HB 213 2003 Guidelines For Working in A Confined Space

HB 213:2003
HB 213
Handbook
Guidelines for safe working in a

confined space
Accessed by BOVIS LEND LEASE on 05 Jun 2003
HB 213:2003
This Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard was prepared by Joint Technical
Committee SF-037, Work in Confined Spaces. It was approved on behalf of the
Council of Standards Australia on 9 April 2003 and on behalf of the Council of
Standards New Zealand on 22 April 2003. It was published on 5 June 2003.
The following are represented on Committee SF-037:

Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry
Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists
Australian Manufacturing Workers Union
Australian Maritime Safety Authority
Department of Defence, Australia
Department of industries and Business, N.T.
Department of Infrastructure. Energy and Resources, Tas.
Department of Labour, New Zealand
Electricity Supply Association of Australia
Local Government Association of Queensland
National Safety Council of Australia
New Zealand Engineering Printing and Manufacturing Union
N.S.W. Mines Rescue
Safety Institute of Australia
Telstra Corporation
Victorian WorkCover Authority
Water Corporation Western Australia
WorkCover New South Wales
WorkSafe Western Australia
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HB 213:2003
Handbook
Guidelines for safe working in a

confined space
First published as HB 213:2003.

COPYRIGHT
© Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written permission of the
publisher.
Jointly published by Standards Australia International Ltd, GPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW 2001
and Standards New Zealand, Private Bag 2439, Wellington 6020
ISBN 0 7337 5254 3
HB 213:2003 2
PREFACE
This Handbook was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand
Committee SF-037, Work in Confined Spaces.
While preparing AS/NZS 2865:2001, Safe working in a confined space, the Committee
identified the need to have a companion document to that Standard. This document is
intended to provide users with additional information to clarify the intent of the Standard.
The guidelines have used a similar approach to that of the Standard, in that common
essential requirements of the Standard are included in boxes. The requirements have been
presented in the same order as in the Standard, to simplify reading.
This Handbook is not intended as an alternative to the Standard, but rather to provide
additional information, which ought not to be published in a Standard, but which the
Committee believes will add greatly to the understanding of what needs to be done to
maximize the safety of those who must enter a confined space.
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CONTENTS
Page
1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 4
2 OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................................... 4
3 APPLICATION........................................................................................................... 4
4 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS .................................................................................. 4
5 DEFINITION OF A CONFINED SPACE................................................................... 4
6 DESIGN, MANUFACTURE, SUPPLY AND MODIFICATION ............................... 6
7 CONSULTATION ...................................................................................................... 8
8 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION.................................................................................... 8
9 RISK ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................... 14
10 CONTROL MEASURES .......................................................................................... 18
11 TRAINING AND COMPETENCE ........................................................................... 41
12 EMERGENCY RESPONSE...................................................................................... 44
13 RECORD KEEPING................................................................................................. 47
APPENDICES
A LIST OF REFERENCED AND RELATED DOCUMENTS...................................... 48
B GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................... 50
C SAMPLE SCHEDULE OF IDENTIFIED CONFINED SPACES .............................. 52
D SAMPLE RISK ASSESSMENTS.............................................................................. 53
E ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CLEANING OF
CONFINED SPACES ................................................................................................ 56
F ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE CONDUCT OF
HOT WORK IN CONFINED SPACES ..................................................................... 58
G ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ATMOSPHERIC MONITORING ... 61
H SAMPLE ACCESS AUTHORITY ............................................................................ 64
I ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROVISION AND USE OF
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT...................................... 66
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STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND
Australian/New Zealand Handbook

Guidelines for safe working in a confined space
1 INTRODUCTION
These guidelines should be read in conjunction with AS/NZS 2865, Safe working in a
confined space.
These guidelines provide guidance to designers, manufacturers, suppliers, modifiers of
confined spaces, employers and persons who are required to enter or work, or both, in a
confined space.
Confined spaces present a special occupational health and safety risk because the hazards
which are present may not be readily apparent. Persons from many different occupations
and industries may enter confined spaces to perform work-related tasks, unaware that they
are entering a potentially hazardous work environment. Many confined spaces have poor
natural ventilation and may be of small volume, so that hazardous atmospheres can
accumulate quickly. Work in confined spaces can increase the risk of injury or death by
having persons work closer to hazards than they would otherwise do, or by creating
additional forms of hazard such as engulfment. Many hazards, such as toxic gases and
vapours, can also be exacerbated in confined spaces.
The Clauses highlighted in boxes are the requirements from AS/NZS 2865, which were
designed to form the basis of regulations under State jurisdictions.
2 OBJECTIVE
The objective of these guidelines is to provide practical guidance to persons on—
(a) understanding the factors that create a confined space;
(b) how they may meet the requirements of AS/NZS 2865; and
(c) applying safe working methods for work in a confined space.
3 APPLICATION
These guidelines are applicable to confined spaces as defined in Clause 5.4 of
AS/NZS 2865. These guidelines do not apply to underground mining and tunnelling, nor do
they apply to work which is carried out at other than normal atmospheric pressure.
Emergency services are exempt from the requirements to prepare a written risk assessment
and written authority for entry, only for the duration of the emergency.
4 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
A list of referenced documents is given in Appendix A.
5 DEFINITION OF A CONFINED SPACE

5.1 Definition
Clause 5.4 of AS/NZS 2865 defines a confined space as:
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An enclosed or partially enclosed space that is at atmospheric pressure during occupancy

and is not intended or designed primarily as a place of work, and—
(a) is liable at any time to—
(i) have an atmosphere which contains potentially harmful levels of contaminants;
(ii) have an oxygen deficiency or excess; or
(iii) cause engulfment; and
(b) could have restricted means for entry and exit.
5.2 Examples of confined spaces
Confined spaces may include but are not limited to—
(a) storage tanks, tank cars, process vessels, boilers, pressure vessels, silos and other
tank-like compartments;
(b) open-topped spaces such as pits or (but not generally) trenches, since they are
covered by other Standards;
(c) pipes, sewers, shafts, ducts and other similar structures; and
(d) any shipboard spaces entered through a small hatchway or access point, cargo tanks,
cellular double bottom tanks, duct keels, ballast and oil tanks, and void spaces, but
not including dry cargo holds.
A dry cargo hold is a hold on a ship intended to contain dry cargo.
The definition of a confined space in AS/NZS 2865 should be used in order to determine
whether the space is, or is not, a confined space. If a space fits within the definition of a
confined space, then the requirements of AS/NZS 2865 apply. Figure 1 provides examples
of some structures which may fall within the definition of a confined space.
The examples set out above are not intended or primarily designed as a place of work.
Typical places of work which are intended and designed primarily as a place of work
include offices, workshops, garage vehicle service pits.
Most, but not all, confined spaces, such as boilers, pressure vessels and sewers, could have
restricted means of entry and exit, A confined space could have a restricted opening size,
difficult ingress or egress, be at a height or depth or lengthen the time of or difficulty for
emergency response. However, some confined spaces such as, silos may not have restricted
means of entry and exit.
The material in this Handbook is not intended to deal with situations that are not at
atmospheric pressure, such as hyperbaric chambers, diving bells or wine vats. At pressures
significantly higher or lower than the normal atmospheric pressure, expert guidance should
be sought.
Most places of work are not confined spaces in accordance with the definition in the
Standard. However, risk assessments should be conducted at the place of work to ensure
persons are not exposed to risk. For example, the Model Regulations for Hazardous
Substances provide procedures for conducting risk assessments of hazardous substances,
including atmospheric contaminants.
A confined space is determined in part by the hazards associated with a set of defined
circumstances (restricted entry or exit, hazardous atmospheres or risk of engulfment) and
not just work performed in a physically restrictive location. The presence of physical or
chemical agents acting alone or in combination may give rise to a risk to the safety or
health of personnel that would not otherwise occur if it were not a confined space.
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The definition gives examples of potential confined spaces (the space in vats, tanks, pits,
pipes, ducts or silos). Similar enclosed or partially enclosed spaces are also included in the
definition of confined space. These partially enclosed confined spaces are often less
obvious, for example, open topped degreasing pits, but may be equally dangerous. Some of
the spaces may fall within the definition of a confined space only occasionally.
Some of the risks associated with the presence of chemical or physical hazards in confined
spaces include—
(a) loss of consciousness, injury or death due to the immediate effects of contaminants;
(b) fire or explosion from the ignition of flammable contaminants;
(c) asphyxiation resulting from oxygen deficiency;
(d) enhanced combustibility and spontaneous combustion resulting from an excess of
oxygen; and
(e) asphyxiation resulting from engulfment by stored material including grain, sand, flour
or fertiliser.
Throughout this Handbook reference is made to work in a confined space. Any such
reference means work in the space by a person and includes the entry to and exit from the
space by the person.
FIGURE 1 EXAMPLES OF STRUCTURES WITH SPACES WHICH MAY

FALL WITHIN THE DEFINITION OF A CONFINED SPACE
6 DESIGN, MANUFACTURE, SUPPLY AND MODIFICATION

6.1 (Clause 6.1 of AS/NZS 2865)
The confined space shall be designed, manufactured and supplied, so as to minimize the
need to enter the confined space.
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The confined space shall be designed, manufactured and supplied so as to minimize the
risks to persons associated with work in a confined space.
Openings for entry to and exit from a confined space shall be of adequate size to permit
rescue of all persons who may enter the confined space.
Any modification to a confined space shall not detrimentally affect the safe means of entry
to, exit from, or work in the confined space.
6.5 Eliminating the need to enter the space
Under AS/NZS 2865, persons involved in the design and manufacturer of plant, which
includes or is intended to include a confined space, are required to eliminate the need to
enter the space. If elimination of the need to enter is not achievable, the need to enter the
space must be reduced to a minimum. The following features should, where relevant, be
incorporated at the design and installation stages:
(a) Provision of outlets and facilities for cleaning to eliminate the need for entry.
(b) Use of cladding or lining materials that are durable, require minimal cleaning and do
not react with materials contained in the confined space.
(c) Design of structure and mechanical parts to provide for safe and easy maintenance to
reduce the need for persons to enter.
NOTE: Appendix B gives guidance on general design considerations.
6.6 Entry and exit
If elimination of the need to enter is not possible, any risk associated with the means of
entry to and exit from the space is to be minimized. The safety of entry to and exit from a
confined space is increased when openings are large compared with the persons and their
equipment that have to pass through them.
Other features which should, where relevant, be incorporated at the design, manufacture
and installation stages include the following:
(a) Entry and exit openings to the confined space and within the confined space (through
divisions, partitions or obstructions) which are designed and manufactured to be of
adequate size to allow the passage of people wearing the necessary protective
clothing and equipment, and to permit emergency response to persons who may be in
the confined space.
(b) A means of access to and within the confined space which is designed and
manufactured to provide a safe means of entry and exit, such as the provision of fixed
ladders, platforms and walkways. Those responsible for the design or manufacture of
the confined space should have regard to the guidance in AS 1657 on this matter.
(c) Openings for entry and exit to a confined space which are designed and manufactured
to be unobstructed by fittings or equipment which could impede emergency response.
The means of entry to and exit from a confined space also need to be free from any
obstructions during work in the confined space. Accordingly, when the atmospheric
contaminants or the nature of the work to be performed in a confined space may
require such things as power lines, hoses and ventilation ducts to pass through an
access hole, the provision of a second access hole may be required.
(d) The number and spacing of entry and exit openings which are designed and
manufactured to provide sufficient access to the confined space. The spacing of
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access holes on sewers or large gas mains may affect both the degree of natural
ventilation and the ease with which emergency response can be afforded to persons
within the mains; and entry and exit dimensions which are sufficient when the critical
entry dimensions extend over a significant length or height, as in the case of sewers,
pipes, culverts, small tunnels and shafts (if there is a long distance between the access
points or if a shaft contains a ladder or step irons).
7 CONSULTATION
In implementing the requirements of this Standard, consultation shall take place between
the stakeholders or their representatives in accordance with relevant provisions of the
occupational health and safety legislation in each jurisdiction.
7.2 Techniques for organizing consultation
Consultation with contractors, subcontractors, self-employed persons and employees should
take place when determining safe systems of work in a confined space. Instruction and
information should be provided to employees in regard to the employees’ health and safety.
The consultative process should be used to determine safe systems of work based on the
identification of likely hazards and an assessment of the associated risks.
Occupational Health and Safety Committees are very useful in providing a communication
process in the workplace.
Effective consultation depends on communication, that is, understanding the people being
consulted and providing them with adequate information in a format appropriate to their
needs, to enable them to have informed views. The process used for consultation should
consider the needs of non-English speaking persons and, where appropriate, health and
safety representatives and employees should also be consulted as part of this process.
Examples of consultation mechanisms that may facilitate discussion are toolbox meetings,
quality circles, health and safety committee meetings, other forms of consultation existing
in the workplace such as quality reports, hazard inspections, special working parties, or
combinations of these.
8 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
For any work proposed, any confined space and the hazards associated with working in or
on those confined spaces shall be identified.
8.2 Hazard identification
An enclosed or partially enclosed space becomes a confined space when it meets the criteria
in the definition. When work is to be undertaken, any confined space associated with the
work is to be identified. A hazard identification is to be carried out prior to any entry.
Hazard identification is the process of identifying all inherent or potential dangers that
could cause injury or illness.
There are a number of information sources that may assist in ensuring the hazard
identification process reflects the current knowledge on hazards that may be associated with
work in a confined space.
Persons associated with work in confined spaces are a valuable source of information,
particularly in relation to work practices, conditions, plant and processes.
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8.3 Hazards associated with confined spaces

The identity and nature of what substances the confined space has previously held, however
briefly, will give an indication of what kind of hazard may be present, such as a lack of
oxygen, atmospheric contaminants or flammable atmospheres. Other hazards may arise
from processes, products and by-products, waste, storage, and from work activities
associated with work in the confined space or its environs.
There are many hazards that may be associated with work in a confined space, some of
which are listed below.
(a) Hazardous substances The major routes of exposure to hazardous substances are
inhalation, skin uptake and ingestion. Inhalation of gases, vapours, fumes and dusts,
ingestion of substances as a result of hand to mouth contact, and skin contact with
liquids, solids, and to a lesser extent gases and vapours, can result in skin uptake.
Hazardous substances, including harmful atmospheric contaminants, may arise from
the following sources:
(i) The manufacturing process.
(ii) The substance stored or its by-products (for example, disturbing decomposed
organic material in a tank can liberate toxic substances such as hydrogen
sulphide).
(iii) The operation performed in the confined space (for example, brush and spray
painting with coatings containing toxic or flammable substances, mists caused
by acid cleaning solutions, and welding or brazing with metals capable of
producing toxic fumes, flame cutting, lead lining, rubber lining, painting or
moulding glass reinforced plastics, hazardous polymers, degreasing agents, use
of adhesives or solvents).
(iv) The entry and accumulation of gases and liquids from adjacent plant,
installations, services or processes. This is particularly important in the case of
underground confined spaces which can be contaminated with substances from
plant many metres away.
(v) The accumulation of exhaust gases including carbon monoxide from plant
operating in or close to the confined space (for example, LP Gas-powered fork
lifts operating in the vicinity of a confined space, and water pumps used to
empty sewerage or water tanks).
(vi) The entry of natural contaminants such as ground water and gases into the
confined space from the surrounding land, soil or strata. For example, acid
ground water acting on limestone can lead to dangerous accumulations of
carbon dioxide. Methane can be released from ground water and from the decay
of organic matter.
(vii) The release of atmospheric contaminants when sludge, slurry or other deposits
are disturbed or when scale is removed.
(viii) Products of combustion.
(b) Flammable contaminant Flammable atmospheric contaminants may result in
explosion or fire. Two things make an atmosphere flammable—
(i) the oxygen in air; and
(ii) a flammable gas, vapour or dust in the proper mixture.
Different gases have different flammable ranges. If a source of ignition, such as a
sparking electrical tool, is introduced into a space containing a flammable
atmosphere, an explosion will result.
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Flammable atmospheres in confined spaces may result from the evaporation of a

flammable residue, from flammable materials used in the space, from a chemical
reaction (such as the formation of methane), or from the presence of combustible dust
(such as that in flour silos).
(c) Unsafe oxygen level
An unsafe oxygen level may be brought about by either of the following:
(i) Deficiency in oxygen
An oxygen deficient atmosphere may result in injury or death. Symptoms may
include emotional stress, fatigue, headache, nausea and vomiting, collapse and
unconsciousness. The following conditions may result in a deficiency in
oxygen:
(A) Slow oxidation reactions of either organic or inorganic substances (for
example, where a vessel, particularly one constructed of steel, is left
completely closed for some time, resulting in oxygen depletion due to the
formation of oxidation products on the inside surface of the vessel (i.e.
rusting), or in sewers by virtue of their contents.
(B) Rapid oxidation (combustion).
(C) The dilution or displacement of air with another gas (for example, by
purging with an inert gas to remove flammable or toxic fumes).
(D) Absorption by grains, chemicals or soils (such as in sealed silos where
crops have been or are being stored).
(E) Work being done, such as welding, cutting or brazing.
(F) Respiration by a worker in an enclosed space that is poorly ventilated.
(ii) Excess of oxygen
The following may result in an excess of oxygen:
(A) A leaking oxygen supply fitting, such as in gas cutting or heating
equipment.
(B) Processes involving an excess of oxygen, such as oxy-propane cutting.
(C) Wrongfully purging with oxygen.
(D) Oxygen injection.
(E) Use of chemicals which release oxygen, for example hydrogen peroxide.
Oxygen is normally present in air at a concentration of 21%. When oxygen
content exceeds 21%, flammable materials, such as clothing and hair, will burn
more violently if ignited. Oxygen excess may also reduce the lower explosive
limit (LEL) of a contaminant.
Table 1 depicts the effects of different oxygen concentrations. The effects of oxygen
deficiency apply to a person doing sedentary work breathing uncontaminated air at
atmospheric pressure.
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TABLE 1
EFFECTS OF OXYGEN AT DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS
pO 2 O2
Effect
mm Hg %
>178.6 >23.5 Oxygen enriched atmosphere
178.6 23.5 Maximum level for confined space
159.6 21.0 Normal oxygen level in air
148.2 19.5 Minimum level for confined space entry
91.2–121.6 12–16 Judgement affected and fatigue
<76 <10 Difficulty breathing and death within minutes
(d) Engulfment
Engulfment means to plunge into and be immersed in material. It may result in injury
or death from asphyxiation or from being crushed by loose granular material stored in
containers such as silos, bins and hoppers. Examples of materials which are often
stored in a way which results in the risk of engulfment, include—
(i) plastics, chemicals and agricultural products, such as sand, fertiliser, grain; and
(ii) coal, coal products and wood chips.
Loose materials can crust or bridge over when a container of stored material is
emptied from below leaving the top layer in place. Persons walking on the bridge or
persons working below the bridge on the floor of the container may be engulfed if a
bridge collapses. See Figure 2. Another engulfment hazard arises from the formation
of cavities in stored material.
FIGURE 2 EXAMPLE OF ‘BRIDGING’ WHICH MAY RESULT IN ENGULFMENT
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8.4 Additional factors

There are many additional hazards that may be associated with work in a confined space,
some of which are listed below.
(a) Mechanical hazard
Exposure to the mechanical hazards associated with plant may result in entanglement,
crushing, cutting, piercing or shearing of parts of a person’s body. Examples of
sources of mechanical hazards include plant such as augers, agitators, blenders,
mixers, stirrers, and conveyors.
(b) Ignition hazards
Ignition hazards are usually associated with plant or processes either in the confined
space or in the vicinity of the confined space. The presence of sources of ignition
where a flammable atmosphere also exists may result in fire or explosion and the
death or injury of persons. Examples of ignition sources include:
(i) open flames, sources of heat, static or friction;
(ii) non-intrinsically safe plant;
(iii) welding and cutting, hot riveting and hot forging;
(iv) electronic equipment such as cameras, pagers, portable phones and hearing
aids;
(v) internal combustion engines and portable electric tools; and
(vi) activities such as grinding, chipping and abrasive blasting.
(c) Electrical hazards
Electrical hazards may result in electrocution, shocks or burns, and arise from—
(i) lines, cables, transformers, capacitors, relays, exposed terminals; and
(ii) wet surfaces where electrical cables, leads and electrically powered plant are
used.
(d) Presence of, or uncontrolled introduction of, substances
The presence of, or the uncontrolled introduction of, substances such as steam, water
or other liquids, gases or solids may result in drowning, being overcome by fumes,
engulfment, or other harm depending on the nature of the substance. If indicated by
the risk assessment, the risk associated with the introduction of water or other liquids
to the space must be controlled.
(e) Noise
Exposure to excessive noise may result in hearing loss, tinnitus, and other
non-auditory health effects. Noise may be generated from the use of plant, the work
method or process.
(f) Manual handling
Hazards arising from manual handling may exist in relation to the work to be carried
out in the confined space or be exacerbated by physical constraints associated with
working in a confined space. Additional manual handling hazards may arise from the
use of personal protective equipment, which restricts movement, grip and mobility
during manual handling tasks.
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(g) Radiation
The health effects associated with radiation depend on the type of radiation involved.
Hence the specific type of radiation and its potential effect needs to be identified.
Sources of radiation include: lasers, welding flash, radio frequency (RF) and
microwave energy, radioactive sources, isotopes and X-rays.
(h) Temperature
Working in confined spaces, such as boilers, may involve work in extreme
temperatures. The human body is capable of regulating its internal body temperature
as the external environment changes, however, when the body is no longer able to
efficiently regulate its internal temperature, heat stress may develop. Heat stroke, heat
exhaustion, and heat cramps are three types of heat stress disorders.
Several factors may contribute to the induction of heat stress. These include—
(i) the moisture content in the surrounding air which affects evaporative cooling;
(ii) the temperature of the surrounding air;
(iii) air movement; and
(iv) the rate of heat production in the individual.
(i) Environmental
Environmental hazards associated with work in the confined space may contribute to,
or be a cause of, harm. Examples of environmental hazards include—
(i) heat or cold stress arising from the work, process or conditions;
(ii) wet or damp environments; and
(iii) slips, trips and falls, arising from slippery surfaces.
(j) Biological
There are many infectious diseases, which have the potential to be contracted from
microbes during the course of work in confined spaces. Contact with fungi may cause
skin disease and exposure to airborne fungi may result in the development of diseases
such as hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Exposure to mites in infected grain may result
in dermatitis. Viruses and bacteria may also present a hazard. Exposure to
leptospirosis and E.coli is of particular concern for work in sewers. Insects, snakes
and vermin are other examples of biological hazards.
(k) Traffic
Traffic hazards are a concern where confined space entry or exit points are located on
walkways or roads and there is the potential for persons entering or exiting the space
being struck and injured by vehicle traffic, such as cars or fork lift trucks. The
potential for persons to fall into the space may also exist.
8.5 Generic hazard identification and risk assessment
Where a number of similar confined spaces in which similar work is performed exist, a
single hazard identification and risk assessment process in respect of one or a representative
sample of confined spaces may be appropriate. This avoids unnecessary duplication of the
identification and risk assessment process. Where there are any differences in the
circumstances, such as the environment in the confined space or the work performed in it,
which could result in a different risk, a generic procedure may not be appropriate.
In choosing to carry out a generic hazard identification and risk assessment process, care
must be taken to ensure that no person who may be affected by the hazards present in the
confined space or systems of work used, is subject to a different risk to their health or
safety than if hazard identification and risk assessment were carried out for each confined
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space. If a different risk would be posed to any person, it is not appropriate to carry out
these procedures for a class of confined space and a hazard identification and risk
assessment must be carried out for each confined space.
8.6 Identification of confined spaces
At any place of work any confined space and the hazards associated with working in or on
the confined space must be identified. It will be therefore necessary to document the nature
and location of the confined space, the associated inherent hazards and, where possible, the
likely introduced hazards, i.e. work processes.
NOTE: Appendix C gives a sample Schedule of Identified Confined Spaces.
9 RISK ASSESSMENT
A risk assessment shall be undertaken by a competent person or persons before work
associated with the confined space is carried out. The assessment shall be in writing and
take into account at least the following:
(a) The nature and inherent hazards of the confined space.
(b) The work required to be done, including the need to enter the confined space.
(c) The range of methods by which the work can be done.
(d) The hazards involved and associated risks involved with the actual method selected
and equipment proposed to be used.
(e) Emergency response procedures.
(f) The competence of the persons to undertake the work.
The risk assessment shall be revised whenever there is evidence to indicate that it is no
longer valid.
9.3 Risk factors

The nature of a space can contribute to the risks associated with hazards present in a
confined space. For example, consideration should be given to—
(a) the type of space (vat, tank, pit, etc.) and where it is located;
(b) what processes are adjacent to it that may affect the risk associated with the hazard;
(c) the size and internal structure of the space, for example, whether it lacks room for
movement or equipment that is likely to trap the person or hinder or block their
progress;
(d) the material the space is constructed of, the soundness and security of the space, such
as whether the space could be moved inadvertently;
(e) whether there is poor illumination and visibility.
The list of risk factors is not complete. Additional items are to be found in AS/NZS 2865.
9.4 Any change that may occur in the level of oxygen or contaminant
Information on the likelihood of a change in the level of contaminants or oxygen can be
used for considering the degree of the level of respiratory protection that may be required or
the need for personal gas detectors to be worn or both. All proposed operations and work
procedures should be considered to determine if they may cause a change in conditions in
the confined space.
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Testing and monitoring of the confined space atmosphere and of other hazards outside the
confined space, or the potential for later release of contaminants, may indicate the need for
ongoing continuous monitoring or retesting. In such cases, arrangements should be made to
monitor or retest (at specific intervals) the atmosphere within the confined space. The
method and frequency of testing the atmosphere within the confined space should be
determined after seeking advice from specialists such as occupational hygienists, engineers
and chemists.
9.5 Work method analysis
The assessment should consider whether the work to be carried out or the method of
working will introduce a new hazard into the space or contribute to the risks associated with
work in the confined space. In identifying the work to be carried out and the range of
methods by which the work can be done, the need to eliminate or reduce risks should be
taken into account. Complete elimination of the need to enter the confined space should be
the first consideration, as safety is best secured by avoiding the need to enter a confined
space. This may require changing work practices and modifying plant.
Consider work methods that eliminate the need to enter by asking if work activities, such as
inspection, cleaning or retrieval of parts be carried out without entry.
Consider work methods to reduce risk:
(a) In a flammable atmosphere, can a method of work and equipment be selected which
does not introduce sources of ignition into the space?
(b) Can a work method be selected which does not result in the release of harmful
atmospheric contaminants?
(c) Can a work method be selected which reduces time spent in the space or the number
of persons that have to enter the space?
The work method analysis should involve consideration of all the tasks associated with
work in the confined space: for example, the steps needed to bring the confined space to
atmospheric pressure or the need for cleaning (the latter can also reduce risk).
Consideration should also be given to any risks associated with the use of personal
protective equipment (PPE) in a confined space. Use of PPE may introduce new risks by
placing extra load on the persons entering or working in the confined space, such as the
weight or discomfort of protective clothing and hearing protection. Another risk could be
entanglement of air lines when using air line respirators.
9.6 Work performed outside the confined space
Hazards arising from work performed outside the confined space, which itself may be
associated with a hazard, must also be included in the assessment. For example:
(a) The breathing atmosphere inside the confined space may be contaminated by sources
outside the confined space, such as the exhaust of an internal combustion engine.
(b) There may be potential for fire or explosion ignited by hot work in adjacent areas or
from the movement of equipment such as fork lifts.
9.7 The means of entry and exit
Small openings may make it very difficult to get equipment in or out of the space,
especially personal protective equipment such as respirators needed for entry into spaces
with hazardous atmospheres, or life-saving equipment when rescue is needed. (Further
guidance on openings for emergency response purposes is provided in Clause 12.7.) In
some cases, openings may be very large but difficult to access. Access to open topped
spaces or openings high up in silos may require the use of ladders, hoists or other devices,
and escape from such areas may be very difficult in emergency situations. The openings for
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entry and exit to a confined space should also be examined to see whether they are
obstructed by fittings or equipment, which could impede entry and exit.
In taking the means of entry and exit into account in the risk assessment, consideration
should be given to—
(a) the number, size, and location of entry and exit openings;
(b) entry and exit routes;
(c) equipment to be used to gain entry and exit; and
(d) whether the means of entry and exit are adequate for the proposed method of work to
enable rapid entry, exit and rescue of persons from the space.
Whether a tunnel or shaft can be defined as a confined space will depend on the individual
characteristics of the space. Although a tunnel or shaft may have openings large enough so
that entry or exit is not limited or restricted, it may still be defined as a confined space, if,
for example, the egress path makes it physically difficult to enter or exit the space. Factors
to be considered include the distance of travel to the opening, the physical environment and
means of access/egress (such as steep or slippery stairs) and the presence of any narrowing
or obstructions along the route.
9.8 The type of emergency response procedures required
Emergency response procedures will vary according to the nature of the confined space, its
hazards and associated risks. Further guidance on emergency, rescue and first aid
procedures and equipment is provided in Section 12.
The following should be considered:
(a) Procedures for rescue, first aid and resuscitation.
(b) The number of persons occupying the space.
(c) Procedural arrangements necessary to maintain equipment essential for the confined
space task and measures to control risks, such as arrangements to ensure adequate
communication with the persons within the confined space, and to properly initiate
rescue procedures (refer also to Clauses 10.53 and 10.54 on stand-by arrangements).
(d) Whether the procedures address the availability and adequacy of appropriate personal
protective equipment, protective clothing and rescue equipment for all persons likely
to enter the confined space.
9.9 Physiological and psychological factors
Entering or working in a confined space can be hazardous and may impose extra
physiological and psychological demands. Consideration should be given to demands—
(a) arising from working under stressful conditions (such as in a high temperature
environment);
(b) relating to working in a restrictive space; and
(c) from the wearing of personal protective equipment as this places an extra workload
on the body. Attention should be paid to the guidance in AS/NZS 1715 on medical
fitness for the wearers of respiratory protective devices.
Consideration should also be given to the physical fitness of the person carrying out work
in the confined space.
9.10 Outcomes of the assessment
The outcome of the assessment will determine what method of working is selected. Risk
control measures to be applied should be determined having regard to the outcomes of the
risk assessment.
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9.11 Risk assessment process

Risk assessment is the process of determining whether there is any risk associated with each
of the hazards identified, that is, whether there is any likelihood of injury or illness. For
each hazard identified, the employer should ensure the risk assessment involves
consideration of any likelihood for persons to be exposed to the hazard.
An assessment of the risks should take into account controls that may already be in place
and the effectiveness of these controls.
A person carrying out a risk assessment should determine a method of assessment that is
appropriate for the confined space and the hazards identified. Methods used to assess risks
may be obtained through discussions with specialists such as occupational hygienists,
engineers and chemists and also with designers, manufacturers, suppliers or other
employers in the industry. Methods may also be identified by referring to relevant
documented standards, technical journals or publications issued by Regulatory Authorities.
Such methods usually involve a combination of some of the following procedures:
(a) Atmospheric and other relevant testing.
(b) A technical or scientific evaluation.
(c) Analysis of past experience of the workplace and the relevant industry, including an
analysis of any available injury and near-miss data.
(d) Instructions or methods recommended by specialists (occupational hygienists,
engineers, chemists, safety officers), designers, manufacturers, suppliers, importers,
employers, employees or any other relevant parties.
If it is necessary to enter the space to conduct a visual inspection of the confined space and
its associated environment as part of the risk assessment, then that entry must be conducted
in accordance with AS/NZS 2865.
Where buildings or constructions are changing and confined spaces may be created, such as
might occur on construction sites, information should be obtained from all available sources
to predict where risks are likely to occur. These sources include engineering drawings,
working plans and knowledge of the proposed processes and soil or geological conditions.
9.12 Generic assessment
Where multiple confined spaces exist, which are of a similar nature and in which similar
work is to be performed and there are identical risk factors applicable, a generic risk
assessment may be carried out. For example, oil storage tanks, which store oil of a similar
nature.
The use of a generic risk assessment should be dependent on a review of the assessment
prior to its use to ensure the conditions upon which the assessment was made are still
current.
9.13 Review of risk assessment
A risk assessment shall be revised whenever there are changed circumstances, which may
include—
(a) installation or modification of plant;
(b) a change in equipment operating conditions;
(c) a change in the atmosphere or working environment; or
(d) a change in working arrangements or procedures.
An example would be the installation of closed tanks to replace open vats. If, during the
risk assessment, potential changes in circumstances were identified, it would be useful to
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note these in order to facilitate future hazard identification and risk assessment inspections
on hazards introduced via the changes.
Where it is known that circumstances will change, it may be possible to prepare a risk
assessment that takes the projected changes into account.
An incident or injury, which arises from work in a confined space, may indicate that
circumstances have changed and that the risk assessment is no longer adequate to determine
the risks associated with the hazard.
9.14 Recording the outcomes of risk assessments
A record of the assessment result should be kept at, or near, the premises to which it
applies, and maintained in such a way as to be accessible for reference. If the nature of the
work makes it inconvenient to keep the records at the workplace, such as demolition work,
the written records may be kept available at an appropriate office.
How the risk assessment is recorded depends on the types of hazards identified and the
assessment method used. Whichever format is chosen the link between each hazard and the
assessed risk should be clearly identified. Appendix D provides some worked examples of
hazard identification and risk assessment reports.
A record of the risk assessment outcomes should assist the employer with the identification
of appropriate risk control measures. It should also assist any subsequent risk assessments
that may be necessary because of changes to the confined space, systems of work or
environment.
10 CONTROL MEASURES
10.1 (Clause 10.1 of AS/NZS 2865)
If a risk assessment identifies a risk to health or safety arising from work in a confined
space, the risk shall be eliminated or, if this is not possible, minimized by the
implementation of appropriate risk control measures. The risk control measures shall be
documented.
10.2 Risk control

Risk control is the process of determining and implementing appropriate measures to
control assessed risks. The most important factor in relation to risk control is to eliminate,
as far as possible, any risk associated with work in the confined space. It is only if
elimination of risk is shown not to be possible in a given circumstance, that steps must be
taken to ensure that the risk is reduced to a minimum.
During the process of finding ways to reduce risk, a means of eliminating the risk may be
identified. In such an event, the elimination measure should be implemented where it is

possible to do so.
It is necessary that the control measures address the outcomes of the risk assessment. The
final decision on adoption of control measures must be appropriate to the unique
characteristics of the confined space and the work to be performed in the space.
10.3 Hierarchy of control measures
The elimination of the risk associated with work in a confined space must be the first
consideration. If elimination is not possible then the risk must be minimized, i.e, by
applying the hierarchy of control. In addition, the Standard requires that other specific risk
controls be carried out, including the isolation of plant and services and the provision of
personal protective equipment under certain circumstances.
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10.4 Implementation
AS/NZS 2865 prescribes a hierarchy of control measures. The hierarchy of controls listed
below provides guidance on some control measures available. In practice, risk elimination
or reduction will most likely be achieved by a combination of controls.
(a) Elimination
Complete elimination of the need to enter the confined space should be the first
consideration because safety is best secured by avoiding the need to enter a confined
space. For example, to eliminate the need to enter, ask whether—
(i) a tank can be cleaned using high-pressure hoses inserted through a top access
hole or a side hatch;
(ii) an object dropped into a tank, sump or other vessel from outside the vessel can
be retrieved by using a hook or long-handled clasp or even, for steel objects,
simply using a magnet on a piece of string or chain;
(iii) the inside of a confined space can be inspected by using a video camera or
mirror attached to a probe;
(iv) a reading device located inside the space can be relocated to the outside so as to
eliminate the need for future entry; or
(v) the material in a hopper or silo can be kept flowing by turbulence valves or
vibration to prevent packing, crusting and bridging.
Many hazards can be eliminated prior to the introduction of plant which incorporates
a confined space into the workplace, that is, at the planning, and purchasing stages.
The adoption of purchasing policies that take account of health and safety when
buying plant which incorporates a confined space or substances which are to be used
in the confined space can often eliminate risks.
(b) Substitution
If elimination of the need to enter the confined space is not practicable, consideration
could be given to substitution of processes or substances to reduce the risk, for
example whether—
(i) a surface in the tank can be scraped rather than dissolved with chemicals;
(ii) a non-flammable solvent can be used in place of a flammable solvent;
(iii) a detergent can be used in place of a chlorinated solvent for cleaning;
(iv) a water-based paint can be used in place of an organic solvent-based paint;
(v) paint can be applied by brush rather than aerosol application; or
(vi) pastes can be used instead of powders.

Care must be taken to ensure that the substituted substance or process is less
hazardous.
(c) Isolation
Isolation in relation to confined spaces usually involves engineering controls such the
positive isolation of plant or service, purging or ventilation, and the use of
intrinsically safe plant in cases where a flammable atmosphere exists or may arise.
(d) Engineering controls
Modifying the design of a piece of plant which includes a confined space, may result
in a fundamental change to the way the space works or its operating characteristics. If
the design is modified, the process of hazard identification and risk assessment should
be repeated.
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(e) Administrative controls

Administrative controls involve the use of systems of work to control the risk, such as
a lock-out system to ensure that plant is isolated from its power source while
maintenance or cleaning work is being done, or arranging work programs so the
amount of time spent in the confined space is reduced. For example:
(i) Can the number of persons that need to enter the space be reduced?
(ii) Can time spent in the space be reduced by the removal of the plant that requires
repair to a workshop rather than repairing it in the space?
(f) Use of personal protective equipment
Where personal protective equipment is used to control risk, it must be selected,
maintained and used appropriately. Personal protective equipment should only be
used where other controls cannot.
10.5 Combining control measures
The hierarchy of controls should be worked through in the order given and each element
applied in turn. This process of progressively applying the elements of the hierarchy of
controls should continue until the risks have been reduced to acceptable levels. It may be
necessary to use a combination of control measures to eliminate or minimize the risk to
employees.
10.6 Use of personal protective equipment
When determining the appropriate protective equipment to be used in the confined space the
following points should be considered:
(a) The hazard identification and risk assessment as required under Sections 9 and 10 of
AS/NZS 2865.
(b) Results of the evaluation of the atmosphere including testing.
(c) The process to be conducted within the confined space.
(d) The contaminants that may be encountered.
(e) The extra load placed on persons when wearing personal protective equipment.
10.7 Precautions
Special precautions may be required for work in confined space. For example, the surface
of the stored material and any crust or bridge formed over stored material such as grain,
sand, coal or sugar, should never be relied on to support a person’s weight. Steps should be
taken to ensure the need for entry into silos and other storage structures is eliminated where
possible. This may be achieved by the provision of strategically located hatches, the use of
internal/external vibration devices or by the use of a long handled tool by which a crust or
bridge can be broken up without the need for entry.
For work in confined spaces containing stored material that presents a risk of engulfment,
work procedures should be developed which reflect the need to eliminate entry where
possible. Possible causes of bridge and crust formation, such as the formulation of the
stored material, or the time a product is left in storage, should be investigated in the
development of control measures. If entry is determined to be necessary then a safety
harness attached to a safety line should be worn where there is a risk of engulfment, and
work such as breaking up a crust or bridge should be carried out from a suspended bosuns
chair.
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10.8 Review of control measures

Control measures should be reviewed and improved, maintained, extended or replaced as
necessary to ensure adequate control. Reviews should take place at regular intervals or as
indicated by the risk assessment record, in the event of changes to the confined space or
plant and process used in the space.
10.9 (Clause 10.5 of AS/NZS 2865)

Prior to any person entering a confined space, all potentially hazardous services, including
all process services, normally connected to that space shall, where it is possible to do so, be
isolated in order to prevent—
(a) the introduction of any materials, contaminants, agents or conditions harmful to
persons occupying the confined space; and
(b) the activation or energizing in any way of equipment or services which could pose a
risk to the health and safety of persons within the confined space.
10.10 Isolation requirements

It should be ensured that when persons are required to enter a confined space, all materials,
contaminants, agents or conditions harmful to persons occupying the confined space are
isolated and rendered inoperable. The purpose of this is to prevent the activation or
energization in any way of equipment or services which may pose a risk to the health and
safety of persons within the confined space.
There should be in place a system of isolation that affords personal and plant safety for
those persons entering or working on the confined space. It may be appropriate to authorize
certain personnel to carry out certain specific functions for such isolations and personal
safety requirements.
10.11 Isolation factors
Isolation is a term, which describes the measures used to prevent—
(a) the introduction of contaminants or conditions through equipment such as piping,
ducts, vents, drains, conveyors, service pipes and fire protection equipment;
(b) the introduction of conditions such as extremes of heat and cold;
(c) the activation or energizing of plant or services which may be external to, but still
capable of adversely affecting, the confined space (such as heating or refrigerating
methods);
(d) the activation or energizing of machinery in the confined space; and
(e) the use of electrical equipment.

Attention is also drawn to hazards, which may arise from operation of some protective
services in an occupied confined space, such as fixed fire extinguishing systems. Further
guidance on methods of isolation is provided in Clause 10.12.
Isolation measures such as locking, tagging, closing and blanking (see Figure 3) should be
supervized or verified by the person having immediate control of the confined space at the
time of entry. Isolation measures should not be removed until all persons have left the
space. Isolation measures should be supported by work procedures and protective systems
which ensure that isolation measures are not removed until work is completed and all
persons have left the space.
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FIGURE 3 EXAMPLE OF TAG AND LOCKOUT WITH THE PADLOCKS

OF THREE PERSONS
10.12 Methods of isolation from contaminants

The method of isolation should be in accordance with one of the methods described below
or by an alternative method ensuring equivalent level of safety:
(a) Removal of a valve, spool piece, an expansion joint in piping leading to, and as close
as practicable to, the confined space and blanking or capping the open end of the
piping leading to the confined space. (See Figure 4). The blank or cap should be
identified to indicate its purpose. Blanks or caps should be of a material that is
compatible with the liquid, vapour or gas with which they are in contact. The material
should also have sufficient strength to withstand the maximum operating pressure,
including surges, which can be built up in the piping.
(b) Insertion of a suitable full-pressure spade (blank) in piping between the flanges as
close as practicable to the confined space. (See Figure 5). The full pressure spade
(blank) should be identified to indicate its purpose.
Where no pressure indicators have been installed in blanked-off pipe sections,
consideration should be given to the possibility of pressure build-up occurring in the
pipe while the blank is in place. Pressure build up is often the result of seepage past a
valve.
(c) Isolation by means of closing and locking, or closing and tagging, or both, of at least
two valves in the piping leading to the confined space. (See Figure 6). A drain valve
between the two closed valves should also be locked open or tagged open to
atmosphere as part of this method.
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FIGURE 4 OPEN END PIPE CAPPED, NEAREST VALVE CLOSED,

LOCKED AND TAGGED
FIGURE 5 INSERTION OF FULL-PRESSURE SPADE OR BLANK—NEAREST VALVE

CLOSED, LOCKED AND TAGGED—SPADE TAGGED TO INDICATE PURPOSE
FIGURE 6 ISOLATION BY MEANS OF CLOSING, LOCKING AND TAGGING TWO

VALVES IN PIPE—DRAIN VALVE IN BETWEEN IS
LOCKED AND TAGGED OPEN TO ATMOSPHERE
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10.13 Methods of isolation from moving parts

Before entry is permitted to any confined space which itself can move, or in which
agitators, fans or other moving parts that may pose a risk to persons are present, the
possibility of such movement should be prevented either by the relevant method described
below or by alternative methods offering an equivalent level of safety.
Equipment or devices with stored energy, including hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical,
chemical, mechanical, thermal or other types of energy, should be reduced to a zero energy
condition.
Where shafts, agitators, blades and other moving equipment are within the confined space,
then the dangers of their free movement should be taken into account, and control measures
such as chocking, wedging, chaining or removal of these parts considered.
Positive steps should be taken to achieve de-energization and lockout, or both lockout and
tag out, or tag out, of machinery, mixers, agitators or other equipment containing moving
parts in the confined space. This may require additional isolation, blocking or de-energizing
of the machinery itself to guard against the release of stored energy. An example is the
stored energy of springs. Such positive steps include the following:
(a) A lock or tag, or both, should be placed by a competent person authorized in writing
on the open circuit breaker or open isolating switch supplying electric power to
equipment with hazardous moving parts. The tag should indicate that a person is in a
confined space and that such isolation should not be removed until all persons have
left the confined space. When a lock is used, a key should be kept in the possession of
each person entering the confined space. Spare keys should not be accessible except
for cases of emergency.
(b) Where a power source cannot be controlled readily or effectively, a belt or other
mechanical linkage should be disconnected and tagged to indicate that a person is in a
confined space and that the belt or linkage should not be reconnected until all persons
have left the confined space. When removal of electrical components, such as fuses,
are used as a means of isolation, then the electrical component and any spares should
be removed and the circuit tagged. Circuits should always be tested to ensure
isolation is effective.
(c) Moveable components should be locked, and switches, clutches or other controls
should be tagged to indicate that a person is in a confined space and that the locks and
tags should not be removed until the person has left the space.
(d) Where more than one person is in the confined space, the isolating device should not
be unlocked or untagged until all persons have left the space.
10.14 Removal of means of isolation
Great care should be taken to ensure that the locks, tags, blanks or other isolation systems
are kept in place when persons are in the confined space.
10.15 (Clause 10.11 of AS/NZS 2865)

Where necessary, the confined space shall be cleared of contaminants by use of a suitable
purging agent. The purging agent or any gas used for ventilation purposes shall never be
pure oxygen or gas mixtures with oxygen content greater than 21%.
10.16 Purging
Purging is the method by which any contaminant is displaced from a confined space. The
confined space may be purged, for example with an inert gas such as nitrogen, to clear
flammable gases or vapours before work in the confined space can commence.
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After purging with inert gases the confined space should be adequately ventilated, and
retested. The purging of a space should be undertaken in a manner that precludes rupture or
collapse of the enclosure due to pressure differentials, and the methods employed should
ensure that any contaminant removed from the confined space are exhausted to a location
where they present no hazard.
The purpose of purging with an inert gas is to displace the flammable atmosphere.
Displacement may be temporary. For example, flammable gases absorbed into the walls of a
steel tank may leach out and recreate the flammable atmosphere. Where flammable
contaminants may build up in the confined space, consideration should be given to the need
to re-purge the space if work in the space is delayed.
When flammable contaminants are to be purged, purging and ventilation equipment
designed for use in hazardous locations should be used. Employers should take precautions
to eliminate all sources of ignition.
Pure oxygen or gas mixtures with oxygen in concentration greater than 21% by volume
must not be used for purging or ventilating a confined space because of the risk of increased
flammability.
10.17 Cleaning prior to entry
Where it can be done, a confined space should be cleaned without making an entry to the
confined space. Cleaning prior to entry can be an important way of eliminating or reducing
risks associated with work.
Where entry is necessary for the purposes of cleaning and a safe oxygen level cannot be
maintained, air supplied respiratory protective equipment must be worn and the entry
undertaken in accordance with the Standard. If there are contaminants in the atmosphere,
which cannot be reduced to or below the relevant exposure level, air supplied respiratory
protective equipment or other appropriate PPE must be used.
NOTE: Appendix E provides guidance on cleaning confined spaces.
10.18 Need for entry
When entry to a confined space is necessary for the purposes of cleaning, a written
authority to enter is required.
10.19 Location of contaminants
Potentially hazardous levels of contaminants may be trapped in sludge, scale or other
deposits, brickwork or behind loose linings, in liquid traps, or in instrument fittings, and
may be released only when, for example, it is disturbed or heat is applied. Similarly, such
materials may lodge in joints in vessels or in bends of connecting pipes or other places
where removal is difficult.
It should be ensured that all regimes of inspection for confined spaces include measures to
detect the occurrence of these latent contaminant conditions. When such conditions are
detected, appropriate precautions should be taken to remove the hazard without increasing
the level of risk in the confined space.
10.20 Pressure differentials
Care should be taken in purging a confined space to preclude rupture or collapse of the
enclosure due to pressure differentials.
10.21 Flammable contaminants
Where a flammable atmosphere is likely to exist when a person is in or may be required to
enter a confined space, precautions should be taken to eliminate all sources of ignition.
Examples of potential sources of ignition, both inside and outside the space, include—
(a) open flames, direct heat and hot surfaces;
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(b) welding flame or arc and welding surface;

(c) hot chimney soot;
(d) matches and cigarette lighters;
(e) the surface of plant which operates at a high temperature;
(f) plant and internal combustion engines in vehicles;
(g) metal tools striking metal surfaces;
(h) spark producing equipment such as grinding wheels;
(i) catalytic or other heat producing reactions; and
(j) static electricity is generated
All persons who enter confined spaces should have regard to the guidance in AS 2430.1 on
the classification of hazardous areas and AS/NZS 1020 on guarding against static electricity
discharge.
Appendix F provides additional guidance for the conduct of hot work in confined spaces.
Hot work means welding, thermal or oxy-cutting, heating and other fire-producing or spark-
producing operations that may increase the risk of fire or explosion.
10.22 Flammable range
AS/NZS 2865 defines ‘Lower explosive limit (LEL)’ of a flammable contaminant as the
concentration of the contaminant in air below which the propagation of a flame does not
occur on contact with an ignition source.
AS/NZS 2865 defines ‘Upper explosive limit (UEL)’ of a flammable contaminant as the
concentration of the contaminant in air above which the propagation of a flame does not
occur on contact with an ignition source.
A flammable atmosphere generally arises from enriched oxygen atmospheres, presence of
gas, vaporization of flammable liquids, by-products of work, chemical reactions,
concentrations of combustible dusts, or desorption of chemicals from surfaces within the
confined space. Figure 7 indicates the relationship between the concentration of flammable
contaminants and the flammable range.
FIGURE 7 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONCENTRATION OF FLAMMABLE

CONTAMINANT AND FLAMMABLE RANGE
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The results of measurements to test for flammable gas or vapour should be compared with
the LEL if the substance is flammable or combustible. The factor measured is the
proportion of flammable gas or vapour compared to the lower concentration limit of
explosivity of the gas or vapour, ie. the result is expressed as a percentage of the lower
explosive limit or LEL. A measurement less than five per cent of the LEL may still result in
airborne contaminants exceeding occupational exposure standards. In most cases the safe
working limit to prevent an explosion is many times greater than the occupational exposure
standard.
Product material safety data sheets should provide LEL data for the product. Where a
substance is not listed then an information search should be undertaken to identify the LEL.
Notice should be taken of the guidance given in AS 2430.1 where data on LELs for many
given flammable/combustible gases and vapours may be found, and to the guidance in
AS/NZS 2381.1 on how to estimate LELs for mixtures.
Due regard should be taken of the guidance in AS/NZS 61241.3 on the classification of
hazardous areas in respect of dust fires and explosion. Where an area is classified as a
combustible dust area, AS/NZS 2381.1 provides guidance on some of the measures that
need to be taken to minimize the risk of a dust fire or explosion.
10.23 Static electricity
Where a flammable atmosphere is likely to exist when a person is in or may be required to
enter a confined space, precautions must be taken to eliminate all sources of static
electricity. Examples of where static electricity may be generated, both inside and outside
the space, include—
(a) in fluid handling operations such as pipeline flow and splash filling of tanks;
(b) in dust and powder handling operations;
(c) in sprays and mists such as in steam cleaning;
(d) in moving plant; and
(e) in the use of clothing and footwear where there is a risk of a static discharge.
In such cases special precautions should be taken such as the earthing and bonding of
trunking and air-lines to the metal work of the confined space, and the use of intrinsically
safe plant.
Guidance is provided, in AS 2430.1 on the classification of hazardous areas and
AS/NZS 1020 on guarding against static electricity discharge.
10.24 Ventilation
Ventilation of a confined space by natural, forced or mechanical means may be necessary to
establish and maintain a safe atmosphere. Ventilation should be continued throughout the
period of occupancy. The method and equipment chosen for ventilating will be dependent
upon factors such as the size of the confined space openings, the gases to be exhausted (ie.
whether or not they are flammable), and the source of make-up air. An example of
mechanical ventilation is given at Figure 8.
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FIGURE 8 EXAMPLE OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION
If the confined space has sufficient openings, then natural ventilation may be adequate but
in most cases mechanical ventilation is likely to be needed. Examples of mechanical
ventilation include use of a blower fan and trunking, or an exhaust fan or ejector and
trunking (provided that there is an adequate supply of fresh air to replace the air exhausted).
Consideration should be given to where the fresh air is drawn from and where the exhaust
air is finally vented to, so that the fresh air is not contaminated either by exhaust air or
other pollutants, and the exhaust air does not cause other risks.
Because flammable contaminants will be exhausted from many confined spaces, the motors
used to drive the exhaust fans should be flame-proof.
Air should be introduced in a way which will ensure effective circulation throughout the
confined space, taking account of the configuration of the space, the position of the
openings etc. and the properties of the pollutants. For example, if a small tank containing
heavy vapour has a single, top access hole it may be sufficient to exhaust from the bottom
of the tank whilst allowing make-up air to enter through the access hole. Whereas for
complicated spaces with several pockets of gas or vapour, a more complex ventilation
system will be needed to ensure mixing. The airflow rate for adequate ventilation should be
calculated.
During operations likely to generate contaminants, mechanical ventilation equipment may
not be adequate or sufficiently reliable to maintain a safe oxygen level. Where the
maintenance of a safe oxygen level in a confined space is dependent on mechanical
ventilation equipment, the equipment should—
(a) be continuously monitored while the confined space is occupied; and
(b) have the controls (including any remote power supply) clearly identified and tagged
to guard against unauthorized interference.
10.25 Combustion engines
Combustion engines, for example used to drive electrical generators, welding machines and
water pumps, should not be used inside a confined space unless control measures are
implemented to ensure the safety of the atmosphere. Control measures should include the
complete removal of engine exhaust gases to the outside of the confined space and
continuous atmospheric monitoring including monitoring for carbon monoxide.
The risk arising from the use of combustion engines can be eliminated by using
pneumatically or electrically powered equipment.
10.26 Exhaust location
Exhaust facilities should be arranged to ensure that any contaminated air removed from a
confined space does not present a risk to persons or equipment both inside and outside the
confined space. Exhaust emissions should be vented outside the confined space so that they
can not enter the confined space or contaminate air being supplied to the confined space.
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10.27 Control of mechanical ventilation equipment

Plant used for the purposes of ventilating the confined space and fire suppression should be
maintained in accordance with the relevant technical standards and with the manufacturer
specifications. There should be appropriate management systems in place to ensure that
plant is maintained in proper working condition. Maintenance includes visual checks,
inspections, testing of equipment, preventive maintenance work and remedial work.
Where plant and equipment are used to maintain a safe atmosphere in a confined space, the
plant and equipment should be continuously monitored while the space in occupied. The
controls (including any remote power supply) should be clearly identified and tagged to
guard against inadvertent or unauthorized interference. For example, a warning tag or
danger tag should be used at the point of supply to guard against inadvertent or
unauthorized interference.
10.28 Operations causing the generation of contaminants
During operations likely to generate contaminants, mechanical ventilation equipment may
not be adequate or sufficiently reliable to maintain a safe breathing atmosphere. In such
circumstances additional precautions will be required such as the use of respiratory
protective devices.
10.29 (Clause 10.22 of AS/NZS 2865)

Atmospheric testing and monitoring shall be carried out consistent with the hazards
identified and the risk assessment.
10.30 Atmospheric testing

Where indicated by the risk assessment, arrangements should be made to test the
atmosphere within the confined space. How and with what frequency the atmosphere within
the confined space should be tested needs to be determined by the risk assessment.
10.31 Atmospheric tests required
The appropriate time to test the atmosphere will vary, depending on the circumstances.
However, unless testing is undertaken immediately prior to entry, the test results may not be
relevant.
Testing of the confined space should be carried out from outside the space before the
written authority is issued. The tests should also check for chemical deposits on internal
surfaces. If testing reveals an oxygen deficiency, or the presence of toxic gases or vapours,
the space may require ventilating, or purging and ventilating, and re-testing before persons
enter.
Where appropriate, the atmosphere should be tested for—
(a) oxygen content;

(b) airborne concentration of flammable contaminants; and
(c) airborne concentration of potentially harmful contaminants.
Atmospheric testing should be carried out in the above sequence. Testing for temperature
extremes may also be necessary.
Testing and analysis should be carried out using suitable equipment and techniques by a
competent person, such as an occupational hygienist or safety professional. A competent
person has acquired the knowledge and skills to conduct appropriate atmospheric testing
and interpret the results in a consistent and reliable manner. (Refer also to Appendix G.)
The standard means of sampling the air to assess the risk of adverse health effects is to test
for specific materials with a suitable portable analyser. There are many different kinds of
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analysers available but the results are only as good as the operator’s skill and the state of
analyser maintenance. Test equipment such as chemical detector tube pumps, should be
regularly checked for leaks to avoid low readings. The detector tubes themselves also have
a finite shelf life beyond which their accuracy may be suspect. An explosimeter, used for
measuring the per cent LEL in a confined space should be tested against a known standard
gas, both before and after a test for confined space entry, to ensure that an accurate reading
is obtained.
Instruments used for testing the atmosphere in a confined space should be selected for their
ability to measure hazardous concentrations. Instruments should be calibrated in accordance
with the manufacturer’s guidelines or manuals.
10.32 Where to test
Initial testing should be performed from outside the space by inserting a sample probe at
appropriately selected access holes, nozzles and openings. Telescopic extension probes or
probes attached to a line can be used to reach remote regions.
Some gases or vapours are heavier than air (for example, hydrogen sulphide) and in
unventilated areas will settle to the bottom of a confined space. Also, some gases are lighter
than air (for example, methane) and will be found around the top of the confined space. As
it is possible for contaminants to settle at different levels, the top, middle and bottom of a
space should be tested. Horizontal spaces should also be tested at representative intervals
along their length. Tests should be made at a sufficient number of points to reflect
accurately conditions within the space.
10.33 Interpretation of measurement results
It is necessary to ensure that measurements of safe oxygen level and all relevant airborne
contaminants and the interpretation of results have been performed by a competent person,
such as an occupational hygienist or safety officer.
The results should be compared with the relevant exposure standards to ensure that
exposure does not exceed the exposure standard. The interpretation and intended use of
exposure standards is described in the National Occupational Health and Safety
Commission’s Guidance Note on the Interpretation of Exposure Standards for Atmospheric
Contaminants in the Occupational Environment [NOHSC:3008(1995)].
Where no exposure standard exists an exposure guideline should be developed based on the
available scientific data.
10.34 Recording of test results
The results should be recorded on the written authority or on an approved test recording
form attached to the written authority.
10.35 (Clause 10.25 of AS/NZS 2865)

No person shall enter a confined space to conduct atmospheric testing or monitoring
without a written authority.
10.36 Testing of remote regions

It is essential that the whole atmosphere is tested and to do this it may be necessary for the
tester to enter the confined space. This should only be done after performing appropriate
monitoring from outside the space. If it is necessary to enter the space to test remote
regions away from entries or access holes then—
(a) air supplied respiratory protective equipment needs to be worn; and
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(b) the entry should be undertaken in accordance with AS/NZS 2865 and the advice in
this Handbook.
10.37 Retest or monitoring after entry
Pre-entry testing indicates whether the atmosphere in the confined space is acceptable for
entry, however, atmospheric conditions in the space can change over time. Therefore the
atmosphere should be retested during work. Testing the atmosphere within the confined
space while work is in progress will indicate whether or not the ventilation system is
adequate. Such testing may require frequent retesting or continuous monitoring to be
undertaken.
Continuous monitors provide constant surveillance of atmospheric conditions in a space.
Personal direct reading monitors can be used to initially test the space, and then can be
worn by a person during work to detect atmospheric changes during entry. These monitors
should be fitted with visual and audible alarms to warn persons of the hazard and the need
for further action as set out in the entry procedure and written authority.
Retesting and continuous monitoring of the atmosphere may be necessary as follows:
(a) If so determined under the risk assessment.
(b) As indicated from the initial testing of the atmosphere.
(c) Because of the potential for later release or disturbance of hazardous material. Such
material includes sludge, scale or other deposits, on brickwork and liquid traps. The
hazardous material may be released if disturbed or if heat is applied. Where harmful
contaminants are released, control measures should be based on the assumption that
any further disturbance of the material will release more of the contaminants.
(d) Because of the work undertaken in the space. For example, heat or fumes from
processes such as welding can build up rapidly in a confined space.
Where necessary, arrangements should be made for repeat tests at intervals, which take
account of the likelihood of a change in conditions. The frequency for retesting should be
determined based upon knowledge of the equipment and processes and from the risk
assessment process.
10.38 Combustible atmospheric substance detectors
10.38.1 Calibration and measurement strategy
When calibration of continuous monitoring flammable gas detectors is carried out the
manufacturer’s directions should be followed. This may involve external calibration at
intervals, and internal spot check calibration before every entry. Equipment for monitoring
of flammable gases and vapours should be intrinsically safe and the detector should be
fitted with latching visible and audible alarms, which should activate as soon as the
concentration of the flammable contaminant reaches 10 per cent of its LEL.

Where it is necessary to test for flammability using atmospheric monitoring equipment, it is
particularly important that the equipment used is well maintained and properly calibrated
before use.
The person authorized to undertake flammable gas detection should have knowledge of the
electronic gas indicator measurement strategy to be used. The following factors should be
taken into account in the flammable gas detection strategy:
(a) Properties of the gas/vapour.
(b) Humidity and temperature in the space.
(c) Presence of airborne contaminants that may reduce the accuracy of the reading or
poison the sensor.
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(d) Presence of airborne contaminants and mists which may damage the sensor and give
misleading results causing a false zero reading.
(e) Calibration, adjustment and maintenance requirements.
(f) Need for re-calibration during testing.
(g) Condensation or absorption of gas into the walls of sampling lines where these are
used.
(h) Response of the instrument to high and low concentrations of flammable gas or
vapours (for example, false zeros).
(i) Oxygen deficiency causing a false flammable gas reading.
(j) Oxygen enrichment where the instrument may act as an ignition source causing an
explosion.
(k) Difference in atmospheric pressure which may cause erroneous readings in some
sensors.
10.38.2 Re-testing after purging
After atmospheric purging to clear the flammable atmosphere has been completed, forced
draft devices such as inductors or fans should be turned off for sufficient time to allow for a
normal atmospheric condition to stabilize for gas testing of the confined space. If an
acceptable result cannot be obtained without continuous forced draft ventilation, then the
ventilation device should be suitably tagged or locked to ensure it is not disconnected while
the inspection or other work is in progress.
10.39 Exposure standards
Although exposure standards have been set for a large range of chemicals, these still
represent only a small fraction of all chemicals. Compliance with an exposure standard is
mandatory where a relevant standard has been incorporated. Where there is no exposure
standard, professional advice should be obtained. Exposure standards are set by the
National Occupational Health and Safety Commission.
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10.40 (Clause 10.30 of AS/NZS 2865)

No persons shall enter a confined space unless—
(a) a review of the risk assessment has been completed in accordance with Clause 9.1
and 9.2 of AS/NZS 2865;
(b) a written authority is provided to, or completed by, the person responsible for direct
control of the work in the confined space;
(c) the written authority includes any control measures or precautions necessary for the
safe entry and execution of the work;
(d) they are advised of, understand and comply with the requirements of the written
authority; and
(e) a record of their presence in the confined space is maintained.
10.41 (Clause 10.31 of AS/NZS 2865)
Before a person enters a confined space, it shall be ensured where it is technically feasible
to do so, that—
(a) the confined space contains an oxygen level within the safe oxygen range;
(b) the atmospheric contaminants in the confined space are reduced to below the
relevant exposure standards;
(c) the concentration of flammable contaminant in the atmosphere of the confined space
is below 5 percent of its LEL.
10.42 (Clause 10.32 of AS/NZS 2865)
Where it is not technically feasible to ensure an oxygen level in the atmosphere greater
than 19.5 percent, or the atmospheric contaminants cannot be reduced to below the
relevant exposure standards, no persons shall enter the confined space unless they are
equipped with suitable personal protective equipment including appropriate air supplied
respiratory protective equipment.
10.43 (Clause 10.33 of AS/NZS 2865)
Except in case of emergency response, entry shall not be permitted where the
concentration of flammable contaminants in the atmosphere of the confined space is
5 percent of its LEL or greater, or where the oxygen content of the atmosphere exceeds
23.5 percent.
10.44 (Clause 10.34 of AS/NZS 2865)
Where persons have entered or are working in a confined space and the concentration of
flammable contaminant in the atmosphere of a confined space has been found to be greater
than 5 percent of its LEL and less than 10 percent of its LEL, the persons shall be
removed unless continuous monitoring with a suitably calibrated combustible substance
detector is used in the confined space at all times while persons are present.
10.45 (Clause 10.35 of AS/NZS 2865)
Where the concentration of flammable contaminant in the atmosphere of a confined space
has been found to be 10 percent of its LEL or greater, no persons shall remain in the
confined space.
10.46 (Clause 10.36 of AS/NZS 2865)
It shall be ensured and acknowledged, in writing, that work in the confined space has been
completed and that all persons involved in the work have left the space before
authorization for the return to service of the confined space is made.
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10.47 Completion of written authority

A written authority may allow for its use in a wide range of confined spaces, or for a
particular confined space. The written authority should be designed and completed in such a
way as to enable clear identification and recording of the space that each written authority
applies to.
A written authority may be developed that is applicable for a number of spaces. If, for
example, an organization undertook a generic hazard identification and risk assessment for
a number of similar confined spaces, it would be appropriate for a single written authority
pro forma to be developed which applies to these spaces, listing the appropriate risk control
measures to be implemented for the work in the confined spaces.
However, a separate copy of the written authority should be used for each confined space,
noting the names of the persons who enter the space, the particular space to which the
written authority applies, the name of any stand-by person, if applicable, and the period of
time the written authority is valid.
A single written authority can be used for multiple entries into a space. A single written
authority may also be used where there is more than one entry point into a single space, for
example, multiple access holes into a sewer.
10.48 Control measures to be listed
The control measures listed on the written authority should be based on the hazard
identification and risk assessment process. The written authority should include the control
measures, which must be carried out before work commences or which must be carried out
or continued during work. The control measures should be listed so that persons or
supervisors indicate that the control measures have been completed or are in place.
In listing the control measures, the written authority may make reference to other written
procedures or manuals, which provide further explanation on how the control measures are
to be implemented.
10.49 Issue of written authority
The written authority must state the duration of its validity, and may need to be re-validated
whenever it becomes evident that the duration of the work will involve one or more of the
following:
(a) A change in the person responsible for the direct control of the work in the confined
space.
(b) A break in work continuity.
(c) A change in atmosphere or work to be performed that introduces hazards not
addressed by the existing written authority.
(d) New control measures or precautions are required.

The period of validity will depend on factors such as the work to be done and the nature of
the confined space. A written authority may be valid for 24 hours, for an 8 hour shift, or
less.
10.50 Sample written authority to enter a confined space
A sample written authority for entry to a confined space is provided in Appendix H. The
sample serves as a guide and should not be seen as appropriate for all confined space entry
situations. The written authority must, as a minimum, list the items required by
AS/NZS 2865. However, a written authority that is appropriate to the particular
circumstances should be used. This could mean use of a much simpler form to that given in
Appendix H.
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10.51 Display of written authority

The written authority should be displayed at a prominent location, for example close to the
confined space entry.
10.52 Identification of persons entering a confined space
The written authority must include the name of any person who enters the confined space
and, if applicable, the name of any person assigned to carry out any stand-by function for
the confined space. Normal work practices should dictate that a person signs on and off the
written authority when entering and leaving the confined space, however, it may be more
practical in some cases that persons leaving a confined space for a short period of time, i.e.
10 minutes, that the need to sign on and off on these occasions is unnecessary and the sign
off need only be carried out at the end of the day or shift.
10.53 (Clause 10.41 of AS/NZS 2865)

Where the risk assessment indicates a risk to health and safety, the control measures shall
require a stand-by person(s) to be outside the confined space while it is occupied.
10.54 Provision of stand-by person (emergency response person)

This requirement can be complied with by assigning an appropriately trained and competent
person to be a stand-by person. However, alternative means can be used to comply.
A stand-by person continuously monitors the wellbeing of persons inside the space and
initiates appropriate emergency response procedures when necessary. For large confined
spaces or complex entries where more than one entry and exit point is used, it may be
appropriate to allocate more than one stand-by person.
10.55 Communication
Continuous communication is necessary to—
(a) monitor the status of persons entering under the written authority;
(b) alert such persons of the need to evacuate the space; and
(c) initiate the emergency response procedure in a rapid and timely manner.
Depending on the conditions existing in the confined space, communication can be
achieved by a number of means, including voice, radio, hand signals, telephone and other
appropriate means. Where visual or oral communication is not possible, then a system of
rope signals could be devised. Microwave, long wave or low frequency radio equipment can
be used in some confined spaces where normal radio is unsuitable.
The stand-by person needs to be trained and rehearsed in all aspects of emergency
procedures, including how, when and what procedures will be initiated. In an emergency
there can be a strong urge to enter the space to help the injured person. A high level of
training is needed to ensure that the emergency response plan is adhered too and the stand-
by person (or others) do not become casualties. The stand-by person should have the
authority to be able to order persons in the space to exit the space should any hazardous
situation be identified. The stand-by person should have available means to call for
assistance. This may involve use of two-way radio, mobile phone or alarm system.
The stand-by person should order persons to leave the space if—
(i) any dangerous or prohibited condition is detected (for example, an alarm signalling a
change in atmospheric conditions is triggered);
(ii) any person in the space exhibits behavioural or other symptoms; or
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(iii) for any reason, the stand-by person is unable to perform the functions prescribed by
AS/NZS 2865.
10.56 Additional stand-by duties
Where appropriate, the stand-by person should be able to operate and monitor plant used to
control risk. This would include—
(a) operating atmospheric monitoring equipment which is monitoring levels, or being
used to test for the presence, of harmful or flammable contaminants and safe oxygen
levels;
(b) interpreting monitoring results so that appropriate control or emergency measures can
be taken;
(c) operating and monitoring the operation of a ventilation device being used to provide
continuous ventilation of the space; and
(d) operating and monitoring other equipment, for example, fall protection/retrieval
apparatus and air supplied respirator airlines and related air compressors.
If a stand-by person is assigned as the means to comply with AS/NZS 2865, that person
may be allocated other unrelated duties as long as the stand-by person is able to
satisfactorily carry out the requirements of AS/NZS 2865.
10.57 Monitoring of multiple spaces
Stand-by persons may be assigned to monitor more than one confined space provided the
requirements prescribed by AS/NZS 2865 can be effectively achieved for each space that is
monitored.
If multiple spaces are to be monitored by a single stand-by person, procedures should be in
place to enable the stand-by person to respond to an emergency affecting one or more of the
confined spaces being monitored, while ensuring that for the other spaces being monitored
continuous communication is maintained with persons occupying the spaces.
10.58 Alternating entry and stand-by persons
Where it is expected that the person entering the confined space and the stand-by person
may change places, either may be authorized to stand-by while the other person is inside the
confined space. Such arrangements should be recorded on the written authority. Where the
emergency response procedure allows the stand-by person to enter for rescue, the person
may enter to attempt rescue after they have been relieved of stand-by duties under the
emergency procedure.
10.59 Number of stand-by person
The minimum number of persons required for stand-by duty should be recorded on the
written authority. The number of persons required for stand-by duties should be determined
in the risk assessment of the confined space. The need to have full emergency response
personnel outside the confined space should be dependent on the risks present and the type
of work being undertaken, for example, work involving the use of air supplied breathing
apparatus.
However, provided there is reliable and constant communications with emergency response
personnel it may be appropriate for only a stand-by person to be on duty outside the
confined space.
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10.60 (Clause 10.46 of AS/NZS 2865)

Prior to any person entering a confined space, and during any occupancy of the confined
space, appropriate signs and protective barriers shall be erected to prevent entry of persons
not involved in the work.
10.61 Signs
Signs should warn against entry by persons other than those authorized to enter a confined
space. Employers may also wish to indicate on the signs that entry is permitted only after
signing the written authority for entry. An appropriate sign is shown in Figure 9.
Signs are only required to be erected for preparation of the work in a confined space, during
work in the space and for completion of the work. For example, employers would not be
required to erect signage for an access hole to a sewer, where the access hole was located in
a road or footpath until that space is to be entered, thus portable signs could be used.
Portable signs would be particularly useful where spaces are entered on an occasional or
infrequent basis.
Where unauthorized or unintentional entry to a space is likely to occur and that space is
likely to be a confined space, it is recommended that employers erect permanent signage or
secure confined spaces with locks to indicate that authorized entry only is permitted.
FIGURE 9 CONFINED SPACE ENTRY SIGN
10.62 (Clause 10.47 of AS/NZS 2865)

Suitable equipment shall be provided, including, where necessary, equipment for—
(a) personal protection;

(b) emergencies including rescue;
(c) first aid; and
(d) fire suppression.
10.63 (Clause 10.48 of AS/NZS 2865)
The equipment shall be appropriate to the work to be carried out in the confined space,
and maintained in a proper working condition. The personal protective equipment and
emergency response equipment shall be selected and fitted to suit the individual.
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10.64 Respiratory protective devices

Respiratory protective equipment (RPE) refers to a range of breathing equipment, including
supplied-air and self-contained breathing apparatus. The use of this type of personal
protective equipment is required by AS/NZS 2865 in certain circumstances.
AS/NZS 2865 requires that suitable supplied-air respiratory protective equipment be worn
where a safe atmosphere cannot be established and maintained. Respiratory protective
equipment should also be worn when the nature of the work procedure within the confined
space is likely to degrade or contaminate the atmosphere in the confined space, for
example, hot work, painting, or removal of sludge.
AS/NZS 2685 requires that where any contaminant in the space has an exposure standard,
and it is not feasible to reduce the concentration of a contaminant to the level of the
exposure for that contaminant, persons use air supplied respiratory devices or other
appropriate personal protective equipment.
The appropriate respiratory devices should be determined based upon the condition and test
results of the confined space, and the work activity to be performed. It is necessary to
ensure that breathing apparatus fits properly and is safe to use. When persons wear beards,
the fit of breathing apparatus that relies on a facial seal is affected. The possible
entanglement of air-lines when using air-line respirators is another hazard.
A useful guide for calculating the service time of self-contained breathing apparatus is to
add the entry time to the work period, plus twice the estimated escape time for safety
margin.
All persons involved in confined space entry should have regard to the guidance in
AS/NZS 1715 on the selection, use and maintenance of respiratory protective devices and
the source of breathing air.
Proper maintenance is an integral part of any personal protective equipment program to
ensure that the user receives the required level of protection at all times. Failure to provide
the proper cleaning and maintenance can have serious health effects or result in the failure
of the equipment. All persons involved in confined space entry should have regard to the
guidance in AS/NZS 1715 on the use and maintenance of respiratory protective equipment.
A maintenance program for personal protective equipment should include procedures for—
(a) regular cleaning and disinfecting of equipment (equipment worn by more than one
worker should be cleaned and disinfected after each use);
(b) drying the equipment;
(c) inspection for any defects; identification and repair or replacement of any used,
consumed, worn or defective components or equipment;
(d) clean storage of equipment when not in use;

(e) persons to report damaged, defective, or lost equipment; and
(f) ensuring that supplies of disposable protective equipment are continually available to
users.
The maintenance of some items of personal protective equipment, such as eye protectors or
gloves, is relatively easy provided appropriate training, and cleaning and storage facilities
are in place. However, maintenance of more complex equipment such as non-disposable
respiratory protective equipment requires specialised knowledge and equipment. All
breathing apparatus, safety harnesses, lifelines, reviving equipment and any other
equipment provided for work in confined spaces or for emergency response, should be
maintained and examined regularly, before use and as soon as possible after every occasion
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on which it has been used. Spare full cylinders of air and oxygen should be kept where
appropriate and should be regularly checked and safely stored.
The source of breathing air should be in accordance with AS/NZS 1715.
10.65 Selection and use
Persons involved with confined space entry should have regard to the guidance in
AS/NZS 1715 on the selection, use and maintenance of respiratory protective devices and
the source of breathing air. See also Appendix I.
10.66 Safety harness and lines
10.66.1 General
Suitable safety harnesses and safety lines or rescue lines complying with AS/NZS 1891.1
should be worn where there is a hazard of falling during ascent or descent or where
engulfment is a hazard (See also AS/NZS 1891.4.) Safety harnesses and lines can be used
for rescue where the route is direct and there is no risk of entanglement (either vertical or
horizontal).
Care should be taken to ensure that when considering specifying the wearing of such
equipment, the equipment does not introduce a hazard or unnecessarily hinder free
movement within a confined space.
10.66.2 Rescue considerations
Removal of trapped, injured or unconscious persons from confined spaces is extremely
difficult. While one person may be adequate to keep watch and raise the alarm in case of
emergency, even the strongest person is unlikely to be able to lift, or handle on their own,
an unconscious person, using only a rope. The use of on-site mechanical lifting equipment
should be considered.
10.66.3 Selection
The selection of the type of safety harness, safety line or rescue line should take account of
the possible hazards and of rescue arrangements. Persons should have regard to the
guidance in AS/NZS 1891.4 on the selection, use and maintenance of industrial safety belts
and harnesses.
10.67 Maintenance of emergency equipment
A procedure should be established for regular maintenance of emergency equipment to
ensure that the equipment is fit for the purpose. All equipment provided or used for
emergency or rescue must be maintained in proper working condition. This may include
cleaning, inspection for any defects, testing, and repair or replacement of worn or defective
parts. Where appropriate, rescue equipment should be available when confined space work
is being undertaken.
When ropes, harnesses, lifelines, and other special equipment are being examined, it is
recommended that examination include a thorough visual inspection of all their parts for
deterioration or damage, in particular those parts that are load bearing. Equipment should
be examined and maintained in accordance with the manufacturer directions or relevant
standard. Guidance is provided in AS/NZS 1715 on the maintenance of air supplied
respiratory protective equipment.
10.68 Other protective equipment
Items normally used as protection against injury include safety glasses, hard hats, footwear
and protective clothing:
(a) Eye and face protection
Care should be taken to ensure that persons who wear corrective spectacles are
provided with plano-goggles or visors. Additionally, if eye-irritating chemicals,
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vapours, or dusts are present, appropriate safety goggles are necessary. If both the
face and eyes are exposed to a hazard, such as during scraping scale or cutting rivets,
a full coverage face shield with goggles should be used. During welding operations
appropriate goggles or shields should be worn.
(b) Head, foot and body protection
All persons entering a confined space should wear full coverage work clothing.
Gloves and clothing made of materials providing appropriate protection from hazards
expected in the confined space should be worn to protect against toxic or irritating
substances. If the hazards are heat or cold, protection from over-exposure to these
hazards should be worn. Other protection should be provided where appropriate to
ensure worker’s safety, for example during abrasive blasting. The weight and
restriction of body protection, however, can become hazards themselves.
(c) Hand protection
If hands are exposed to rough surfaces or sharp edges, employers should provide the
appropriate degree of protection ranging from canvas to metal mesh gloves. Gloves
made of a suitable resistant material should be provided to protect against toxic or
irritating materials. Heat protective gloves are appropriate when persons handle
objects with temperatures greater than 60°C.
10.69 Portable electrical equipment
Portable electrical equipment should be connected to an earth-free extra low voltage supply
from an isolating transformer, which is located outside the space. Portable equipment
should also be protected through a residual current device complying with AS 3190, which
is located outside the space.
10.70 Supply cable
Electrical equipment should be fitted with a flexible supply cable not inferior to a heavy-
duty type. The cables should be located, suspended or guarded to minimize accidental
damage. Double insulated electrical tools should be used where available. See
AS/NZS 3191 for guidance.
10.71 Double-insulated tools
Double insulated electrical tools should be used where available.
10.72 Ignition sources
When considering explosive gas atmospheres and combustible dusts guidance should be
sought in AS 2430.1 and AS/NZS 61241.3 on the classification of hazardous areas. See also
AS 2380.7 for guidance on intrinsic safety.
10.73 Gas cylinders
Compressed gas cylinders, other than those used for self-contained breathing apparatus
should not be taken into a confined space. The compressed gas supply to equipment in the
space should be turned off at the cylinder valve when not in use. The cylinders should be
secured and their hoses should be located, suspended or otherwise guarded to avoid
accidental damage. These hoses should be tested for leaks prior to installation.
Only in exceptional circumstances should gas cylinders and internal combustion engines be
taken into a confined space. However, where their use cannot be avoided there should be
adequate ventilation to prevent a build up of gas. Additional control measures may be
required, such as supplied-air respiratory protective equipment, as it may not be possible to
ensure a safe oxygen level. Cylinders should be removed from the space at the end of every
work period, and the exhaust from internal combustion engines should be vented to a safe
place outside the confined space so that their exhaust emissions cannot enter the confined
space or contaminate air being supplied to the confined space.
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10.74 Portable ladders

Portable ladders should be firmly secured to prevent movement. Portable ladders should
comply with AS 1892.2, AS/NZS 1892.1 or AS/NZS 1892.3, as applicable.
11 TRAINING AND COMPETENCE

11.1 (Clause 11.1 of AS/NZS 2865)
All persons with work activities related to a confined space shall be trained and assessed as
competent to perform those activities.
11.2 (Clause 11.2 of AS/NZS 2865)
Persons shall be reassessed at appropriate intervals, to ensure their ongoing competency to
perform activities relevant to their entry and work associated with confined spaces.
11.3 (Clause 11.3 of AS/NZS 2865)
Training shall include at least the following:
(a) The hazards of confined spaces.
(b) Assessment procedures.
(c) Control measures.
(d) Emergency procedures.
(e) The selection, use and maintenance of safety equipment.
(f) Legislative requirements.
11.4 Trainers
Qualified and competent trainers should deliver training relevant to confined spaces. The
trainers should be conversant in all aspects of confined spaces consistent with the National
Training Authority and the core training elements for safe working in confined spaces.
11.5 Content of training
The purpose of training is to provide persons involved in confined space work with the
skills, knowledge and competency necessary to effectively follow safety procedures and to
use the control measures implemented for their protection. It should also give them an
appreciation of the hazards associated with work in the confined space.
The amount of detail and extent of training required will depend on the nature of the
hazard(s) and risk(s) associated with the space and the complexity of the work procedures
and control measures provided. In this regard, the hazard identification and the risk
assessment processes provide important guidance when developing training content.

Training should be given to persons who—
(a) enter confined spaces;
(b) perform confined space hazard identification and risk assessments;
(c) are on stand-by;
(d) are involved in emergency response or first aid procedures for confined spaces;
(e) issue written authorities;
(f) design or modify a confined space;
(g) manage or supervise persons working in or near confined spaces, including any
contractors;
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(h) maintain equipment used for and during confined space entries; and
(i) purchase, distribute, fit, wear and maintain personal protective equipment for use in
confined spaces.
The emphasis placed on different aspects will depend on the target group.
The outcomes of the training should include the trainee having the ability to demonstrate
competency to safely enter and work in the confined space.
Where training is required for a person required to work in a confined space, it should be
ensured that the outcomes of training for those persons and anyone supervising them
include an ability to demonstrate understanding of the following:
(i) The nature and location of hazards associated with the confined space. In relation to
the nature of the hazards and risks associated with the space this can be developed out
of the hazard identification and risk assessment processes. This would include
training in physical, chemical, and biological hazards relating to work in confined
spaces in general and the particular confined space, and also in the recognition of any
hazards specific to the activity.
(ii) Safety procedures associated with work in the confined space, which are developed as
part of the risk assessment and control processes. This should include
communications and lockout and isolation procedures, where appropriate.
(iii) The reasons for, and nature of, the control measures which are in use or planned.
Training should address the need for, and proper use and maintenance of, measures to
control risk as this assists in ensuring user commitment to these measures.
(iv) The specific control measures which are necessary in relation to each person’s own
job including, where appropriate, instructions in the correct use of engineering
controls, safe work practices and recognition of factors likely to impair the person’s
performance.
(v) The contents of any written authority relevant to the person.
(vi) The arrangements for reporting circumstances likely to cause hazards.
(vii) When, and how, to use appropriate personal protective equipment, including proper
care and the arrangements for maintenance, cleaning, replacement, distribution and
checking procedures for when wearing equipment.
(viii) Confined space emergency response, rescue and first aid procedures and equipment.
NOTE: This may include training on emergency entry and exit procedures, emergency
response drills, fire protection and suppression, the use of safety equipment, resuscitation
equipment, and how to deal with malfunctions and failures of equipment during use.
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11.6 (Clause 11.6 of AS/NZS 2865)

Persons shall be trained and assessed as competent to carry out their activities where they—
(a) perform work in or on a confined space;
(b) perform confined space assessments;
(c) issue written authorities;
(d) design and lay out the workplace;
(e) manage and/or are responsible for the direct control of the work in confined spaces;
(f) maintain equipment used for ensuring the safety of persons in the confined space;
(g) provide, fit, wear and maintain personal protective equipment;
(h) are on stand-by; and
(i) are involved in emergency response and first aid procedures.
11.7 General precautions

When developing and providing training programs any special needs the trainee may have
should be considered. Special needs may relate to specific skills, work experience, gender,
physical disability (including injury), intellectual disability, ethnicity and first language,
literacy and age. These special needs should be taken into account in the structure, content
and delivery of the training. This may take the form of oral or highly graphic training
methods, or use of a language other than English.
The training should be evaluated to ensure that the content of the training is clearly
understood.
11.8 Review of training
To ensure that training remains effective when changes occur in the workplace which may
affect the health and safety of employees, training content and further training needs should
be reviewed and identified. Reasons for conducting a review of training include—
(a) a change in the nature of hazards and associated risk, such as the use of new plant in
the space; or
(b) changes in the work practices or control measures which relate to the confined space.
Re-training or refresher training should be provided, as appropriate, when persons do not
display an appropriate level of competency for their particular work in a confined space.
The frequency of this training should be determined having regard to the items listed above
and the frequency with which persons are required to carry out tasks associated with entry
to or work in the confined space. Persons who are required to carry out such tasks
infrequently are more likely to exhibit a loss of knowledge and competency concerning the
emergency, rescue and first aid procedures and equipment.
11.9 (Clause 11.9 of AS/NZS 2865)

The training which is provided to persons shall be recorded.
11.10 Records of training

Records of training should include:
(a) The names of persons receiving training and dates of attendance.
(b) The title of the training course and an outline of its contents.
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(c) The duration of training.

(d) The names, qualifications and experience of the person providing the training.
(e) Whether the training program is registered or accredited by any statutory body,
government department, educational institution or other association or organisation.
12 EMERGENCY RESPONSE
12.1 (Clause 12.1 of AS/NZS 2865)
Appropriate emergency response and first aid procedures and provisions shall be planned,
established and rehearsed.
12.2 (Clause 12.2 of AS/NZS 2865)
In cases of emergency response, those persons involved in the response shall be made aware
of the conditions in the confined space prior to any entry.
12.3 General
Planning is the key to effective emergency and rescue response. As part of the risk
assessment process, emergency, rescue and first aid requirements must be taken into
account. Plans and procedures appropriate to the types of situations that may arise from
work in a confined space should be put in place using the information from the risk
assessment.
12.4 Procedures
Procedures should be considered in relation to existing emergency, response and first aid,
the outcomes of the risk assessment, and the geographical location of the confined space in
relation to emergency response and first aid facilities. For example, on-site or offsite
emergency services might be used. Response time is a critical factor in confined space
emergencies, therefore the time on-site or off-site emergency response personnel would
take to respond should be carefully considered.
Although not required by the Standard, it is desirable that emergency response procedures
be developed in consultation with relevant agencies such as the State Emergency Service
and the Fire Authority.
Emergency response planning for confined spaces provides a safety net in the event control
measures fail. This failure could result, for example, through equipment breakdown or
inadvertent error. In an emergency, the spontaneous reaction to immediately enter and
attempt a rescue from a confined space may lead to the deaths or serious injury of those
attempting the rescue. Knowledge and rehearsal of emergency response procedures will
help to prevent such spontaneous and inappropriate action.

Consideration could be given to the different type of emergency response scenarios that
might arise. These include where—
(a) persons are uninjured and evacuate themselves;
(b) persons are injured but still capable of self-evacuation; entry is required to provide
treatment;
(c) persons are assisted to evacuate by persons remaining outside the space; and
(d) emergency entry is required in order to evacuate employees.
It should be ensured that emergency, response and first aid procedures are established.
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12.5 First aid

Procedures should specify the first aid training competencies required by persons (for
example, a first aid qualification that includes cardio-pulmonary resuscitation), how many
persons will be trained in first aid, their availability, and what first aid equipment should be
provided. In determining what first aid facilities and first aider training is required, the
following factors should be considered:
(a) Size and layout of the workplace (e.g. the distance an injured person has to be
transported to a first aid facility).
(b) The number and distribution of employees including arrangements such as shift work,
overtime and flexible hours.
(c) Nature of hazards and the severity of the risk; location of the workplace (the distance
of the workplace from ambulance, hospital and medical centres or occupational health
services).
(d) Known occurrences of accidents or illnesses.
12.6 Medical help
In relation to summoning professional medical help, planning and procedures should
address what medical help could be required and from where it will be obtained. The
procedures should allow for any likely time delay before professional medical help can be
provided.
12.7 Entry and exit dimensions
Potential problems with openings for entry and exit size should be identified and assessed
during the hazard identification and risk assessment process, and addressed in the
development of emergency and rescue procedures. Where openings are found to be
inadequate the size of the openings should be increased wherever feasible. If it is not
practicable to alter the openings or remove the obstruction, an alternative safe means of
entry and exit should be provided.
12.8 Emergency response equipment
Appropriate plant for the rescue of persons from the confined space may be set out in
procedures. Emergency response equipment may include additional sets of breathing
apparatus, lifelines and lifting equipment. The appropriate equipment will vary depending
on the type of confined space, the risks involved and how persons in the space will be
rescued. Where escape type or self rescue respiratory protective equipment for use in case
of emergency is provided for persons working in a confined space, it should be ensured that
it is not used outside the instructions and limitations placed on it by the manufacture. This
type of equipment is suitable only for certain types of emergency and is not a substitute for
supplied-air respiratory protective equipment. The guidance in AS/NZS 1715 on the
selection, use and maintenance of respiratory protective equipment should be observed.

Location of, and access to, emergency response and first aid equipment should also be
covered in the procedures.
12.9 Emergency response entry
The procedures should also specify what precautions are to be taken if a rescuer has to enter
the confined space. Where limitations on entry have been specified, for example, where the
atmosphere in the confined space is oxygen deficient, these limitations may also apply to
entry for the purposes of rescue. The procedures should cover the need for rescuers to take
appropriate precautions.
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12.10 Removal of persons from the confined space

difficult. While one person may be adequate to keep watch and raise the alarm in case of
emergency, even the strongest person is unlikely to be able to lift, or handle on their own,
an unconscious person, using only a rope. The use of on-site mechanical lifting equipment
should be considered.
12.11 Firefighting
Advice on general fire precautions, such as the precautions and measures needed when a
fire has started, may be obtained from the relevant Fire Authority and should be
incorporated in the procedures. The appropriate type of fire extinguishers should be
provided close to any potential ignition source. This may be in the space or, if the space is
small, near the entry point. In the event of a fire, it should be determined whether or not the
ventilation system is to be kept working or switched off as either course of action may
affect the chances of escape or rescue. Inert gas flooding of the confined space can be
inappropriate and dangerous when persons are within the space.
12.12 Control of plant
Planning and procedures should take into account the impact a confined space emergency
response could have on the rest of the workplace, such as how adjacent plant and processes
can be shut down if necessary.
12.13 External emergency services
Emergency response may require the involvement of the external emergency services. How
the external emergency services are to be alerted and arrangements for effective liaison, and
response should be planned in advance. If external emergency service personnel are
unfamiliar with the confined space hazards at the workplace then vital time may be lost
while the situation is assessed and a plan of action developed.
NOTE: The Standard does not apply to an employer of an emergency service employee if, at the
direction of the employer, the employee is undertaking the rescue of a person from a confined
space or providing first aid to a person in a confined space.
12.14 Rehearsal of procedures by relevant employees
Emergency response procedures should be rehearsed by the relevant person. Persons need
only rehearse those emergency response procedures, which pertain directly to their work,
that is, those procedures that they would be required to perform in an emergency. However,
it is desirable that all persons who have a function in relation to work in a confined space,
including supervisors and managers should have an understanding of all the emergency
response procedures in place. This information could be provided as part of an induction
and training program.
When developing emergency response procedures the role of the stand-by person should
clearly be identified, where a stand-by person is used. If alternative means are used, these
should be considered when rehearsing procedures.
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13 RECORD KEEPING
13.1 Clause 13.1 of AS/NZS 2865)
The following documentation shall be kept and maintained for the time specified unless
longer periods are necessary, as in the case of health surveillance being required:
(a) Written authorities for one month.
(b) The current recorded risk assessment reports for work in a confined space for five
years from the time of their validity.
(c) Training records, for the term of the employee’s employment.
13.2 (Clause 13.2 of AS/NZS 2865)

All records shall be made available to the person and the regulatory authority inspectors on
request.
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APPENDIX A
LIST OF REFERENCED AND RELATED DOCUMENTS
A1 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
AS
1210 Pressure vessels
1228 Pressure equipment — Boilers
1319 Safety signs for the occupational environment
1657 Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders—Design, construction and
installation
1674 Safety in welding and allied processes
1674.1 Part 1: Fire precautions
1680 Interior lighting
1680.1 Part 1: General principles and recommendations
1892 Portable ladders
1892.2 Part 2: Timber
2380 Electrical equipment for explosive atmospheres—Explosion-protection
techniques
2380.7 Part 7: Intrinsic safety i
2430 Classification of hazardous areas
2430.1 Part 1: Explosive gas atmospheres
3190 Approval and test specification—Residual current devices (current-operated
earth-leakage devices)
3765 Clothing for protection against hazardous chemicals
3765.1 Part 1: Protection against general or specific chemicals
3765.2 Part 2: Limited protection against specific chemicals
AS/NZS
1020 The control of undesirable static electricity
1200 Pressure equipment
1270 Acoustics—Hearing protectors
1336 Recommended practices for occupational eye protection

1337 Eye protectors for industrial applications
1715 Selection, use and maintenance of respiratory protective devices
1716 Respiratory protective devices
1800 Occupational protective helmets—Selection, care and use
1801 Occupational protective helmets
1891 Industrial fall-arrest systems and devices
1891.1 Part 1: Safety belts and harnesses
1891.4 Part 4: Selection, use and maintenance
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AS/NZS
1892 Portable ladders
1892.1 Part 1: Metal
1892.3 Part 3: Reinforced plastic
2210 Occupational protective footwear
2210.2 Part 2: Requirements and test methods (ISO 8782-1:1998, MOD)
2381 Electrical equipment for explosive atmospheres—Selection, installation and
maintenance
2381.1 Part 1: General requirements
3191 Approval and test specification—Electric flexible cords
4233 High pressure water (hydro) jetting systems
4233.1 Part 1: Guidelines for safe operation and maintenance
61241 Electrical apparatus for use in the presence of combustible dust
61241.3 Part 3: Classification of areas where combustible dusts are or may be present
61779 Electrical apparatus for the detection and measurement of flammable gases
61779.1 Part 1: General requirements and test methods
ISO
15534 Ergonomic design for the safety of machinery
15534-1 Part 1: Principles for determining the dimensions required for openings for
whole-body access into machinery
15534-2 Part 2: Principles for determining the dimensions required for access
openings
15534-3 Part 3: Anthropometric data
A2 RELATED DOCUMENTS
WELDING TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE OF AUSTRALIA. Health and Safety in Welding.
Technical Note 7.
NATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY COMMISSION. Guidance Note
on the Interpretation of Exposure Standards for Atmospheric Contaminants in the
Occupational Environment [NOHSC:3008(1995)]. Australian Government Publishing
Service, Canberra, 1995.
INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION. Resolutions A272(VIII) and A330
(IX) and Code of Safe Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes.
NATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY COMMISSION Core Training
Elements for the National Standard for Safe Working in a Confined Space. (1996)
Australian Government Publishing Service Canberra.
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APPENDIX B
GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
B1 DESIGN AND INSTALLATION

Hazards involved in working in a confined space should be minimized at the design stage
and during initial installation of equipment. The design for a confined space should
eliminate the need to enter the confined space for maintenance or other purposes.
The features, aimed at enhancing the safety of persons working in a confined space, which
should be incorporated at the design and installation stages (consideration should be given
to the type of work, the frequency and duration of the tasks) are as follows:
(a) Provision of adequate and convenient means of entry and exit of persons who may be
required to wear personal protective equipment, including breathing apparatus, and
clothing (see also Paragraph B2).
NOTE: Legislation and guidance notes on specific installations may specify minimum
dimensions for entry and exit.
(b) Provision of outlets and facilities for cleaning to eliminate or minimize the need for
entry.
(c) Provision of ventilation facilities to avoid the build-up of any contaminants or
combustible atmospheres.
(d) Provision for persons to work in other than stooped, awkward or cramped positions.
(e) Use of cladding or lining materials that are durable, require minimal cleaning and do
not react with materials contained in the confined space.
(f) Design of structure and mechanical parts to provide for safe and easy maintenance
without the need for persons to enter.
(g) Provide levels of illumination complying with AS 1680.1 which will be sufficient to
permit safe entry, conduct of work and exit.
(h) Provision of fixed ladders, platforms and walkways complying with AS 1657.
(i) Provision of signs in a manner appropriate to the workplace complying with AS 1319
at each entry to the confined space warning against entry by persons other than those
who are authorized to enter.
(j) Provision of outlets and effective means of isolating energy sources.
(k) Provision of drain valves or other means of positive isolation in pipework to reduce
risk of possible pressurization and incursion of contaminants to the confined space.
B2 MEANS OF ENTRY AND EXIT

Except for boilers and pressure vessels for which specific requirements in respect of
openings exist, each confined space should be provided with at least one entry of sufficient
size to permit access and egress. Guidance may be found in ISO 15534-1, ISO 15534-2 and
ISO 15534-3.
Except for boilers and pressure vessels, there should be at least—
(a) one entry having an aperture not less than 450 mm long by 400 mm wide, if
rectangular, or not less than 450 mm in diameter, if circular, or having major and
minor axes not less than 450 mm and 400 mm, respectively, if elliptical; or
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(b) other suitable means of entry and exit meeting the intent of Item (a).
NOTES:
1 Dimensions of openings in boilers and pressure vessels, including the means of entry into and
exit from, are specified in other Standards. (For example, AS/NZS 1200, AS 1210 and
AS 1228 and in regulations).
2 Guidance to the dimensions of access openings to cargo tanks and water ballast spaces on
ships will be found in Resolutions A272 (VIII) and A330 (IX) of the International Maritime
Organization.
The means of ingress to and egress from a confined space need to be kept free from any
encumbrances. Accordingly, when the atmospheric contaminants or the nature of the work
to be performed in a confined space may require such things as power lines, hoses and
ventilation ducts to pass through an access hole, the provision of a second access hole is
recommended.
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APPENDIX C
SAMPLE SCHEDULE OF IDENTIFIED CONFINED SPACES
Company:
Address:
Nature of Space Location Inherent Hazards Special Precautions Date
Assessed
Sewerage Pit Pump Station A Uncontrollable changes in Pits covers to be locked 01/01/03
atmosphere. closed when entry not
required.
Asphyxiation or poisoning
risk from gases such as Danger signs erected.
methane, hydrogen sulphide
or carbon dioxide.
Fuel Oil Tank Boiler House Oil vapours. Dangerous Goods Signs 12/01/03
erected.
Flammable gases.
Wheat Silo Rail Unloader Flammable atmosphere. Lock entry points. 10/11/02
Engulfment. Signs erected.
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APPENDIX D
SAMPLE RISK ASSESSMENTS
This Appendix sets out a sample risk assessment form, see Figure D1, table for qualitative
measurement of the likelihood of an occurrence, see Table D1, a table for the qualitative
measurement of the consequence or impact of an occurrence, see Table D2, and a table
setting out a simple method for ranking risks, see Table D3.
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Description of plant:
Description of work:
Range of possible methods:
Method (a):
Method (b):
Method (c):
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Risk assessment conducted by: Date: Time:
LEVEL OF RISK
HAZARD ASSOCIATED RISK CONTROL MEASURES
High Significant Moderate Low
FIGURE D1 SAMPLE RISK ASSESSMENT FORM

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TABLE D1
QUALITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF LIKELIHOOD OF AN OCCURRENCE
Level Descriptor Description
A Almost certain The event is expected to occur in most circumstances
B Likely The event will probably occur in most circumstances
C Moderate The event should occur at some time
D Unlikely The event could occur at some time
E Rare The event may occur only in exceptional circumstances
TABLE D2
QUALITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF CONSEQUENCE OR IMPACT OF AN
OCCURRENCE
Level Descriptor Description
1 Insignificant No injuries
2 Minor First aid treatment, on-site release immediately contained
3 Moderate Medical treatment required, on-site release contained with outside
assistance
4 Major Extensive injuries, off-site release with no detrimental effects
5 Catastrophic Death, toxic release off-site with detrimental effects
TABLE D3
QUALITATIVE RISK ANALYSIS MATRIX—LEVEL OF RISK
Consequence
Likelihood Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic
1 2 3 4 5
A (Almost certain) S S H H H
B (Likely) M S S H H
C (Moderate) L M S H H
D (Unlikely) L L M S H
E (Rare) L L M S S
NOTE: The number of categories should reflect the needs of the study.
LEGEND:
H = high risk; detailed research and management planning required at senior levels
S = significant risk; senior management attention needed
M = moderate risk; management responsibility must be specified
L = low risk; manage by routine procedures
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APPENDIX E
ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CLEANING OF CONFINED
SPACES
E1 GENERAL
This Appendix lists recommendations for undertaking cleaning tasks in a confined space.
The recommendations are in addition to the requirements for work in a confined space.
Procedures and processes to be used to clean the inside of a confined space should be
reviewed and authorized prior to entry. The method to be used will depend upon the
material in the confined space and the potential hazards that may be created by the cleaning
process itself. Contaminants should be disposed of in a manner that will not constitute a
hazard.
NOTE: Attention is drawn to the requirements of regulatory authorities governing particular
operations/use of equipment, which may exceed these guidelines.
The following general practices should be observed:
(a) Initial cleaning should be performed from outside the confined space. Such initial
cleaning, including drainage and scale removal, should continue until the risk from
the atmospheric contaminants has been eliminated or reduced as far as possible.
(b) Each person entering the confined space should be provided with appropriate
protective clothing, appropriate safety footwear, a safety helmet with face shield,
appropriate eye and face protection, protective gloves and, where necessary, an
appropriate respiratory protective device.
(c) Hose-couplings should be of such a design that they are unable to loosen or be
accidentally dislodged during operation.
(d) Safety precautions detailed in material safety data sheets and plant safety information
must be incorporated as a minimum level of safety.
E2 HYDROJETTING
E2.1 General
The following general precautions should be observed when hydrojetting is undertaken in a
confined space (see also AS/NZS 4233.1):
(a) Hydrojetting should always be carried out by trained personnel.

(b) Warning signs complying with AS 1319 and indicating that hydrojetting is in progress
should be displayed in conspicuous locations outside the confined space.
(c) The area affected by the hydrojetting should be barricaded while work is in progress.
(d) Where there is a possibility of a flammable environment, the nozzle of the
hydrojetting equipment should be earthed to decrease the generation of static
electricity (see also AS/NZS 1020).
(e) Nozzle operators should have direct visual or audible communication with the pump
operators.
(f) Removal of fluids from the confined space should be continuous during the operation,
especially in the case of such work as that in ships, tanks and fuel tanks.
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(g) A high-pressure/low volume gun should be used to intermittently clean, rather than
operating continuously, thus allowing adequate replacement of air.
E2.2 Equipment
All high-pressure cleaning equipment should be fitted with actuating devices which require
positive effort by the operator’s hand or foot, to keep the supply valve open. In addition, the
following recommendations for hoses should be observed:
(a) Hoses used for high-pressure cleaning should have a bursting pressure of at least 2.5
times the rated operating pressure.
(b) Hoses should be tagged to indicate working pressure and age.
(c) Hoses with exposed reinforcing wire should be disposed of immediately.
(d) Care should be taken when laying out hydrojet hoses on the ground to avoid constant
pulsation damage, especially from corners.
E3 STEAM CLEANING
Where a confined space is to be cleaned by steam, the following precautions should be
observed:
(a) Where there is a possibility of a flammable environment, the pipe or nozzle of the
steam hose should be bonded to the confined space enclosure to prevent the build up
of static electricity (see also AS/NZS 1020).
(b) Where there is a possibility of a flammable environment in the confined space, steam
temperatures should be significantly lower than the auto-ignition temperature of
previously stored products.
(c) The confined space should be allowed to return to an acceptable thermal environment
prior to entry.
E4 ABRASIVE BLASTING
Cleaning by abrasive blasting should only be undertaken where suitable air-supplied
respirators are used and regulations for the particular jurisdiction are followed.
Consideration should also be given to the need to provide the following:
(a) Illumination and visibility adequate to allow safe working to continue.
(b) Protection of the breathing air-line to the respirator.
(c) Escape equipment.
(d) Actuating devices which require positive effort by the operator to keep the blasting
apparatus supply valve open.
E5 CHEMICAL CLEANING
In addition to creating toxicity hazards, chemicals used in cleaning operations may also be
capable of producing a flammable atmosphere. Accordingly, the safety of the atmosphere
should be re-evaluated after cleaning and prior to the commencement of further work.
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APPENDIX F
ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE CONDUCT OF
HOT WORK IN CONFINED SPACES
F1 GENERAL
Information should be provided on the possibility of hot work reducing the oxygen level
and that hot work itself may release hazardous substances. The recommendations in this
Appendix are in addition to the requirements for work in a confined space.
NOTES:
1 Hot work is defined in AS/NZS 2865 and is used in industry to describe welding, thermal or
oxygen cutting, heating and other fire-producing or spark-producing operations.
2 Attention is drawn to the requirements of regulatory authorities governing particular
operations/use of equipment, which may exceed these guidelines, and to the relevant
provisions of AS 1674.1 and of the Welding Technology Institute of Australia’s Technical
Note 7.
3 Welding in a confined space should be conducted in accordance with the requirements of
AS 1674.1 and the recommendations of this Appendix.
F2 PERMITS
Hot work in, or on the exterior surfaces of, a confined space should not be commenced until
a hot work permit has been issued. The hot work permit may be an integral part of the
written authority to enter the confined space.
The hot work permit should certify that appropriate precautions have been carried out and
should list the frequency of any tests necessary to ensure that safe conditions are
maintained.
Aspects to be taken into account when considering the issue of a permit include the
following:
(a) When a confined space or an adjacent space has contained a flammable liquid, vapour
or gas, in addition to the requirements of Paragraph F3, the permit should be issued
only after inspection and testing have ensured that the following factors have been
considered:
(i) The concentration of flammable vapours or gases in the atmosphere.
(ii) The liquid and solid residues have been removed as necessary to prevent the
release of flammable substances that will raise the concentration of flammable

substances in the atmosphere.
(iii) The concentration of flammable vapour or gas within any piping within the
confined space or connected to it.
(b) In a confined space having last contained dry material that creates a flammable or
explosive atmosphere when dispersed in air, the permit should be issued only after
inspection has ensured that loose dust has been removed from the confined space and
all appropriate surfaces have been cleaned or the material has been rendered safe (for
example, by wetting grain dust).
(c) Where fixed fire-extinguishing equipment employing an extinguishant which may
affect the safety of the environment protects the confined space, such equipment
should be positively isolated when the space is occupied, regardless of whether it has
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59 HB 213:2003
manual or automatic activation controls. It should be noted that the discharge of

certain fixed extinguishing systems can rapidly cause the atmosphere in a confined
space to become dangerous to life. In such cases, alternative fire protection should be
provided in the confined space by adequate numbers of the appropriate size and type
of portable fire extinguishers.
F3 FIRE PREVENTION
The following fire preventative measures should be taken:
(a) All combustibles, including any dry residues, in the vicinity of the hot work should be
removed to a safe place. If they cannot be moved, such items should be covered by a
non-combustible blanket flame-resistant tarpaulin, or other means to prevent ignition
from heat, sparks and slag.
(b) When hot work is involved, consideration should be given to the assignment of a fire
watch while the hot work is being performed and for a period of not less than
30 minutes after completion of such hot work. In many cases, the fire watch may be
carried out by the stand-by person(s).
(c) When welding or cutting is to be performed on a tank shell or a conductive boundary
of a confined space, the same precautions should be exercised inside and outside the
space where the hot work is being performed.
NOTE: Sparks from direct penetration or heat transfer may also create an explosion or fire
hazard in the adjacent spaces outside the confined space.
(d) Before hot work is started on a surface covered with a preservative or other protective
coating, the flammability and thermal decomposition products of the coating should
be considered.
(e) Where such a coating is flammable, it should be stripped from the area of hot work to
prevent ignition. A pressurized fire hose and a suitable nozzle or other suitable
extinguishing equipment, or both, should be available.
(f) When arc welding is suspended for a substantial period of time, such as during lunch
periods or overnight, the power source to the equipment should be de-energized, all
electrodes removed from holders and the holders placed so that accidental contact or
arcing cannot occur.
(g) When gas welding or cutting is suspended for a substantial period of time, such as
during lunch periods or overnight, the torch and cylinder valves should be closed. The
torch and hose should be removed from and depressurized outside the confined space.
(h) No compressed gas cylinders or associated manifolds, other than those used for
self-contained breathing apparatus, should be located inside the confined space.
(i) Flammable metal anti-corrosion anodes should be removed from the work site.
F4 CONTROL OF FUMES
Fumes should be controlled as follows:
(a) In a confined space, all surfaces covered with coatings that would decompose or
volatilize under hot work into toxic or flammable or both, corrosive or irritant
components, should be stripped from the area of heat application. Coatings should
also be removed for a sufficient distance from the area to be heated in order to
minimize the temperature increase of the unstripped metal. Additionally, artificial
cooling of the metal surrounding the hot work area may be necessary to limit the size
of the area required to be cleaned.
NOTE: Typical coatings which may pose a hazard include zinc, cadmium, lead paints, certain
other paints and plastics.
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(b) Means should be provided to exhaust contaminated air from the confined space. The
exhaust suction point should be located as close as possible to the source of
contamination within the confined space (for example, welding). Such exhaust should
be directed to a location where it presents no hazard and will not accidentally be
recirculated into the confined space.
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APPENDIX G
ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ATMOSPHERIC MONITORING
G1 GENERAL
Testing of the atmosphere when required and a survey of other hazards should be performed
from outside the confined space and from as many access holes, nozzles and openings as
are available before any entry occurs. The results should be recorded on the written
authority. The tests should be performed in the order listed and should include those for
oxygen content, flammability, atmospheric contaminants (for example, carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide and dusts, and thermal extremes).
Atmospheric testing of more remote regions within the confined space, away from entries
or access hatches, may be performed once the area adjacent to the point of entry to the
confined space has been made safe for entry.
Atmospheric testing of these remote regions should be undertaken by persons wearing
supplied air respiratory protective equipment. Normal stand-by requirements should apply
during atmospheric testing as this is an entry into a confined space.
Special notice should be taken of the following:
WARNING: NEVER TRUST YOUR SENSES TO DETERMINE IF THE
ATMOSPHERE IN A CONFINED SPACE IS SAFE! YOU CANNOT SEE OR
SMELL MANY TOXIC GASES AND VAPOURS, NOR CAN YOU DETERMINE
THE LEVEL OF OXYGEN OR COMBUSTIBLE CONTAMINANTS PRESENT.
Only when the test results show the confined space is safe, should normal entry be
considered.
The normal means of evaluating the atmosphere is to test it for specific materials with a
suitable portable analyser. There are many different kinds of analysers available but the
results are only as good as the competency of the operator and the state of analyser
maintenance and calibration. For example, a combustible atmospheric substance detector,
used for measuring the percent LEL in a confined space, should be tested against a known
standard gas both before and after a test for entry. This is to ensure an accurate reading is
obtained.
Other test equipment, such as chemical detector tube pumps, should be regularly checked
for leaks to avoid low readings. The detector tubes themselves also have a finite shelf-life
beyond which their accuracy may be suspect. For large confined spaces, portable analysers
with audible alarms should be inserted using appropriate non-sparking equipment.
G2 ATMOSPHERIC TESTING AND MONITORING EQUIPMENT

Combustible atmospheric substance detectors should comply with AS/NZS 61779.1.
The competent person is to have a thorough knowledge of the measurement strategy to be
used. Factors to be taken into account include the following:
(a) Properties of the gas/vapour.
(b) Humidity and temperature in the space.
(c) Presence of airborne contaminants that may reduce the accuracy of the reading or
‘poison’ the sensor.
(d) Presence of corrosive gases and mists which may damage the sensor and give
misleading results caused by a false zero reading.
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(e) Calibration, adjustment and maintenance requirements.

(f) Need for recalibration during testing.
(g) Condensation and/or absorption of gas into the walls of sampling lines where these
are used.
(h) Response of the instrument to high and low concentrations of gas or vapours (for
example, false zeros).
(i) Oxygen deficiency causing a low LEL flammable gas reading.
(j) Oxygen enrichment where the instrument may act as an ignition source causing an
explosion.
(k) Differences in atmospheric pressure which may cause erroneous readings in some
sensors.
Equipment for testing and monitoring of flammable gases, dusts and vapours should be
intrinsically safe. All electronic equipment for monitoring should be equipped with an
audible or visual alarm. Instruments used for testing the atmosphere in a confined space
should be selected for their functional ability to measure hazardous concentrations.
Instruments should be calibrated in accordance with the manufacturer’s guidelines or
manuals.
After atmospheric purging or ventilation has been completed, forced draft devices, such as
inductors or fans, should be turned off for a sufficient time to allow a normal atmospheric
condition to exist for the atmospheric testing of the confined space. If an acceptable result
cannot be obtained without continuous forced draft ventilation, then the ventilation device
should be suitably tagged and/or locked to ensure it is not disconnected while the inspection
or other work is in progress. The stand-by person is responsible for monitoring the proper
operation of the forced draft ventilation device.
Atmospheric testing of the confined space consistent with the risk assessment should be
carried out before the written authority is issued. The risk assessment can require
atmospheric testing for contaminants including, but not limited to the following:
(i) Oxygen levels.
(ii) Flammable substances.
(iii) Contaminants.
(iv) Chemical deposits on surfaces.
A satisfactory result should be obtained before proceeding.
G3 RETESTING AND MONITORING

Retesting and monitoring of the atmosphere may be necessary; for example, as indicated
from the testing of the atmosphere or because of the potential for later release of hazardous
material from sludge, scale or other deposits, brickwork or behind loose linings, liquid
traps, instrument fittings, joints, bends, and the like. The hazardous material may be
released if disturbed or if heat is applied.
Arrangements should be made for repeat tests for oxygen and atmospheric contaminants at
intervals which take account of the likelihood of a change in conditions. No set time can be
applied for all circumstances, but periods between tests should be set conservatively, not
greater than 24 hours apart. There should not be a significant delay between tests and the
first entry to the confined space.
The frequency of retesting should be determined by a competent person having knowledge
of the equipment and processes. Use of continuous monitors with alarms is the most
conservative approach.
If there is a significant break in occupancy of a confined space, the atmosphere should be
retested before re-entry.
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G4 INTERPRETATION OF MEASUREMENT RESULTS

It is necessary to ensure that measurements on all relevant airborne contaminants and
interpretation of results have been performed by a competent person. The results should be
compared with the relevant exposure standard and with the LEL if the substance is
flammable or combustible. Clause 10.33 of AS/NZS 2865 requires that no entry into a
confined space be permitted if the concentration of the flammable contaminant in the
atmosphere exceeds 5 percent of its LEL. A measurement less than 5 percent of the LEL
may still result in airborne contaminants exceeding occupational exposure standards.
Where persons have entered a confined space and are using continuous monitoring, they
may remain in the confined space at concentrations of flammable contaminant in the
atmosphere of less than 10 percent of its LEL before evacuation of the confined space is
necessary (see Clause 10.34 of AS/NZS 2865). Care should be taken to ensure that the level
of airborne contaminants does not exceed occupational exposure standards.
This Standard requires that the results be compared with the relevant exposure standards so
as to ensure that exposure does not exceed the exposure standard. The interpretation and
intended use of exposure standards is described in NOHSC:3008(1995).
Where no exposure standard exists, it must be ensured that a competent person develops a
guideline based on the available scientific data.
Information on explosive limits for many gas mixtures may be found in AS/NZS 2381.1.
Where a substance is not listed, then an information search is to be undertaken to identify
the LEL.
G5 COMBUSTIBLE DUST DETECTORS

Persons who will be using instruments to detect the presence of airborne dust
concentrations, should be made aware of the difficulties involved in establishing
flammability limits for combustible dusts.
The explosibility of dusts generally increases as the particle size decreases since smaller
dust particles can be more easily thrown into suspension. Moreover, small dust particles
disperse more uniformly and remain in suspension longer than large dust particles.
Additionally, a given mass of smaller particles has a greater specific surface and thus can
absorb more oxygen per unit mass and can oxidize more rapidly than a similar mass of large
ones. A greater electrical charge can develop on finer particles because of increased
capacitance.
The level of uncertainty associated with flammability limits of combustible dusts, also
stems from the transient nature of dust clouds, particularly with respect to local
concentrations in a cloud as a function of time and space.
Calibration of continuous dust monitoring equipment should be performed with the same
type of dust as that to be measured. The preparation of dynamic dust-in-air mixtures of
known concentration for calibrating continuous dust measuring equipment requires

considerable laboratory instrumentation and good quality control.
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APPENDIX H
SAMPLE ACCESS AUTHORITY
(For Work in a Confined Space)
GENERAL
Location of work:
Description of work:…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
CONTROL MEASURES
Isolation Personal Protective Equipment
Space needs to be isolated from: The following safety equipment shall be worn:
Location/Method Type ...................................................................
Water/gas/steam/chemicals .................................. Respiratory protection ..........................................
Mechanical/electrical drives.................................. Harness/lifelines ..................................................
Auto fire extinguishing systems............................ . Eye protection .....................................................
Hydraulic/electric/gas/power ................................. Hand protection ...................................................
Sludge/deposits/wastes........................................ Footwear ............................................................
Locks and/or tags have been affixed to Protective clothing ...............................................
isolation points ………………………….Yes/No Hearing protection ...............................................
Safety helmet ......................................................
Atmosphere
The atmosphere in the confined space has been tested: Communication equipment ...................................
Results of test: Other ..................................................................
Oxygen ....................................... % ..........................................................................
Flammable gases ........................ % LEL Other Precautions
.................................................. % LEL Warning notices/barricades Yes/No
Other gases; Smoking forbidden Yes/No
…………………………………..ppm (less than…...ppm) All persons have been trained Yes/No
…………………………………..ppm (less than……ppm) Ventilation requirements.......................................
Other atmospheric contaminants: ..........................................................................
.......................................................................... ..........................................................................
.......................................................................... ..........................................................................
.......................................................................... ..........................................................................
The conditions for entry are as marked below: ..........................................................................
1. With supplied air breathing apparatus Yes/No Emergency Response

2. Without respiratory protection Yes/No Procedures/Equipment
3. With escape unit Yes/No ..........................................................................
..........................................................................
Hot Work ..........................................................................
Area clear of all combustibles including atmosphere
Yes/No
Type of appropriate fire prevention equipment Stand-by Personnel
available: .................................................................... Stand-by personnel/requirements..........................
Suitable access and exit Yes/No
..........................................................................
Hot work is permitted Yes/No
..........................................................................
..........................................................................
..........................................................................
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AUTHORITY TO ENTER
The control measures and precautions appropriate for the safe entry and execution of the work in the confined
space have been implemented and the persons required to work in the confined space have been advised of and
understand the requirements of this written authority.
Signed:……………………………………….(Person in direct control) Date:…………………..Time:…………..
This written authority is valid until:…………………………………….. Date:……………………Time:…………
PERSONS REQUIRED TO ENTER CONFINED SPACE

I have been advised of and understand the control measures and precautions to be observed with the entry and
work in the confined space.
ENTRY EXIT
Name Date Time Name Date Time
WITHDRAWAL OF WRITTEN AUTHORITY

All persons and equipment accounted for Yes/No
Equipment checked and restored correctly Yes/No
Signed:……………………………………………..(Person in direct control) Date:…………………Time:……………….
Remarks or comments about the work .........................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
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APPENDIX I
ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROVISION AND USE OF
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT
I1 GENERAL
Personal protective equipment should only be used as a last resort when all of the other
control measures in the hierarchy are either inadequate or impractical.
The competent person should decide on the appropriate protective equipment to be used in
the confined space. All personal protective equipment should fit the individual who uses it.
The following points, at least, should be considered:
(a) The assessment as required by AS/NZS 2865.
(b) Results of the evaluation of the atmosphere including testing.
(c) The process to be conducted within the confined space.
(d) The contaminants that may be encountered.
(e) The extra load placed on persons when wearing personal protective equipment.
Items normally used to protect against injury include safety glasses, hardhats, footwear and
protective clothing.
I2 EYE AND FACE PROTECTION

Plano-goggles or visors should be provided for persons who wear corrective spectacles.
Additionally, if eye-irritating chemicals, vapours or dusts are present, appropriate safety
goggles are necessary. If both the face and eyes are exposed to a hazard, as during scraping
scale or cutting rivets, a full-coverage face shield with goggles should be used. During
welding operations appropriate goggles or shields should be worn.
Eye protectors should comply with the requirements of AS/NZS 1337. Guidance on eye
protection is given in AS/NZS 1336.
I3 HEAD PROTECTION
Industrial safety helmets should comply with AS/NZS 1801. Guidance on selection care and
use is given in AS/NZS 1800.
I4 FOOT PROTECTION
Safety footwear should comply with the requirements of AS/NZS 2210.2.
I5 BODY PROTECTION
All persons who enter a confined space should wear full-coverage work clothing as
specified by the competent person. Gloves and clothing made of materials providing
appropriate protection should be worn to protect against toxic or irritating substances. Such
clothing should comply with AS 3765.1 and AS 3765.2. If the hazards are heat or cold,
protection from over-exposure to these hazards should be worn. Other body riveting (heat
resistant) and abrasive blasting (abrasion resistant) protection should be provided to ensure
worker safety. The weight and restriction of body protection, however, can become hazards
themselves.
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I6 HEARING PROTECTION
Employers should ensure that where the assessment indicates it is necessary, hearing
protection, complying with AS/NZS 1270 or as approved, is provided. Emergency alarm
frequencies should be distinguishable when hearing protection is worn. Where the potential
for explosion exists, the sound level meters should be intrinsically safe in accordance with
AS 2380.7.
I7 RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

The competent person should determine the appropriate respiratory protection equipment
based upon conditions and test results of the atmosphere with the confined space, and the
work activity to be performed. The breathing apparatus should also fit properly and be safe
to use. Care needs to be taken in the selection of equipment (for example, when employees
wear beards) and in its use.
Respiratory protection equipment should comply with the requirements of AS/NZS 1716.
The minimum service time of self-contained breathing apparatus should be calculated on
the entry time plus the maximum work period, plus twice the estimated escape time as a
safety margin.
I8 HAND PROTECTION
Where hands are exposed to rough surfaces or sharp edges, the appropriate degree of
protection, ranging from canvas to metal mesh gloves, should be provided depending on the
material handled. Gloves made of a suitable resistant material are to be worn to protect
against toxic or irritating materials. Heat protective gloves are required when employees
handle objects with temperatures greater than 60°C (140°F).
I9 SAFETY HARNESS, SAFETY LINE RESCUE LINE

Except where wearing a safety harness or safety line or a rescue line would introduce
additional hazards, such equipment should be worn in a confined space where the risk
assessment indicates the necessity. Care is necessary to ensure that wearing such equipment
does not unnecessarily hinder free movement.
difficult. The use of mechanical lifting equipment or emergency response equipment should
be considered and, where appropriate, be on site before entry to the confined space is
permitted.
The selection of the type of safety harness or safety line or rescue line should be in
accordance with AS/NZS 1891.4 and should take account of the possible hazards/rescue
arrangements. The equipment should be stored, maintained and inspected in accordance
with the requirements of AS/NZS 1891.4.
I10 MAINTENANCE OF EQUIPMENT

I10.1 General
The employer should establish a procedure to ensure that regular maintenance is carried out
to ensure that the efficiency of the control measures is not reduced. Maintenance includes
visual checks, inspections, testing of equipment, preventive maintenance and remedial
work.
Any measures used to secure the confined space should be effectively maintained to ensure
that entry into the confined space is prevented or adequately controlled. Safe working
practices should be properly supervised to ensure their on-going effectiveness. Personal
protective equipment should be cleaned, stored and maintained properly, and its use
effectively supervised.
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I10.2 Personal protective equipment

The employer should ensure that proper maintenance is an integral part of any personal
protective equipment program to ensure that the user receives the required level of
protection at all times. Failure to provide proper cleaning and maintenance can have serious
health effects.
In some cases, disposable protective equipment will remove the need for cleaning and
maintenance. However, great care should be taken to ensure that such equipment will offer
the appropriate level of protection, and was not chosen simply because it can be thrown
away after a single use, thus removing the need to provide maintenance facilities.
A proper maintenance program should include the following procedures:
(a) Regular cleaning and disinfecting of the equipment. Equipment worn by more than
one worker should be cleaned and disinfected after each use.
(b) Drying the equipment.
(c) Inspection for any defects.
(d) Identification and repair or replacement of any used, consumed, worn or defective
components and/or equipment.
(e) Clean storage of equipment when not in use.
(f) Employees to report damaged, defective or lost equipment to a competent person
responsible for repair or replacement.
(g) Ensuring that supplies of disposable protective equipment are always available to all
users of the equipment.
Some items of personal protective equipment, such as eye protectors or gloves, are
relatively easy for the user to clean and properly maintain, provided that appropriate
training, cleaning equipment and storage facilities are provided. However, the cleaning and
maintenance of more complex equipment, such as non-disposable respiratory protective
devices, requires specialized knowledge and equipment. It is usually necessary to set up a
centralized cleaning and servicing section for this type of equipment.
All breathing apparatus, safety harnesses, lifelines, reviving equipment and any other
equipment provided for use within, or in connection with entry into, confined spaces, and
for use in emergencies, should be properly maintained and thoroughly examined regularly
and as soon as possible after every occasion on which it has been used.
As a minimum, the equipment manufacturer’s advice should be followed regarding proper
maintenance of protective equipment. Refer also to the appropriate sections in the relevant
Australian Standards. All respiratory protective equipment should be used and maintained
in accordance with AS/NZS 1715.

When and where appropriate, spare full cylinders of air and/or oxygen should be kept.
These should also be regularly checked, and should be safely stored.
I11 MAINTENANCE RECORD

The regular examination of the equipment should be made by a competent person and
details on testing, maintenance and repairs recorded in the form of a register. The
information from the register should be readily accessible and kept near the equipment. A
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HB 213:2003

Guidelines for safe working in a

The following are represented on Committee SF-037:

Keeping Standards up-to-date

Detailed information about joint Australian/New Zealand Standards can be found by

Guidelines for safe working in a

First published as HB 213:2003.

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND

Australian/New Zealand Handbook

5 DEFINITION OF A CONFINED SPACE

An enclosed or partially enclosed space that is at atmospheric pressure during occupancy

FIGURE 1 EXAMPLES OF STRUCTURES WITH SPACES WHICH MAY

6 DESIGN, MANUFACTURE, SUPPLY AND MODIFICATION

6.2 (Clause 6.2 of AS/NZS 2865)

8.3 Hazards associated with confined spaces

Flammable atmospheres in confined spaces may result from the evaporation of a

FIGURE 2 EXAMPLE OF ‘BRIDGING’ WHICH MAY RESULT IN ENGULFMENT

8.4 Additional factors

9.3 Risk factors

9.11 Risk assessment process

10.2 Risk control

identified. In such an event, the elimination measure should be implemented where it is

(vi) pastes can be used instead of powders.

(e) Administrative controls

10.8 Review of control measures

10.9 (Clause 10.5 of AS/NZS 2865)

10.10 Isolation requirements

(e) the use of electrical equipment.

FIGURE 3 EXAMPLE OF TAG AND LOCKOUT WITH THE PADLOCKS

10.12 Methods of isolation from contaminants

FIGURE 4 OPEN END PIPE CAPPED, NEAREST VALVE CLOSED,

FIGURE 5 INSERTION OF FULL-PRESSURE SPADE OR BLANK—NEAREST VALVE

FIGURE 6 ISOLATION BY MEANS OF CLOSING, LOCKING AND TAGGING TWO

10.13 Methods of isolation from moving parts

10.15 (Clause 10.11 of AS/NZS 2865)

(b) welding flame or arc and welding surface;

FIGURE 7 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONCENTRATION OF FLAMMABLE

FIGURE 8 EXAMPLE OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION

10.27 Control of mechanical ventilation equipment

10.29 (Clause 10.22 of AS/NZS 2865)

10.30 Atmospheric testing

(a) oxygen content;

10.35 (Clause 10.25 of AS/NZS 2865)

10.36 Testing of remote regions

concentration of the flammable contaminant reaches 10 per cent of its LEL.

10.40 (Clause 10.30 of AS/NZS 2865)

10.47 Completion of written authority

(d) New control measures or precautions are required.

10.51 Display of written authority

10.53 (Clause 10.41 of AS/NZS 2865)

10.54 Provision of stand-by person (emergency response person)

10.60 (Clause 10.46 of AS/NZS 2865)

FIGURE 9 CONFINED SPACE ENTRY SIGN

10.62 (Clause 10.47 of AS/NZS 2865)

(a) personal protection;

10.64 Respiratory protective devices

(d) clean storage of equipment when not in use;

10.74 Portable ladders

11 TRAINING AND COMPETENCE

assessment processes provide important guidance when developing training content.

11.6 (Clause 11.6 of AS/NZS 2865)

11.7 General precautions

11.9 (Clause 11.9 of AS/NZS 2865)