Q. What are the factors that influence an electrolyte's conductivity? Q.
Q. Why is acetic acid a more powerful acid than ethanol?
Ans. An electrolyte's conductivity is determined by :
The ion sizes created
The solvent's nature and viscosity.
Electrolyte concentration
temperature
Q. What are the electrolysis laws of Faraday?
ANS. Faraday's Laws of Electrolysis:
First Law: The amount of chemical reaction that happens at any electrode during current
electrolysis is proportional to the amount of electricity carried through the electrolyte.
Second Law: The chemical equivalent weights of various compounds freed by the same amount of
power going through the electrolytic solution are proportionate.
Q. Why does a solution's conductivity drop when it is diluted?
Ans. A solution's conductivity is defined as the conductance of ions in a unit volume of the
solution. When a solution is diluted, the quantity of ions (which are responsible for transporting
current) falls. As a result, as a solution is diluted, its conductivity drops.
Q. Is it possible to keep copper sulfate solutions in a zinc pot?
Ans. Copper is more reactive than zinc. As a result, zinc can remove copper from its salt solution.
If copper sulfate solution is kept in a zinc pot, zinc will eat away at the copper.
Q. Define conductivity and molar conductivity in an electrolyte solution. Why does dilution
reduce the conductivity of a solution?
ANS. The conductance of one unit volume of solution held between two platinum electrodes with
the unit area of cross-section and at unit length is the conductivity of a solution at any given
concentration. The conductance of volume V of a solution containing one mole of electrolyte held
between two electrodes with an area of cross-section A and unit length is the molar conductivity
of a solution at a certain concentration.
Q. Why does an electrochemical cell eventually stop working? An electrode's reduction potential
is determined by the concentration of the fluid with which it comes into contact.
ANS. The concentration of reactants drops as the cell functions. The equilibrium will then change
in the other way, according to Le Chatelier's principle. On the other hand, if the concentration is
higher on the reactant side, the equilibrium will be shifted ahead. The concentration in an anodic
compartment in the cathodic compartment drops as the cell operates, and so the E°cathode
lowers.
E°cell = E°cathode – E°anode is now the cell's EMF.
A decrease in E°cathode and a corresponding increase in E°anode will mean that EMF of the cell
will decrease and will ultimately become zero i.e., cell stops working after some time.
Q. Explain the following:
(a). CO2 is always present in natural water. Explain its effect (increases, stops, or no effect) on
rusting of iron.
(b). Rusting of iron is quicker in saline water than in ordinary water. Explain.
Ans.- (a) Presence of CO2 in natural water increases rusting of iron. It dissolves in water to form
H2CO3 which gives H+ ions. The H+ ions accelerate the process of corrosion.
In rusting of iron, Fe oxidizes to Fe2+ ions
Fe (s) → Fe2+ (aq) + 2e– (anode)
The released electrons go to the cathode and reduce oxygen in the presence of H+ ions (obtained
from H2CO3). The reaction occurs at the cathode. Thus, CO2 increases rusting.
O2 (g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e– →
2H2O (l)
(b) In saline water (saltwater), iron rusts faster than in regular water. This is because saline water
enhances the electrical conductivity of the electrolyte solution generated on the metal surface. As a
result, if saltwater is available, corrosion becomes a more critical issue.
Q. Explain why is ortho nitrophenol more acidic than ortho methoxyphenol.
ANS.- Ortho nitrophenol is more acidic than ortho methoxyphenol because nitro group is an electron
withdrawing and it will increase +ve charge on the oxygen atom to make it more acidic whereas
OCH3 group is an electron releas1ng group and it will decrease +ve charge on the oxygen atom,
thus making it less acidic and hence the O-H bond will not break easily.
Q. What type of isomerism is exhibited by acetic acid and ethanol?
Ans:- Acetic acid and ethanol both exhibit chain isomerism. This is because they have the same
molecular formula but different arrangements of their atoms in space.
Q. Out of propanoic acid and butanoic acid, which is the stronger acid and why?
Ans:- Butanoic acid is a stronger acid than propanoic acid. This is because it has a higher molecular
mass, which means that there are more electrons available to be donated to the proton.
Q. An organic compound A on treatment with alcoholic KOH gives compound B, which on treatment
with dil. HNO3 yields a colorless gas C and an insoluble solid D. Compound A on ozonolysis yielded
two moles of methane. Identify A, B, C & D.
Ans:- A is propene, B is propane-2-ol, C is carbon dioxide, and D is calcium carbonate.
Q. What type of hybridization is present in the carbon atom of acetic acid?
Ans:- The carbon atom of acetic acid is sp3-hybridized. This is because it has four different groups
attached to it.
Q. Ethylbenzene is typically composed of acetylation of benzene followed by reduction and not by
direct alkylation. Why?
ANS.- The composition of ethylbenzene from acylation of benzene along with reduction is displayed
as:
The direct alkylation of benzene is not possible because it would require a very high temperature and pressure to
break the strong carbon-carbon bond in benzene. Instead, acetylation of benzene followed by reduction gives
ethylbenzene.
Q. Why is carboxylic acid a better leaving group than alcohol in the nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction?
Ans. Carboxylic acids are better-leaving groups than alcohols in the nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions because
they are more polarizable.
This means that the electrons in the carboxylic acid are more easily displaced than those in the alcohol. This makes it
simpler for the nucleophile to attack the carbon atom in the carboxylic acid, leading to a higher reaction rate.
Ans. Acetic acid is a stronger acid compared to ethanol because it has a higher dissociation
constant. This means that it is more likely to lose a proton (H+) in the solution.
This is because the acetic acid molecule has a higher electronegativity than the ethanol molecule,
making it more polar. As a result, the acetic acid molecule is more attracted to water molecules
than the ethanol molecule, and this causes it to dissociate more readily.
Q. What type of reaction takes place when a primary amine reacts with acetic anhydride in the
presence of pyridine? Give the mechanism of the reaction.
Ans. The type of reaction that happens when a primary amine reacts with acetic anhydride in the
presence of pyridine is called Friedel-Crafts acylation. The mechanism of the reaction is displayed
below:
Q. What is the general method for the preparation of ketones?
Ans. The general method for preparing ketones is by the oxidation of secondary alcohols. This can
be done using several different oxidizing agents, such as potassium permanganate, chromic acid,
or Tollens' reagent.
Q. What is the nature of the carbonyl group? How is it different from other functional groups?
Ans. The carbonyl group (–C=O) is one of organic chemistry's most important functional groups. It
contains a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O. The structure of the carbonyl
group gives rise to many of the unique properties of ketones and aldehydes.
The carbonyl group is distinguished from other functional groups by several characteristics.
* First, the carbon and oxygen atoms bond is very strong, making carbonyl compounds more stable
than other functional groups.
* Second, the carbonyl group is planar, meaning that the atoms attached to the carbonyl carbon
are arranged in a flat plane. This geometry makes carbonyl compounds very reactive, as the atoms
on either side of the carbonyl group can easily interact with other molecules.
* Finally, the carbonyl group is polar, meaning that the electron pushing elements (oxygen and
nitrogen) are more electronegative than the carbon atom. This means that the carbonyl carbon is
partially negatively charged, while the oxygen is partially positively charged. This polarity gives
rise to many of the unique chemical properties of carbonyl compounds.
Q. How do aldehydes differ from ketones?
Ans. Aldehydes and ketones are both carbonyl compounds, meaning that they contain a carbon
atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom. The difference between aldehydes and ketones lies in the
arrangement of atoms around the carbonyl group.
The carbonyl group is bonded to at least one hydrogen atom in aldehydes. In ketones, the
carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms. This difference in structure gives aldehydes and
ketones different chemical properties.
Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones because the carbonyl carbon is more electronegative
than the carbon atoms it is bonded to. This makes aldehydes more likely to undergo oxidation
reactions.
Ketones are less reactive because the carbonyl carbon is less electronegative than the carbon
atoms it is bonded to. Ketones are more stable than aldehydes, meaning they are less likely to
undergo chemical reactions.
Q. What is Chemical Kinectics?
ANS.- Chemical Kinetics is a process that deals with the speed at which chemical reactions take
place. It will carry out experimental conditions to determine the speed of the chemical reaction.
Q.What is Chemical Reactions?
ANS.- A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances (reactants) are converted
to one or more different substances (products). Substances are either chemical elements or
compounds.
Q. Rate of a Chemical Reaction.
Ans.- The rate of a chemical reaction can be expressed as follows:
The rate of a chemical reaction decreases in the concentration of the reactant.
It increases with an increase in the concentration of the product.
The SI unit used to measure the concentration of a chemical is molar, which is also written as
mol/L.
Molar indicates the number of moles in 1 litre of the chemical.
Q. Rate of Constant.
ANS.- When the concentrations of both reactants are in unity, then the rate of reaction calculated
is termed as rate constant, usually denoted with the letter “K” and sometimes also termed as
proportionality constant in the rate of expression. The rate of expression can further be
mentioned as. Rate = K[A]x[B]y
Q. Arrhenius equation
ANS.- The equation shows the relation between temperature and rate constant. Arrhenius
equation is given as. k = Ae-Ea/RT
Here k = rate constant
A= Frequency factor
Ea = Activation Energy
R= Gas constant
T= Temperature
Comparing rate constant of a reaction at 2 different temperatures
Log k 2 / k 1 = Ea / 2.303R [T2-T1/T1T2]
Q. Pseudo First Order Reaction.
ANS.- Pseudo First Order Reaction have two molecules on the reactant side but because one
reactant is in excess it behaves as a first order reaction. Such reactions are termed pseudo first
order reactions.
Q. What is the activation energy of a reaction?
Ans. The minimum extra energy required by the reactant or absorbed by the reactant molecule to
form the activated complex is called activation energy. The SI unit is J/ Mol.
The energy is required to activate the molecules.
The atoms will undergo a chemical reaction transformation.
Nature of reactants and catalyst affect the rate of activation energy.
Exothermic reaction is an example of activation energy.