lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu The Book of Fractions Copyright © 2006 by La Citadelle www.la-citadelle.comIulia & Teodoru Gug The Book of Fractions ISBN 0-9781703-0-X © 2006 by La Citadelle 4950 Albina Way, Unit 160 Mississauga, Ontario LAZ. 46, Canada www la-citadelle.com info@la-citadelle.com Edited by Rob Couvillon All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writting from the publisher.Content Topic Understanding fractions The graphical representation of a fraction Reading or writing fractions in words Understanding the fraction notation Understanding the mixed numbers Reading and writing mixed numbers in words Understanding mixed number notation Understanding improper fractions Understanding improper fraction notation The link between mixed numbers and improper fractions Conversion between mixed numbers and improper fractions Whole numbers, proper fractions, improper fractions and mixed numbers Understanding the addition of like fractions Understanding the addition of like fractions (I) Adding proper and improper fractions with like denominators Adding mixed numbers with like denominators Adding more than two Tike fractions Understanding equivalent fractions Finding equivalent fractions Simplifying fractions Checking fractions for equivalence Equations with fractions Adding fractions with unlike denominators Adding fractions with unlike denominators using the LCD method Understanding the subtraction of fractions with like denominators Subtracting fractions with like denominators Subtracting mixed numbers with like denominators Subtracting fractions with unlike denominators Subtracting fractions with unlike denominators using the LCD method Order of operations (I) Multiplying fractions More about multiplying fractions The order of operations (11) Reciprocal of a fraction Dividing fractions Division operators Order of operations (LID) Order of operations (IV) Raising fractions to a power Order of operations (V) Converting fractions to decimals Converting decimals to fractions Order of operations (VD) Time and Fractions Canadian coins and fractions Fractions, ratio, percent, decimals, and proportions Fractions and Number Line Comparing fractions Solving equations by working backward method Final Test AnswersPreface “The Book of Fractions” presents one of the primary concepts of middle and high school mathematics: the concept of fractions. This book was developed as a workbook and reference usefitl to students, teachers, parents, or anyone else who needs to review or improve their understanding of the mathematical concept of fractions. The structure of this book is very simple: it is organized as a collection of 50 quasi-independent worksheets and an answer key. Each worksheet contains: © a short description of the concepts, notations, and conventions that constitute the topic of the worksheet; + step-by-step examples (completely solved) demonstrating the techniques and skills the student should gain by the end of each worksheet; and * an exhaustive test to be completed independently by the students. The concept of fractions and the relations between fractions and other types of numbers, like many abstract ‘mathematical concepts, is not always easy to understand. Bearing this in mind, the authors of this book introduce each topic gradually, starting with the basic concepts and operations and progressing to the more difficult ones Geared specifically to help the beginners, the first part of the book contains graphical representations of the fractions The techniques for solving both simple and complex equations implying fractions are explained. As well, complete worksheets are provided, starting with very simple and basic equations and progressing to extremely complex equations requiring the application of a full range of operations with fractions. "The Book of Fractions” also presents the link between fractions and other related mathematical concepts, such as ratios, percentages, proportions, and the application of fractions to real life concepts like time and money. The importance of the concept of fractions comes both from its link to natural numbers and its link to more complex mathematical concepts, like rational numbers. As such, the concept of fractions is a milestone in the mathematical evolution of a student, being a concept that is simultaneously concrete (as a part of a whole) and abstract (as a set of two numbers and a hidden division operation). The concept of equivalent fractions is an essential part of understanding fractions, and a full range of techniques is presented, starting with graphical representations (suitable for students in lower grades) and progressing to advanced uses, like the factor tree method of finding the LCD. The order of operations is also presented, gradually, after each main operation with fractions: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division; using multi-term expressions; expressions containing grouping symbols of one or more levels; and more complex operations with fractions, like powers with positive and negative exponents. Single-step questions (requiring a basic knowledge and understanding of the topic presented in the worksheets) and multi-step questions (requiring a complete understanding of all of the concepis presented in the worksheets to that point) are presented throughout the entire book. Combining more than 15 years of academic studies and 30 years of teaching experience, the authors of this book wrote it with the intention of sharing their knowledge, experience and teaching strategies with all the partners involved in the educational process Julia & Teodoru Gugoiu, Toronto, 2006The Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Understanding fractions 1. A fraction represents a part of a whole. 2. The corresponding fraction is: Example 1. Ea 3. <= The numerator represents how many parts are taken = Fraston neo division bar “The wholes vied ino four equal pat The wholes dviged ino four eaalpats. 4 Te denominator represen the number of equal parts into which the whole is divided. F01. Write the fraction that represents the part of the object that has been shaded: \ moet g 5 2) h) i id p) ® y s) y F © La Citadelle 5 www.la-citadelle.com zThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu The graphical representation of a fraction 1. Afraction represents a part of a whole. 2. Acorresponding graphical representation Example 1. (diagram) is: 3. <= The numerator represents how many parts are taken, Lz — <= Fraction line or division bar 4, <= The denominator represents the number of equal parts into which the whole is divided ‘The whole is divided into four equal parts. ‘Three part are taken (considered), F02. Draw a diagram to show each fraction (use the images on the bottom of this page): 1 1 1 2 1 2 0 = b) = c) = @ = e) = = = a) 2 ) 3 °) 4 ) 3 ) $ 5 4 8) 3 2 5 2 9 1 3 4 Xo 2 6 Pp YM wo PT Ma 7 FG 3 4 5 4 2 8 5 77 75 ®7 HF 75 % FGF TD YE 5 1 7 37 i vy) 6 w) 3 x) ry y) 100 2) 8 o \ 0pn0000000 o “TS | CD OS Ee & © La Citadelle 6 www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Reading or writing fractions in words 4. You can use words to refer to a part of a whole. Example 1 So one whole has: 3 2halves —Tsevenths —«12twelfths 100 hundredths The fraction) 3thirds 8 eighths 48 thirleenths 1000 thousandths 7” quarters 9 ninths 20 twentieths 1000000 milionths can be wniten in words as: 5 fits 10 tenths 30 thirteths 1000000000 billionths 6 sixths 1televenths 50 fiftieths three quarters ~~ F03. Write the following fractions in words: 2 3 1 1 3 3 1 a = b= 9 2 gb SQ - yy 3 00 10 yo 5 ° 50 To00 4 8 8 5 7 nh 2 ) = — ko y= m) 2 n —— s » 30 PB 9 6 » To00 3 2 21 6 un ul o = £ ay Sy Se > 2 wy 50 DS 2 0 " 2 y 50 » To00000 2 7 ul 2 9 yoo w) yo dy = 2) 9 10 pn” 30 1000000000 04. Find the fraction written in words: a) — one third b) one hatt ©) one sixth 4) two fiths ©) foursevenths 1) seven eighths 2) eleven fitieths h) seven twentieths i) five tweiths eight ninths k) sixtenths 1) ine thousandths m) fifteen millionths n) eight sitths 0) three fifteths p) eleven billionths @) twenty-three hundredths 1) seven thirteenths s) eleven tweltths 1) thee billionths u) thirteen thirieths Vv) one fit W) one eleventh Xx) eight ninths y) six tenths 2) six twelfths © La Citadelle 7 www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Understanding the fraction notation 1. Afraction also represents a dlvident Example 1. The dividend (numerator) s 3 quotient of two quantiles. alvisor 3 The divisor (denominator is 4 2. The dividend (numerator) represents how many parts 4 The fraction in words is three quarters. are taken. Fetes. (denominator) represents the number of A possible graphical representation of this fraction is: equal parts into which the whole is divided. 7 / FOS. Fill out the following table: Fracton | Numerator Denominator] Tne actonwitenin words | Spica representation 2 a) 5 2 3 two thirds nm ° three fifths °) 3 3 2 2 8) 5 3 h) ~ quarters i) five 3 d % 4 sixths » 5 three © La Citadelle 8 \www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Understanding the mixed numbers 1, A mixed number is an addition of wholes and a part of a whole, _jygs fraction part Example 1. whole-number part <= The numerator indicates how many parts Es ee {the number of 12 3 taken from the last whol. fete ‘wholes) _ ‘The denominator represents the number ‘There are one complete whole and COP! 4-<= of equal parts into which the whole is three quarters of the second whole divided. F06. Find the mixed number that corresponds to the shaded region: > a REL °- AA 0 Ae 9 COC 2 oe ee » BREE +» EE ‘EES. Farar @@2 “gee6 OF OF! > AVAVAWA > ea = EEE @@Cé BEK BF AVA cise adil F07. Find a possible graphical representation of each mixed number: a) 2 ») a °) 28 a 3 9 2 5 8 2 aS maby 22 yp 22g 2 oy om 6h my 8 °) x P) wm ® a 1 24 s) st ) 28 u) at y) “ w) sy x) x y) 22 2) 63 © La Citadelle 9 www la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Reading and writing mixed numbers in words 4. You can use words to refer to a part of a whole, So one whole has: 2halves 7 sevenths 3 thirds Beighths quarters 9ninths 5 fifths 40 tenths 6 sixths 11 elevenths 12 twelfths 100 hundredths 48 thirteenths 1000 thousandths 20 twentieths 1000000 milonths 20 thirtieths 1000000000 billionths 50 fiftieths Example 1 The fraction? > 4 can be written in words as: two wholes and three quarters or two and three quarters F08. Write the following mixed numbers in words: yam at h) B i) 23 °) az mas ) 23 w) 4d 3 5 : 9 B ot ° bp 2 9 2 5 2 — kK 3 ) 1 ) i ) 12 » 15 9 7 3 3—_ 2. 1— ” 1000 , 1000000 , 40 ») ) 2 ay x 60 F09. Find the mixed numbers written in words: a) two and two thirds d) two and one third 2) two and three quarters i) nine and one hai m) _ one and two elevenths P) five and three millionths S) eleven and four thirtieths Vv) one and two fiths y) five and nine tenths © La Citadelle b) three and one half ©) four and five sevenths h) three and two ninths k) eight and eleven fitieths n) eight and five sixths q) twenty and three hundre 1) eight and seven tenths W) three and two elevenths 2) one and eleven tweltths 10 8) m 32 my 2 20 u) ©) five and five sixths 1) seven and five fitieths i) six and seven hundredths) 1) one and five billionths ©) three and two twelfths ths r) six and four fiteenths u) four and one third X) eight and six ninths www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Understanding mixed number notation 1. Amixed number is represented by the expression: ean The whole-number partis 2 1 {the number of complete wholes). numerator The numerator is 3 wholes ominator 22 5 The denominator is 5. 3 This mixed number written in words is two wholes and throe fifths. The fraction partis: 5 Apossible graphical representation of this mixed number is: OOO OO oo 7 / F10. Fill out the following table: Mixed — | Number ‘The mixed number Mixed | Number | numerator | Denominator mixed nu ‘Graphical representation » 2 3 5 two and three fifths PD d) ’ 1 3 4 ® a= °) 5 5 2 2 2) 3 » three and a half i) 6 two and four dD 3 and three fifths % 2 four and thirds | fe 4 \L © La Citadelle "1 www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Understanding improper fractions 1. For an improper fraction the number of parts taken (the numerator) is equal fo or greater than the number of parts the whole is divided into (the denominator). Example 1 g This s a possible graphical representation ofthis improper fraction: [IT] (Ea F11. Find the improper fraction that corresponds to the shaded region: > zz, » Soe » Oe » Bee YP BEE ‘EES ° REE AVY ae / i RS ” AAW A > aii) UID > amie 6 BO O@e °@00S 443° ERE a » VAVAY » BS F12. Find a possible graphical representation of each improper fraction. 2 » 2 » F oF » Fo F He yw F hy 2 i 2 i B W 2 ) 2 m) 2 n) < °) a ») % ® 2 » 2 3) 3 » 2 w) 2 y 3 ) & ») 2 y) 2 a 8 © La Citadelle 12 www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu 1. An improper fraction is represented by the expression: numerator denominator where the numerator is equal to or greater than the denominator. Understanding improper fraction notation Example 1 5 Thenumeratoris § 3 The denominator is 3 ‘The improper fraction in words is five thirds. A possible graphical representation of this improper fraction is: 7 / F13. Fill out the following table: x Fraction | Numerator [Denominator] The fraction in words. Graphical representation 5 o | 5] os | 4 | sveauaner =n a ») 7 4 ° seven fifths ) Hn ff °) 16 5 3 12 i 8) 5 h) quarters i seven... B d % B sixths » 5 thirteen / / © La Citadelle 13 www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu The link between mixed numbers and improper fractions 4. There is a direct link between a mixed number and an improper fraction. Amixed number is @ short way to write the sum of @ whole number and a fraction. Sample? a i j / F 14. Find the mixed number and the improper fraction that correspond to each picture: BOD aa LOD » AWAWA | O69 - ece Aa? BAe ME | AVATA ee aia), OED LIL .@2@ $$¢4 HE AS LES © La Citadelle 14 www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Conversion between mixed numbers and improper fractions 1. To convert a mixed number to an improper fraction, 3. To convert an improper fraction to a mixed number, use the formula: divide the numerator n into the denominator d to obtain the quotient q and the remainder r. Then write: wh widen d da i cxampes 73-2543 1083 13 5 5 5 5 2 Fracions aha avenonnaorof6 me nt Example? defined. { F15. Write each mixed number as an improper fraction: a) 5 b) ° 3 d) °) 23 ny sf a) h) 33 i) az i iB k) ae ) ¥ m) 25 n) ne °) 13 P) a ® an 1 as s) 33 ) 22 u) ww y) oz w) 2 x) 3 y) 8 2) 25 F16. Write each improper fraction as a mixed number: a 3 ») 4 °) 3 a 2 9B a) 3 2 es hy a i 3 i 2 W 2 m) 2 n) z °) 8 ») 2 ® a » : 3) 2 » = w) 7 yt mw F 9 Boy By? © La Citadelle 15 www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions Whole numbers, proper fractions, improper fractions and mixed numbers. 4. Although writen in fraction notation, 3. Aproper traction: " where n vy) ose ) H+ 245 \ 99 10 10 S050 y¥) 10°10 © La Citadelle 19 www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Adding mixed numbers with like denominators 1. To ads mixed fractions with tke denominators, ade Example. 93,54 4 q)344 separately the wholes and separately the 3935 5 numerators, and keep the denominator unchanged: a 5 5 2. In the same way you can add whole and mixed numbers. = (m+ 0) Oe uu 140,41 Ol gt Example2, 2434-22434 -(243) 244-51 \ " 8g tgs ey 8g J / F24, Add the mixed numbers. Write the result as a mixed number in standard form or as a whole number: a) aot ») yal wo i433 9 342 2 2 3 3 5 5 6 6 3,42 2,43 241 5,6 23432 ») 22433 hy 32401 32428 9 23432 8) 25438 ) 35408 i ) 35028 w 2342 1) atyo8 m 244312 m 2i2, sit 0) 3 55 7 7 10 20 20 p) 52428 @ 22 45l 1 ath? s) 32422 y 2454325 9 9 10 10 30 30 3 3 10 10 w 2214112 yy sth yg gy 38072 yy pH 19 19 30 30 230-23 35 35 100 100 25. Add the wholes and the mixed numbers. Write the result as a mixed number in standard form or as a whole number. a) aha b) 1422 oe) 1434 a) 2245 eo 5425 2 3 4 5 6 9 5 10 1 0 543 e) 7—+6 hy) 34+— i 1—+4l11 0+2— 5 7 a 8 J 9 ) 10 d 15 k) 322 )) sath m) whys n) 24222 o) BeBe 19 100 " 10 9— 49 q 20+10— rr) N4+3— s) 943— t ”) 9 v 10 30 ) 3 ) u) 192 v) alts w) 24240 x) 1152 y) niet I 30 23 35 100 © La Citadelle 20 www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Adding more than two like fractions 1. To add more than two fractions or whole numbers, start to add in order, from left to right. 3245 (ust 5.4245 a4 er re 2. Because the addition is @ commutative operation, the order in which you add the fractions is not important. So, group them conveniently. Example 1 Example 2 Beadeabean2oar(2ei2)s(2dr2)-reaeens pragttstaygaze(rig}e(25 et] F26. Add the fractions: Seat om) L238 iSeter a stated 9 Ladsadest 3 eed rar 3 stlst2s3 12,3 1,3,417 3.47,3 133841 23 9 22.3Q0 32743, 1 odys8042 91 33 ») 10 10, ») d rr} 50 d 6 2 6 34 15,2 L233 2 Wodud y bednd m) 15425032) a) 13.55 Loydies ae 5, 10,15, 20 33 9 beaded 9) r22hadh 530,15 420 P) ”» to 10°10 o 22 5 yt 100, y00 9 10 10 10" 10 yoobtas y sbadnd ow Seat 9 deed y 122458 27. Add the whole and the mixed numbers. Write the result as a mixed number in standard form or as a whole number. a 1 a) 2 2 0) wea ky 122 3 4 7,8 p) rides u) 024241 otty 7 b) Zoot ag tty2 10 22s1de3 3°15 wedest io" *10 shaide2 ag 1 ©) wher 4 To.3 hy Leaed m) 2441242 35 n 3 5 Hediste 2 w) adsitie 3745 gd ddan o) Sans3a2 z silts u 9,7 pide pudite n) Sider 2 s) sth 22 io0 *?* “00 a2teo — y) 224i teak 0710 TT) © La Citadelle 21 www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Understanding equivalent fractions 1. Two fractions are considered equivalent if they represent the same part of the whole. ‘Welll see later that equivalent fractions are equal in value and correspond to the same decimal number. Example 1. So these fractions are considered equivalent (equal), and you can write: 1 3 6 246 2 ‘The shade region can be expressed as Leo 3 6 er er 2 or or 7 (_ F28. For each image find the equivalent fractions that correspond to the shaded part: \ °) id °) 0 Mm v) w) x) / Ne i) ‘) ) ) y) © La Citadelle 22 www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Finding equivalent fractions ‘There are two methods to find equivalent fractions. Method 2. Divide both the numerator and the Method 1. Mulliply both the numerator and the denominator by a common factor, according to the denominator by the same number, according to the formula: formula: n_nxa Example 1 d dxa Example 2. So: F29. Find at least three equivalent fractions by using the method 1. 1 1 2 1 3 a i » 2 y 2 ag 1 .y 3 a) 3 ) 3 ©) 3 1) a e) 4 1 3 1 5 1 i »y 3 » 1 3 i 5 5 8) ) 6 i) 6 id 7 1 1 5 2 hf bos — a = GG » 0 ™ T00 XD oT 2 5 2 4 2 3 5 » 2 » 4 oo ” 2 on 45 Ds 5 1 3 3 wy 2 yoo ws y 3 7 30 50 200 » Te00 F30. Find equivalent fractions by using the method 2: 2 3 4 5 6 ay 2 » 3 y 4 g + y & o 4 9 ° 16 ) 95 36 10 4 20 4 15 10 »y 4+ n 22 4 b » 00 2 pb ) 95 » s a) » 2 » 3 m ny @ » & 45 40 60 90 150 20 75 66 56 rs ) as s) 32 35 120 154 420 De 27 6B 2 225 64 y= y = w x 22 oom 81 77 121 625 y) 1024 / © La Citadelle 23 www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Simplifying fractions ‘To simplify or reduce) a fraction means to find the Method 2. You can simplify a fraction by division of the equivalent fraction having the simplest form (in lowest numerator and denominator by the Greatest Common Factor terms) (GCF). on _n=GCF Method 1. You can simplify a fraction by repetitive. = fraction in lowest terms division of the numerator and the denominator by a a GCF common factor. To find the GCF build the factor trees for the numerator and denominator. are __ where ais. a common divisor of mand d Example 2. on d dea 24 60 60 = 2° x3'xs! Example 4 x i x ~~ GCF =2°x3! =12 LS Xs f™ /™, Ls Ss F31. Write each fraction in lowest terms by using the method 1 a & b) 18 9 2 ay 2 » & 72 42 BB 128 80 32 34 22 200 21 3 4 wy 2 200 2t 5 160 ® 90 132 » 240 ) 147 » 26 y 2 m 105 512 ») 24 126 350 135 4096 132 50 48 60 48 P) DS ® 1D rn 264 s) 560 135 270 ° 28 a ee 480 F32. Write each fraction in lowest terms by using the method 2: » 8 » & o # o * » 8 24 60, 81 120 72 28 32 48 28 64 28 y 2 » 3 28 oF 5 98 ® 60, 120 » 52 ) 80 » 2 » 3 m & » & » 45 40 60 75 150 20 75 66 56 Lares 9 0 Dia ) 20 Q 32 128 » 2 » 2 » 2 » 3 y ot \ 1024 / © La Citadelle 24 www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Checking fractions for equivalence Given two or more fractions, you can check whether or not they are equivalent (equal). 1. Express each fraction in lowest terms and then 2. For two fractions you can use the cross-multiplication compare them. If you get the same fraction, the method. If the cross-products you get are equal then the two: original fractions are equivalent. fractions are equivalent Example. 24 and 15. ang 21 a ¢ 32 20 30 Gand 5 areequivalent if axd =bxe Intowestterms 3 and 3 and 7 Example 2. they are: 4 4 10 so 24_15 24 2115 21 3 and 2 are not equivalent because 3x30#4x21 3220 32°30 = 20° 30 F33. Check if the fractions are equivalent (use the lowest terms method): a 2,3 ») 2,3 2 2,8 a 4,8 2 3,6 4°6 69 38 6 12 10°18 j 30,8 2» ny 24 1S i jp 2,30 75° 120 56°35 70°54 ky 25,15 b m) 14,56 n) o) 25,40 80°50 24°96 45°75 p) 10,1620 g ) 35.4 yy y 15 28 15° 24°30 30°6° 48 96° 24° 40 wy LAT y wy 33,20, 15:3 2°8°14°10 44° 28° 20°54 F34. Check if the fractions are equivalent (use the cross-multiplication method): a 1,2 ») 2.4 9 £,4 a 215 . 2,4 2°3 4°8 12°10 16’ 20 35°12 » 5,6 » 23 » 4,2 ) 3,7 20,48 4°5 24 10°30 7's 35756 k) 24,36 m) 40,49 n) 2,2 0) 4,2 40° 60 8 20°8 9°20 » 38 25,200) as 9 65,40 i) 105,15 4°5 15 13715 85751 133719 oA 9 486 yy Ay 30 25.40 4°12°20 3°67 8712716 20°30’ 50 14° 35°56 © La Citadelle 26 www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Equations with fractions Method 1. You can solve simple equations with Method 3. This is the best method for solving simple fractions if you use two properties of equivalent equations with fractions: fractions: To got a term of a fraction, multiply the adjacent terms and n_nxa divide by the opposite term d dxa Example 1: Solution 3.2 3-38 9 16 48 1616x348 Method 2. When applying the method 1, sometimes you need first to express the fraction in the lowest terms: Example 2: Solution 4.2 8 10 35. Find the unknown factor of the fraction using the method 1: 2 12 a) Q) f= 4) 4°32 16 a) ny 2-8 i) r) yp Sam 32 gy Sa 18 10 100 16 128 F36. Find the unknown factor ofthe fraction using the method 2: a 2 ») 327 3. 5. y Boe 3 32> 4 2 28 21 10 9 12.24 1216 18 60 40 f 2-— gee ho See ) seo Dae 12 20 15 2 2 48 56 F37. Solve for x using the method 3 (see example 3 above): a) ») 9 3.2 » 4 9 6 x 20 3x pj 5-8 2 wh 2-8 i) 2015 i) 124 x 20 x 18 x 45 kh 8.40 ) m) 0 mn 40Le o) 28 Rox a8 25 30 20 38. Solve for x using the method 3 (see example 4 above): a 1 b) . 4.5 d 2 3x 5 & g Bix ny 20.3 i) 2s 7 16 5 Mx 35 15 © La Citadelle 26 www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Adding fractions with unlike denominators To add fractions with different denominators, you must first replace them with equivalent fractions having the same denominators. Method 1. This is a general method that works for Method 2. First, express the fractions in lowest terms and two fractions and uses cross-mulipicaion then write down equivalent fracions by maliplication unl you according to the formula: get the lowest common denominator: Example 2: axd+bxc bed 312. 15 5 10 841523 27 4 4 10 10 a tt 5.6 i wy 344 y 1,3 m) 342 ny 1,2 9 344 10 15 3.10 10 15 1S 20 p) i442 @ 2424 13423 sy 10,1 » 12424 23 3.005 3.6 Il 10 Ss 4 » 24413 6 8 gd 245 ey 41 5 6 10 7 5 $3 » 4.3 ny S45 iy 2,3 p 342 14 9 10 10 10 12 k) y Ws m) 342 n 1,2 0) 34 3 12 93 10 15 1S 20 yp 42 @ 12423 4423 s) 1248 » 13423 2 18 3°05 3.6 3 10 Ss 4 Ly At y Sed wy Sed y 22a 20 16 40 25 12 16 6 8 / © La Citadelle 27 www la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Adding fractions with unlike denominators using the LCD method 1. First find the Least (Lowest) Common Denominator 2. You can use the LCD method to add more than two (LCD), and then add fractions. fractions Example 1: 24 Example 2: 2 45 0 32 Le LR Lit, oR core Lm 24-23! oN os 45°40 Fos Oe Ow 30=2'x3'x5! ID0+24=5 x3! 45=3?x5' 40 =2"xS! . LCD = 2° x3! x5! =120 120+30=4 LCD =2' x3* x5! =360 $2 5x5 2x4 25 8 33 Ld 1x30 8 1x9 47 +S + 24°30 245 30x4 1207120. 120 40 124540 12x30 45x8 40x9 360 F41. Add the fractions using the LCD method (see example 1 above): ”) » 243 1.3 2,3 3. 143 a 4st 9 343 6 16 16 20 1S 12 10 14 5 ® h) i) k) )) m) n) ») o 1423 ) a2 9 tah » art 30 50 36 16 15 50 50. 45 y 38 yew bed 20 16 40 25 14 84 y) — oy 4-10-12 101530 12 34,3 32 lot 1 ) 344.5 i aera ky) Sea ) 10 15 16 12,20 15 9 30 36 15,3 3 m) 24245 n = ° 3.6 10 » 10 ») litt Toil 163,7,3 M settee no seoecde 9) 434545 9 = \ 2345 3.45 6 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 25 © La Citadelle 28 www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Understanding the subtraction of fractions with like denominators 41. When you subtract two fractions, you subtract the parts of the whole they represent. Example 1 So, by taking 2 quarters away from 3 quarters you get 1 quarter. F36, Subtract the fractions that correspond to the shaded regions using the patter: all shaded parts - all light shaded parts=all dark shaded parts So a) b) ° 5 2) h) 2 or > p) ® y a | u) ) w) x) PN d © ‘ 9 © La Citadelle 29 www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Subtracting fractions with like denominators 1. To subtract proper or improper fractions with like 2. To subtract mixed numbers with like denominators, first denominators, subtract the numerators and keep the change mixed numbers to improper fractions, and then denominators unchanged. subtract the numerators. Keep the denominators, unchanged Example 2. Example 1 42 » 41 2 a) » 35 9 3-4 a 9) 5% Bo 917 2B 13 7.3 » Bu hy B17 2313 23 » 9 919 » To 10 0 45735 ) 40740 wy 2-4 y Zt m) 2-1 n) o 23.9 PR 2 3434 99 3232 77 31 37 7 sl aot ) oa y PT » 2-1 fa o 0 Wu » 4040 > To00” 1000 ywB 3 y FL y WT y BZ ) Ba 100 100 3030 5050 3333 O70 F45, Subtract the mixed numbers (write the results in lowest terms): 12 13 5 ay 12 24-3 : 9 3d 01-5 25-5 ° a 9 82 5 u cu 3B 5 32-1 2 21h hy) 19h 1h 23-8 345 D3; 9 29 to) as as) Sap 40 ) °) 13 5 213 y 2S aa ” > F900” F000 Bo \ 317 y B47 T0070 y) 3 . 6060 © La Citadelle 30 www la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Subtracting mixed numbers with like denominators Method 1. To subtract mixed numbers with ke Method 2. If the numerator of the first fraction is less than denominators, subtract separately the wholes, and the numerator of the second fraction, you must rewrite the separately the numerators. Keep the denominator first fraction as an improper fraction by exchanging one unchanged, according to the rule: whole mom Example 2: Ba ad © La Citadelle 31 www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Subtracting fractions with unlike denominators To subtract fractions with unlike denominators, first you must replace the fractions with equivalent fractions having like denominators. Method 1. This is a general method that works for Method 2. First, express the fractions in lowest terms and {wo fractions and uses cross-muliplication then write down equivalent fractions by multiplication until you according to the formula: get the lowest common denominator: a_c_axd-bxe Example 2: bd bxd Example 4 3_2_3x5-4x2_15-8 _7 So: 2.3 5 2-3 45 4x5 20° 20 4 15 10 10 10 F48. Subtract the fractions using the method 1: a tt by) 3.2 3 21 a tt e 3.2 23 43 34 56 75 5p 3.3 g 5-3 nh 53 i) p 2-4 87 98 910 10 wh 3-4 y 2-3 m) 2-5 ny 2-1 » 3-4 1015 310 39 1510 15 20 p) 4-2 D sy HOI » 24.12 23 i110 45 wy 4.3 w) x) 1 16 20 6 ¥) 16 32 49. Subtract the fractions using the method 2: a) bw 2-1 9 32 a 5-2 e £3 64 4°10 65 10 7 5 hy i) i) 3-5 10 12 wh 3-2 m) 2-5 n 3-2 o) £3 15-10 39 10 15 20-15 p 12 D 9 2-8 ) 33-23 2 18 3-10 54 wy 2-4 2A 4A y 22-186 1-5 \ 20-16 1216 6 8 ¥) 16 48 © La Citadelle 32 www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Subtracting fractions with unlike denominators using the LCD method 1. First find the Least (Lowest) Common Denominator _ 2. You can use the LCD method to add or subtract more (LCD), then subtract fractions. than two fractions Example 1. “ 20 Example 2. “6s «0 Ln LR Se Le oS, DLE Py 24=2'x3! x 3 xs 30 <2! x35! 12=2?x3'45=3°x5' — 40=2?xs! LCD =2°x3'x5'=120 120230=4 LCD =2' x3* x5! =360 52 _ 5x5 _ 2x4 _ 25 8 17 Apt 11x30, 1x8 1x9 _ 29 24°30 24x530x4 120 120 120 12°45 40 12x30" 45x8 40x9 360 F650. Subtract the fractions using the LCD method (see the example 1 above). a St b 2-3 9 3-1 g AL 2. 3-3 64 6 16 20 16 i512 10 14 » 58 y 53 yw S24 p12 414 1816 129 b) » m 4.5 n) °) 9°30 pitt @ » s 2th ) 1-1 2530 i530 50.45 yp S38 yd w LS yobs y 20 16 4025 12” 40 i484 5 2,3 + 12 15° 20 2.3.1 B31 1 7 © La Citadelle 33 www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions Order 1. Additions and subtractions are operations of the same priority, so the order in which they are done is ‘not important. By convention, these operations are done one by cone from left to right Example 1. 2. To change the order of operations, use: parentheses ( ), brackets [] or braces {}. An inner bracket has a greater priority. Example 2: 3 2 1 (bed)-2 1M 3 7M 34/22 DR lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu of operations (I) 3. By convention the order in which the brackets appear is {10 I}. Example 3: : 2 | 2 22 4. One single type of brackets is enough to change the order ))- of operations. Example 4: re 2 1 2 1a 34 1 2 aes ( » aE SH eal Peet ° FGalklHea) ASG her G4) 21 1 24- i 3 Pret [sit J 23) -(- HI aa it 1 re 2. 2 5 3 H+ i tay ff) (ft J} © La Citadelle www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu 1. To multiply two proper or improper fractions, you multiply the numerators first and then the denominators, according to the rule: Multiplying fractions 3. To multiply a a fraction, Example 3: 15 1,3 24 whole a 2. To multiply mixed numbers, frst convert them to improper fractions. Example 2: a 1.3 w» 1.8 29 b) 1,2 9 1.3 1,2 wy Lt 24 274 3,2 m) 3x22 615 ns i) F654, Multiply the mixed numbers or fractions (write the results in lowest terms): a) bet bw) teat hed a) 2244 3 23 203 3 53 304 5 ® tx2t hy 12x22 ) 2st 202 3.5 We 12 &) bx22 ) 13x22 m) 1h 0) aha 203 6 5 4.6 p) 14x22 @ 2x3 ) t4xg2 9 13 lt » had 2°09 6 13 nos 5 4 3 55. Multiply the wholes and fractions (write the results in lowest terms): a) 3x4 ») bea ©) 2x2 & 2x5 e) 3x5 4 2 3 3 5x3 2 1x6 hy 3x2 i) 3x6 D154 15 2 9 4 20 » 1h D522 m) 325 n) theta 0) anit \ 2 15 6 7 6 © La Citadelle 35 www la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu More about multiplying fractions 1. Although the most commen multiplication operator is. "X,, there are two other acceptable operators: “of” and ".” Example 1: 2. When multiplying fractions, first try to cancel out the ‘common factors between numerators and denominators. Example 3: 2 Lyd 1 Abe 1 2°55 a 5S ix5 5 d £ del 2 Example 2: 3.This process of cancelation can J = 3x1 73 be appited more than one tie 40 Example 4: F56. Multiply the fractions (write the results in lowest terms): \ 2.01 2.3 1 1 4 1 1 a) 2oh >) 2f3 oy bot &) 2of4 oy tort 2 of § 2a bof t ot fort a) Sof 2 Sor3 hy tos i) ser? d Ruf? b) 2 oF 90 ) 100¢4 m) 20f3 m) thot 0) rbot 3 2 4 5 2 57. Multiply the fractions (write the results in lowest terms): a 12 ») 2.3 9 33 a 1h °) 23 34 53 25 p 314 ny 415 i) 3.2 py tt 76 5 20 59 45 m) 218 n) 0) £.30 12 15 21 F58. Cancel out the common factors and then multiply the fractions: ay 1,15 b) 243 2,10 a 34 ) 3x6 54 79 3 10 0 sx 2») 2x8 hy i B40 id 1S 4 44 ) 1hx2 2 r& m) Byo4 n) °) 23 3°15 7 5 p) 1hx22 @ 2x3 9 ’) » 2te2t 9 6 13 40 18 © La Citadelle www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu 1. Because multiplication is a commutative operation, the order in which you multiply them is not important, By convention, the order is from left to right. Example 1: Bebt(24)t = 3°32 (3°52 1 2. Do not forget to cancel out LX # the common factors, before 26 61 muttiplying the fractions . FoR 2D eae Pye? 1 g The order of operations (II) 3. Ifthe expression contains addition, subtraction and ‘multiplication, do the multiplication first. Example 3: 13 2°46 4. Ifthe expression contains brackets, replace the brackets with the result of the operation(s) inside the brackets. Example 4: s_] a 1,2,3 ») 1.2.3 o 443.3 ) dyta3 oe) 24,2 2°34 3°5 9°84 ye" 33 D tx2x2d gy abx213 om aber2xd i) ater? py be 2 td 2°3°"4 24 2135 ra) 3358 © La Citadelle www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Reciprocal of a fraction 1. The reciprocal of a fraction is the fraction obtained by _3. To find the reciprocal of a whole number, express interchanging its numerator and denominator. itas an improper fraction and then interchange So, the reciprocal of (invert) the numerator and the denominator. nig a a ” Example 3. The reciprocal of 3-3 is ; Example 1 3 4 hi foo = The reciprocal of “is 5 4, Ifyou multiply a fraction by its reciprocal, the en always Ths the tecocal oat 2. Tofnd he roiprocal ofa mod number, expres tas osets aay Tus the aciprocal ofa ration aan improper fraction and then interchange the numerator fraction and the denominator (invert the fraction). i Example 4: Example 2. The reciprocalot 12=7 ig 4 44 7 62. Find the reciprocal of each fraction: \ 1 2 5 7 0 ‘ » 2 9 2 wot a 2 x5 ys 93 yt 5 7 B 3 3 7 » 3 ty 2 3 3 of as ) v5 4 63. Find the reciprocal of each mixed number: 2 2 2 a b) 2= c) 2= d e) 3— :) ) 25 9 2 ) 93 3 2 5 3 3- g) 2— hy) 2> 3— os 9 2 ) 22 i d3y F64. Find the reciprocal (multiplication inverse) of each whole number: at ») 2 os a) 100 oo F65. Check if the pair of fractions are reciprocal: a) dana 2 ») thand2 — ) Land24 a) Land 3 9 2 1 2 4 3 7 3 1 3 5 3 6 t) 10and — h) Sand — and — 9 ®) Wand) and 3 0 Sana $ i) 66. Find the unknown fraction (f) 1 1 a) fat » =I c .) a) f 4 )) 2 f ©) e) 2 4 x2 2) Ixfel hi xt | 91S 2) xf ) D Peg © La Citadelle 38 www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Dividing fractions 1. To divide two proper or improper fractions, change the 2. To divide mixed numbers, first change them to divisor to its reciprocal and then multiply, according to improper fractions. the rule: Example 2: aod dn. 2°3°2°3 25 2 2 ‘sieor a "to, 3. To divide a whole number and a fraction, rewrite the. In shot, inver the divisor and multiply Sia ee eno Example 1 Example 3: a 1.3 » tt o 2.4 ’) 24 23 379 5 4,12 » 3.3 wh 1.4 i) WLS 375 24 4 4 wh 1,8 y 3,2 n) 39 615 l 4 1 4 F69. Divide the wholes and fractions (write the results in lowest terms): a et b) tea ) 44 wo Sats o) 32051 2 3 5 2 3 ) se2t ® tee hy 3422 i) i) 15462 7 3 5 3 ) 5423 m 13435 n) 1te44 0) 533 1 7 7 \ © La Citadelle 39 www la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Division operators “There are four operators used to express the division operation between two numbers or fractions. 4. The operatoris + a treopeawre =! example 1. {the division line) Example 3 2-Teopemtoris : 4. The operatoris 1 Example 2. 7 Example 4. ©) 45 a tt » tt » tet a) 2:4 ©) 3:7 2°3 24 3 10 5 F72. Divide the fractions (write the results in lowest terms) 2 4 2 3 i! y ae 5 » 19. 5 y 2. a) 35 b) 2= co) Ss d Se e) = 4 8 4 3! 3 6 15 6 10 4 2 5 3 3 5 9 26 9 a ) +. y 3. v4 2. 1 6 3 4 3 3 : 2 "5 : 25 w 3. y 2. mS. nm 3. 0) Se ) 4 » 4 10 » 3 4 F73. Divide the fractions (write the results in lowest terms): a 1/2 » 2/3 9 3/3 ® ©) 5/34 23 315 35 3 1 1 1 » 3/24 » tr » 24/3 i) 2s id 4 3 4 » 38 y a2at m 3b 22/4 ) 7/2 714 316 3 7 © La Citadelle 40 www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Order of operations (III) 1. Divisions not commutative operation, so the order 2 Dhvslon and mulpication are considerd operations in which you dvide numbers (or rations) is important fof equal pron. Ian expression contain both division an expression contains more than one division and multiplication, then by convention the operations operation, then by convention tne Guisions mustbe must be done, one By ne, fom lef to ight dle, one by ane, om lft ight Example 2 Example 1 123-(L.2)s Dasa a) anaes 3. Division and multiplication are considered operations of greater priority than addition and subtraction. If an expression contains all these kinds of operations, do the multiplication and division first, then the addition and subtraction. Example 3: ( 13.2,6,3.6 a) vis ale 1 2 © La Citadelle 41 www.la-citadelle.com\ The Book of Fractions Order of operations (IV) 41. You can change the order of operations using brackets, Example 1: lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu 2. When an expression contains fraction (division) lines, the umerators and the denominators must be calculated independently. Example 2: 23, 2 6, 1 1.2.2.4 1.8 25 4 F78. Solve each exercise by following the proper order of operations (see example 2): () 3) ( 3 la) 3) ow » 24 9 as 5 2 Q) 4 = z ) 6 5 G 34172 23,2 2,15_1,2,2 p 3.4%9 wo 2x3-483 1) i) 528727373 3.35 142x342 13,93 1 43 2°2°4"4 3 pits 210,213 1 jy A283, 4eSH 9 5-6 3, 5 10 3 135 3.213 "1s T1419 2 - x24 eis 1828 212 579" Is 23°30 27473 © La Citadelle 42 www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Raising fractions to a power 1. Ifyou multiply a fraction by itself k times, you can use exponential notation to make the expression more compact (simpler): ‘The left side is the expanded notation and the right side is the exponential notation, Example 1: 3x3x3x3=34 Bt (Ly 222 \2 2. To calculate the value an expression wien in exponential notation, rewrite it in expanded notation and do the multiplication, Example 2: Example 3 BY 224222 3) 3°3°3°3 16 81 3. You can use also the following rule to calculate the value of a fraction raised to a power: mane-3n att me di dxdx-xd Example 4 (3) 333 _9 4) 4x4” 16 4. Ifthe exponent is negative, replace the fraction with its reciprocal raised to a positive exponent according to the rule: (2) (4) d n ra Example 5: ( (3) 9 125 155 5) (2) Poss 5. By convention, any number (including a v0 fraction) raised to the power of 0 equals 1 3) 1 F79. Write each expression in exponential notation: 242,12 ©) 2x2x2« 9 1Sxtex1S 2x 2x22 pI F80. Write each expression in expanded notation: 8G) 6) F81. Calculate the value of each expression: oe 2 F82. Calculate the value of each expression: a) 3? “ey “(y | ) Example 6: 5 o) 343x333 d 33.3.3 22222 2 2 » dd ny dtd 5.5 44444 : 2 9 (3) r (2) 5. 3 s . 2») (3) h) 3 4 5 : : 9 (2) r (Q) 5 5. 2») (3) h) 3) 1 2. °) Q d (3) 2. 3 s 4 2 (3 h) (2) 3 5 © La Citadelle 43 www.la-citadelle.com /The Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Order of operations (V) 1. Ifthe base of a power contains other operations, 2. the exponent of a power contains other operations, replace the base wih the resull ofthat operations, then replace the exponent with the result of that operations, raise the new base to the exponent. then raise the base to the new exponent. Psst noes Example 1. 11) (5) 28 Example 2. 2" (2 _ 32 23 6 36 3 3 243 3. If an expression contains addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and powers, do the powers first. Example 3. 4. The order of operations can be changed by brackets > 1 List 4 (3 149 . efataxfS| | ss=tef2t—ax7 | os Examples. 5 ( > ()} ( > 2) F75. Calculate the value of each expression (see example 1): (pe 5 45 F76. Calculate the value of each expression (see example 2): 31-4 it Les?! a (2) > » (3° 9 (lye d) 3 5. 2 a ua 2 e) (2,27? p (1,36 gy (1,3)% h) 33 24 3 2 F77. Calculate the value of each expression (see example 3): TE EE rel Get (| Pa, © La Citadelle 44 www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Converting fractions to decimals 1. The fraction line is a division operation, so to write a 3, Ifthe denominator of the fraction writen in 1.212. fraction as a decimal, divide the numerator (avidend) by lowest terms has factors other than 20r 5, 33)40.000 the denominator (divisor) 0375 the fraction can be written as a non- 3 2. Usually we are dealing with the S00 iminating repeating decimal — 8 decimal system (the base Is 10). The Example 2: 70 single prime factors of 10 are 2 and 6. 24 s3-3xnr 48 66 Ifthe denominator ofthe fraction written @ 40 in lowest terms has only 2 or § as prime % 4. The part ofthe decimal that repeats is 3 factors, then the fraction can be written called the period. The period is 21 in 70 as a terminating decimal. 4p example 2. The number of repeating digits is 66 Example 1 the length of the period. The length of the B=2x2x2 00 period is 2 digits in example 2. 4. 7 (_ F86. Build the factor tree for the denominator and classify each fraction as a terminating or a non-terminating decimal: » t » 2 9 3 » 4 9 5 2 3 4 5 6 2 1 3 8 2 5 2 y 2 mh 2 y & p 2 7 ar) 10 "1 25 kb tt y 3 m 2 y» B 2% 20 6 40 100 120 F87. Write each fraction as a terminating decimal: ay I » 3 9 § » 3 9» 3 2 4 8 5 20 5 » B » 2 » 2 pt 80 100 125 500 25 F88. Write each fraction as a non-terminating repeating decimal. Use a bar over the repeating decimals: a» I » ft 9 i y 2 9 2 3 6 36 3 il 1 1 2 2 1 5 4 y 2 nh 2 y 2 p 4 15 ar) 7 1B 2 F89. Write each fraction as either a terminating or non-termonating repeating decimal. Use a bar over the repeating decimals: a it » ° yo 1 9» 2 2 15 5 3 5 15 y + yn Lt ) 3 pot 4 4 32 64 128 { y 2 yp ot m= 20 n + 0 22 \ 250 7 4 12 2B © La Citadelle 45 www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Converting decimals to fractions 1. Te conver a terminating decimal to a fraction, use the place value of each digit ofthe decimal part. Example 1 125-1424 -12141 10” 1005" 20 5 20 1 4 3. To convert a non-terminating repeating decimal to a fraction, you can use algebra. 2. Afaster method to convert a terminating decimal to a fractions is a) the numerator is the number without the decimal point b) the denominator is 1 followed by a O for each digit of the decimal part Example 2 1.625 = 1025 _ 13 5 1000 8 8 4, Afaster method to convert a non-terminating repeating Example 3 decimal to a fraction is the following: - 1) the numerator is a mixed number. = 0.666...= 0.6 a) the whole is the decimal written without the decimal point and the period 10x = 6.666... b) the numerator is the period = 6.666... 0.666. ) the denominator is one 9 for each digit of the period " 2) the denominator is 1 followed by one 0 for each digit between the decimal point and the period 45 62 Example 4: _ 6123 69 x=9-5 6.12345 = 99 = 6 9 \ 9 3 1000 5500 ( F90. Write each terminating decimal as a fraction in lowest terms (see the example 1): a) 01 b) os co) 14 d) 1.25 ©) 0.75 0.035 gs) 2125 hy 10.125 i) 5.075 J 100.725 F91. Write each terminating decimal as a fraction in lowest terms (see the example 2): a) 0.625 bos © 0.125 04 ©) 216 0.275 8) 024 h) 035 i) 245 JD 0.640625 F92. Write each non-terminating decimal as a fraction in lowest terms (see the example 3): a) 03 » 12 2) 0.12 % 121 ©) 4.025 033 9) 125 by 2.012 ) 0123 J 1.23456 F93. Write each non-terminating decimal as a fraction in lowest terms (see the example 4): a) 07 » 13 ° d) 1.32 ©) 1,129 5 012 2 301 by 1312 1) 6.12345 J) 1.0123 © La Citadelle 46 www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Order of operations (VI) 1. an expression contains only decimal numbers, you 2. Ifan expression contains operations with non-terminating can do all the operations using decimal numbers repeating decimal numbers, convert decimal numbers to Example 1 fractions and do all the operations with fractions. Example 2: 1.2405x1,6-24+2=1.2408-1, =08 13«1.25-0.31 2. If an expression contains both fractions and decimal numbers, itis recommended that you first convert the decimal ‘numbers to fractions, and do all the operations with fractions. Example 3: F94, Find the value of each expression (only use operations with decimals): a) 0.25+0.15= b) 0.50-0.15= co) 24x0.5= 4d) 0.10+0.05= — °) 057 +0.25= 98. Find the value of each expression by converting decimals to fractions: 8) 0.7541.25= >) 0.60-0.25= 9) O5x14= d 125075= — &) 1ow= 96. Find the value of each expression by converting repeating decimals to fractions: ®) 13+06= b) 24-048= 9 05x23= 4) 0.28001= 9) 06° -03°= 97. Find the value of each expression by converting fractions to decimals: 1 a) 240.5% 5 2-02») 15x2+4-952 «4-0: 2 592 5 98. Find the value of each expression by converting decimals to fractions: 1.5+0.8? d) (01-43-02 3) 10 a) +4020%3 ») 02525-0.15x2 ©) 24025x1-03 o5°-(4) x08 4 2 6 3 3 4 99. Find the value of each expression by converting decimals to fractions: 5 3.3 4 5 a) Aeosed S152 6) 125+5x05+05«0.75%2 0 4e05x5-03x4 2ST GIONS 4 5 SPT 3.3 1) 3 3 3 P28} ~0.1]+{=-0.5 (is 6 a 34 °) (o25+3) “16 95 0 ( ne | 3 3 4 “ 1 se 1 4 ose 025 (f-03)s (ras! (3) a) (33) -s-aah-(u6-2) front] [[ 3 5 5 3 1y 3 0.1x0.25+0.47 o2-(3) 06x 5 \ d) 2 0.2+= h) vedo fe ei) © La Citadelle 47 www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Time and Fractions 1. One hour has 60 minutes. This relation can be written 4. To make conversions between minutes and seconds, in two ways: Use the formulas above. lh 1 Example 3 14=60 min 1min=\2-4 py 00 5 0.25 min=3 min =360.5=45 8 2. To make conversions between hours and minutes, . min = 47 008 =45 use the formulas above. Example 4 Example 1 \ 00 100 s = 100% min =" min => min Example 2: 5. The conversion between seconds and hours is a two- 1 5 stop task. 25 min = 25x h= Th = > 1 3. One minutes has 60 seconds. This relation can be 4500 5 = 4500 <5 min = 75 min = 75% ‘written in two ways: I min F100. Convert hours to minutes. Write the results as mixed numbers in lowest terms: a) 05h b) yh c) LISh d) 23h ce) O1h 5 3 7 = ) =h ve) 2.25h h) =A i) Sh ) . é h 8) 3 h 15 J 1.23h F101. Convert minutes to hours. Write the results as mixed numbers in lowest terms: a) Smin b) 10min c) 1Smin d) 25min ©) 50min 70min 8) 36min h) 250 min i) 3 min i) 25min F102. Convert minutes to seconds. Write the results as mixed numbers in lowest terms: a) 15min b) 1 min ©) 0.25 min &) 12min ©) LAS min 9 nin ®) 1.75 min hy) S min i) Lamia 13 min 12 12 45 F103. Convert seconds to minutes. Write the results as mixed numbers in lowest terms: a) 12s b) 10s c) 455 d) 90s ©) 200s » 104 2) 075s hy 1535 iy 100, i) 28s 2 4 3 F104. Do the required conversions. a) 500 =?h db) 15008=2h — ©) 9000s=?h A) O2ZA=?s YLIShH=2s NH OASH="s 2) 210 min 25h) ISminSs=?s i) 05h15s=? min i) 2111055 min 0 in © La Citadelle 48 www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Canadian coins and fractions 1. One dolar (loonie or $) has 100 cents (pennies) 1s=100 coms been 1S LL Example 1: 125cents=125xL g-14 100 100 joo 4 _ Ltwonie__1 2. One twonie (or toon) has 200 cents: Lwonte=200 cents 1 cont = IME — F- pwonie Example 2; 1.75 rwonies = 75 «200 cents 350 cents a = lnihet 3. One nickel has § cents: Inickel =5 cents I cent Example 3: 4 nickels = $ x5 cents = 6 cents 4, One dime has 10 cents: I dime =10 cents Example 4: 25 cents = 25x dimes = 24 dimes 5. One quarter has 25 cents: I quarter = 25 cents Example 5: 2 quarters = 2x25 cents ~10 cents \ 5 5 /( F105. Convert dollars to cents. Write the results as mixed numbers in lowest terms: a) 0.128 » Ls ©) 1.028 ® 125 ©) 0.078. 5 1s 125 75 150 F108. Convert cents to dollars. Write the results as mixed numbers in lowest terms: a) 25 cents b) 20 cents ©) 45 cents d) 160cents —e) 450cents—) 5.5 cents F107. Convert twonies to cents. Write the results as mixed numbers in lowest terms: 8) 0.02nwonies b) 0.9Stwonies ©) Stwonies 4) tL swonies ©) 12 twonies 0 12 twonies 10 150 10 25 F108. Convert cents to twonies. Write the results as mixed numbers in lowest terms: a) 125 cents b) 250cents —) 40 cents d) 120cents —e) S00cents 10.2 cents F109. Convert nickels to cents. Write the results as mixed numbers in lowest terms: 8) O2nickels —b) L2nickels ©) nickels) Lnickely ©) 22 nickels 9 125 nickels 20 5 20 2 F110. Convert cents to nickels. Write the results as mixed numbers in lowest terms: a) 1S cents b) 25 cems ©) 75 cents d) 4 cents ©) LScents — f) 0.5 cents F111. Convert quarters to cents. Write the results as mixed numbers in lowest terms: 8) O.2quarters b) 1.6 quarters ©) Zanarters ’) i imarters °) 13 quarters 1) 12 quarters F112. Convert cents to quarters. Write the results as mixed numbers in lowest terms: a) 50 cents b) 125cents ©) 100 cents d) 20 cents ©) OScems —f)_ SS cents F113. Do the required conversions: a) 3quarters =? nickels b) 1.5 dimes = nickels ©) 2.5 dimes =? quarters d) 0.2 quarters =? dimes \e) Snickels=?dimes {) 1Snickels=?dimes g) 1 quarters 2 dimes = nickels h) 5 quarters =? dimes / © La Citadelle 49 www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Fractions, ratio, percent, decimals, and proportions 1A fraction is a comparison between a part and the whole. For example 40/100 2. Aratio is @ comparison between two numbers. For example 40:100 3. A percent is a comparison between a number and 100. For example 40% 4, Adecimal is a comparison between a number and 1. For example 0.40 5. The same number can be written as a fraction, ratio, percent, or decimal. To convert the number from one expression to another, use this two-step algorithm 1) Express the number as a fraction et 12-2 ez 75=7:5-2 ex 149-07 35 3 005 2) Convert the fraction using a proportion and the cross-multiplication rule x6 2, x= P35 4, 35 x8 P10 120; 50 Ratio Percent Decimal a) V4 ..t0 20 b) 3 out of 21 °) 3/2 1210 4) 5/6 15 out of e) 3/5 42 out of. 2 out of 5 9) 101045 h) Sout of 12 ) 1810 15 i) To 10 % 070 30% » 36 out of. 80% m) 1030 130% ®) Out of 5 10% °) out of 64 75% P) 10 10 0.15 » out of 35 14 8) 6t0 0.08 » 80 out of. 0.64 u) out of 256 0.125 } © La Citadelle 50 www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Fractions and Number Line 1. To create a number line assign points to 0 and 1: 4, Number lines can be used to compare numbers. (fractions). Example 3: 3.2 2 = or < symbols): boro bs ke mo¢ 4 3 2 2 BP 3s 4 6 2 2 T T T T T T T T T I T T T T T T T T T 1 \ 33 ee 9 u ow 3 0 OS 5 wo 3 wo 0 al 6 wl 3 yi 2 os oi a 22 3 10 5 12 36 12 10 25 43 11 43 La n2 = oa o5 hos ) 23 ptt 5 12 54 65 54 12 10 0 F116. Find a point on the number line corresponding to each fraction: 4 peo to pea ta tt tt a FETT Ett Pt tt ttt HP tt ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabedetgnhil a i » 3 ot got 9» 3 2 4 2 4 8 o 2 yt re yoit doa 4 12 4 12 8 F118. Calibrate the ruler: © La Citadelle 51 www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Comparing fractions 1. Fractions are ordered numbers. That means you can compare them and decide if they are equal (=) or which one is greater (>) or less (<) than the other. ‘The main idea is that a small number is less (<) than a Dignumber: small < hig) Example 1 1x3) S>20 454 2. If you divide relation (1) by any number a, you'll get: smal = 2 So, if you compare two fractions having the same denominator, the smallest one has the smallest numerator. 24 7.5 3.3 Example 2: 33 Wn 44 3. I you cross exchange the factors in relation (2), you'll get “<4 (3) ‘big small So, if you compare two fractions having like numerators, the smallest fraction has the biggest denominator. 1 2 Example 3: t 2,2 " 3 3°73 4, To compare two fractions in the general case: Mog Me a) ds use cross multiplication to convert the initial comparison to another equivalent one: xd, 3 2 md, Example 4: because 3x5>4x2 5, To compare two traction inthe general case you can Aiso find the LOD (Leas or Lowest Common Denornen), Convert the orignal fastons fo equvaent ractone having, like denominators and then use the relation (2). Example 5: ST pecgue 520217 Bi DR i 6. You can use the LCD method when you have to ordera Set of factions Srample 23 5 pecause 2 346 3 F119. Compare the whole numbers. Use <, ., and > operators : a) 2and9 —b) Wand 10) Lando) TandS ©) 123and132 1) Oand3—g) 12and 21 F120. Compare the fractions (see example 2): a5 sy! 2a! 3S) Bay 2h 2a 4 4g lt dana) Sanat ce) Zant d) Sand 0) Band 28 1) 12and4 g) 24 ana # 5 7 6 6 6 3 tT ty J 25 25 5 3 3 a 3 1 5 So! k)s2ani24 1 Vong ny Mame a hy 2and2 i) tana 5 Sand? k)32and24 1) 24and3— m)sLand24 on) Wana 24 )2and2 i) $ D Ramd2t ky 32ami22 I) 24 fand 220) Manat F121. Compare the fractions (see example 3): Vial 22 13 lied e) San 10 yw) a4 ang ot asad) 2an2 — ) hand d)34and22 &) Sanat ana 32g) 24 ana 24 5 3 7 s yay “5 4 5 J 7 3 5 7 u a 7 5 hySandS i) rand?) 32 and32 kK) tant 1) Sangam) Zand 2m) Bana 23 as 5 7s 3 3 a NG F122. Compare the fractions (see example 4): 203 46 lod a) Sand 3 Toad 3a a2) Sand$ — c) hand A) Sant ©) Land > Zand ® gy Sana 4 5 4 3 7 2 3 4 7 J “4 5 10, i a 8 9 hySand!S i) Sand j) 22 and 2k) Sand? 1) Send 22m) and An) Sana 4 Mag ) 6 9 d 5 2 2 3 D 5 1s 10 13 ) 5 7 F123. Compare the fractions (see example 5): 38 3 3S 4a 43 Soy adand% —) Sand 6) Sand) Sande) Aunt Sand) 2 ant » 5 4 4 6 is 20 a 1S 5 6 10 a 9 15 134) Fe Dw © La Citadelle www.la-citadelle.comThe Book of Fractions lulia & Teodoru Gugoiu Solving equations by working backward method ‘The working backward method requires to identify the operations applied to the unknown quantity x, and do the opposite operations in the opposite order. 1. Ifthe operation is an additions with a number then apply a subtraction with the same number. Example 1 wat yy yd tld 24 424 2. I the operation is a subtraction with a number then apply an addition with the same number. Example 2: 14 las “23 8 X33 6 3. Ifthe operation is a multiplication by a number then apply a division by the same number. Example 3: x 4. If the operation is a division by a number then apply a ‘muttipication by the same number. Example 4: a4 4,32 “37 x so \ 5. Ifthe operation is an inversion then apply another inversion. Example 5: x3 12 2 so x=d 3 aa) ¥ 6. If more than one operation are implied then identify the operations and the order in witch they appear and then do the opposite operations in the opposite order. Example 6: Example 7: 1 3 I Bex ‘F126. Solve for x working backward: © La Citadelle 53 www.la-citadelle.com \\