Phase Controlled Converter 1.1 Introduction 2. Classification of Rectifiers 13. Performance Measures for Converters 1.4 Single-Phase Converters with Discontinuous Conduction 15 Single-Phase Semi-Converters with Discontinuous Conduction 1.6 Three-Phase Converters with Discontinuous Conduction LT Ef ct of Source Impedance for Converters 1.1 INTRODUCTION Phase-controlled rectifier is a power controller that converts ac input voltage to controlled. de output voltage. Controlled de ac Input voltage output voltage > Rectifier - Thyristors are extensively used in rectifiers. Two essential requirements for thyristor to turn-on are’ (i) It must be in forward blocking mode i.e. anode must be positive with respect to cathode. (ii) Positive gate pulse must be applied between gate and cathode terminal. Once thyristor is turned-on, it losses its control, So gate pulse must be applied only for the duration that forward current (or anode current) becomes equal or more than latching current (I, For turning-off (commutation) of thyristor, two conditions must fulfill: (i) Forward current (or anode current) must be reduced 10 zero or below holding current. (ii) and then, thyristor must be reverse biased for some finite period so that all the charge carriers from layers of thyristor are removed.2 Advanced Power Electronics There are various methods of commutation of thyristor: (®) If supply is ac: By natural or line commutation, without using any extra commutation circuit, e.g., in phase-controlled rectifiers (ac + de), ac voltage controllers (ac > variable ac), cycloconverter (ac — ac) (ii) If supply is de: (a) By load commutation, if load is underdamped in nature, e.g., series inverter. (b) By forced commutation, which require extra commutation circuit, e.g., inverters (de = ac), choppers (de —> de). Therefore, in phase-controlled rectifiers, thyristor is tured off by natural or line commutation without using any extra commutation circuit. So, also called as line-commutated converters. Therefore, these are simple, less expensive and are therefore widely used in industries where controlled de power is required like in: ‘# Steel-rolling mills, paper mills, printing presses, and textile mills using de moter drives HVDC transmission system Battery charger circuit. Traction system working on de Uninterrupted power supplies Electro plating and electrolysis In this chapter, performance measures and operation of single and three-phase rectifiers with discontinuous load current conditions are discussed. Discontinuous load current is a condition where load current becomes zero for some finite time in every half cycle of input ac source. In practice, the load current may become discontinuous at high values of firing angle («) or at low values of load current. The load performance deteriorates if load current is discontinuous and therefore it is avoided by using freewheeling diode (FD) & an external inductor in series with load, 1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF RECTIFIERS The rectifier circuits are classified as follows. (A) Based on the controllability of output voltage: Uncontrolled rectifiers: Rectifier circuits in which output voltage can not be controlled They use only diodes in the circuit. Operates in first quadrant only, so also called as single quadrant converter. Half controlled (semiconverter) rectifiers: Rectifier circuits in which output voltage can be controlled from zero to positive maximum by varying the firing angle c from 0° to 180°, But its output voltage polarity can not be reversed. They use diodes and thyristors in the circuit. They operate in first quadrant only, so also called as single quadrant converter,Phase Controlled Converter 3 Fully controlled rectifiers: Rectifier citcuits in which output voltage can be controlled from zero to positive maximum and to negative maximum also by varying the firing angle a from 0° to 180° i. its output voltage polarity can be reversed by varying firing angle a. They uses only thyristors in the circuit. It operates in first and fourth quandrant, 50 it is also called as two quadrant converter, (B) Based on rectification of input waveform: Half-wave rectifier (HWR): Rectifier circuit which produce de output voltage corresponding to only positive half cycle of input ac voltage Full-wave rectifier (FWR): Circuit which produces output voltage corresponding to both positive and negative half cycles, (C) Based on the number of phases of input voltage: The ac voltage (input supply) applied to the rectifier may be single-phase, three phase or polyphase, Based on the number of phases, the rectifiers are called single-phase or three-phase ot polyphase rectifiers. (D) Based on number of pulses in output voltage waveform: The output voltage waveform consists of pulses (segments) of input ac voltage and these pulses repeat over one cycle of input voltage Depending upon the number of pulses in output voltage wavefroms, the rectifier is classified as Single-pulse rectifier: One pulse in output voltage waveform for one cycle of input, eg., 1 - @ half wave rectifier. Two-pulse rectifier: For one cycle of input, two no, of pulses in output voltage waveform, e.g., I - 6 full wave rectifier. Three-pulse rectifier: For one input cycle, three no. of pulses in output voltage waveform, e.g., 3 - @ half wave rectifier. Six-pulse rectifier: For one input cycle, six no. of pulses in output voltage waveform, eg., 3-6 full wave rectifier. (E) Based on quadrant operation (v-i characteristics) The output or load current of rectifier always remains in same direction (positive) because diodes and thyristors used in rectifier circuit are unidirectional devices. But, the polarity of average output voltage can be reversed by varying firing agle a. If the polarity of average output voltage remains unchanged, (i.e. vp always positive, while varying « from 0° to 180°) then v-i characteristics is confined to only one quadrant and the rectifier is called as single quadrant rectifier, as shown in Fig. 1.1(a). Example: All uncontrolled rectifiers, half-controlled or semiconverter rectifiers.4 Advanced Power Electronics 4% ro a<190" , Novy 1 I 0 I i 0 i Wyre i, iy “Uf a o Vv am Vv 90°< a <180" tv deve (a) o FIG. 1.1: (a) One-quadrant rectifier (b) two-quadrant rec {c) four-quadrant rectifier If the output voltage polarity reverses, it operates in two-quadrants (I & IV) and the rectifier is called as two quadrant rectifier, as shown in Fig. 1.1(b). Example: All fully controlled rectifiers or full converters. If two full converters (fully-controlled rectifiers) are conected in antiparallel, both voltage and current can be reversed and this is called four-quadrant converter or dual converter, as shown in Fig. 1.1(6) 1.3 PERFORMANCE MEASURES FOR CONVERTERS Rectifiers are also called as phase-controlled rectifiers or line-commutated rectifiers Important external performance parameters of the phase-controlled rectifiers are as follows: (A) Quantities on Output Side: (i) The average de output voltage, Vo __ xp Vo peroateny {ie tion) d wt where, lower limit = angle at which output voltage waveform starts Upper limit = angle at which output voltage waveform again becomes zero. p = number of pulse rectifier (ii) The average de output current, Ip Vo 1p = 22 oRPhase Controlled Converter 5 (iii) The output de power, Pq ot Pec = Vola (iv) The rms output voltage, Vy, Fae (v) The rms output current, I, Tans R (vi) The ouput ac power = P. = Vans lone (vii) Efficiency of rectification (n): It is defined as Pacl=Po) ___Volo P, Vins by 7 (viii) ac components on output side: The rms value of the output voltage is due to both dde and ac components. The rms value (V,,) of ac components is obtained Vac = Vem)” ~ Wo)” (ix) Vqo U, means good rectifier 17 (x) Form factor: (FF) - It is defined as For good rectifier, FF (xi) Ripple Factor (RB): Ie is defined as: Voc _ (Yee ) r wee) displacement power factor or displacement factor is defined as: Where @ is the angle between the zero crossing of the input ac voltage and the (ii) Harmonic Factor (HF): The amount of harmonic curtent is defined by harmonic factor (HF) which can be calculated as6 Advanced Power Electronics up-th hh where I, - Harmonic current 1, - fundamental component The lower the value of the harmonic factor, the better is the quality of the rectifier. (iti) Input Power Factor (PF): It is defined as: real power ___ power delivered to load apparent power input VA Vine or ht cos V. ° 1 where Power delivered to load = V, input VA=V,. Tine where V, is rms of source voltage Also, pi distortion factor x cos; where cos = DF (iv) Transformer Utilization Factor: The extent to which the transformer is utilized is given by the term transformer utilization factor (TUF) which is expressed as: _PyorPuc _ Volo mEL EL TUF where E = rms value of transformer phase voltage 1 = rms value of current in transformer phase winding m_ = no. of phases of transformer 1.4 SINGLE-PHASE CONVERTERS WITH DISCONTINUOUS CONDUCTION 1.4.1 Single-phase half wave controlled rectifier with R load Since the thyristor conducts only for positive half-cycle, so called as half wave rectifier. Power circuit diagram of 1-6 half wave rectifier with R load is shown in Fig. 1.2 (a) Working: During positive half cycle of input ac supply v, (=V,, sin at), thyristor T is in forward blocking mode (FBM), whereas during negative half cycles of supply it is in reverse blocking mode (RBM). Thyristor starts conducting when positive gate pulse is applied to it during forward blocking mode. Therefore, let at wt = a, thyristor T is triggerted and it conducts upto m. So, load gets connected with source and load current i, in phase with load voltage v, flows through V,, T and load. At ot = x, as supply voltage becomes zero, so load current also becomes zero and therefore thyristor T gets turned off at ot = x due to natural reversel of supplyPhase Controlled Converter 7 voltage, i. natural or line commutation, as shown in Fig. 1.2 (b). Thyristor T does not conduct from x to 2n since it is reverse biased. Again, at ot = 2n + c, when thyristor is triggered, it starts conducting and so in this way cy the firing angle a, average output voltage can be controlled i.e. as firing angle «increases, average load voltage vy decreases. le repeats. Therefore, by controlling sinew ; Peace Tf one supply, L (a) Power Circuit Diagram ay a I (c} Quadrant (b) Voltage and current Waveforms FIG. 1.2: Single-phase half wave controlled rectifier with R Load A single-phase half-wave rectifier is one which produces only one pulse of load voltage or current during one cycle of source voltage, (See, Fig 1.2(b)]. So, also called single-phase one-pulse rectifier. The variation of voltage across thyristor is also shown as vz in Fig. 1.2(b). When thyristor conducts, voltage across it (vy) is zero ideally. (practically vp = 1 to 1.5 V). But during off period of thyristor, voltage across thyristor (v,) has the waveshape of supply voltage v,, Thetefore, it can be seen that ¥, = Vp + Vp. Performance Parameters: Circuit turn-off time (t,): It is the period during which thyristor is in reverse blocking mode. From v; waveform in Fig. 1.2(b), at, or (ty8 Advanced Power Electronics where w= 2nf & f is supply frequency in Hz, For reliable commutation t,> ty, where {, is the tryristor turn-off time. Average output voltage, Vo: i Vo= 5 Jn sin at d(at) or = sh —cos otf or cos 7-(-cosol] (-1) + cos a) Von or Vo = EU +08 «) (1.2) ‘Theretore, by varying the firing agle « average output voltage v, can be controlled. Yo _ Ys 11 Average load (or rrent, 1p = Y2 = Ye se: 13 erage load (or output) current, Ty = 2 = 8 1+ cosa) (1.3) 11 rms load (or output) voltage, Vin, ris 7 Vu} fst a “—cos2.a) ary |? fA e082 08) (a or po ato jva zo [Bar “| On , y, sin2a Vena = 294] (n= 0) 14) Heo] as 17 rms load current, 1,,,, - Ym (15) R 1 Power delivered to load = Viney, (1.6) 11 Input VA = Vila, (17)Phase Controlled Converter 9 Power delivered to load input VA Input Power factor = (1.8a) (1.8b) C1 Peak inverse voltage of thyristor (PIV) = V,, Using above equations and as per definations given in section 1.3, other performance parameters like rectification efficiency, FF, RF, TUF can be calculated 1.4.2 Single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier with RL load A single phase half wave controlled rectifier with RL load is shown in Fig. 1.3(2). Working: As load is inductive in nature, so the load current iy rises gradually, not instantly as in case of R load, Similarly, when load disconnects from source, it falls gradually, as shown in load current i, waveform of Fig. 1.3(b). At ot = 0, thyristor T is triggered, so load connects with source, As load is inductive in nature, so load current rises gradually. When thyristor is conducting, voltage across the load is same as the source voltage, as shown in load voltage v, waveform of Fig. 1.3(b). wy ‘bm I iy To ie (e) Quadrant (b) Voltage and Current Waveforms FIG. 1.3: Single-phase half wave controlled rectifier with RL load10 Advanced Power Electronics At ot = x, supply voltage becomes zero so load voltage vq also becomes zero, but load current is does not becomes zero due (o inductive nature of load. Rather, it becomes zero at ot = B, where Bis << 2n, and called as extinction angle. Therefore from 0: to 1 Vp & ig are positive and from x to — ig is positive but vy is negative. So, at at = B, when iy becomes zero, thyristor is turned-off as it is already reverse biased by supply voltage. After ot = B, vp = 0, ip = 0. At ot = 2n + a, thyristor T is again triggered, so load connects with source and therefore load current i, develops as before. As thyristor conducts from « to B so during this period v, = 0 and period during which thyristor do not conducts then vp = ¥, Performance Parameters: OF Circuit turn-off time (t.): From v; waveform of Fig. 1.3(b): = 2 foce (1.9) for reliable commutation, t, must be greater than t, ie. t, > ty 1 Average output voltage, V5 1 Vo=ae Pn sin at d(at) v, or = Yn [cos atl! = Ya feos a-cosp] (1.10) On Average load current, 1, - 42 - V2 (cos a—cos aan , © od ots Vs =| Jasin ot da algal Vine = Yae[O-a)-Ham2p-snan ‘rms seo d 2! 8 0] (1.12) 1 Peak inverse voltage of thyristor, PIV = V,, From above equations, other performance parameters of the rectifier can be calculated as per their definations given in section 1.3.Phase Controlled Converter u Instantaneous value of load current ig can he find out as: The voltage equation for circuit of Fig. 1.3(a) is Vm sin ot =Rig +10, at The load current ig consists of two components, ig =i, + i, where i, steady state component i, +X? 1X vher stan?X & x=oL where 6 z is angle by which rms current I, lags V,. The transient component i, can be obtained by using force free equation: dig Ri +L at Its solution gives, i, = Ae t") = SBsin(at -9)+ Ae" (1.13) where in? +x? Constant A can be find out by using boundary conditions ie. at wt = a, ig = 0, so from eq. (1.13) vy a “Bsinta- ¢)+Ae y, Z or sin(o.— g)e-e# Substituting the value of constant A in eq. (1.13), gives Eeca] Y, v, 1 iy = sin(ox—@) 2 sin(o.— ge (1.44) (for « < ot < B) Equation (1.14) gives the instantanious value of load current ig.12 Advanced Power Electronics Effect of inductive load: (1) Average output voltage vp reduces. (2) Input PF reduces. (3) Load current ig waveforms gets distorted. (4)_Load performance detoriates. 1.4.3 Single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier with RL load and freewheeling diode (FD) The waveform of load current i, shown in Fig. 1.3(b) can be improved by connecting 1 freewheeling (or flywheeling) diode FD across load, as shown in Fig. 1.4(a). by TO diy reac® FD, Load Supply 50 He v 4S 7, {e) Quadrant (b) Voltage and Current Waveforms FIG. 1.4: Single-phase half-wave controlled rect with RL load & freewheeling diode FD Working: At ot = a, thyristor T is triggered, so load connects with source. Load current ig starts rising gradually due to inductive nature of load and load voltage vy becomes equal to supply voltage v, At ot = x, supply voltage v, becomes zero so load voltage also. After wt = x, as supply voltage v, tends to reverse, FD gets forward biase through the conducting thyristor.Phase Controlled Converter 13 ‘As a result, ig is immediately transferred from thyristor T to FD. At the same time, supply voltage appears as reverse voltage for thyristor and therefore it gets turn-off at at = 1. From x to 2x + a, it is assumed that FD conducts and load current ip does not decay to zero until thyristor T is triggered again at 2x + o.. During this period as FD conducts, so it short circuits the load terminals and therefore load voltage v, becomes zero, as shown in Fig. 1.4(b). Performance Parameters: 1 Circuit turn-off time (t.): From v; waveform as shown in Fig. 1.4(b), ot, (adn on ot sec (11s) 1 Average load voltage, Ve [se Fig. 1.40] is 1 Vo- 2 Jvasinona ot y, © 2R cos at|f = en cos n—(-cosa)|k or Vo = FEU + cosa) (1.16) 1 Average load current 1, =“ (17) rms load voltage Vins = liz! sin at? dot ; (1.18) Vv, sin 2a]? Vy =| (01) + ~ Pal > | 2 Other performance parameters can be find out using above equations,14 Advanced Power Electronics Advantages of using F) (i) Average output voltage is increased (i.e. it prevents load voltage | vafrom becoming negative). | (i Input pfis improved (ii) Load current waveform is improved. (iv) Load performance becomes batter. 1.4.4 Single-phase Half wave Controlled Rectifier with RLE Load Power circuit diagram of single-phase half wave controlled rectifier with RLE load is shown in Fig. 1.5(a). The emf E in the load may be due to a battery or a de motor. ‘The minimum and maximum value of firing angle can be obtained from the relation [see Fig. 1.5(b)]. or (1.19) Similatly, ae T + 1-6 ® a QW “| ge souree E (a) Power Circuit (b) Voltage and Current Waveforms FIG. 1.5: Single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier with RLE loadPhase Controlled Converter 15 As can be seen from the waveforms of Fig. 1.5(b), thyristor T is in reverse blocking ‘mode durning the periods 0 < at Shy, and O,,, $ Wt S 7 as E> V., Therefore, during these periods thyristor is reverse biased and so it will not turn on. It should be noted that during the interval load current i, is zero, load voltage vy = E and during the time ig is not ze10, Vo follows supply voltage v, curve For the circuit of Fig. 1.5(a), KVL during the internal « < at terminal ‘a’ -T, - R load - T, - terminals ‘b’ see Fig. 1.8(a). The voltage across the load is a segment of the supply voltage. % Xs ry (c) Quadrant (0) Various Voltage & Current Waveforms FIG.1.8 During the negative half cycle, the thyristors T, & T, are forward biased. When they are triggered at same instant (let at wt = +0), the current flows through the path —> terminal ‘b’ -T, - R load - T, - terminal ‘a’ see Fig. 1.8(a). The voltage across the load is a segment of the supply voltage.20 Advanced Power Electronics Various voltage & current waveform like supply voltage v,, load voltage vp, load current ip, voltage actoss thyristor Vz, Vry Vyy, Vzz ate shown in Fig, 1.8(b), Performance Parameters: Circuit turn-off time for all thyristors t,: wt, = 2 - t= Ese (a.34) 11 Average output voltage, 1x2 2 Fvcamotat Vo (1+cosa) (1.35) 1 rms output voltage, 2 Ves Vine (1.36) Peak inverse voltage of all thyristors, PIV = V,, (1.37) So, it can be seen and concluded that except circuit configuration and PIV; other performance parameters & waveforms are same for centre-tapped type & bridge type converters. Here, bridge type converter will be discussed, (©) Single-phase Full wave Bridge type controlled rectifier with RL load In practice, the load current may become discontinuous at high values of firing angle «or at low values of load current. The load performance deteriorates if load current is discontinuous and therefore it is avoided by using freewheeling diode (FD) & an external inductor in series with load. Working: Power circuit diagram is shown in Fig. 1.8(a). Various voltage & current waveforms for discontinuous conduction are shown in Fig. 19. At ot = a, T, & T, are triggered and they conduct up to angle due to inductive nature of load. At B, the current reduces to zero. At at = (w+ a), T, & T, are triggered and the above process repeats. From the current ig waveform, if can be seen that the conduction is discontinuous,Phase Controlled Converter 24 FIG, 1.9: Various voltage & current waveforms with discontinuous conduction thas two modes of operation (i) Conduction period: a < ot < 8, T, T, conducts, vg Also, (+ 0) < ot < (x +B), T, T, conducts, vy =v, (ii) Idle period: § < at < (x + a) + no device conducts and so vg = 0 Performance Parameters: 1 Circuit turn-off time for thyristors at, = In - 8 sec (1.38)22 Advanced Power Electronics Average output voltage, Vp 1x2 2m , Jwasinta ot cos otf (cos «-cos 8) (1.39) Using above equations and as per definations given in section 1.3, other performance parameters can be find out. (d) Single-phase full converter with RLE load Power circuit diagram for single-phase full converter (bridge type) is shown in Fig. 1.10(@). At ot = a, when SCR pair 7,1, is triggered, load current begins to build up from zero as shown. At some angle B (extinction angle), load current decays to zero. As 7,1, are reverse baised after at = x, this pair is turned-off at at = B by natural commutation when load current ip because zero. LALA iA _ A ,., EE i J on iagram (b) Voltage and Current Waveforms FIG. 1.10 bie ent ents Pot a pra ap (a) Power Circuit From otto B, output voltage vp follows source voltage v,. From B to (7 + a), no SCR conducts, so the load voltage vg = E as shown, At ot = +t, as pair TT, is triggered, load current starts to build up again as before and load voltage vg follows v, waveform as shown. At 1 + 8, ig falls to zero, vy becomes equal to E as no SCR conducts. Therefore, it can be observed that there are two modes of operation:Phase Controlled Converter 23 (@) Conduction period: « $ wt B, T;T, conducts and vy Also, (+ 0) $ ot $ (1+), TyT, conducts andy, (b) Idle period, B < at < (n+ a), No SCR conducts, vy 1.5 SINGLE-PHASE SEMICONVERTR WITH DISCONTINUOUS CONDUCTION These are half controlled converters having limited control on their average de output voltage. They use a mixture of diodes and thyristors. It is single or one quadrant converter as it has one polarity of de output voltage & current at its output terminals. ‘Though, semiconverter has inherent freewheeling action but itis generally not utilized. Rather a separate freewheeling diode is connected across the load. This is because the inherent freewheeling increases the average current rating of the SCR. Case I: With RL E Load: Power circuit diagram of single-phase semiconvertor (half controlled) is given in Fig, 1.11(a). Atat= ot, when T, is triggered load current builds up from zero and rises to maximum, and then decays to zero at which is greater than f. (2) Power Cirewit Diagram (b) Voltage and Current Waveforms FIG.1.11 From oto x, T,D; conducts and v, = v,. At wt = 7, as v, tends to become negative, FD is forword biased and starts conducting the load current. When FD conducts from & to B, V¥;=0. From B to +c, no component in the circuit conducts, so v) = E and iy = 0 as shown in Fig. 1.11(b). During the period from to 1 + ct, as load current is zero, so it makes the load current discontinuous24 Advanced Power Electronics When T, is triggered at + a, load current iy builds as shown in the waveforms. At ‘ot = 2x, FD is forward biased and starts conducting till + B. During the time FD conducts, yp = 0. From +B to 2n+ 0, no component in the circuit conducts,and so vy =E. At2n + ot T, is triggered again and the above sequence repeats. From above discussion and waveforms; it can be observed that it has three modes: (a) Conduction period: &< wt ¢ Lo ne 1 d (a) Power Circuit diagram (b) Quadrant (v-i characteristics} FIG, 1.13: Three phase half wave converter with RL load The output of this coverter has 3-pulses per cycle of input ac supply. Hence, itis also called 3-pulse converter. At any time, the SCR (or thyristor) that has the largest positive voltage at the anode will conduct. ba & Vig be Vig = Vp, sin ot Yoo = Vo Sit (Wt — 120") ea = Vig Sin (ot + 120°) (1.44) Working: As shown in figure 1.13(c), between points a & b, v,, phase is most positive so thyristor T, connected to it gets forward biased. Similarly, between points b & c, T, is FB & between ¢ & d, T, is FB, Therefore, whenever forward biased thyristor is triggered, it start conducting and load gets connected with source. As load is inductive, so load voltage gocs to negative direction. Triggering of one thyristor turns off the outgoing thyristor by natural commutation. Let phase voltage V,.. ¥,Phase Controlled Converter 27 When thyristor Tis fired at ot =[ Esa} the phase voltage v,, appears across the eo) i oad until thyristor T, is fired at at ={ = + «) When thyristor T, is fired, thyristor T, is c reverse biased, because line to line voltage v,. (= Vj, Vyq) is negative and therefore, T is tumed-off (an The phase voltage ¥,,, appears across the load until thyristor T, is fired at at When T, is fired, T, is tumed-off and v,, appears across the load until T, is fired again at the begining of next cycle, Fig. 1.13(c) shows various voltage & current waveforms like v,, Vo, ig. i for RL load. Ty fired T, fired T, fired , fired 7, fired ol L > FIG. 1.13(c): Voltage and Current waveforms for RL Load28 Advanced Power Electronics For R load, if > 30°, the load current would be discontinuous and each thyristor is self commutated when polarity of its phase voltage is reversed. The frequency of output ripple voltage is 3f,. This converter is generally not used in practical systems as supply current contains de components. Performance Parameters: 1 The average output voltage for continuous load current is: rast aten 1x3 Vo = or (1.45) Where V., is the peak (or maximum) of phase voltage. The maximum average output voltage, Voguy (at 0 = 0") 3V3V, Vonas = on (1.46) 11 The rms output voltage is Vi. axa . } Vine = | = Jv sin otf? d (at) | 47) 11 Normalized average output voltage is Va Vang neon (148) For R load & @ 2 6: (Discontinuous Conduction) iV, sin at.d otPhase Controlled Converter 29 Ven 1+ co: z a9) Vo 1 (x Vaya fe = l+cos| +0 [ons (1.50) 1x3 7 2. ft Vine =|222 ivy sin ot? @ ot io aa Jv Fdat| ‘a loa (1.51) Vo ‘The average output current, fy = 2 (1.52) R ‘The rms load current, Ijmug = 2 (1.53) E The average current of thyristor. = 2 (1.54) ‘The rms current of thyristor, Iy = ass) Vik ‘The rectification efficiency. = Yo — YO Vinal (159) Taput VArating, VI=SV,1, (1.57) Valo _ Volo ‘tur = vol WB (1.58) ‘The output power, Py = On, R (1.59) (2.60) 1.6.2 Three-phase full converter : (3-¢ fully controlled converter) Power circuit diagram of three-phase fully controlled converter consists of six thyristors as shown in Fig. 1.14(a). The output of this converter has 6-pulses per cycle of input supply. So, also called as three-phase 6-pulse converter.30 Advanced Power Electronics fick % = 0 + ) E ((oseer Va " , wy i 1% Z\p 90" ot ot (c) waveforms FIG. 1.15: Singie'phase full converter with source and load inductance. Working: The load current is assumed constant. When terminal “P’ of source voltage v, is positive, load current i, flows through L,, T,, load and T, as shown in Fig. 1.15(b). Similarly, when terminal “Q’ of source voltage v, is positive, load current i, flows through T,, load, Ty, L, and V,. At ot = 4 thyristor T, & T, are fired. The thyristors T, & T, conduct upto x + o. ‘The current can not be transferred instantaneously from already conducting (outgoing thyristor) thyristor T,, T, to incoming thyristors T,, T, due to presence of source inductance i.e. current through outgoing thyristors T, and T, decreases gradually to zero from its initial value Ij; whereas through incoming thyristor T, and T;, the current rises gradually from zero to full load current I,. The period for which all the incoming and outgoing thyristors (T,, T,, Ty, T,) conducts is called overlap period or overlap angle (1) Analysis: During the overlap angle 4, KVL for loop abeda of Fig. 1.15(b) gives, wot, fey, 1, ae at a aya vpevy o,f se or ( =) If v, = Vy sinot, than v, = -V,, sin ot a) (1.67)Phase Controlled Converter 35 As load current is assumed constant. So during overlap period n, += di, ah, or Sa so at (1.68) ai, From equation (1.67) -Sa 1.69) -quation (1.67), we (1.69) Adding equation (1.68) & (1.69), we get di _Y, Bh Ne sin at (1.70) at L, During overlap period p, load current i, through T,, T, rises from zero to I, ie. at ot = a, i, = 0 and at at = (0 +p), iy = Yuta Pinea Van [cos «costa +y)] (71) or Ip al, During overlap period 4, as all the thyristors conduct, so output voltage V5 Therefore, average output voltage, ° Ba" Fy sin ot. dot 2A o Vo= (72) From equation (1.71), cos (+1) = cosa— Substituting the value of cos (a +1) in equation (1.72), we get BW, (1.73)36 Advanced Power Electronics Therefore, it can be concluded that as the load current or source inductance increases, the overlap angle 4 increases and as a result, the average output voltage decreases. Te If Ty of _D, increases, walsoincreases and s0Vp dec In General, for m-pulse converter, reduction in average output voltage due to mally source inductance (ie. overlap angle 4) is For example, 1 For 2-pulse converter (m = 2), voltage drop due to L, = #1, 1 For 6-pulse converter (m = 6), voltage drop due to L, = S21, ® Therefore, output voltage for 3-9 full converter when source inductance L, is taken into account, (1.74) or (1.78), SOLVED PROBLEMS Example 1.1 : A 220 V, 50 Hz, one-pulse SCR controlled converter is triggered at @ firing angle of 60° and the load current extinguishes at an angle of 220°. Find the circuit turn off time, average output voltage and the average load current for R= 7 Qand L = imi. Solution: As it is a one-pulse SCR controlled converter i.e. 1-6 half wave controlled rectifier with RL load (discontinuous conduction) Therefore, circuit turn off t, for SCR is: =7.777 m- sec. @ 180x2nx50 Average output voltage Vz is: y, Vo = + (eos o.- c¢ fo = FE (cos a. cos) 2.220 = 62.722 V (cos60'-cos220")Phase Controlled Converter 37 62.722 ve Average load current, Ip ==2 =8.96A, R Example 1.2: A 3-phase fully-controlled bridge converter with 440 V supply, 50 Hz, 0.05 resistance per phase and 0.3 Q reactance per phase is operating in the inverting mode at a firing advance angle of 45°. Calculate the mean generator voltage when the current level is at 90 A. The thyristor voltage drop is IV. Solution: Power circuit diagram of a 3-phase full converter reveals that source resistance r, will lead to a voltage drop of 2I,t,. Two thyristors, one from positive group and another from negative group, conduct together, therefore thete will be a constant thyristor voltage drop of 2V;. The source reactance leads to overlap and its 3y, Bob. effect is taken care of by equation Vo = Ig, By taking into consideration these voltage drops, the average, or mean, output voltage V, in a 3-phase full converter is given by Bol, Vo = Ratcos a = 2H av, —-32key, In case 3-phase full converter is working in the inverting mode, then the load omf E or V, (mean generator voltage in this example) can be obtained from the relation: Wat cos a= + Bigt, +2V, + Ske SN2 x40, rs 5 2x90%0.05 + 21.04 3%03%21 1000 420.39 + 9.0 +2481 439.49 Mean generator voltage = E = 439.49 V. Example 1.3: A three phase full converter is fed by 400 V, 3 phase, 50 Hz mains The average load current is 200 A. The source inductance is 0.2 mH per phase. Find overlap angle if firing angle is (a) 20°, (b) 30° and (c) 60°. 2400 Solutio * iB : Peak value of line to neutral voltage, V,, Vy. = 326.56 V. For 3-6 full converter, average voltage reduction due to source inductance, 3x 2nx50%0.2%107 x200=12V AIG 540.1V38 Advanced Power Electronics (a) For = 20°, Vagc08 (0 + H) = Vogcosot — V, 540, 1c0s(20° + 1) = 540.1cos 20° — 12 or cos(20° + 1) = 0.917 or 20° + 1 = cos (0.917) = 23.5° or was (b) For ct = 30°, Vagcos(ct + i) = Vigcoset ~ Vi, 540. Le0s(30° + 1) = 540.Le0s 30° - 12 yy = 485.79 or castors) = 257 w= 246° (©) For a = 60°, Vigcos(a + jt) = Vj cosa ~ Vy 540. 1c0s(60* + 1) = 540.1c0s60° ~ 12 or cos(60" + u) = 0.4777 465° oot Example 1.4: A single phase full convertor is supplied from 220 V, SOHz. source. If load resistance R=82 and source has an inductance of 1.5 mHl. For a firing angle delay of 60° determine (a) average output voltage (b) the angle of overlap and (c) the power factor. Solution: (a) Average output voltage for 1-9 full converter with overlap is, . 2220 cogqr_ 2X50% 5x10" 19 55 = 97.29 V (b) Also, the average output voltage V, of 1-9 full converter with overlap is, 2v, ol, Vo = 2 cos(ar+ u)+ “tty Where I, = VR = (2Vm/n) cos a= 12.38 A fz 50x15 97.29 = 12%220 2nx50%1.5%12.38 6080 eePhase Controlled Converter 39 1(95.4990)_, or =H =c0s" sie " (5) p= 122° overlap angle in degree = 1.22° © Power factor = Wale. - 97:29%12.38 _ 9 45 Gagging) Vil, 220%12.38 Example 1.5: A 3-phase full converter bridge is connected to supply voltage of 220 V per phase and a frequency of 50 Hz, The source inductance is 3 mH. The load current on de side is constant at 18 A. If the load consists of a de voltage source of 400 V having and internal resistance of 0.5 Q, then calculate: (a) firing angle delay and (b) overlap angle in degrees. Solution: (a) Converter output voltage Vy= E + IR 400 + 18 x 0.5 = 409V The average output voltage of 3-9 full converter bridge with overlap is 316.220 0.4, S2RX505. 1g 1000x 409 = or o=34 (b) Also, the average output voltage V, of 3-6 full-converter with overlap is: cos(a+y)+ Soke Ip 36 x220 3(2nx50)3 ‘cos(ot— 1) + xu R (MT 000% 10.28" “(See or a+p=cos ave x20 ) = 40.28" - 34,33 Overlap angle in degrees = 5.95° 5.95"40 Advanced Power Electronics UNSOLVED PROBLEMS 1.1 Describe the working of a single-phase one pulse SCR controlled converter with RLE, load through the waveforms of supply voltage, load voltage, load current and voltage across thyristor. Also, derive expressions for the load current, load voltage and input power factor. Assuming discontinuous conduction, 1.2 Asingle-phase one pulse SCR controlled converter with RLE load has the following data: Supply voltage=230V at 50 Hz, R=2Q, L =1 mH, E=120V, extinction angle B = 220°, firing angle=25°, calculate: (i Voltage across thyristor at the instant SCR is triggered. (Gi) Voltage that appears across SCR when current decays to zero. ii) PIV of SCR 1.3 Describe the working of a single-phase full converter with RLE load through the waveforms ‘of supply voltage, load voltage, load current and voltage across thyristor. Also, derive expressions for the load current, load voltage and input power factor. Assuming discontinuous conduction. 1.4 Describe the working of a single-phase semi-converter with RLE load through the ‘waveforms of supply voltage, load voltage, load current and voltage across thyristor. Also, derive expressions for the load current, load voltage and input power factor. ‘Assuming discontinuous conduction, 1.5 Describe the working of a single-phase full converter with RL load through the waveforms of supply voltage, load voltage, load current and voltage across thyristor. Also, derive expressions for the load current, load voltage and input power factor. Assuming discontinuous conduction. 1.6 Explain various performance parameters for phase controlled converters. 1.7 Describe the working of a single-phase two pulse semi-converter with RL load through the waveforms of supply voltage, load voltage, load current and voltage across thyristor. Also, derive expressions for the load current, load voltage and input power factor. ‘Assuming discontinuous conduction, 1.8 A single phase full convertor is supplied from 220 V, SOHz. source. If load resistance R= 8Q2and source has an inductance of 2.5 mH. For a firing angle delay of 70° determine (a) average output voltage (b) the angle of overlap and (c) the power factor. 1.9 A220 V, 50 Hz, one-pulse SCR controlled converter is triggered at a firing angle of 80° and the load current extinguishes at an angle of 220°, Find the circuit turn off time, average output voltage and the average load current for R = 10 2 and L=3mi, 1.10 A three phase full converter is fed by 400 V, 3 phase, 50 Hz mains. The average load current is 200 A. The source inductance is 0.4 mH per phase. Find overlap angle if firing angle is (a) 15°, (6) 40° and (c) 80°.Phase Controlled Converter a 1.11 A3-phase full converter bridge is connected to supply voltage of 220 V per phase and a frequency of 50 Hz, The source inductance is 3 mH. The load current on de side is constant at 18 A. If the load consists of a de voltage source of 400 V having and internal resistance of 0.5 Q, then calculate: (a) firing angle delay and (b) overlap angle in degrees. 1.12 A 3-phase fully-controlled bridge converter with 440 V supply, 50 Hz, 0.08 2 resistance pet phase and 0.3 Q reactance per phase is operating in the inverting mode at a firing advance angle of 60°. Calculate the mean generator voltage when the current level is at 80 A, The thyristor voltage drop is 1 V. oo0