In this module, you will be able to + define trend: * explain the process on how to spot a trend * differentiate a trend from a fad; * point out the elements that make up a trend; * describe the different characteristics of a trend * identify parts of a whole; identify emerging patterns; and * _ discover relationships between causes and consequences. ne os ——— Bi field of arts, FO Idea vailing style or preference such Trend is defined in various ways. In th fashion, and music, itis af Atrend is a pattern of group for a long Popularity of jazz music. In economics, itisa general movement | period of ime. itcan affect your life and shape your future. as realism movement in art, emergence of the miniskirt, and avior th registering statistical changes for a long period such as the Some of the trends today include (1) 3-D printing, (2) online ticketing, (3) cashless transactions, and (4) touchscreen devices. MD Gieer0. Networks, and Critical Thinking in the 21st Century Culture >refers to a tendency, drift, or bend toward a certain stance, thought, or policy as when democratic Southeast Asian countries favored authoritarian governments at a certain point in their histories. Other areas also exhibit prevailing preference such as in sports (wearable devices that monitor training performance), food (rise of oatmeal products, inclusion of moringa or malunggay in food products), medicine (stem cell treatment), cosmetics (whitening supplements), travel (paperless tickets and online check-in), manufacturing (3-D printing), environmental management (home solar elec el e . solar elec ystem). In other words, a trend is a pattern of behavior demonstrated by a big number of people within a particular period. Other trends are (5) solar panel installation, (6) pop music, and (7) forced migration Sociologists view trend as a collective behavior or mass involvement which is acceptable to society and shows a “line of historical continuity” as it can be downplayed today but can resurface sometime in the future. The tight pants, for instance, was the trend toward the end of the 1960s, after which, the bell-bottom pants relegated the former to the side. Nowadays, tight pants have made a comeback, especially in the form of skinny jeans. Commerce as an academic course became a trend for a long period of time in the past and degrees such as computer engineering, nursing, and hotel and restaurant until new cours: management became popular and in demand. It can be observed, however, that commerce as a popular course has made a comeback due to heightened globalization where business and entrepreneurship play a key role Trends, Networks, and Societies)Spotting a Trend Someone or something starts or causes as trend. A person who starts a trend is called wendsetter. The individual's act or the event has attracted attention, earned acceptance, and created strong interest and influence on people whose number keeps snowballing as days go by. The act or event is something different from what is currently going on and it becomes “the next big thing.” It demonstrates an accelerated spread among various sectors and areas and creates a deep and wide scope of influence on people, sectors, and the environment. It leads to change. According to futurists (a futurist is one who studies and predicts the future, especially on the basis of current trends) Alf Rehn and Magnus Lindkvist (2013), trendspotting refers to “the study of trends and the way they develop and affect society.” This should be differentiated from cool-hunting which is “a hunt for those things that will become popular before they aré popular.” Trend analysis is “based on trendspotting but it extends this into developing future scenarios.” Cool-hunting can be understood as looking for things that are going to be popular, while trendspotting is looking for future trends, generally including those that are less or not obvious, “that ultimately affect society and the way people live. Trendspotting requires more analysis. For example, discovering what accessories will hit the fashion markets in the next season is cool- for the next singing sensation hunting, as well as a record label producer looking Trendspotting seeks broader subjects that lead to changes in human perception, say, in clothing and music. Imagine how the marketers of the denim jeans, notably Levi's, positioned juality wear that exudes individuality and denim jeans from being a work wear to bei informality, Soon, the denim jeans became ubiquitous in every country and a must-have. Think of composers and performers of pop music that help define the taste of a generation of listeners, possibly touching emotions and upholding attitudes. Original Pilipino Music (OPM), which started in the late 1970s, provided songs with a uniquely Filipino pop feel different from the previous colonially influenced songs and art songs. Trendspotting is the basis for trend analysis, which has applications in several fields. Below are the characteristics that a trendspotter should possess, based and adapted from Rehn and Lindkvist (2013). . . Big Idea Looking at things with a beginner's mind allows one to take in new information that is normally filtered by one’s preferences. Trends, Networks, and Societies)" E\ 1. Adopt a beginner's mind — Know how to unlearn things. With a beginner's mind, you can see things in a new light, as if everything is new and strange; thus you will be able to detect even small changes and shifts that field experts tend to ignore.2. Know why and what you are looking for — Ascertain first the reason why you are looking for trends. Only then can you focus on what kinds of trends to spot and how to specifically look for them. The reasons of a businessman are different from those of an enthusiast or a traveler or a writer. 3. Move and search in many places — Look beyond what and where others are looking for and searching at. Dare to look for something different and do not remain in your comfort zones. As an analogy, instead of going where the tourist guide leads you, try to explore other places and go to areas where most do not go to or even notice. When you are led to the mostly used hashtag, for example, you are merely cool-hunting. Learn to take note what is happening now to imagine and search what will be happening in the future. 4. Beware of the obvious — Do not join the bandwagon of the obvious—the flashy things (the peacock). Remember that if something is easy to spot, everyone most likely sees it, too, Things that are less visible (the pigeons) effect changes in culture and society. Just think about how the mundane plastic chairs (monobloc chairs) influenced how people gather and how ubiquitous they have been. A trendspotter should be able to see the many pigeons instead of a single peacock, Ws as Objectivity is important to'see things without biases or to keep one's biases at a minimum. 5. Never judge something as good or bad ~ Set aside your biases and be objective in looking for trends. You may not like a topic, but you have to pursue knowing more of it if you are to be an effective trendspotter. Pay attention to anything related to it and be critical, too. For example, some may find Internet memes as unattractive, tasteless, or ridiculous, but their mere presence and popularity speak ton about a kind of Internet user that finds more sense of the world through visual culture. ‘ & “Trends, Networks, and Critical Thinking in the 21st Century CultureBe sensitive in looking for signals ~ Study how trends gain momentum. Not all things new and novel can become a trend, but they sometimes do. Taking note the upsurge and downturn of phenomena will help you to expect or pick weak signals that become strong. Observe for changes in how things are done or in people’s behaviors when something new is iftroduced. Do not delve onthe novelty of a gadget, for example, per se. An undergoing shift is a good sign of a developing trend. At first, the remote-controlled drone was seen as a fad with many enthusiasts purchasing one. Then we see drones being used in filmmaking, shooting documentaries, news reporting, Look for shifis rather than novelties taking photographs, and even in delivering packages. In photography, the use of drones has given us new perspectives in terms of seeing things, ushering in a bigger and better understanding or view of the world, literally and figuratively. Also included in this particular characteristic is the importance of taking note of what people actually do in contrast with what they say they do. Stunning pictures such as this have be because of drone technology. Spot for combinations of things ~ Do not think of trends as a singular evolution or They come as a combination of shifts or individual spots. For “we can use social media today has been made possible due Internet connection, smartphone technology, apps development of things. example, the ease by which we ca to a combination of the following development, globalization, algorithms, and emergence of netizens, to name a few. Trends, Networks, and Societies _9. Find the reason for something — However difficult this may be, seek logical explanations and causes for everything. By understanding the reasons behind things, behaviors, changes, and shifts, you can get a better understanding of an emerging trend. Merely looking at the surface is not enough. Considering something as inexplicable is not enough as well. By spotting a trend, you can think of ways to maintain your lead in your field of specialization, detect new opportunities to grab, and “invent” a future life for you, your family, and your close friends, In order to detect a trend, you have to read and observe a lot. Institutions and trends specialists have been set up primarily to conduct lectures, workshops, demonstrations, and trend tours regarding the techniques of trendspotting. Such institutions and specialists provide tried and tested methods and tools to enable businesspeople, organizations, and enterprises to spot the upcoming trends that will affect them, and consequently, to be equipped to predict the future of their respective industries before their closest rivals are able to do so. There are journals and publications that specialize in following trends, and they have become vital sources of information regarding major trends that will shape the future. Monthly and quarterly forecasts tell how these trends will impact on one’s life regardless of profession and business, how one can benefit from them, and how to evade disastrous falls or grave mistakes that such trends might cause. Reflect Upon. v How can the consequence of a trend affect your studies or family business? ‘Trend versus Fad Trend and fad are both group patterns of behavior but not without differences. A trend lasts for a longer period of re time than a fad. It may take years before a trend slows down, while it only takes a few weeks or months for a fad to stay, ‘Thus, a\fad is a temporary or short-lived pattern of group behavior. The Beatlemania in the 1960s and the hippie trends lasted for decades whereas the fad of the song “Gangnam Style” was short-lived. A fad is short term, while a trend is long term. But both always confront us as our life faces constant change. ME MBB NeiiorKs, anc Critical Thinkina in the 21st Cantury CuitureAtrend has a record of occurrence in the past and might continue to the present, something which is unseer in a fad, It leaves a long, significant mark iti history and could go on to the present. The rise of One Direction ushered back the boy band trend in music, which recurs intermittently since the 1960s. The “Trumpets” dance challenge and the mannequin challenge which went viral on television and social media were fads that quickly faded away. Moreover, while trends can reflect or give the impression of wealth and status such as the trends of drinking gourmet coffee and eating organic food, fads are not associated with status symbols and are taken lightly by the nonparticipating public. Sometimes, a trend can be considered as having implications on the social status of participants. This is true especially in fashion and food. Trends and fads can happen in areas of life where change or transformation continuously occurs. This means that while you are alive, you will encounter and experience various trends and fads. es What Have | Learned So Far? Identify which of the following items are trends and fads. Write 7 on the blank for trend and F for fad. Explain your answers in class. 1. online banking 2. medical tourism 3. puka shell necklace 4. “Gwiyomi” song 5, denim jeans 6, animated films 7. business process outsourcing 8. platform boots 9. Instagram 10. “Pen Pineapple Apple Pen” song Trends Nahwaree ona oN, WmmROnORA,Reflect Upon 1. How can you be a trendsetter? 2. Why do you always encounter trends and fads? Elements of a Trend The following are elements or components of a trend: 1. Number of participants ~ A trend may be started by an individual but the number of people who follow it becomes bigger as time goes by. The group grows into a community which, not long after, swells into national and international societies. The prevailing fashion of a period, for example, follows what celebrities are wearing or what fashion designers offer. People often copy the trendsetters and so a new fashion trend develops. In the recent century, styles of clothing are usually distinguished by decades. 2. Pattern of behavior — A trend is formed from repetitive actions of people. The simple act of taking a selfie has now become a cultural trend. It is almost impossible not to see someone taking a selfie in any place—be it in a tourist spot, in a restaurant, in a hotel lobby, beside a movie poster in a cinema, in a concert hall, and at an event, among others. Before smartphones and portable digital cameras, pictures or portraits were taken by another person. The selfie phenomenon enabled people to construct themselves visually and present it to the public by putting it on social media, Others view the taking of selfies with disdain as a symbol of narcissism and superficiality, while others consider it as an act of'self-exploration and a gauge for acceptance. ED EEE Keivos, and Critical Thinking in the 21st Century CultureTaking seffies has been prevalent that politicians and celebrities are into it, tog Long period of time ~ A trend has a long time frame, sometimes running for decades. A trend may experience some ups and downs in popularity, may fade away; and may recur. For many decades, the telephone was the main line of voice communication. It revolutionized ‘ive. Soon, it was modern living and had great impacts socially, both positive and n overtaken by the popularity of mobile phones in the late 1990s, which is portable and has the text messaging feature. Then newer technologies allowed smartphones to include many applications and Internet connectivity. Although telephones are still present in homes and offices, smartphones clearly have gotten ahead in functionality and usage. For decades, the humble telephone was the only way for voice communication. It has been replaced by the mobile phone and smartphone. 4. Cause — A trend has a starting point which can be an idea, technology, evenit, or person Portable audig’ players were popularized when Walkman was introduced in the 1980s, 4 allowing people to listen to recorded music (cassette tapes) through headphones or earphones. Later, it would evolve in the form of a portable CD player. Then came another Trends, Networks, and Societies” HP,revolutionary trend with the advent of digital audio players where the music playlist could be saved onto the device or be downloaded online. Now, mobile phones and smartphones also function as a portable music pla er. The culture of portable music has come a long way, from the invention of the transistor radio, and is still evolving depending on new emerging technologies, The Walkman revolutionized music listening. Portable audio players today can trace back their roots to the Walkman. Consequence ~ A trend makes considerable influence or impact. Social networking has become an encompassing trend that tends to influence behaviors of online users. With the popularity of smartphones, users began subscribing to various social networking portals which enable them to post activity statuses and photos, and even connect with celebrities. People could now air their opinions on diverse matters and say almost anything instantly. Social networking users have reached billions On the right is a comic showing some of the effects of using social media pa NL co ed a 1. Who or what generates a trend? Who are involved in creating a trend?2. Why is time frame important in a trend? Characteristics of Trends ‘Trends are difficult to study and analyze. Studying them is like predicting the future and determining what changes may possibly last and thus have wide effects on society and the people. Rehn and Lindkvist (2013) mention of a so-called hierarchy of trends, which explains why trends seem to have varying reach, effects, and influences on people. This hierarchy is a representation of the scale of the development of a trend. Mierotrends are “little things that happen all around us all the time, the tiny shifts that occur in everything from clothes we wear and the snacks we eat to the way we work, play, and love.” These trends happen right now and are outright observable. For others, microtrends are synonymous with fads. The importance of microtrends is that they offer a glimpse about the future through the clues they possess. Macrotrends, on the other hand, are “aggregated microtrends or more sweeping changes that are affecting society.” They provide major changes that are perceptible in the societal level for 1 period. These are more stable than microtrends, which can quickly fizzle out. a longe Megatrends are “macrotrends that have grown up and moved out. They are big and bold, and affect the lives of great swathes of the human race.” T hey can last for decades and are “so_ pervasive as to be generally known.” Because of this condition, megatrends are regarded as so obvious and evident. In other words, they have become the prevailing condition that has become too normal. Gigatrends are “trends that are so general that they affect most areas of human life—or, at least, more than one aspect of life or more than one industry.” Gigatrends are usually identified to define an era. ‘To illustrate this hierarchy of trends, study the following examples. Internet connection is now considered a gigatrend as its functions are now tied up to the everyday activities of people all around the world. It has become too normal such that it is now the base of several vital activities like banking, business, online communication, information gathering and dissemination, research, entertainment, transactions, gaming, shopping, and more. Smartphones can be considered a megatrend (if not bordering on being a gigatrend itself). ies. In fact, many check their smartphones first thing They have affected many lives and industri Trends, Networks, and Societiesin the morning to read text or private messages, surf the Net, and so on. Many human activities also depend on smartphones, whether directly or indirectly. Texting, likewise, has changed how People communicate, In the past, communication was done through audio signals care of the telephone. With texting, which traces its roots to a mobile phone function, communication can now be done through digitally written words sent instantly. Social media can be considered as a macrotrend, but it can arguably turn into a megatrend considering how common it is nowadays. The continuous development of platforms and apps made the concept of social media pervasive across computer and smartphone users. While social media would not have been a trend without the overall influence of the Internet it has, nonetheless, given many people a venue to be heard and to exchange thoughts, opinions, and ideas. Popular games and apps on smartphones are examples of microtrends. One game can Create a mania that later wanes to give way to another. A few games have attained a higher level in the trends hierarchy, like Super Mario, which actually started in the 1980s but has resurfaced through different gaming platforms. For some, this particular game is a representation ofan era to which they belong. Trends can also refer to movements, ideologies, concepts, beliefs, and more. The important thing in studying trends is to observe them closely for subtle and sudden shifts that ultimately affect people, cultures, and societies in general. Reflect Upon Name five trends and classify them according to the hierarchy of trends. Explain why each is a trend and why you classify it as such based on the hierarchy of trends. MEP MBE e007, and Critical Thinking in the 21st Century CultureIdentifying Parts of a Whole It was mentioned earlier that trends are formed from the combination of things. Thus a trend has constituent parts or portions that are interrelated. Their confluence, as well as how the people adopt them, makes the trend viable, especially the megatrends and gigatrends. Take as example the Japanese animation (anime) trend that is associated with several generations spanning decades. In retrospect, the popularity of anime was brought about by a number of developments such as the ones shown below. Manga (Japanese a Emergence of of@ku Japanese pop music comics) and other Home video availabilty, (enthusiasts) ‘adaptations Artistic experimentation Widespread syndication and stylistic expansion Bene industy Information sharing through the Internet Electronic subtiting SS ‘Anime Z— Development of Bailie subcultures. Popularity of a Influences from Walt (voice actors) Disney films Television industry i qanguation ot Enoisncubing _Arnatoneccony seat eninaton asaya Another example is the visual culture we experience today. It was developed from various trends—digital camera, smartphone, Internet, Wi-Fi technology, social media, mobile apps, computer, fashion, art, photography, to name a few. Internet memes, infographics, and sharable videos seemed to be a microtrend only, but they eventually became a mainstay in disseminating information. Even large news organizations and government Web sites use them. This visual culture trend (can be considered a megatrend) has evolved further with the advent of the Internet. The smartphone and Wi-Fi access greatly helped the new form of visual culture which is subscribed to by many social media users, if not all. Remember that microtrends can become macrotrends if they affect more lives and societies. Then macrotrends can become a megatrend if it can affect a much larger group for a longer period like a decade. Megatrends can become gigatrends if they have ever-lasting effects and influences. Therefore, it is evident that a larger thing (the whole) consists of smaller things or parts, Trends, Networks, and Societies” SRIdentifying Emerging Patterns Apattern is a design; shape, form or configuration that emerges from repetitious appearance of lines, curves, and behavior. In the study of trends, repetitive behavior that gives rise to an emerging pattern is the main interest. ~ In order to follow and observe ifa pattern emerges out of various events and phenomena, one should have the tools necessary to detect it. The tools that a trendspotter should find handy to use are categorized into four activities. According to Rehn and Lindkvist (2013), these activities are the following: 1. Documentation — This means being able to record your observations which you consider related to any trend. The primary tools for documentation, however simple, are notebook and pen. Some optto use note-taking features or apps on a smartphone or tablet. The camera has also become necessary in providing visuals. Others bring a voice recorder which is best for saving audio. Whatever tool one uses, the important thing in documentation is the ability to physically keep information and data wherever and whenever you may be. Notebook and pen are basic in documentation. 2. Archive or Memory — This means being able to easily retrieve any documentation you have kept. Nowadays, the most space-saving way of archiving is turning the physical into digital. Notes can be scanned or converted to a portable document format (PDF) while digital pictures can be easily saved. Physical archiving can, of course, still be used. There are various digital archiving systems that are available, too. Tagging and cross-indexing are helpful in labeling files. 3. Analysis — This is the stage where examination and combination happens. Looking for patterns on prospective trends can be achieved through these methods: brainstorming, grouping, and crafting combinations. In brainstorming, you decide which from your data is important and which can be discarded. Here, you can confirm emerging patterns like Trends, Networks, and Societies” SH.. ouping, you c events becoming more frequent and things following a cycle. In grOuPINE, You Create headings where observations and data can fall under. In crafting combinations, you begin to link one thing to another and think what could happen if these are taken a step further, more like imagining or generating new ideas. 4. Presentation — This is representing your findings for eas analysis. You can represent your findings through, among others, a mood board and g storyboard. A mood board is a collage of images, text, and object samples. This is useg ‘o “capture your intuition and stimulate creative discussions about trends.” A storyboard Presents a narrative of possible scenarios. It functions to “connect trends to a timeline and to different contexts, something that can enable you and others to see interesting new. things.” A slideshow is also another option. In presentation, you do not merely present your ideas but use it as an analytical technique. Sometimes, new trends are labeled with new names or terms in the hope of popularizing a phenomenon. y understanding as a way of Other ways to catch emerging patterns are through interviews and focus group discussions (FGD). For example, a restaurant owner noticed the decreasing number of walk-in customers as, well as the phone-in orders. He made a simple research by interviewing his staff about what they / were doing in times when the restaurant was performing at its peak and what the customers told | them about the food, service, and facilities. The restaurant owner looked for emerging pattems and found out the slow service and long waiting time for ordering food and delivery. Knowing these, he implemented changes to policies and working processes in his restaurant, Later, he | called his staff to engage in FGD so they can discuss practical measures for improvement. He | adopted many of his staff"s creative suggestions. Later on, he would sometimes ask walk-in customers for comments. Identifying emerging patterns can be used to introduce to individuals, organizations, and communities change, improvement, transformation, and new opportunities, Once patterns are identified, trends are given rational explanations for . . their emergence ot existence, and are provided with a better understanding of their cultural ori gins. Reflect Upon How is it useful to identify emerging patterns in lookin ‘examples, 19 for a trend? Mention two‘OND WALLS 1.1 CONAN You are an environmentalist. You were doing research about the environmental issues and trends in your area. Your friend, a local newsmagazine editor, offered you a chance to publish your findings through a feature article. You have to submit a draft of your article to your editor-friend, who allotted three pages of the magazine for your feature. You must include in your article emerging environment-related patterns that you have observed and a projected scenario based on each trend you have identified. Your article will be evaluated based on content, presentation of findings, writing conventions, and creativity, * ————————————————— | Differentiating Relationships between Causes and Consequences A cause refers to an agent that brings about a result or traceable to a cause a consequence. A consequence is always which can be a person, thing, principle, motive, act, or event There is no cause without a consequence and vice versa Always ponder on the consequence of your action The Beatlemania trend in the 1960s was caused by The as it may cause misery, anger, or trouble to other Beatles, a British singing quartet who earned the adulation of, people around you. millions of fans around the world. The group heavily influenced” the pop culture landscape by changing the face of the music industry and creating new fashion and hairstyle. They were 2 and their demeanor veered away from machismo, leading to a changed view of masculinity. The Beatlemania introduced the tight pants, androgynous and colorful clothes, and mop-top hairdo Iso considered gender-benders as their songs empowered feminism among the youth. It also brought in a irls were relentlessly screaming throughout the band’s surge in fandom never seen before. Teenage live performances. This behavior is still evident in fan crazes of subsequent male pop groups. The adulation of fans over The Beatles was termed “Beatlemania.” Over the years, until 1970, the group made a cultural impact not only in music but also in fashion and attitude. Trends, Networks, and Societies » wrvf So. Beatlemania was, of course, caused by the rise of The Beatles 10 the (oP of the Pop music scene. The effect of Beatlemania was not only limited to Britain and the U-S. Put it spread to the rest of the world, it igation syste The recent travel boom can be traced to low airfareyand satellite-based navig system, Additionally, more and more people go on weekend travels and document them in their blogs, ; laces, therefor The photos they attach and publish online encourage others to visit the same PI re increasing the tour 'm income of the locals. Because of lower air fares and budget airlines, locals and foreigners are able to travel more frequently. This trend brings about positive effects on the tourism industries of countries. In world politics, the democratization (transition from, authoritarian regime to a mare democratic system) trend that recorded an upward trajectory starting from 1989 to the early 2000s was triggered by the breakdown of authoritarian regimes symbolized by the fall ofthe Berlin Wall. The Berlin Wall separated the communist East Berlin and East Germany (German Democratic Republic) from the capitalist West Berlin and West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany). For decades after the Second World War, the partition of Germany reflected the fighting ideologi ‘ orld, on one hand, and the socialist: set blocs, on the other hand, during the so-called Cold War era, The ol ‘ 4 wlobal effects. Several revolutions and change of power in Europe (Poland, Berlin Wal Ie a Czechoslovakia, and Romania) also followed or predated the fall of Berlin Hungary, Bulgsit nated to other communist states and eventually led to ane collapse of the anne anaies separate independent republics in 1991, This victory of democracy ovet eee re ported authoritarian regimes or dictatorships signaled the end of the es between the democratic-capitalist w demolition of the communisny which sup Cold War. 7 se ~Y fends, Networks, and Critical Thinking in the 21st Century Culture: An Germans rejoiced as they could now cross the border between West Berlin and East Berlin. West Beriin during the Cold war was an enclave in East Germany. Building a wall around it prevented people from leaving East Germany to take refuge in West Berlin, The rise of extremism and terrorism in recent history was brought about by certain ideologies that first spread underground among disgruntled groups of people. The September I terrorist attacks (known as 9/11) ushered many changes in politics and security as a new world order was put in place. What followed were frequent terrorist and extremist activities perpetuated by groups like al-Qaeda and the so-called Islamic State. Their adherents staged terrorist attacks in many world cities whfle others were commanded by their superiors to make individual and uncoordinated attacks. ee This trend of violencs caused policy changes (like controlling thé influx of immigrants to Europe), the resurgence of racism, a surge of rightist movements, and an increase in anti- establishment sentiments, toname a few. The string of events The coordinated terrorist attacks in the U.S. on 11 September 2001 changed detailed in the previous "8,2". i9 many ways including in secur, forlgn policy, immigration, politics, and more. In this photo, the second hijacked airplane is about to Paragraph exemplifies strike the south tower of the World Trade Center in New York, as the north tower is already in flames. Trends, Networks, and Societies "37.the cause-consequence relationship where one event may lead to another and so on. A cause brings about one or more consequences which may be either positive or negative. Whatever the results of a cause, the events that are noted in each result will help produce a picture of a trend Which is studied to be adopted in many life applications. The relationship between cause and consequence is salient to strategic thinking and analysis. — What Have | Learned So Far? How can a trend surface from a cause-consequence relationship? > BEYOND WALLS 1.2 AVON Mcp en You are a history teacher, and you have been invited to join a one-day outreach program for grade 6 pupils. You are tasked to give a lecture on the historical trends of colonialism and neocolonialism in Southeast Asia. You are asked to prepare either a slideshow presentation or a one-page summary handout of your lecture. Your work should describe or demonstrate colonialism through its characteristics, elements, and consequences, especially in the former colonies. You should also illustrate neocolonialism as it is observed today. The usage of graphics and images for the slideshow presentation is recommended. You will submit your output for evaluation. It will be evaluated based on content of the lecture, comprehensive explanation of the trend, and creativity of the work. eee ee EEE (MBB GREE Networks, and Critical Thinking in the 21st Century Culture