NDT-SA-SATORP-RT-60, REV00, Date 15-Aug-2023

NDT Corrosion Control Services Co.
DOC NO: NDT/SA/SARORP/RT/60, Rev01

Dammam – Saudi Arabia Date: 15th AUG 2023
RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE
INDEX
SL# CONTENT PAGE NO
1 Scope 3
2 Personal protection 3
3 Reference documents 3
4 General requirements 3
4.1 Personnel qualification 3
4.2 Surface preparation 4
4.3 Back scatter radiation check 4
4.4 System of identification 4
4.5 Monitoring density limitations of radiographs 4
5 Equipment and materials 5
5.1 Films 5
5.2 Processing 5
5.3 Intensifying screens 5
5.4 IQI design 5
5.5 Facilities for viewing radiographs 6
6 Calibration 6
6.1 Source size 6
6.2 Step wedge film and densitometer 6
6.3 Verification of Parameters 6
7 Examination 7
7.1 Radiographic technique 7
7.2 Selection of energy of radiation 8
7.3 Source to film & object distance 8
7.4 Location markers 9
7.5 IQI selection 10
7.6 Use of IQI to monitor radiographic examination 12
8 Evaluation of radiography quality 14
8.1 Quality of radiographs 14
8.2 Radiographic density 15
8.3 IQI Sensitivity 15
8.4 Excessive scatter 15
8.5 Geometric unsharpness limitations 15
9 Documentation 16
9.1 Radiographic Technique Information 16
9.2 Records 16
9.3 Reports 16
9.4 Identification of complited work 17
10 Evaluation 17
11 Acceptance criteria 25
12 Report Format 34
Table 5.4.1(a) ASTM Wire Type IQI 5
Table 5.4.1 (b) ISO Wire Type IQI 6
Table 7.1 Radiographic technique 7
Table 7.4 Number Spacing 9
Table 7.5.2 (a) ASME: IQI Selection 10
Table 7.5.2 (b) DIN or/and ISO: IQI Selection 11
Table 7.5.2 (c) IQI Selection: API 1104 11
Table 8.5 Geometric Unshapness limits 16
Table 11. 3 (b) – Acceptance Criteria 28
Table 11.4 – Acceptance Criteria for API STD 1104 30
Table 11. 5 – Rejection Criteria for Statically Loaded Structures, AWS 32
Page 1 of 36
NDT Corrosion Control Services Co. DOC NO: NDT/SA/SARORP/RT/60, Rev01
D1.1 Para 8.15.3.2
Page 2 of 36
1 SCOPE
This specification is intended for the use with any standard code referenced & it covers the
minimum requirements used by NDT personnel to carry out the radiographic examination of
weld joints by X-Ray & gamma rays.
2 PERSONAL PROTECTION
Each person using X-ray or gamma ray equipment shall make a radiation survey during the
initial operation and for each additional radiographic exposure.
All necessary steps shall be taken to assure that the radiation intensity outside the established
barriers is such that a person would not receive more than 0.75 mR in any one hour.
Each person using the radiation equipment shall wear a film badge or Thermo Luminescent
Dosimeter (TLD) at waist level or at chest level, a direct reading pocket dosimeter, an
alarming rate meter or Electronic Pocket Dosimeter.
For information on this important aspect of radiography, reference shall be made to current
document of the NDT Corrosion Control Services (NDTCCS) safety manual NDT/RP 001(Latest
Revision).
3 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
1. ANSI/ASME Section V – 2021 Edition - ASME Code for Nondestructive Examination.

2. ANSI/ASME B31.3 - 2022 Edition- ASME code for process piping.
3. ANSI / ASME Sec. VIII, Div. I& II – 2021 Edition - Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels.
4. API 1104 -2021 Edition
5. AWS D1.1 2021 Edition- AWS code for Structural Steel welding
6. API 650 2020 Edition- Welded Tanks for Oil Storage
7. AWS D14.1/D14.1M : Latest Edition
8. ASTM E-747 – Latest Edition
9. ASTM E-94 -04 Latest Edition
10. DIN 54 109- Latest Edition
11. JERES-W-11 REV04
12. DIN 54 109- Part 1
13. NDT/CERT/01 Certification Manual (Latest Revision)
14. NDT/RP-001 (Latest Revision)
15. ASNT CP-189 – 2020 Edition - ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certificaiton of
Nondestructive Testing Personnel.
4 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
4.1 PERSONNAL QUALIFICATION

All personnel performing radiographic examination in accordance with this specification shall
be certified in accordance with the requirement of NDT/CERT/01 Certification manual (Latest
Revision). NDT CCS Certification Manual NDT/CERT/01 meets the recommendations of the
American Society for Non Destructive Testing recommended practice ANSI CP-189. They shall
perform the radiography meeting the requirements of NDT/RP 001(Latest revision) (Safety
Manual for Ionizing Radiation). All personnel performing radiography for client or on client
property or concessionaire areas shall have passed the Radiation Safety examination
administered by the Project Loss Prevention Department and be in possession of a current
SATORP approved Radiographer by the Inspection Department prior to commencement or
radiography.
Page 3 of 36
4.1.1 A Level-I may perform any radiographic operation but must be under the direct supervision of
Certified Level-II or Level-III. A Level I cannot interpret the radiographs.
4.1.2 A Level-II may perform any radiographic operation including the processing of the film’s
radiographs. The Level-II may be required to prepare technique sheet and shooting sketch for
each part radiographed and submit these to the Level-III for approval. The Level-II shall be
responsible to the Level-III.
4.1.3 Personnel performing radiographic film interpretation shall have passed NDTCCS internal
Level II Film Interpretation Examination and approved by SATORP.
4.1.4 A Level III shall be responsible for writing the appropriate procedure and techniques to be
applied. He shall be fully responsible for the quality of the radiography job. He shall be
responsible for in-house certification of Level I & II Radiographers.
4.2 SURFACE PREPARATION
4.2.1 The weld joint surfaces may be in "as welded" conditions, ground or machined according to
drawing requirements. The weld crown, if present, shall not exceed the maximum permitted
by the referencing Code Section.
4.2.2 The weld ripples or weld surface irregularities, weld spatter on both sides (inside where
accessible) shall not interfere with the film interpretation. Backing strips need not to be
removed provided they do not interfere with the interpretation of the radiographs.
4.2.3 When the time of examination is not specified stated in the referenced code or project
specification, final radiography for acceptance of the weld / material shall be performed
after final inspection.
4.3 BACK SCATTER RADIATION CHECK
A lead letter "B" with a minimum dimension of 7/16 " (11 mm) in height and 1/16 " (1.5 mm) in
thickness shall be attached to the back of each film holder, during each exposure to
determine if backscatter radiation is exposing the film.
4.4 SYSTEM OF IDENTIFICATION
An identification symbol system shall be used in order to ensure a permanent record of the
seam to be radiographed. Each radiograph shall be identified using lead numbers and/or
letters. The radiographic identification shall include the following information:
The information shall not obscure the area of interest on the radiograph.
1.B Number / Job Order Number
2. Manufacturer's name or symbol.
3. Component, vessel or piping identification.
4. Seam or weld identification.
5. Welder Identity No.
6. R1 for repair 1, R2 for repair 2, if necessary etc.
7. Cut out shall be identified as a new weld, e.g. NSW1, etc
8. In case of reshoot, the film shall contain the symbol RS1, RS2, etc, if more than one reshoots.
9. When tracer shots are required for random or spot radiography, the rejected weld number
followed by letter T1, T2 etc., shall be included as a part of the film identification.
10. Date of radiography.
11. Station or location marks shall be spaced in inches or centimeter.
4.5 MONITORING DENSITY LIMITATION OF RADIOGRAPHYS
Only calibrated densitometer shall be used. Either a densitometer or step wedge comparison
film strip shall be used for judging film density. Densitometer performance shall be verified
before each use with a density film strip traceable to a national standard. Densitometer shall
be calibrated at least every 90 days.
Page 4 of 36
5 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
5.1 FILMS
Radiographs shall be made using industrial radiographic film either Class I or II. The films used
shall be either Agfa , Kodak or Fuji and it shall be approved by Project inspection Unit.
5.1.1 Type I film shall be used for radiography of pipe diameters of 8-inch nominal size (NPS) or less.
5.2 PROCESSING
To produce a satisfactory radiograph, the care used in making the exposure must be
followed by equal care in processing. The most careful radiographic techniques can be
nullified by incorrect or improper darkroom procedures. Film shall be processed in
accordance with ASTM E-94.
5.2.1 Automatic Processing:
The essence of automatic processing system is control. The processor maintains the chemical
solutions at the proper temperature, agitates and replenishes the solutions automatically and
transports the films mechanically at a carefully controlled speed throughout the processing
cycle. Film characteristics must be compatible with processing conditions.
5.2.2 Manual Processing:
Technician should follow detailed recommendations on manual film processing as listed in
NDT/CCS MSA-002.1. This shall be used as a guide for processing film. Variation to the film
manufacturer’s processing recommendations to compensate for exposure is not permitted.
5.3 INTENSIFYING SCREENS
Intensifying lead screens shall be used in direct contact with the film unless otherwise
specifically directed. For Radiography using gamma ray sources, the minimum thickness of
the front lead screen shall be 0.125 mm (0.005in.) for Ir- 192 and Se-75.
5.4 IQI DESIGN
5.4.1 The IQI used shall be of the wire type and shall be manufactured and identified in
accordance with the requirements of SE 747 for wire type. Refer table 5.4.1(a). Image Quality
Indicators shall be of the “Wire Type”.
5.4.2 DIN type IQI described in DIN 54 109, ISO type IQI described ISO 1027, EN type IQI as
described in BS EN 462.1 or ASTM type IQI as described in ASTM SE-747 may be used as
alternative to ASME IQI. Refer Table 5.4.1(a), 5.4.1 (b).
Table 5.4.1(a)
ASTM Wire Type IQI
ASTM Set
Wire Diameter mm (inch)
Designation
A .081 (.0032) .102 (.004) .127 (.005) .160 (.0063) .203 (.008) .254 (.010)
B .254 (.010) .330 (.013) .406 (.016) .508 (.020) .635 (.025) .813 (.032)
C .813 (.032) 1.016 (.040) 1.27 (.050) 1.6 (.063) 2.03 (.080) 2.54 (.100)
D 2.54 (.100) 3.2 (.126) 4.06 (.160) 5.08 (.200) 6.35 (.250) 8.13 (.320)
Table 5.4.1 (b)

ISO Wire Type IQI
ISO Pack
Wire Diameter mm (inch) and wire number
Page 5 of 36
Designaton
3.20 2.50 2.00 1.60 1.25 1.00 0.08

1 ISO7
(0.125) (0.098) (0.078) (0.062) (0.050) (0.040) (0.032)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1.00 0.08 0.63 0.50 0.40 0.32 0.25
6 ISO 12
(0.040) (0.032) (0.024) (0.020) (0.016) (0.013) (0.010)
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0.40 0.32 0.25 0.20 0.16 0.125 0.1
10 ISO 16
(0.016) (0.013) (0.010) (0.008) (0.006) (0.004 (0.004)
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
5.4.3 Damaged IQI's shall not be used, e.g., bent wires. IQI's shall not be modified in any way.
5.4.4 IQI's shall be selected from either the same alloy material group or grade as identified in ASTM
E747 or from an alloy material group or grade with less radiation absorption than the material
being radiographed.
5.5 FACILITIES FOR VIEWING RADIOGRAPHYS
The equipment used to view films for radiographic interpretation shall provide a variable high
intensity light source sufficient for the essential wire to be visible for the specific density range.
The viewing conditions shall be such that light coming from around the outer edge or from
low density portions of the radiographic does not interfere with interpretation.
The viewing facilities should provide subdued back ground lighting on an intensity that will not
cause troublesome reflections, shadows, or glare on the radiograph.
Radiographic viewers shall meet the minimum requirements set forth in ISO 5580. and shall
provide a variable light source for the essential designated wire to be visible throughout the
specified density range.
6 CALIBRATION
6.1 VARIFICATION OF SOURCE SIZE

The equipment manufacturer's or supplier's publications, such as technical manuals,decay
curves, or written statements documenting the actual or maximum source size or focal spot,
shall be acceptable as source size verification.
6.2 STEP WEDGE FILM AND DENSITOMETER
The Density film strip shall be replaced annually. The first time use date shall be recorded.
Densitometers shall be used to measure the density of the film. The densitometer shall be
calibrated every three (3) months in accordance with ASME SEC V Article 2, T-262.
Performance shall be verified with a density film strip traceable to a national standard at the
beginning of each shift, after 8 hours of use or after change of aperatures, whichever occurs
first.
The density of step wedge comparison films and densitometer calibration shall be verified by
comparison with a calibrated step wedge film traceable to a national standard.
The densitometer shall be calibrated in accordance with recommendation listed in NDT CCS
document WI 111-3 for "Calibration of Transmission Densitometers"
6.3 VARIFICATION OF PARAMETERS
Page 6 of 36
6.3.1 Before commencement of the actual examination of the welded joints by radiography, test
films are exposed to establish the parameters chosen are adequate to give for radiographs
of acceptable quality for sensitivity, density, and cleanliness.
6.3.2 Whenever there is any change of any radiographic parameters, material thickness, diameter,
material type the procedure 6.3.1 is repeated to establish the changed parameters.
The following are the list of radiographic parameters :
1) Source type, size and strength.
2) Source to film distance & object to film distance.
3) Intensifiers and filters.
4) Type of film.
5) Developer and Fixer.
6) Temperature of Developer and Fixer.
7 EXAMIANTION
7.1 RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE

A Single wall exposure technique shall be used for radiography whenever practical. When it is
not practical to use a single wall technique, a double wall technique shall be used.
Technique and Exposure requirement
Table 7.1 Radiogrpahic Technique
Nominal Min. Num. of Location
Technique Type of exposure and viewing
Exposure
Pipe Size Figure
≤ 3-1/2 Inch Elliptical Dbl. Wall Exp. Dbl. Wall Viewing 2 (0,90) 2F
≤ 3-1/2 Inch Elliptical Dbl. Wall Exp. Sgl. Wall Viewing 4 (0,90,180,270) 2E or F
≤3-1/2” Inch Superimposed Dbl. Wall Exp. Dbl. Wall Viewing 3 (0,60,120) 2G
≥3-1/2” Inch Contact Dbl. Wall Exp. Sgl wall Viewing 3 (0,120,240) 2D or E
≥3-1/2” Inch Panoramic Sgl. Wall Exp. Sgl wall Viewing 1 1A
≥3-1/2” Inch Single Wall Single wall viewing 4 (0,90,180,270) 1B or 1C
Note:
a) Techniques other than those described in above table may be used with the
approval of SATORP inspection Department.
b) If the minimum number of exposures shown above is not adequate to demonstrate
the required coverage, additional exposure shall be made as specified by the
certified SATORP Film Interpreter.
7.1.1 Single Wall Technique
In the single wall technique, the radiation passes through only one wall of the weld, which is
viewed for acceptance on the radiograph. An adequate number of exposures shall be
made to demonstrate that the required coverage has been obtained.
7.1.2 Double Wall Technique
When it is not practical to use a single wall technique, one of the following double wall
techniques shall be used:
Page 7 of 36
7.1.3 Single wall viewing

For welds in components, a technique in which the radiation passes through two walls and
only the weld on the film side wall is viewed for acceptance may be used. When complete
coverage is required for circumferential welds (material), a minimum of three exposures
taken 120 deg. To each other shall be made.
7.1.4 Double wall viewing
For welds in components 3 ½ in (89.0) or less in nominal outside diameter, a technique in
which the radiation passes through two walls and the weld in both walls is viewed for
acceptance on the same radiograph may be used. Care should be exercised to ensure that
the required geometric un-sharpness is not exceeded. If the geometric un-sharpness
requirement cannot be met, then single wall viewing shall be used.
a) For welds, the radiation beam may be offset from the plane of the weld at an angle
sufficient to separate the images of the source side and film side portions of the weld so
that there is no overlap of the areas to be interpreted. When complete coverage is
required, a minimum of two exposures are 90 deg. To each other shall be made for each
joint.
b) As an alternate, the weld may be radiographed with the radiation beam positioned so
that the images of both walls are superimposed. When complete coverage is required, a
minimum of three exposures taken at either 60 deg. Or 120 deg. to each other shall be
made for each joint.
c) Additional exposures shall be made if the required radiographic coverage cannot be
obtained using the minimum number of exposures indicated above.
7.2 SELECTION OF ENERY OF RADIATION
7.2.1 X-Ray Source
The voltage for examinations with X-ray tube shall be selected to insure that the required wire
is visible on the radiograph. For x-ray machines operating at 320KV and less, the focal spot
size may be determined by the pinhole method.
7.2.2 Gamma ray Source
Radiation of Ir-192, Se-75 may be used for any material thickness provided the radiographic
technique used demonstrates that the required radiographic sensitivity has been obtained.
Use of Co-60 is only permitted when the thickness of the material exceeds the practical limits
of Ir-192 or Se-75.
7.3 SOURCE TO FILM AND OBJECT DISTANCE

The source or focal spot to film distance shall be determined by the formula:
D = Ft / Ug
where:
Ug = geometric unsharpness
F = source size : maximum projected dimensions of local spot or source size referred to the
axis of the beam
D = Distance from source of radiation to weld or object being radiographed
t = distance from the source side of weld or object being radiographed to the film
7.3.1 Source to Object Distance: Radiography of Monorail / Structural weld (AWS D14.1):
Radiographs shall be made using a single source of radiation approximately centered with
respect to the length and width of the area being examined. The minimum source to object
distance shall be greater of the films length or 7 (seven) times the maximum thickness of the
weld being examined. For panoramic examinations, the minimum source to object distance
shall be 7 (seven) times the maximum weld thickness. During exposure, the films shall be close
as possible to the opposite side of the weld being examined. Edge block shall be used when
Page 8 of 36
radiographing butt joints greater than ½ in thick . The minimum width of the edge block shall
be 1 in or half the weld thickness whichever is greater. The edge block shall have a thickness
equal to or greater than the thickness of the weld being radiographed.
7.4 LOCATION OF MARKERS

a) In all cases and all techniques, the location markers shall be identified on the surface of
the specimen being radiographed. Regardless of the technique used, the area of interest
of the radiograph shall be accurately traceable to its location on the part until
acceptance of the radiographs.
b) The lead identification markers that shall appear on the film shall be placed on the
corresponding marked areas of the weld joint being radiographed and shall be positioned
as follows:
c) The location markers that are indicating the area of interest and permanent identification
of film serial number, construction serial number or item traceable to the contract and
component to be inspected and the number of welds must appear as radiographic
images.
d) Lead location markers that indicate the area of interest shall be placed on the surface of
the part to be examined (not on the exposure holder or cassette).
e) The radiographic serial number shall be marked on the object surface (adjacent to the
weld seam) where lead location markers are applied.
f) If the weld is ground flush with the adjacent base material, arrows or "V's" should be
placed on the object at the extremities of the film in the area to be examined. The arrow
or "V's" should be placed approximately 1/4" away from the edge of the weld opposite the
film location numbers.
Table 7.4 Number Spacing

Nominal Pipe Size mm (in) Spacing mm (in.)
Over 89.0 (3.5)through 203.2 (8.0) 25.4 (1.0)
Over 203.2 (8.0)through 508 (20.0) 50.8 (2.0)
Over 508 (20.0) Up to the discretion of the RTFI Film Interpreter
or Field Supervisor
7.4.1 Single wall viewing

7.4.1.1 On source side:
a) Joints in flat components or longitudinal joints in cylindrical or conical components.
b) Joints in curved components whose concave side is toward the source and when the
source to material distance is less than the inside radius of the components.
c) Joints in curved or spherical components whose convex side is toward the source.
7.4.1.2 On film Side:

a) Location markers shall be placed on the film side when radiographic joints in either
curved or spherical components whose concave side is toward the source and
when the source to material distance is greater than the inside radius.
b) As an alternative for the source side markers in. para. 7.4.1 (a) (1), location markers
may be placed on the film when the radiograph shows coverage beyond the
location markers to the extent demonstrated in sketch 7.4(e), and when this
alternate is documented in the radiographic examination report.
7.4.1.3 Either side markers:
Page 9 of 36
Location markers may be placed on either the source or film side joints in curved or spherical
components whose concave side is toward the source and the source to material distance
equals the inside radius of the component.
7.4.2 Double wall viewing
In this case at least one location marker shall be placed on the film side of the object
adjacent to the weld (shall not appear in the area of interest) for each radiograph.
7.4.3 Mapping the placement of location markers
When inaccessibility or other limitations prevent the placement of markers as stipulated in
para. 7.4.1 and para. 7.4.2, a dimensioned map of the actual marker placement shall
accompany the radiographs and shall show the full coverage has been obtained.
7.5 IQI SELECTION

IQI's shall be wire type and shall be selected to ensure that the designated wire required by
Table 7.5.2(a), 7.5.2(b) or Table 7.5.3(a) , 7.5.3(b) as applicable, shall be included in the
penetrameter pack used. Whenever possible, IQI shall be selected to ensure that it contains
higher & lower thickness wires against the designated wire required to achieve sensitivity.
7.5.1 Weld with reinforcements
The thickness on which the IQI is based is the nominal single wall thickness plus the estimated
weld reinforcement not to exceed the maximum permitted by the referencing code section.
Backing rings or strips shall not be considered as part of the thickness in IQI selection.
In general, the following applies:
a. SWE/SWV or DWE/SWV techniques - the required wire size is based on the wall
thickness plus one weld reinforcement (cap and root) where such reinforcement is
not ground off.
b. DWE/DWV elliptical technique - the required wire size is based on twice the specified
wall thickness plus one weld reinforcement (cap and root) where such reinforcement
is not ground off.
c. DWE/DWV superimposed technique - the required wire size is based on twice the
specified wall thickness plus twice the weld reinforcement (cap and root) where
such reinforcement is not ground off.
7.5.2 Weld without reinforcements
The thickness on which the IQI is based is the nominal single wall thickness. Backing rings or
strips are not to be considered as part of thickness in IQI selection.
Table 7.5.2 (a) ASME: IQI Selection
Nominal Single-Wall
Material thickness Range Source side Film side
In. mm Wire-type Essentila Wire Wire-type esseentila Wire
Up to 0.25 Incl Up to 6.4, Incl 13 14
Over 0.25 to 0.375 Over 6.4 to 9.5 12 13
Over 0.375 to 0.5 Over 9.5 to 12.7 11 12
Over 0.5 to 0.75 Over 12.7 to19.0 10 11
Page 10 of 36
Over 0.75 to 1.00 Over 19.0 to 25.4 9 10
Over 1.00 to 1.5 Over 25.4 to 38.1 8 9
Over 1.5 to 2.0 Over 38.1 to 50.8 7 8
Over 2.0 to 2.5 Over 50.8 to 63.5 6 7
Over 2.5 to 4.0 Over 63.5 to 101.6 5 6
Over 4.0 to 6.00 Over 101.6 to 152.4 4 5
Table 7.5.2 (b) DIN or/and ISO : IQI Selection

Unless otherwise stated in the Scope of Work, IQIs
shall be selected as shown in the following columns.
Material thickness Range Source side Film side
In. mm Wire No Wire No
Up to 0.25 Incl Up to 6.4, Incl 4 5
Over 0.25 to 0.375 Over 6.4 to 9.5 5 6
Over 0.375 to 0.5 Over 9.5 to 12.7 6 7
Over 0.5 to 0.75 Over 12.7 to19.0 7 8
Over 0.75 to 1.00 Over 19.0 to 25.4 8 9
Over 1.00 to 1.5 Over 25.4 to 38.1 9 10
Over 1.5 to 2.0 Over 38.1 to 50.8 10 11
Over 2.0 to 2.5 Over 50.8 to 63.5 11 12
Over 2.5 to 4.0 Over 63.5 to 101.6 12 13
Over 4.0 to 6.00 Over 101.6 to 152.4 13 14
7.5.3 IQI Selection as per API 1104
Table 7.5.3 (a) Weld Thickness Vs Diameter of ASTM E747 Wire type IQI
Nominal Single-Wall Essential Wire Diameter ASME SET Letters

Material thickness Range
Inch mm Inch mm
Page 11 of 36
Up to 0.25 Incl Up to 6.4, Incl 0.08 0.20 A
Over 0.25 to 0.375 Over 6.4 to 9.5 0.010 0.25 A or B
Over 0.375 to 0.5 Over 9.5 to 12.7 0.13 0.33 B
Over 0.5 to 0.75 Over 12.7 to19.0 0.016 0.41 B
Over 0.75 to 1.00 Over 19.0 to 25.4 0.020 0.51 B
Over 1.00 to 2.0 Over 25.4 to 50.8 0.025 0.64 B
Table 7.5.3 (b) Weld Thickness Vs Diameter of ISO Wire type IQI
Nominal Single-Wall Essential Wire Diameter ASME SET Letters

Material thickness Range
Inch mm Inch mm
Up to 0.25 Incl Up to 6.4, Incl 0.08 0.20 13
Over 0.25 to 0.375 Over 6.4 to 9.5 0.010 0.25 12
Over 0.375 to 0.5 Over 9.5 to 12.7 0.13 0.33 11
Over 0.5 to 0.75 Over 12.7 to19.0 0.016 0.41 10
Over 0.75 to 1.00 Over 19.0 to 25.4 0.020 0.51 9
Over 1.00 to 2.0 Over 25.4 to 50.8 0.025 0.64 8
Note: In accordance with API 1104, for purposes of IQI selection, when the SWE/SWV
technique is used, the thickness of the weld means specified wall thickness plus the weld
reinforcement (internal plus external combined). When the elliptical DWE/DWV technique is
used, the thickness of the weld means twice the specified wall thickness plus the single weld
reinforcement (internal plus external combined). When the superimposed DWE/DWV
technique is used , the thickness of the weld means twice the specified wall thickness plus
twice the weld reinforcement (internal plus external combined)
7.6 USE OF IQI TO MONITOR RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION
7.6.1 Placement of IQI
7.6.1.1 Source side IQI(s)
When using separate blocks for IQI placement based onthe thickness of the blocks shall be
such that the image brightness at the body of the IQI isjudged to beequal to or greater than
the image brightness at the area of interest for a negative image format. If verified by
measurement, pixel intensity variations up to 2% are permitted in the determination of “equal
to.” This image brightness requirement is reversed for a positive image format
The IQI shall be placed on the source side of part being examined, except in the condition
described in (b) below. When, due to part or weld configuration or size, it is not practical to
place the IQI(s) may be placed on a separate block. Separate blocks shall be made of the
same or radiographically similar materials (as defined in SE- 1025) and may be used to
Page 12 of 36
facilitate IQI positioning. There is no restriction on the separate block thickness, provided the
IQI/area-of-interest density tolerance requirements of para 8.2 are met. IQI shall be placed on
the weldment in the area of interest being radiographed as shown in the figure 7.6.1.
a) The IQI on the source side of the separate block shall be placed no closer to the film
than the source side of the part being radiographed.
b) The separate block shall be placed as close as possible to the part being
radiographed.
c) The block dimensions shall exceed the IQI dimensions such that the outline of at least
three sides of the IQI image shall be visible on the radiograph.
7.6.1.2 Film side IQI(s)
Where inaccessibility prevents hand placing the IQI on the source side, it shall be placed on
the film side in contact with the part being examined. A lead letter "F" at least as high as the
IQI identification number shall be placed adjacent to or on the IQI but shall not mask the
essential wires.
7.6.1.3 Wire IQI’s:
The IQI(s) shall be placed on the weld so that the length of the wires is perpendicular to the
length of the weld. The identification numbers and, when used, the lead letter “F”, shall not
be in the area of interest, except when geometric configuration makes it impractical.
7.6.2 Number of IQIs
Number of IQIs. For DWE/SWV or SWE/SWV techniques requiring multiple exposures for
complete inspection of the weld, and where the length of the film to be interpreted is greater
than 127 mm (5 inches), two IQI’s placed across the weld and perpendicular to the weld
length shall be used. One shall be within 25.4 mm (1inch) of the end of the film length to be
interpreted and the other shall be at the center of the film length to be interpreted. When the
film length to be interpreted is 127 mm (5 inches) or less, one IQI’s shall be placed across the
weld and perpendicular to the weld length at the center of the length to be interpreted.
When one or more film holders are used for an exposure, at least one IQI image shall appear
on each radiograph except as outlined in (b) below.
a) Multiple IQIs. If the requirements of 8.2 are met by using more than one IQI, one shall be
representative of the lightest area of interest and the other the darkest area of interest;
the intervening densities on the radiograph shall be considered as having acceptable
density.
b) Special Cases:
1. For Monorail / Structural weld (AWS D14.1), one penetramter centered on the film, shall
be used for film 10 in (250mm) or less in length. Two Penetrameters, one centered and
one at the end of the film, shall be used for radiographs with a film length greater than 10
in (250mm) in length. For Panoramic exposure, three penetrameters shall be paced at
120°apart around the object being radiographed. penetrameters shall be placed on the
source side whenever possible.
2. For cylindrical components where the source is placed on the axis of the component for
a single exposure, at least four IQIs, spaced approximately 90 deg. apart, are required
when the complete circumference is radiographed using one or more film holders or
when a section or sections of the circumference, where the length between the ends of
the outermost sections span 240 or more deg., is radiographed using one or more film
holders. Additional film locations may be required to obtain necessary IQI spacing.
3. For cylindrical components where the source is placed on the axis of the component for
a single exposure, at least four IQIs, with one placed at each end of the span of the
circumference radiographed and one in the approximate center of the span, are
required when a section of the circumference, the length of which is greater than 120
deg. and less than 240 deg., is radiographed using just one film holder or when a section
Page 13 of 36
or sections of the circumference, where the length between the ends of the outermost
sections span less than 240 deg., is radiographed using more than one film holder.
4. In (1) and (2) above, where sections of longitudinal welds adjoining the circumferential
weld are radiographed simultaneously with the circumferential weld, an additional IQI
shall be placed on each longitudinal weld at the end of the section most remote from the
junction with the circumferential weld being radiographed.
5. For spherical components where the source is placed at the center of the component for
a single exposure, at least four IQIs, spaced approximately 90 deg. apart, are required
when a complete circumference is radiographed using one or more film holders or when
a section or sections of a circumference, where the length between the ends of the
outermost sections span 240 or more deg., is radiographed using one or more film holders.
Additional film locations may be required to obtain necessary IQI spacing.
6. For spherical components where the source is placed at the center of the component for
a single exposure, at least four IQIs, with one placed at each end of the radiographed
span of the circumference radiographed and one in the approximate center of the span,
are required when a section of a circumference, the length of which is greater than 120
deg. and less than 240 deg., is radiographed using just one film holder or when ass section
or sections of a circumference, where the length between the ends of the outermost
sections span less than 240 deg. is radiographed using more than one film holder.
7. In (4) and (5) above, where other welds are radiographed simultaneously with the
circumferential weld, one additional IQI shall be placed on each other weld.
8. When an array of components in a circle is radiographed, at least one IQI shall show on
each component image.
9. In order to maintain the continuity of records involving subsequent exposures, all
radiographs exhibiting IQIs that qualify the techniques permitted in accordance with (1)
through (6) above shall be retained.
Except as provided in item b. below, IQIs shall be placed in contact with the piping.
Wire type IQIs: When a complete weld is radiographed in a single exposure using a source
inside the piping, at least four IQIs placed across the weld and spaced approximately equally
around the circumference shall be used. For the DWE/DWV procedure, one IQI shall be
placed on the source side of the pipe and adjacent to the weld so that its image is not
superimposed onto the weld image. For the DWE/SWV or SWE/SWV procedures requiring
multiple exposures for complete inspection of the weld, and where the length of film to be
interpreted is greater than 5 in. (130 mm), two IQIs placed parallel to the weld and located
on the film side shall be used. One shall be within 1 in. (25 mm) of the end of the film length to
be interpreted and the other shall be at the center of the film. When the film length to be
interpreted is 5 in. (130 mm) or less, one IQI shall be placed on the film side, parallel to the
weld and located at the center of the length to be interpreted. When a repaired weld is
radiographed, at least one IQI shall be placed adjacent to each repaired area.
Heat shields: IQIs may be placed on a heat shield rather than in contact with the pipe,
provided that the acceptability of such IQI placement is demonstrated prior to production
testing.
8 EVALUATION OF RADIOGRAPHY QUALITY
8.1 QUALITY OF RADIOGRAPHS

8.1.1 Quality of Radiographs
All radiographs shall be free in the area of interest from mechanical, chemical or other
blemishes to the extent that they do not mask and are not confused with the image of any
discontinuity in the area of interest of the object being radiographed. Such blemishes include,
but are not limited to:
Page 14 of 36
a) Fogging
b) Processing defects such as streaks, water marks or chemical stains.
c) Scratches, finger marks, crimps, dirtiness, static marks, smudges, or tears.
d) Loss of detail due to poor screen to film contact.
e) False indications due to defective screens or internal faults.
8.2 RADIOGRAPHIC DENSITY

8.2.1 Density Limitations
The transmitted film density through the radiographic image of the body of IQI and the area
of interest for single viewing shall be 1.8 minimum for films performed by X-ray and 2.0 for films
performed by Gamma- ray. Radiographic film density through the area of interest or
adjacent to the designated wire type penetrameter shall be no greater than 4.0 for
radiographs produced by Gamma Rays or X-Rays. Composite viewing is not permitted on
Projects. A tolerance of 0.05 in density is allowed for variations between densitometer
readings.
8.2.2 Density Variation
a) General: If the density of the radiograph any where through the area of interest varies by
more than -15 % or +30 % from the density through the body adjacent to the designated
wire of a wire IQI, within the minimum and maximum allowable density ranges specified in
8.2.1, than additional IQI shall be used for each exceptional area or areas retaken. When
calculating the allowable variation in density, the calculation may be rounded to the
nearest 0.1 within range specified in 8.2.1.
b) With shims: When shims are used the +30 % density restriction of (a) above may exceed,
provided the required IQI sensitivity is displayed and the limitations of 8.2.1 are not
exceeded.
8.3 IQI (PENETRAMENTER) SELECTION

Required Sensitivity.
Radiography shall be performed with a technique of sufficient sensitivity to display the
essential wire of a wire-type IQI. The radiographs shall also display the IQI identifying numbers
and letters. Multiple film technique is not applicable to phosphor imaging plate radiography.
For wire-type IQIs, the essential wire shall be visible within the area of interest representing the
thickness used for determining the essential wire.
8.4 EXECESSIVE SCATTER

If a light image of letter "B" appears on the darker background of the radiograph, protection
from back- scattered radiation is insufficient and the radiography shall be retaken providing
for a stronger protection with thicker protection screen. A dark image of the "B" on a lighter
background is not the cause for rejection.
8.5 GEOMETRIC UNSHAPNESS LIMITATIONS

Geometric Unsharpness Determination:
Geometric unsharpness of the radiograph shall be determined in accordance with:
Ug = Fd/D
Ug = Geometric unsharpness
Page 15 of 36
F = source size, the maximum projected dimension of the radiating source (or effective focal
spot) in the place perpendicular to the distance D from the weld or object being
radiographed, in.
D = distance from source of radiation to weld or object being radiographed, in.
d = distance from source side of weld or object being radiographed to the film.
D and d shall be measured to the approximate center of the area of interest.
Geometric Unsharpness Limitation:

Geometrical unsharpness allowed is given in the Table 8.5
Material Thickness -Inch (mm) GEOMETRICAL UNSHARPNESS (Ug)-inch (mm)
Under 2 (50) 0.020 (0.51)
2 through 3 (50-75) 0.030 (0.76)
Over 3 through 4 (75-100) 0.040 (1.02)
Greater than 4(100) 0.070 (1.78)
Note: Material thickness to be considered is the thickness on which the IQI is based.
9 DOCUMENTATION
9.1 RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE INFORMATION

Technique File:
It is advised that a radiographic technique log or record containing the essential elements be
maintained.(EXBT -I)
The radiographic technique log or record should contain the following:
a) Description or sketch of the object,
b) Material type and thickness,
c) Source or focus-film distance,
d) Film type,
e) Film density,
f) Screen type and thickness,
g) Isotope or X-ray machine identification,
h) Curie or mill ampere minutes,
i) Film placement for non-standard items,
j) Source position for non-standard items,
k) QI and shim thickness,
l) Special masking or filters and
m) Collimator or field limitation device.
9.2 RECORDS
It is recommended that an X-ray log (a log may consist of a card file, punched card system,
a book, or other record) constituting a record of each job performed, be maintained. This
record should comprise, initially, a job number (which should appear also on the films), the
identification of the parts, material or area radiographed, the date the films are exposed,
and a complete the record of the radiographic procedure, in sufficient detail so that any
Page 16 of 36
radiographic techniques may be duplicated readily. If calibration data, or other records such
as card files or procedures, are used to determine the procedure, the log need refer only to
the appropriate data or other record. Subsequently, the interpreter's findings and disposition
(acceptance or rejection), if any and his initials, should also be entered for each job.
9.3 REPORTS
Reports should include the following, plus such other items as may be agreed upon:
(EXHIBIT-III)
a) A listing of each radiograph location
b) Identification as required by para. 4.4.
c) The dimensional map of marker placement in accordance with 7.4
d) Number of radiographs (exposure)
e) X-ray voltage or isotope type used.
f) Source size
g) Base material type and thickness, weld thickness, weld reinforcement thickness, as
applicable
h) Source to object distance
i) Distance from source side of object to film
j) Film manufacturer and manufacturer’s type/designation
k) Number of films in each film holder/cassette
l) Single or double wall exposure
m) Single or double wall viewing
n) Achieved sensitivity and Density of each film.
o) Evaluation and disposition of the material(s) or weld(s) examined.
p) Identification (name) of the Manufacturer’s representative who performed the final
acceptance of the radiographs.
q) Date of Manufacturer’s evaluation
r) Report number, date, BI or JO number, names, and badge numbers (if any) of the
radiographers, and the governing acceptance criteria.
s) The radiographic interpreter's full name and badge number, (if any) with signature.
t) IQI, Designated Wire
These information can be obtained directly from the report.
9.4 IDENTIFICATION OF COMPLETED WORK

Whenever radiography is an inspective (rather than investigate) operation whereby material
is accepted or rejected, all parts and material that have been accepted should be marked
permanently, if possible, with a characteristic identifying symbol which will indicate to
subsequent or final inspectors the fact of radiographic acceptance. Whenever possible, the
completed radiographs should be kept on file for reference. The custody of radiographs and
the length of time they are preserved should be agreed upon between the contracting
parties.
10 EVLUATION
Prior to being presented to the inspector for acceptance the radiographs shall be examined
and interpreted by NDT CCS Level-II Film Interpreter as complying with the referencing code
section. The Level-II Film Interpreter shall record the interpretation of each radiograph and
disposition of the material examined on a radiographic examination report (EXHIBIT-IV) as per
Attachment-I and it should accompany the radiographs. All personnel performing
Radiographic Film Interpretation (RTFI) or having an influence of Radiographic Film
Interpretation shall be certified to level. Personnel shall have in their possession a NDT CCS’s
RTFI certification and in addition shall be qualified by SATORP prior to performing RTFI.
Page 17 of 36
EXHIBIT – I
RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE DETAILS:-
METHOD : INSPECTION BY GAMMA RAYS

LOCATION : AS APPLICABLE
CLINET : AS APPLICABLE
MATERIAL : STEEL
DIA : ANY SIZE
JOB NO./COMP. NO. : AS APPLICABLE
WALL THICKNESS : STD
RADIATION SOURCE : IR-192
TYPE OF EQUIPMENT : EXTERNAL
MANUALLY OPERATED/CABLE : MANUALLY OPERATED
MODEL AND MAKE : 880-DELTA /SIGMA
RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE : DWE / SWV
NO. OF EXPOSURE : MIN. 3 REFER EXPOSURE
INTENSIFYING SCREENS : LEAD FOIL SCREENS F&B
(Type & Thickness) 0.0125 mm
FILTER TYPE & PLACEMENT : NONE
GEOMETRIC UNSHARPNESS : MAX. 0.020 in. .up to 2 inches of t(OFD)
GEOMETRIC RELATIONSHIP : SOURCE SIZE - (refer source certificate)
STRENGTH - MAX 100 CI
O F D - IN DIRECT CONTACT
S F D - O.D. OF PIPE
RADIATION ANGLE - 90 DEGREE
NO OF FILM - ONE IN A CASSETTE
FIELD LIMITATION DEVICE : COLLIMATORS (TUNGSTEN)
FILM TYPE : MAKE - KODAK/DUPONT/AGFA/FUJI
TYPE – II
SIZE - 70MM ROLL FILM 10x40 & 10x24 CM STRIP
EXPOSURE TIME (curie) :CALCULATED W/HELP OF EXPOSURE CALCULATOR

OR CHART.
FILM DENSITY : 2.0 TO 4.0
SENSITIVITY : REFER 7.5
REFERENCE MARKER : LEAD MARKER & ID MARKER AS PER
Page 18 of 36
IQI : AS PER 7.5

PROCESSING : MANUAL PROCESSING DEVELOPMENT
ACCEPTANCE STANDARD : AS APPLICABLE;
SKETCH : REF. TABLE
EXPOSURE ARRANGEMENT – D
EXHIBIT – II
RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE DETAILS:-

MATERIAL : STEEL
DIA : 3-1/2 OR LESS
RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE : DWE / SWV
NO. OF EXPOSURE : MIN. 2
O F D - IN DIRECT CONTACT ( PIPE OD)
S F D - 18 INCH
RADIATION ANGLE - 90 DEGREE
OFFSET OF 4" MAX. NO OF FILM-ONE IN A CASSETTE

TYPE – II
SIZE 10x24 CM FILMS
EXPOSURE TIME (curie) :CALCULATED W/HELP OF EXPOSURE CALCULATOR

OR CHART.
Page 19 of 36
SENSITIVITY : 2%
REFERENCE MARKER : LEAD MARKER AT EVERY 10 CM AND ID
IQI : AS PER 7.5
ACCEPTANCE STANDARD : AS APPLICABLE;
SKETCH : EXPOSURE ARRANGEMENT – F
EXHIBIT – III
RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE DETAILS:-MONORAIL /STRUCTURAL WELD (AWS D14.1)
MATERIAL : STEEL
DIA : AS APPLICABLE
RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE : SWE / SWV
NO. OF EXPOSURE : MIN. 1
O F D - IN DIRECT CONTACT
S F D - AS PER SIZE AND THIXK OF BEAM
RADIATION ANGLE -45, 90,120 DEGREE
TYPE – II
SIZE 10x24, 10X40 & 10X48 CM FILMS
EXPOSURE TIME (curie) :AS PER CURI / EXPOSURE.

SENSITIVITY : 2%
REFERENCE MARKER : LEAD MARKER AT EVERY 10 CM AND ID
IQI : AS PER 7.5
Page 20 of 36
ACCEPTANCE STANDARD : AWS D14.1

SKETCH : EXPOSURE ARRANGEMENT – F
SINGLE WALL RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES
Source- Weld - Film

arrangement IQI
locatio
Exposure Radiograph n
OD technique viewing End Side selection placement marker
source
side
Either
Any Single wall Single wall Table 2
side
Film side
source
side
Either
side
Film side
Page 21 of 36
source Either
side side
FIGURE: 7.1.1
DOUBLE WALL RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES
Source- Weld - Film

arrangement IQI
Exposure Radiograph location

OD technique viewing End Side selection placement marker
Double
wall: At source
least 3 side
exposures
at 120 Either
Any Single wall Table 2
deg to side
each
other for
complete Film side
coverage
Double source
wall: At side
least 3
exposures
at 120 Either
Any Single wall Table 2
deg to side
each
other for
complete Film side
coverage
Page 22 of 36
Double
wall: At Double wall
3.5
least 2 (Ellipse):
inch
exposures Read Off-
(88m source Either
at 90 deg set source Table 2
m) side side
to each side and
and
other for film side
Less
complete images
coverage
FIGURE: 7.1.2
DOUBLE WALL RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES
Source- Weld - Film

arrangement IQI
locat
Exposure ion
techniqu Radiograp placemen mark
OD e h viewing End Side selection t er
Double
wall: At
Double
least 3
wall: Read
exposures
Super-
3.5 inch at 60 deg
imposed source Eithe
(88mm) or 120 Table 2
source side side r side
and Less deg to
and film
each
side
other for
images
complete
coverage
FIGURE: 7.1.2 (Cont)
Page 23 of 36
Page 24 of 36
FIGURE: 7.4 Location Marker Sketches
Page 25 of 36
Figure 7.6.1 View of placement of Wire type IQI (Image quality indicator)
11 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
The standard of acceptance used by the film interpreter shall be as specified in the
applicablereference codes listed in Para 3. of this document. As a guide to technician
standard of acceptability shall be submitted for approval along with technique sheet.
11.1 ASME SEC VIII D1,
Table 11.1 – Maximum Discontinuity Size Allowed

Defect ASME SEC VIII D1 Para ASME SEC VIII D1 Para
UW 51 UW 52
Crack None None
Lack of fusion None None
Incomplete None None
Penetration
Elongated 6.0mm(¼)” for up to 2/3t where t is the thickness
Indication 19.0mm(¾)” .1/3t for t from of the weld excluding the
19.0mm(¾)” to 57mm (2¼)” allowed reinforcement
inclusive.
19.0mm(¾)” for t over 57
mm(2¼)”
Group of Aggregate length greater The sum of the longest
Aligned than t in a length of 12t, dimensions of all such
indications except when the distance indications is < t in a length
between successive of 6t & the longest
indications exceed 6L. indications are separated.
where L is the longest in the by 3L where L is the length
group. of the longest indication.
The maximum length of the
acceptable indication shall
be (¾)”. Any such indication
shorter than (¼)” shall be.
acceptable for any plate
thickness.
Porosity & Refer table 11.2b of this. Rounded indications are not.
rounded appendix a factor unless
indications 100%examination is
required.
Tungsten Refer table 11.2b of this. Rounded tungsten
Page 26 of 36
appendix inclusions are evaluated as

rounded indications
Root Concavity Unacceptable if the density
is greater than that of the
parent material
Rounded Indications shall be judged against the standards set forth in ASME SEC VIII D1,
Appendix 4.
11.2 ASME SEC VIII-DII,
Indications shown on the radiographs of welds and characterized as defects are
unacceptable under the conditions listed in this paragraph and shall be repaired as provided
in 6.2.7 (ASME SEC VIII -DIV II). Repaired welds shall be re-examined, either by radiography in
accordance with this paragraph or, at the option of the Manufacturer, ultrasoni- cally in
accordance with 7.5.4 or 7.5.5 (ASME SEC VIII -DIV II) and the standards specified in this
paragraph. Should ultrasonic examination be performed, this examination method shall be
noted under remarks on the Manufactu rer's Data Report Form.
a) Linear Indications
1) Terminology
Thickness t · the thickness of the weld excluding any allowable reinforcement For a butt weld
joining two members having different thicknesses at the weld, t is the thinner of these two
thicknesses. If a full penetration weld includes a fillet weld, the thickness of the fillet throat shall
be included in the calculation oft.
Acceptance/Rejection Criteria
(-a) Any crack or zone of incomplete fusion or lack of penetration
{-b) Any other linear indication that has a length greater than:
(-1) 6 mm(% in.) for t less than or equal to 19 mm(% in.),
(-2) t / 3 fort greater than 19 mm(% in.) and less than or equal to 57 mm (2-% in.),
(-3) 19 mm(% in.) fort greater than 57 mm (2-1/4 in.).
(-c) Any group of indications in line that has an aggregate length greater than tin a length of
12t except when the distance between the successive imperfections exceeds 6L, where L is
the length of the longest imperfection in the group;
(-d) Internal root weld conditions are acceptable when the density or image brightness
change as indicated in the radiograph is not abrupt. Linear indications on the radiograph at
either edge of such conditions shall be evaluated in accordance with the other sections of
this paragraph.
b) Rounded Indications
2) Terminology
(-a) Rounded Indications - indications with a maximum length of three times the width or less
on the radiograph are defined as rounded indications. These indications may be circular,
elliptical, conical, or irregular in shape and may have tails. When evaluating the size of an
indication, the tail shall be included.
(-b) Aligned Indications - a sequence of four or more rounded indications shall be considered
to be aligned when they touch a line parallel to the length of the weld drawn through the
center of the two outer rounded ind icat ions.
(-c) Thickness t - the thickness of the weld, excluding any allowable reinforcement. For a butt
weld joining two members having different thicknesses at the weld, t is the thinner of these
two thicknesses . If a full penetration weld includes a fillet weld, the thickness of the fillet throat
shall be included in the calculation of t .
Acceptance Criteria
(-a) Rounded Indication Charts relevant rounded indications characterized as
imperfections shall not exceed those shown in Figures 7.5 through 7.10 (ASME SEC VIII -DIV II),
which illustrate various types of assorted, randomly dispersed and clustered rounded
Page 27 of 36
indications for different weld thicknesses reater than 3 mm1/8in.). The charts for each
thickness range re-present full-scale 150 mm (6 in.) radiographs, and shall not be enlarged or
reduced. The distributions shown are not necessarily the patterns that may appear on the
radiograph, but are typical of the concentration and size of indications permitted.
(-b) Relevant Indications (see Table 7.7(ASME SEC VIII -DIV II). for examples)· only those
rounded indications that exceed the following dimensions shall be considered relevant and
compared to the acceptance charts for disposition.
(-1) t/10 fort less than 3mm (1/8 in)
(-2) 0.4 mm ( 1 / 6 4 in.) for t greater than or equal to 3 mm(1/8 In) and less than or equal to 6
mm (1/4 inch)
(-3) 0.8 mm ( 1/32in.) for t greater than 6 mm (% in.) and less than or equal to 50 mm (2 in.)
(-4) 1.5 mm ( 1 / 1 6 in.) for t greater than 50 mm (2 in.)
(-5) Maximum Size of Rounded Indication · the maximum permissible size of any
indication shall be t/4 or 4 mm (5/32 in.), whichever is smaller; except that an isolated
indication separated from an adjacent indication by 25 mm (1 in.) or more may be t/3, or
6 mm(% in.), whichever is less. Fort greater than 50 mm (2 in.) the maximum permissible size of
an isolated indication shall be increased to 10 mm (3/8 in.).
(-6) Aligned Rounded Indications· aligned rounded indications are acceptable when the
summation of the diameters of the indications is less than t in a length of 12t (see Figure 7.3
(ASME SEC VIII -DIV II)). The length of groups of aligned rounded indications and the spacing
between the groups shall meet the requirements of Figure 7.4 (ASME SEC VIII -DIV II).
(-7) Clustered Indications - the illustrations for clustered indications show up to four times as
many indications in a local area, as that shown in the illustrations for random indications. The
length of an acceptable cluster shall not exceed the lesser of 25 mm (1 in.) or 2t . Where more
than one cluster is present, the sum of the lengths of the clus- ters shall not exceed 25 mm (1
in.) in a 150 mm (6 in.) length weld.
(-8) Weld Thickness t less than 3 mm(1/8 in.) - fort less than 3 mm (1/8 in.) the maximum
number of rounded indications shall not exceed 12 in a 150 mm (6 in.) length of weld. A
proportionally fewer number of indications shall be permitted in welds less than 150 mm (6
in.) in len gth.
(-c) Image Density - density or image brightness within the image of the indication may vary
and is not a criter- ion for acceptance or rejection.
(·d) Spacing - the distance between adjacent rounded indications is not a factor in
determining acceptance or rejection, except as required for isolated indications or groups of
aligned indications.
11.3 ASME B31.3

The type of weld joints and service conditions shall be considered to determine the method
of NDE required. Table 11.2 is to be used with all notes and is included with this procedure for
radiographic film interpretation.
Porosity - Refer to Table 11.1 of this appendix.
Page 28 of 36
Table 11.3 (a) : ASME B31.3 Acceptance
Table 11. 3 (b) – Acceptance Criteria

Symbol Measure Acceptable Value Limits (Note 6)
A Extent of imperfection Zero (no evident imperfection)
B Depth of incomplete penetration ≤ 1 mm (1/32 in.) and ≤ 0.2Tw
Cumulative length of ≤ 38 mm (1.5 in.) in any 150 mm (6 in.)

incomplete penetration weld length
Depth of lack of fusion and
C ≤ 0.2Tw
incomplete penetration
Page 29 of 36
Cumulative length of lack of fusion

≤ 38 mm (1.5 in.) in any 150 mm (6 in.)
and incomplete penetration [Note
(7)] weld length
See BPV Code, Section VIII, Division 1,
D Size and distribution of internal
Appendix
porosity
4
For Tw ≤ 6 mm (¼ in.), limit is same as D
E Size and distribution of internal
For Tw > 6 mm (¼ in.), limit is 1.5 X D
porosity
Slag inclusion Tungsten inclusion or ≤ Tw/3
F
elongated. ≤ 2.5 mm (3/32 in.) and ≤ Tw/3
indication
≤ Tw in any 12Tw weld length
Individual length
Individual width
Cumulative length
Slag inclusion Tungsten inclusion or ≤ 2Tw
G
elongated. ≤ 3 mm (1/8 in.) and ≤Tw/2
indication
≤ 4Tw in any 150 mm (6 in.) weld length
Individual length
Individual width
Cumulative length
H Depth of undercut ≤ 1 mm (1/32 in.) and ≤Tw/4
I Depth of undercut ≤1.5 mm (1/16 in.) and ≤Tw/4 or 1 mm

(1/32 in.)
J Surface roughness ≤ 500 min. Ra per ASME B46.1
K Depth of root surface concavity Total joint thickness, incl. weld reinf., ≤ Tw
Height of reinforcement or internal For Tw mm (in.) Height, mm (in.)
L
protrusion [Note (8)] in any plane ≤ 6 (¼) ≤ 1.5 (1/16)
through the weld shall be within limits > 6 (¼), ≤ 13 (½) 3 (1/8)
of the applicable height value in the > 13 (½), ≤ 25.4 (1) 4.0 (5/32)
tabulation at right. Weld metal shall > 25 (1) ≤ 5 (3/16)
merge smoothly into the component
surfaces.
Height of reinforcement or internal
M Limit is twice the value applicable for L above
protrusion [Note (8)] as describe in L
Tw = Nominal wall thickness of the thinner of two components joined by a butt weld.
Notes:
(1) Criteria given are for required examination. More stringent criteria may be specified in the
engineering design. See also paragraphs. 341.5 and 341.5.3 of ASME/ANSI B31.3
(2) Branch connection weld includes pressure containing welds in branches and fabricated
laps
(3) Longitudinal groove weld includes straight and spiral seam. Criteria are not intended to
apply to welds made in accordance with a standard listed in Table A-I or Table 326.1 of
ASME B31.1.
Page 30 of 36
(4) Fillet weld includes socket and seal welds, and attachment for slip-on flanges and branch
reinforcement.
(5) These imperfections are evaluated only for welds  5 mm (3/16 in.) in nominal thickness.
(6) Where two limiting values are separated by "and", the lesser of the values determines
acceptance. Where two sets of values are separated by "or", the larger value is
acceptable.
(7) Tightly butted unfused root faces are unacceptable.
(8) For groove welds, height is the lesser of the measurements made from the surfaces of the
adjacent components. For fillet welds, height is measured from the theoretical throat, Fig.
328.5.2A, of ASME/ANSI B31.3 internal protrusion does not apply.
(9) For welds in aluminum alloy only, internal protrusion shall not exceed the following values
(a) 1.5mm ((1/16in.) for thickness 2 mm 5/64 in)
(b) 2.5mm (3/32in.) for thickness > 2 mm and  6 mm (¼ in.)
For external reinforcement and for greater thicknesses , refer the tabulation for L symbol
11.4 API STD 1104

Table 11.4 is applicable in determining the size and type of discontinuities when viewing
radiographs for final acceptance in accordance with API STD 1104,
Table 11.4 – Acceptance Criteria for API STD 1104
Indication/Defect Unacceptable if any of the following conditions exist:

Inadequate Penetration 1. Length of an individual indication of IP exceeds 25 mm
(IP) (without high-low) (1.0").
2. The aggregate length of indications of IP in any continuous
300 mm (12") length of weld exceeds 25 mm (1.0").
3. The aggregate length of indications of IP exceeds 8% of
the weld length in any weld less than 300 mm (12") in length.
Inadequate Penetration 1. Length of an individual indication of IPD exceeds 50 mm
due to High-Low (IPD) (2.0").
2. The aggregate length of indications of IP in any continuous
1. Length of an individual indication of IF exceeds 25 mm
Incomplete Fusion (IF)
(1.0").
2. The aggregate length of indications of IF in any continuous
3. The aggregate length of indications of IF exceeds 8% of the
weld length in any weld less than 300 mm (12") in length.
Incomplete Fusion due to 1. Length of an individual indication of IFD exceeds 50 mm
(2.0").
Cold Lap (IFD)
2. The aggregate length of indications of IFD in any
continuous 300 mm
(12") length of weld exceeds 50 mm (2.0").
3. The aggregate length of indications of IFD exceeds 8% of
the weld length.
Any length of IC is acceptable provided the density of the
Internal Concavity (IC)
radiographic image of the IC does not exceed that of the
thinnest adjacent base metal. For areas that exceed the
density of the thinnest adjacent base metal, the criteria for
burn through are applicable.
Page 31 of 36
Burn-Through (BT) Pipe OD ≥ 2.375 in.(60.3 mm) Pipe OD < 2.375 in.(60.3 mm)
1. Maximum dimension 1. Maximum dimension
exceeds exceeds
6 mm (¼") and the density of 6 mm (¼") and the density of
the the
BT's image exceeds that of BT's image exceeds that of
the the
thinnest adjacent base metal thinnest adjacent base metal
2. Maximum dimension 2. Maximum dimension
exceeds exceeds
the thinner of nominal wall the thinner of nominal wall
thicknesses joined, and the thicknesses joined, and the
density of the BT's image density of the BT's image
exceeds that of the thinnest exceeds that of the thinnest
adjacent base metal adjacent base metal
3. Sum of maximum 3. More than one BT of any
dimensions of size is
separate BTs whose image present and the density of
density exceeds that of the more
thinnest adjacent base metal than one of the images
exceeds 13 mm (½") in 300 exceeds
mm (12") of weld or the total that of the thinnest adjacent
weld length, whichever is less. base
metal.
Slag Inclusions
Pipe OD ≥2.375 in.(60.3 mm) Pipe OD < 2.375 in.(60.3 mm)
Elongated (ESI)
Isolated (ISI) 1. ESI length > 2" (50 mm) 1. ESI > 3 X nominal WT of the
Note: ESI indications 2. ESI width > 1/16" (1.6 mm) thinner thickness joined.
separated by approx. 3. Sum of the lengths of ISI > 2. ESI width > 1/16"
width of root bead ½" 3. Sum of ISI lengths > 2 X
(wagon tracks) to be (13 mm) in 12" (300 mm) of nominal WT of thinner
considered as a single weld. thickness
indication unless the 4. Width of ISI > 1/8" (3 mm) joined and ISI width > ½
width of either > 1/32". In 5. more than four ISI with nominal WT of thinner
that event, they shall be maximum width of 1/8" (3 thickness
considered as separate mm) joined.
in any 12" (300mm) of weld. 4. Aggregate length of ESI &
6. Sum of the lengths of ESI & ISI >
ISI 8% of weld length.
> 8% of weld length.
Porosity - individual / 1. Size of individual pore exceeds 1/8" (3 mm)
Scattered (P) 2. Size of individual pore exceeds 25% of thinner WT joined
Note: Size based on 3. Distribution of Porosity exceeds API STD 1104 Porosity Charts.
maximum dimensions
1. Diameter of the cluster (CP) exceeds ½" (13 mm)
Porosity - Cluster (CP)
2. Aggregate length of CP > ½" (13 mm) in any continuous 12"
(300 mm) length of weld
1. Length of individual indication of HB exceeds ½" (13 mm)
Porosity - Hollow-Bead (HB)
2. Sum of HB lengths > 2" ( 50 mm) in any continuous 12" (300
mm) of weld
3. Individual HB each > ¼"( 6 mm) separated by less than
2"(50 mm)
4. Sum of HB lengths > 8% weld length.
Any size or location of cracks are unacceptable except for
Cracks (C)
shallow crater or star cracks. Shallow crater or star crack with
Page 32 of 36
a length that exceeds 5/32" (4 mm) is unacceptable.

Undercutting 1. Any combination EU & IU length > 2"(50 mm) in any
Adjacent to cover pass continuous 12" (300 mm) of weld.
(EU) Adjacent to root pass 2. Sum of EU & IU lengths in any combination > one sixth of
(IU) weld length.
Accumulation of 1. Sum lengths of indications > 2"(50 mm) in any continuous
Discontinuities 12" (300 mm) of weld.
2. Sum lengths of indication > 8% of weld length.
Excluding IPD, EU & IU
Arc burns, long seam discontinuities and other discontinuities
Pipe / Fitting Discontinuities
in the pipe or fittings detected by RT shall be recordable.
Note: WT -wall thickness
11.5 AWS D1.1

Radiographic acceptance criteria for AWS D1.1 is different for Statically Loaded and
Dynamically Loaded structures. This Procedure covers only statically loaded structures. For
Dynamically loaded structures, refer to the appropriate sections of AWS D1.1. If there is doubt
as to the designation of statically or dynamically loaded, refer to the project engineer for
determination. The radiographic film interpreter should confirm the loading classification prior
to proceeding the interpretation of film. Rejection criteria for Statically loaded structures are
provided below. Note that to determine the allowable and rejectable size of
discontinuities,the use of both the tables and charts are required. Statically Loaded Structures
Table 11.5 (AWS D1.1 Paragraph 8.15.3.2) and figure 11.5 together establish the rejection
criteria for radiographic indications of statically loaded structures. Discontinuities exceeding
the following limitations shall be unacceptable. (E = weld size; T = material thickness)
Table 11. 5 – Rejection Criteria for Statically Loaded Structures, AWS D1.1 Para 8.15.3.2
Indication Rejection Criteria
Cracks None permitted
Elongated Discontinuities > maximum size of chart 4-1
Clearance between < minimum clearance allowance of fig 4-1

discontinuities
> E/3 or > ¼" for T ≤ 2"
Rounded Discontinuities
> E/3 or > 3/8" for T > 2"
Minimum clearance between a rounded discontinuity >
3/32" to an acceptable rounded or elongated
discontinuity or to an edge or end of an intersection shall
be three (3) times the larger discontinuity.
Isolated Discontinuity, i.e., a Sum of greatest dimension > maximum size of a single
cluster of rounded indications discontinuity permitted in Fig. 4-1. Minimum clearance to
another cluster or elongated discontinuity or to an edge
or end of an intersecting shall be three (3) times the
larger discontinuity.
Sum of Individual Discontinuities
shall not exceed 2E/3 or 3/8" which ever is less in 1" of weld.
each being < 3/32"
In-Line Discontinuities Sum > E in any length of 6E. Where length of weld is < 6E,
permissible sum shall be proportionately less.
Tungsten Inclusions Individual tungsten inclusions are be evaluated as
rounded indications (Porosity). Elongated or aligned
Page 33 of 36
tungsten inclusions are unacceptable.

Figure 11.5.1 Weld Quality Requirements for Elongated Discontinuities as Determined by
Radiography for Statically Loaded Structures (see AWS D1.1 Paragraph 6.15.3.2)
Figure 11.5.2 Weld Quality Requirements for Discontinuities Occurring in Welds (Limitation of
Porosity & Fusion-Type Discontinuities)
Page 34 of 36
Note: Adjacent discontinuities, spaced less than the minimum required clearance shall be
measured as one length equal tothe sum of the total length of the discontinuities plus the
length of the space between them and evaluated as a single discontinuity.
1) The greatest dimension of any porosity or fusion type discontinuity indications that are
1/16inch (2mm) or larger shall not exceed the size B, indicated in the above figure 11.5.2
for the effective throat of a groove weld or weld size of a fillet weld. The distance from
any indication of porosity or fusion type discontinuity to another such indication, to an
edge, or any intersecting weld shall not be less than the minimum clearance allowed, C,
indicated in the above figure 11.5.2 for the size of discontinuity under examination.
2) Discontinuities meeting the requirements of visual weld examination and having a
greatest dimension of less than 1/16 inch (2mm) are nevertheless not acceptable if the
sum of their greatest dimensions exceeds 3/18 inch (10 mm) in any linear inch (25 mm) of
weld.
3) The limitations for 1-½ (40 mm) groove weld effective throat in the above figure 11.5 shall
apply to all welds with larger effective throats.
12 RADIOGRAPHY EXAMINATION REPORT
All recordable discountinuties/defects shall be receded in below attached RT report formate.
Page 35 of 36
Page 36 of 36

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DOC NO: NDT/SA/SARORP/RT/60, Rev01

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

D1.1 Para 8.15.3.2

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

1. ANSI/ASME Section V – 2021 Edition - ASME Code for Nondestructive Examination.

4.1 PERSONNAL QUALIFICATION

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

5 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

Table 5.4.1 (b)

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

3.20 2.50 2.00 1.60 1.25 1.00 0.08

6.1 VARIFICATION OF SOURCE SIZE

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

7.1 RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE

≥3-1/2” Inch Panoramic Sgl. Wall Exp. Sgl wall Viewing 1 1A

≥3-1/2” Inch Single Wall Single wall viewing 4 (0,90,180,270) 1B or 1C

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

7.1.3 Single wall viewing

7.3 SOURCE TO FILM AND OBJECT DISTANCE

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

7.4 LOCATION OF MARKERS

Table 7.4 Number Spacing

7.4.1 Single wall viewing

7.4.1.2 On film Side:

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

7.5 IQI SELECTION

Table 7.5.2 (a) ASME: IQI Selection

In. mm Wire-type Essentila Wire Wire-type esseentila Wire

Up to 0.25 Incl Up to 6.4, Incl 13 14

Over 0.25 to 0.375 Over 6.4 to 9.5 12 13

Over 0.375 to 0.5 Over 9.5 to 12.7 11 12

Over 0.5 to 0.75 Over 12.7 to19.0 10 11

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

Over 0.75 to 1.00 Over 19.0 to 25.4 9 10

Over 1.00 to 1.5 Over 25.4 to 38.1 8 9

Over 1.5 to 2.0 Over 38.1 to 50.8 7 8

Over 2.0 to 2.5 Over 50.8 to 63.5 6 7

Over 2.5 to 4.0 Over 63.5 to 101.6 5 6

Over 4.0 to 6.00 Over 101.6 to 152.4 4 5

Table 7.5.2 (b) DIN or/and ISO : IQI Selection

Material thickness Range Source side Film side

In. mm Wire No Wire No

Up to 0.25 Incl Up to 6.4, Incl 4 5

Over 0.25 to 0.375 Over 6.4 to 9.5 5 6

Over 0.375 to 0.5 Over 9.5 to 12.7 6 7

Over 0.5 to 0.75 Over 12.7 to19.0 7 8

Over 0.75 to 1.00 Over 19.0 to 25.4 8 9

Over 1.00 to 1.5 Over 25.4 to 38.1 9 10

Over 1.5 to 2.0 Over 38.1 to 50.8 10 11

Over 2.0 to 2.5 Over 50.8 to 63.5 11 12

Over 2.5 to 4.0 Over 63.5 to 101.6 12 13

Over 4.0 to 6.00 Over 101.6 to 152.4 13 14

7.5.3 IQI Selection as per API 1104

Nominal Single-Wall Essential Wire Diameter ASME SET Letters

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

Up to 0.25 Incl Up to 6.4, Incl 0.08 0.20 A

Over 0.25 to 0.375 Over 6.4 to 9.5 0.010 0.25 A or B

Over 0.375 to 0.5 Over 9.5 to 12.7 0.13 0.33 B

Over 0.5 to 0.75 Over 12.7 to19.0 0.016 0.41 B

Over 0.75 to 1.00 Over 19.0 to 25.4 0.020 0.51 B

Over 1.00 to 2.0 Over 25.4 to 50.8 0.025 0.64 B