that is
used to synthesize ATP.
Which of the following enzyme complexes catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water
during oxidative phosphorylation? *
···/1
NADH-Q oxidoreductase
Cytochrome c oxidase
ATP synthase
Succinate-Q reductase
Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase
Which of the following intracellular second messengers will be expected to involve for
fatty acid release from adipocytes? *
1/1
IP3
cAMP
Ca2+
cGMP
DAG
During photorespiration under low CO2 and high O2 levels, O2 reacts with ribulose 1, 5
–bisphosphate to yield *
···/1
One molecule each of 3-phosphoglycerate and 2-phosphoglycolate
Two molecules of 2-phosphoglycolate
Two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate
One molecule each of 3-phosphoglycerate and glycolate
The entry of ADP into Mitochondria is coupled to the exit of ATP *
1/1
The translocase is not powered by the proton-motive force
The ATP–ADP translocase, the phosphate carrier, and the ATP synthase are associated with one
another to form a large complex.
The ATP–ADP translocase enables the exchange of cytoplasmic ADP for mitochondrial ATP.
ADP must enter the mitochondria for ATP to leave.
With respect to oxidative phosphorylation, except *
1/1
The proton gradient is used to power the synthesis of ATP.
The citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation alone are not called cellular respiration.
The flow of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to O2 occurs in the electron-transport chain or
respiratory chain.
Oxidative phosphorylation captures the energy of high-energy electrons to synthesize ATP.
This exergonic set of oxidation–reduction reactions generates a proton gradient.
The general structure of lipoproteins except *
1/1
HDL – Second highest in triacylglycerols as percentage of weight
A core consisting of a droplet of triacylglycerols and or cholesteryl esters
A variant of apolipoprotein E, designated apoE4, is implicated in Alzheimer's disease and are a
major risk factor for Alzheimer's disease.
A surface monolayer of phospholipid, unesterified cholesterol and specific proteins (apolipoproteins,
e.g., apoprotein B-100 in low density lipoprotein).
Apolipoprotein E (apoE), a constituent of several classes of lipoproteins
When a redox reaction occurs *
···/1
The electrons were more stable with the molecule that was oxidized.
The transferred electrons have more energy with the molecule that is now reduced.
The stability of the transferred electrons is unchanged.
The transferred electrons had more energy with the molecule that was oxidized.
Oxidation of palmitic acid (C16) involves ___ rounds of β-oxidation and yields ___
molecules of acetyl-CoA *
···/1
8, 8
7, 8
16, 8
7, 7
Choose the incorrect one with respect to the Electron-Transport complexes, *
1/1
NADH coenzyme -Q reductase (Complex I)
Coenzyme Q-Cytochrome c Reductase (Complex III)
Cytochrome c reductase (Complex IV)
An additional complex, succinate coenzyme Q - reductase (Complex II), delivers electrons from
FADH2 to Complex III.
The electron-transport chain is a series of coupled oxidation–reduction reactions *
···/1
The carriers include flavin mononucleotide (FMN), iron associated with sulfur in proteins (iron–sulfur
proteins), iron incorporated into hemes that are embedded in proteins called cytochromes, and a
mobile electron carrier called coenzyme Q (Q).
The electron-transport chain is composed of four large protein complexes.
Electron flow within the complexes in the outer mitochondrial membrane generate a proton gradient.
The electrons donated by NADH and FADH2 are passed to electron carriers in the protein
complexes.
The functions of the lipids, except *
1/1
Bile salts such as glycocholate, secreted by the gallbladder, insert into the lipid droplets -emulsifying
agents
Eicosanoids are not a derivatives of phosphatidylinositol – second messenger
Fats contain more carbon and hydrogen in relation to oxygen as compared to carbohydrates and
protein – energy storage molecules
Liver and adipose tissue are the principal sites of metabolic activity while the blood serves as a
transport system – transporters of metabolic fuels
Phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol are major components of cell membranes – structural
compounds
Which of the following inhibitor blocks the proton channel that is necessary for the
energy production? *
···/1
Rotenone
Petricidin
Cyanide
Oligomycin
Which of the following serves as the primary direct donor of activated ribose groups for
nucleotide biosynthesis? *
1/1
Uridine diphosphate
Adenosine monophosphate
5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate
Adenosine triphosphate
Ribose 5-phosphate
Which of the following best characterizes NADH and NADPH? *
1/1
NADH and NADPH are interchangeably used for both ATP generation and biosynthesis.
NADH is primarily used for ATP generation, whereas NADPH is primarily used for biosynthesis.
NADPH is primarily used for ATP generation, whereas NADH is primarily used for biosynthesis.
Both ATP generation and biosynthesis preferentially use NADH over NADPH.
Both ATP generation and biosynthesis preferentially use NADPH over NADH.