Name of institution: University of South Africa Name of the module: Chemical Engineering Technology IlI: Unit Operations Module code: CEM3PRB Student name & number: Maite Caroline Mulaudzi 61157384 Date of experiment: 16 September 2021 Due date: 22 October 2021 Lab section number: kq-074 Instructor’s name: Mr Kapfunde iN > QO Scanned with CamScanner 4Table of content: Title page Declaration... ii Acknowledgement. iit Abstract.......... “ ee . viv Introduction... 1 Theory. 2 Experimental procedure..... 3 Result and discussion 4 Conelusion.. 5 Recommendations, 6S References........ BS Appendices........... eee $6 Scanned with CamScannerDeclaratior | declare that this submission is my own work and all other information provided are acknowledged by reference at the end of the report, Signed: M.C Mulaudzi Date: 16 September 2021 it / Scanned with CamScannerAcknowledgement: | would like to thank two students, and the instructor on conducting of this experiment and lastly the lecture with how to write the report. Students: T Maluka 39618005 Revash 62268287 Instructor: Mr Kapfunde Lecture: Mrs Pinky Moroenyane WW Scanned with CamScannerAbstract: In this experiment, we used tray dryer as a method of drying the sand, We evenly spread the wet sand on the tray. We firstly set the air inlet temperature at 30% and continuously took readings every 10 minutes until the reading of the mass of sand was constant. We repeated the set but with a different air inlet temperature of 70% and took the reading continuously each and every 10 minutes until the mass of the sand was constant. v Scanned with CamScannerIntroduction Drying involves the final removal of relatively small amount of water from a material Drying is the process of thermally removing moisture from a material. All drying operations depend upon the application of heat to vaporize the volatile constituents. Drying is usually the final step in the working cycle and generally it follows filtration or centrifugation and precedes grinding (University of South Africa, 2021: 1) In this experiment we will study the drying of a sand at different air inlet temperature or at different air speed, keeping one variable constant, either speed or temperature. The purpose of this experiment is to see which factor makes the sand dry fast between air inlet temperature and air speed. In our group we chose to make air speed constant and only operated/worked with different air inlet temperature. We achieved that by setting the air heater J1 firstly to 30% and then to 70% and take the readings of temperature and of humidity in both inlet and outlet and the weight reading of the sand continuously The flowrate is maintained at maximum of 6.6 m/s throughout the experiment 4 Scanned with CamScannerTheory: Drying is the process of removal of water or other liquids from a material with the help of heat, It is usually the final process before packaging the product. Drying is one of the most widely used unit operation in a lot of industries such as food industry, textile manufacture and pharmaceuticals (Geankoplis, 2002). Tray dryer operate by passing hot air over the surface of wet solid which can be anything such as our solid in this case is sand, that is spread over in a tray. Tray dryer is the most inexpensive process for many industries. Drying can ocour as a result of vaporization of liquid by the exposure to heat to the material Drying involves two operations, which are the heat operation and the mass transfer operation. Drying rate is defined as the amount of water that is removed over time, The moisture content and the drying rate decrease over time(Geankoplis, 1983) > The percent moisture content(X)=100 x (Ww —Wo)\Wo Where: Ww = weight of the wet sand Wo=Weight of the dry sample Heat transfer process occur due to conduction, convection or radiation mode of heat flow or in some case as a result of a combination of any of these effects. Tray dryer process it is a batch process. 2 Scanned with CamScannerExperimental procedu' Apparatus and materials used > Stop watch > Tissue > Water > Sand > Tray > Tray drier unit > Weight scale Procedure: + Weighed mass of tray, and added 200g mass of sand and poured distilled water on it to make the sand wet. + Drained the excess water. + Left the air speed at constant value and air temperature was changed only twice. + Inserted the tray with sand in the tray dryer for approximately 70 minutes in total for an interval of 10 minutes for recording vaiues on the tray drier unit and the mass of sand, for first run. Second run, we continued with the same procedure but before that we set our air temperature from 30% to 70%, Continued with the drying for about 70 minutes too, stopping in every 10 minutes to record the values on the tray drier unit and recording the mass of the sand until we got the mass which was approximately of 200g After we have reached the mass approximate we then switched off the system the mass we started and cleaned our working station including the equipment's we used 3 Scanned with CamScanner’Results: Mass of tray= 329,169 Mass of tray + wet sand= 552,01g Mass of wet sand= 222, 85g Mass of dry sand=2009 Graph 1: Graph showing recorded values of weight at 30% air temperature. Refer to the appendix for the detail table and calculations. Below is the graph of time verses weight of sand on every 10 minutes for the first run of 30% : Weight of sand vs time Wei Scanned with CamScanner> Graph 2: The graph showing the relationship between drying rate and the change in moisture content of dry sand and sand at equilibrium. Calculations for this result will be found on appendix. This table is also for the first run of 30% air temperature. Drying rete vs change in moisture content > Graph 3: The graph below shows the relationship between weight of sand and time for the second run of the experiment which is at 70% of air temperature. Calculations on this graph will be shown on the appendix. Weight of sand ve time | Ff | | 2 vo] | | j 4 Scanned with CamScanner> Graph 4: The graph showing the relationship between drying rate and the change in moisture content of dry sand and sand at equilibrium. Calculations for this result will be found on appendix. This table is also for the second run of the experiment at 70% air temperature. Drying rate vs change in moisture content 4 Scanned with CamScannerDiscussion of the above results: According to this experiment, the mass of the sand plus water on the tray decrease while we increase the time, and that is proven on graph one above. This is because of that the mass of sand contain the mass of water too, and when we dry the sand basically the mass of water is minimized timely. That is observed on graph one above with 30% air temperature. The mass of sand only, can also change and be a little bit smaller due to falling because of movement we make with the tray from the drying unit to the weighing scale timely. According to graph two, the drying rate remained constant while the change in moisture content increased, this was due to air speed constant for 30% air temperature. On graph three, the air temperature was increased to 70%. The observation for graph three are the same to graph one, the mass of sand and water decreased with increase in time, meaning the sand became too dry. The mass of sand we started with was 200 grams but we ended up with 199 grams which that can be due to some other pieces of the sand falling while we are going to weigh it timely or due to that the sand on its own originally it had some water in it. On graph four, for 70% air temperature, is the same observation as of graph two, where the drying rate remained constant while the change in moisture content increased because of air speed was set to constant. Scanned with CamScannerConclusion: In this experiment we were experimenting the effect of drying wet sand on different air temperature. We used tray dryer to do our experiment. Theoretically the drying rate depends on the air temperature, meaning the more we increase the air temperature the higher the drying rate. In our experiment the drying rate remained constant because of the air speed was set to constant. Therefore we can conclude that the drying rate is also proportional to the air speed. Recommendation: | would only recommend that the balance system used to weigh the mass on top of the tray dryer be fixed so that students can easily weigh the mass on of their material directly on the drying station without moving to another place to weigh the mass. This will be helpful as it will avoid some errors on the experiment that can occur while students move around to go and weigh the mass of the material they are using. References: > University of South Africa. Engineering Department. 2021. Chemical Engineering Technology ill: Unit operation. Pretoria > Geankoplis, C. J. (2002). Transport Processes and unit operations. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India } Geankoplis, C. J. (1983). Transport processes. Boston: Allyn and Bacon S Scanned with CamScannerAC ; e +230/, oy ew a Experiment: Drying Time(miny [HH@) THC) |HIZ%) TICE) | Wwie) | XC) ‘Axlai(isecimin) | X-X* eH 1215 |2%,0 [226 1254 lav, 6 19 | 2a tp Bq Lt, 25,7 |a1s,69 [2 90 12370 |24,2. }a! 10, be 3 oO las | 24,2 | 25,4 12 4h «ho [ah ! a3 (26,5 126.0 lo)73 & So | ue | 29,5 6 2601260, t 2o [ou) 124 ia 26,0144, 1 Yo 27,3 126,17 126.0 194,75. ts “ — to tu tz ts, ti | I tis Student number Gus73% & — Student Signature LL Lab technician/Lab Assistant Signature — Scanned with vamscanntpan Tae T07, on Oe Experiment: Drying Time(min) | HI1(%) THC) wa”) | T2CC) Ww(g) | X(%) ‘Ax/Ad(/see/min) X-X* t © | 16,0 G2 2b (20 y 22,221 lel S$ ite, Gig t to | ie 37,9 |20,7 24, b- 220,78 10, 44! 0,41 [o.32) & 20 |) BBO OL SF e tones 7,43, O13) |1eb & 40 | Le S 794 |2o/e bole te io | legge | 32,1 (20, 2 Ut ts 50 lee, 20,0 0,08 ts 6O | Vt, 33,1114 =O 25 teal eso eS =O 26 ts a to tu ti 3 tis ts, Student number GUSIZBEES Student Signature CHB... Lab technician/Lab Assistant Signature — ES 6 Scanned with CamScanner& Move debolle of the dale ard te calculbens? -¢ se Liew + rele od Dp WMess of Lvew = TAyl6g meet 215" toe > K).= co X (Wu-We) — Wo Ww = welght- # He Semple al eo! Ib beam Wo = 2009 2 exornple oY eel YO oe Sch aly Lampevaluve! AL kL 10° KLE 785 Scanned with camScarfer