ELECTRICAL MACHINES 2

Rotating AC Machines
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EIectricaI Machines 2
Synchronous Generators
Synchronous Motors
3 nduction Motors
Starting and Speed control of 3 nduction
Motors
nduction Motors and Special Machines
S. B. Sivasubramaniyan MSEC, Chennai
hy 2 ?
Because we have something already
referred to as Electrical Machines (in your
syllabus)
S. B. Sivasubramaniyan MSEC, Chennai
So, EIec. Machines 2 refers to..
C Machines which converts one form of
energy to other form by virtue of its
mechanical motion (rotation)
S. B. Sivasubramaniyan MSEC, Chennai
hy the word "Rotating emphasized here?
Because there must be something which is a
Non-rotating C machine
ny guess?
Transformer is a static (non-rotating) C
machine
S. B. Sivasubramaniyan MSEC, Chennai
Have you heard of rotating
machines earIier?
C Generators and C Motors are C
rotating machines
C generators convert mechanical energy to
electrical energy
C motors convert electrical energy to
mechanical energy
S. B. Sivasubramaniyan MSEC, Chennai
undamentaI PrincipIe..
Electrical Machines (irrespective of C or
C) work on the fundamental principle of
Faraday's law of Electromagnetic nduction.
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araday's Law
Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic nduction
states that an EMF is induced in a coil when
the magnetic flux linking this coil changes
with time
or
The EMF generated is proportional to the
rate at which flux is changed.
d d
e N
dt dt


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araday's Law - IIIustration
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Two forms of Induced EM !
The effect is same if the magnet is moved
and the coil is made stationery
We call it as statically induced EMF
The previous case is referred to as
ynamically induced EMF
S. B. Sivasubramaniyan MSEC, Chennai
Inference
So, we need mechanical movement and a
magnetic field these two together induces
an EMF in the conductor
generator converts mech. energy to
electrical energy and a motor converts
electrical energy to mechanical energy (?!)
This is the reason why we call Electrical
machines as Electromechanical energy
converters or Electromechanical devices
S. B. Sivasubramaniyan MSEC, Chennai
Converse is aIso true
Current carrying conductor placed in a
magnetic field will experience a mechanical
motion converse of Faraday's law Motor
principle
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overning RuIes
t becomes evident that there exists a
relationship between mechanical energy,
electrical energy and magnetic field.
These three can be combined and precisely
put as governing rules each for generator
and for motor
S. B. Sivasubramaniyan MSEC, Chennai
Ieming's Right hand ruIe
For Generator
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Ieming's Left hand ruIe
For Motor
S. B. Sivasubramaniyan MSEC, Chennai
ondering how this is possibIe?
The current carrying conductor creates its
own magnetic field around it
The interaction of this field with the field
produced by the magnet is actually
responsible for the mechanical motion of the
conductor
S. B. Sivasubramaniyan MSEC, Chennai
Conductor turning into a magnet?
es, of course, a current carrying conductor
is obviously a magnet this can produce flux
lines as produced by any naturally occurring
permanent magnet
The strength of such magnetic field depends
on the amount of current passing through the
conductor
As the current, so the flux
S. B. Sivasubramaniyan MSEC, Chennai
MaxweII's Corkscrew ruIe
f the electric current is moving away from the
observer, the direction of lines of force of the
magnetic field surrounding the conductor is
clockwise and that if the electric current is
moving towards an observer, the direction of
lines of force is anti-clockwise
55avae kanna kattuthae
S. B. Sivasubramaniyan MSEC, Chennai
Corkscrew (Screw driver) ruIe -
IIIustration
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CoiIing of Conductor
To augment the effect of flux, we coil the conductor
as the flux lines aid each other when they are in the
same direction and cancel each other when they are
in the opposite direction
Many a times, conductor is coiled around a magnetic
material as surrounding air weakens the flux
We refer the magnetic material
as armature core
S. B. Sivasubramaniyan MSEC, Chennai
EIectromagnet
The magnetic property of current carrying
conductor can be exploited to make the
conductor act as a magnet Electromagnet
This is useful because it is very difficult to
find permanent magnets with such high field
lso permanent magnets are prone to ageing
problems
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AC undamentaIs
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AC undamentaIs - continued
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henever current passes through
a conductor.
pposition to flow of current
Opposition to sudden change in current
Opposition to sudden change in voltage
Flux lines around the conductor
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Inductive Effect
#eactance EMF
Lenz Law
An induced current is always in such a
direction as to o55ose the motion or
change causing it
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Capacitive effect


6 t
J t i t dt
C C

d6 t dv t
i t C
dt dt

Q
C
J

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Resistive Network - Vector diagram
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Inductive Network - Vector Diagram
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Capacitive Network - Vector Diagram
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Inductive & Capacitive effects -
combined
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Pure L & C networks - not at all
5ossible!
#-L network
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Pure L & C networks - not at all
5ossible! - contd.
#-C network
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Current & Iux
s already mentioned,
As the current, so the flux
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phase AC
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Star and DeIta
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Star connection

5
5
J J
I I

S. B. Sivasubramaniyan MSEC, Chennai

DeIta Connection

5
5
J J
I I