POLYTECHNIC, COLLEGE, INDAPUR. sin“"(sin8) = @ Sin(sin™')=@ cos~(cos®) = @ cos(cos~! 6) =@ tan7"(tan8)=@ tan(tan~"0)=@ cot1(coté) = 8 cot(cot-! 6) = @ sec“'(sec@)=@ sec(sec"'6)=@ cosec*(cosec®) = 8 cosec(cosec*0) = @ sin“'(—x)=- sin"! x cosec™!(—x) = - cosec”!x cos"!(—x) = w-cos"! x sec“'(—x) = w-sec“1x tan7*(—x) =~ tan"? x cot™*(—x) =- cot“ x sin-tx=-cosee"*() cost x=-see(!) tan-tx=-cot-*(2) sin“! x4cos“!x= tan7!x+ cot“! x= sec“!x+ cose"! x=% sin“! x= cos*(VT— x)= tan“ (=) cost x= sin-'(VT= #)= tan! (EE tantacsinnt (Ea) cor" (Gta) ot hy stant (2% tantx+tan“ty stan! (=2) ify<0 tan"! x +tan“!y=n+ tan“! (#2) ifxy>0 5) tan-ta-tan-ty = tan (© =tan™* (5) 2tan“? x. sin-!xzsin-ty=sin-t(x/T= 9? + y= a?) cos"! x cos“! y= cos“! (xy ¥ VI— a? /1- y?)POLYTECHNIC, COLLEGE, INDAPUR. ‘Sign Conversion of Trigonometric Ratios- Sin & Cosec All G) (+) (90°+ 6 or 180°-8) (90°- 6 or 360°+8) Tan & Cot cos & sec (+), Gy) (180°+ 6 or 270°. 6) (270°+8 or 360° 8) I Quadrant - All ratios are positive 4 Quadrant- Only Sin & Cosec are positive I Quadrant- Only Tan & Cot are positive IV Quadrant: Only Cos & Sec are positive Compound Angles- sin(A + B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB sin(A- B) = sinAcosB - cosAsinB cos(A + B) = cosAcosB - sinAsinB cos(A - B) = cosAcosB + sinAsinB tan(A+B) = tan(A - B) = 1-tanATanB Allied Angles: sin(-@) =- sind cosec(-8) =- cosecd cos(-8) = cos sec(-0) = secO tan(-6) = - tan@ cot{-8) = - cot® je. 90°-0 | 90%+0 | 180°- | sgq0,9 | 270°+0 | 770°" | seor40 | 260° f.e | F+e | © n+e | +0 | an ano | ,° 7 z 1-0 z 3.9 2n-0 sin | coso | cose | sino | -sino | -coso | -coso | sind | -sino Cos | Sind -Sin@ -cos® -cos Sind -Sin® cosé cos6 tan| cote | -coto | -tano | tnd | -coro | coto | tand | -tand ‘Multiple Angles- Cos20 = cos?8- sin?@ =2cos?0-1 1-2sin?@ By - Mr. Laxmikant M. LakalVIDYA PRATISHTHAN’S POLYTECHNIC, COLLEGE, INDAPUR. ‘TRIGONOMETRY Definition of Trigonometric Ratios- A B Opposite side _ AB _ Sin® =iypotenuse = AC Sin Coseco =1 Adjacent side _ 00 iypotenuse Cos@ Sec® = 1 Opposite side _ Tan = ajacent sd Tan8 Cot = 1 Adjacent side _ i Cot = opposite Side Tang =228 Hypotenuse _Ac cos SecO =Aajacentsiae ~ BC coro = Hypotenuse _ Ac at Cosec® = apposite Side Cosec® = Relation between Degree & Radian- 0° | 30° 45° 60° 90° | 180° o| we | w/4 | 3 | w2 | © 1 1 sm | ol] 5 B 1 0 cs |i | | + ? a 2 2 tan fo | + 1 a o a N3 Co fo | v3 1 0 co sec | 1 aE 2 6 4 Cosec | o | 2 wa 1 o Eundamental Identities- sin?@+ cos*@=1 1+ tan?@ =sec?6 1+ cot?@ = cosec?® sin? =1-cos?8 tan?@ = sec?®-1 cos?@=1-sin?0 1=sec?@-tan?6 cot?@=cosec?@-1 1=cosec?@- cot?‘Shape Formula Circle Area of Circle = nr? Circumference = nd=2nr 7 langle Area of Triangle = + (Base)(Height) bh ‘Area of Triangle = 5G Where, s = 2°% Perimeter of Triangle = 2S=a+b+c Heelers Trtengia Area of Triangle = % (Side)? Area of Triangle = a (@? Perimeter = 3a Rectangle ‘Area of Rectangle = (Length) ( Breath) b Perimeter = 2 (1+b) Square ‘Area of Square = ( Side )? =a? Perimeter =4a Parallelogram ‘Area of Parallelogram = ( Base ) ( Altitude) =bh Perimeter =2 (a+b) Rhombus Perimeter =4a Trapezium ‘Area of Trapezium = } (Sum of Parellal Sides)(Height) By - Mr. Laxmikant M. LakalPOLYTECHNIC, COLLEGE, INDAPUR. ‘Solid Mensuration Cube Volume of Cube = (Side )? =@y Surface Area = 6 a? Cuboid Volume of Cuboid = (Length) (Breath) (Height) =Ibh Total Surface Area =2(1b+bh+h1) Cylinder Volume of Cylinder = Base Area x Height =arh Lateral / Curved Surface Area= 2rh Total Surface Area=2arh+ 271? =2ur(h+r) Cone Volume of Cone = }( Base Area x Height } Curved Surface Area= mri rl+ nr? Total Surface Are: ar(l+r) ‘Sphere 4 Volume of Sphere = 5 7? Surface Area = 411? Hemisphere 2art+ wrtVIDYA PRATISHTHAN’S POLYTECHNIC, COLLEGE, INDAPUR. Measures of Dispersion- Bange- Range=L-S Coefficient of range = ¢—= Where, L - Largest Value, S- Smallest Value. Mean Deviation & Standard Deviation- Mean Deviation(M.D.) Standard Deviation(S.D. or 6) Zin i . = y about Mean about Mean Raw Data about Media mut Median 5 o = JBECME about Median Efi #1 moe Mp. =2455= about Mean o= Td 20 about Mean Ungrouped Data Mp. ==4=4! about Median F rh o = PARE bout Median about Mean |g = ELIAS about Mean Grouped Data Efilm= mM Mp. 2A! about Median mame rh o = ELEM about Median Step-Deviation Method- Where, d; = ‘m, - Mid-point of Corresponding Class C - Width of Class Interval ‘A~ Assumed Mean Variance = ( Standard Deviation)? Coefficient of Variation = =tdesevatin 1992 2 x 100 Consistency- ‘The Set with low coefficient of variation is more consistent be (CV < (CVn then, Set-I is more consistent. By - Mr. Laxmikant M. LakalVIDYA PRATISHTHAN’S POLYTECHNIC, COLLEGE, INDAPUR. Length of Perpendicular- Length of perpendicular from point P(x,,y,) to the line Ax + By + C= 0is, Ax: + By: + C| Vat + BP Length of perpendicular from the origin- Length of perpendicular from the origin to the line Ax + By + C= Perpendicular distance between Perpendicular distance between the parallel lines ax + by +c, =0 & ax + by +c, =Ois, = Va? + b? ‘Types ofData- Baw Data- Only observations or variate are given ie. x; 27, 32, 29, 33, 22, 35, 37, 39,29, 22. Ungrouped Data- Variate and their frequency are given ie. Variate x, their frequency fi x | 5 [10 Tis | 20 T 25 T 30 ft 7 {9 [13 [iz J 10 Ts Grouped Data- Class Interval and their frequencies are given ie. Cl. their frequency fi Class Interval(C.L) | 0-10 | 10-20 10 | 30-40 | 40-50 | 50-60 | 60-70 Freq(f) s [um | a [2 {2 | 7 2 Measures of Central Tendency- Mean(x) Median(M) IfNis odd en M = (%2)" place observation Raw Data IfNiseven aay = No. of observations ma = G+ es) race observation Ungrouped Median Class = Data (ch) x =P M=1+(2—— Jc a noon Data . lower limit of Median Class m Where, m= Midpoint of Cumulative freq® Median Class Corresponding Class fn = Freq® of Median Class (C= Class Width of cass interval By - Mr. Laxmikant M. LakalVIDYA PRATISHTHAN’S POLYTECHNIC, COLLEGE, INDAPUR. 3) When Denominator contains Irreducible Quadratic Factors- Po) alate a Po) ew Distance Formula- If A(x,.¥1) & B(x, y2) are the two points then distance between A& B is given by AB = d(AB) = (@—%1)" + O2 + ae Mid-point Formula- IfA(x,,¥1) & B(xa, ya) are the two points of segment AB & Let C(x, y) be the mid- point of seg.AB then, xattt, yottn z 2 Slope of line- If inclination of line is @ then slope of line is m = tan@ Slope of line joining the points (x,,4) & (x2, ¥2) is m= 222 ‘Slope-Point form of line- Ifthe equation of line passing through point (x,,7,) & having slope mis yoy = m(x- x4) ‘Slope-Intercept form of line- ‘The equation of line having slope m with Y- Intercept c is y=mx+c -Two-Point form of line - ‘The equation of line passing through point (x, ys) & (x2. ¥2) is ym OM op yn ren ‘Iwo-Intercept form of line - ‘The equation of line making intercepts ‘a’ & ‘b’ on X & Y- axis is General Equation of Line- ‘The general equation of line is Ax + By + C= 0, then Tan If two lines are parallel then there slopes are equal ie. my = mz Condition of Perpendicular lines- Iftwo lines are perpendicular then there product slope is -1 ie. mymy =-1 By - Mr. Laxmikant M. LakalVIDYA PRATISHTHAN’S POLYTECHNIC, COLLEGE, INDAPUR. Adioint of Matrix A ie. Adj(A)- Adjoint of Matrix A = Transpose of Cofactor matrix of A an ~821 aay ie Adj(A)=]-a12 azz —as2 413 823 33 Inverse Of Matrix A i.e. A™*- IfA is Square & Non-Singular Matrix then, ae Art Rp Adi(A) Matrix Inversion Method or Matrix Method- If ax by + cy 03x + bay + 62> dy 3x+ bay + Cy2= dy ‘Then Solution is given by X = A~*B, x jay by cy dy wie =P }a=[ by a. n-[] on zt lay by cal Ids tet AN Tg AMICA) ‘Chap-3 PARTIAL FRACTION Degree of Polynomials- ‘The highest power of variable in given polynomials is called degree of polynomials. Proper Fraction- Degree of numerator is smaller than degree of denominator is called proper fraction. Improper Fraction- Degree of numerator is greater than or equal to degree of denominator is called improper fraction. To Convert Improper Fraction to Proper Fraction Pee Remainder FE = Quotient + Remnes Non-Repeated Linear Factors- eg x, (x + a), (x- B), (t+ B), (8 - a), ...ete. Repeated Linear Factors- e.g (t + B)?, (x + a)?,x?,x°, Irreducible Quadratic Factors- te. (x2 +a), (8+ 4), (2 + x #1), (9? =x 41 1) When Denominator contains Non-repeated Liner Factors GHG 2) When Denominator contains Repeated Linear Factors- >)VIDYA PRATISHTHAN’S POLYTECHNIC, COLLEGE, INDAPUR. ‘Scalar Multiplication of Matrices - abc ua-fi« e f) Bis ary wcalor Le. constant, ab cy fka kb ke Then, kA= fie e ‘|= [xt ke wi] kg kh ki ‘Multiplication of Matrices: 12 3 abo waft 5 (| &B [i e ‘|. 17 8 9! ig hi iC, RyCy RACs) soma fie, RG ne R3Cy R3C2 RoC ie. AB= [: 5 6 [: e hl=|4a+Sb+6c 4d+5e+6f 49+5h+6i 7 8 ‘l Ja+8b+9c 7d+Be+9f 79+B8h49 12 i ad +t ferece ld +2e+3f goats ‘Transpose Of Matrix and its Properties i.e. AT or A’ - ab cj a1 x IA=|1 2 3] en wanpse ofa ATorA'=|b 2 y| x y 2 ic 3 2 Properties 1) (AB) = BT AT 2) (AT =A 3)(A +B)"=AT 2 BT 4) (kA) =kAT Minor ofan Element i.e. a,, of a SquareMatrix- pg q b an-|2 fh th el nai Minor Matrix of A=|@21 @22 23 aa; 32 33 Co-factor Matrix of A- 4 ft - + Minor matrix with proper sign is a Cofactor matrix ie. [ ile - + = +t - + ay a2 ay catatonia [Su a2 —a25 as -as2 assVIDYA PRATISHTHAN’S POLYTECHNIC, COLLEGE, INDAPUR. ‘Chap-1 DETERMINANTS @2x + bay=dz then a by a|% [es ail elas ‘Then by Cramer's Rule, Degye &y= 2 Expansion or Value of determinant of 3 order - abc Ide f| lg hi by) I<: by a, ba D e jd fi} id e| nal lg ills nl = a(ei -hf) -b (di -gf) +c (dh- ge) Cramer's Rule for three variables - If ayx+by+c2=d) px + boy + C22 = dp 3x + byy + cy2=dy ‘l then a, by jar by cy D=|a, bc]. De=|dz by ca], Dy a a Then by Cramer's Rule, y= Bere ‘Area of Triangle-If P(x, ys), Q(2,¥2) & Q(x2,¥3) are the vertices of APQR then, fan kz y2 | ks ys 1 Chap-2 MATRICES A(aPqR) =4 Equality of Matrices ~ -[a 4 wa-[2 ‘Jan Mand only ifa=w,b=x,¢=y,d=2 Addition & Subtraction of Matrices - abc 123 ua-[i e ileo-[t 5 ‘| hi 789 atl b42 ct3 Then, A+B [aes e+S req Igt7 h£B i+9Factorisation a?- b?= (a-b) (a+b) a3- b3= (a- b) (a?+ab+b?) a3+ b3 = (a+b) (a?-ab+b2) a*- b* = (a-b) (a+b) (a?-ab+b2) a™- b"= (a-b) (a™! - a"? b+ar3,b2+ .. a+ b"= (a+b) (a1 -a"2 b+a" b?- Expansion (a+ b)?=a?+2ab+ b? (a—b)? - 2ab + b? (a + b)? = a3+3ab (a+b) +b? = a? + 3a*b + 3ab? + b? (a — b)? = a3- 3ab (a-b) - b? = a? - 3a”b + 3ab? - b? (a+b +c)? =a?+ b? + c?+2ab +2be +2ac (a- b—c)? =a? + b? + c? - 2ab +2bc -2ac n(n-1)(n-2) 3! (a+ b)"= ah nat +22 an-2pt aP-3a34 +b” Laws of Indi a™ x qt =gm+n am ae m-n (a™)" =a (ax b)™=a™ x b™ QsFORMULAE OF BASIC MATHEMATICS ( 22103) Definition of Logarithms - a™=b © loggb =m RuLes OF LOGARITHMS logia.b] -loga + logb Joga + log b =log{a.b] vee (5) loga-logb= log(2) toe (3) loga" =n loga loga-logb -logb logs a=525 [RESULTS OF LOGARITHMS log, 1=0 log,a=1 ‘ABSOLUTE VALUE | When N>0 eg [25|=25 N When N<0 When N=0 Squareie. a?=aa eg-1)5*=55=25 2)(-7)?=(-7)(-7)=49 Square Root i.e. V~ or V_ eg- V49 = (MM) =7 or V49 = (7-7) =-7 ie. V49 =27 Cubeie. a? =aaa eg 1) 4% =4-4-4 3) (—B)3 = (-8)-(-8)-(-8) =-512 Cube Root ic. V— eg.1) Vi25=V5-5-5 =5 2) V—216= \(-6)(-6)(-6)