Professional Documents
Culture Documents
business. There are fewer qualified individuals practices as technological innovations are made in
managing multitudes of critical responsibilities components, machines, or manufacturing prac-
within each organization, thereby making it impera- tices. Thus cGMPs indirectly ask for a change con-
tive that new techniques of managing quality and trol system to manage any new developments
compliance be adopted. regarding manufacture of a drug product or medi-
This constant cycle of change demands effec- cal device.
tive tools to control all such changes related to The cGMP regulations have been criticized as
drug products. FDA and other regulatory agencies being too vague by industry, but are based on
in the world accept the fact that change is part of these fundamental principles of quality assurance:
the pharmaceutical business, but expect industry
to have effective change control systems in place “Quality, safety and effectiveness must be
to assure that the quality, strength, and efficacy of designed and built into a finished drug product;
drug products are not compromised. Quality cannot be inspected or tested into a
finished drug product; Each step of the manu-
Evolution of cGMPs facturing process must be controlled to assure
that the finished drug product will meet its
On the legal front, the regulatory and specifications.”
quality/compliance expectations for the pharma-
ceutical industry have steadily increased over the With advances in technology and scientific
past 90 plus years, since the enactment of the knowledge, the understanding of critical mate-
Food and Drug Act of 1906, to the point where it is rial, equipment, and process variables also
one of the most regulated industries in the world increases, thereby resulting in a better definition
today. Drug regulations continued to evolve over of the variables that could impact the overall
the first half of the 20th century and culminated in quality of the drug product. Such variables
1962 with the introduction of Current Good should be closely monitored and controlled to
Manufacturing Practices (cGMPs) regulations. assure end product homogeneity and confor-
Section 501(a) (2)(B) of the Food, Drug and mance to specifications.
Cosmetic Act deems a drug to be adulterated if: 21CFR – Parts 210 and 211 describe the cGMP
regulations for human and animal drug products.
“…the methods used in, or the facilities or Change control is specifically addressed in the fol-
controls used for, its manufacture, processing, lowing sections of cGMP Regulations and the
packing, or holding do not conform to or are not Quality System Regulation (QSR):
operated or administered in conformity with cur-
rent good manufacturing practices to assure that 21CFR – Part 211 Subpart F –
such drug meets the requirements of this Act as Production and Process Control
to safety and has the identity and strength, and
meets the quality and purity characteristics, 211.100 Written Procedures; deviations:
which it purports or is represented to possess.” (a) There shall be written procedures for production
and process control designed to assure that the drug
The cGMP regulations were developed by the products have the identity, strength, quality, and
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association as purity they purport or are represented to possess.
guidelines for its member companies in the early Such procedures shall include all requirements in
1960s and were later adopted by the FDA as part this subpart. These written procedures, including any
of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1962. From changes, shall be drafted, reviewed, and approved
FDA’s perspective, these regulations were meant by the appropriate organizational units and reviewed
to provide a precise, easily understood set of stan- and approved by the quality control unit.
dards that would help both compliance and (b) Written production and process control pro-
enforcement, while encouraging the new innova- cedures shall be followed in the execution of the
tions to improve the manufacturing and control various production and process control functions
practices. Therefore, the word “current” in these and shall be documented at the time of perfor-
regulations takes on a critical meaning, as it mance. Any deviation from the written procedures
implies that the manufacturers will change their shall be recorded and justified.
Technical Guide 3
Shahid T. Dara
strengths and weaknesses from a quality/compli- function, independent of the quality control laboratory,
ance point of view. The policy is a general state- recognizing the fact that even analytical operations
ment which should spell out the quality mission of need to be monitored for quality and compliance prac-
the company along with broad guidelines on which tices. The reporting structure should be such that the
different quality systems will be part of the quality quality assurance function should not report to the
program. Quality policy is usually part of the individual who heads up the manufacturing operations
Corporate Quality Manual, which delineates the in general. This leads to a conflict of interest, as some
generic quality concepts and systems that all the quality decisions may not be very pleasant for the
divisions of a company are supposed to develop, operations folks. However, sound management prac-
depending on each unit’s individual requirements. tices and a genuine commitment to quality practices
can help the organization overcome such fears. The
Quality Culture corporate quality policy and manual can also estab-
lish the basic procedures on change control and
Corporate quality policies and quality manuals resolution of any issues that might arise because of
can be useful only if the organization as a whole is any of the critical changes involved.
committed to its principles. Otherwise, these docu-
ments would collect dust on bookshelves, while Quality/Compliance Review Committee
everyone in the company had their own interpreta-
tion of quality responsibility and accountability. As part of the organizational structure, there
Therefore it is imperative that the organization strive should be a group of designated individuals from key
to develop a quality culture based on mutual under- operational and quality/compliance functions with the
standing of each operational unit’s function within responsibility to evaluate all quality/compliance-
the company, with due recognition for the expertise related changes/issues, assess their impact on the
of different departments and individuals. Such a drug product involved, define any corrective actions
working environment creates mutual respect among needed, and the authority to make critical decisions
peers while developing a team with a common goal: as to the disposition of the materials or drug products
to produce quality drug product within the cGMPs. involved. Such a group or committee can be named
This means quality assurance inspectors and audi- the Material Review Board or Quality/Compliance
tors are considered part of the team and not the Committee and quality assurance should lead the
cops with a “got-you” attitude. Also, in such a quality group. However, in some cases, such decisions
environment, efforts are directed at solving the involve major capital investments or critical compli-
quality problems by addressing the systems ance decisions. Under such circumstances, the group
related issues instead of finger pointing to who did should make recommendations to upper manage-
it. In other words, the quality issues are freed from ment, defining the possible course of action to resolve
the cult of personality conflicts. the situation at hand while addressing the long-term
solution to the problem as well and thereby forcing
Organizational Structure the senior managers to get involved in the
quality/compliance decision making process.
One key aspect of the quality policy and manual
is that it should define the quality responsibility and Change Control Master System
reporting structure of different operational units, and Subsystems
assuring that there is no bias when a critical quality
decision is to be made. FDA and cGMPs are vague Fundamentals of a change control system
on the organizational and reporting structure within should be spelled out in the corporate quality man-
a pharmaceutical manufacturing operation. ual, if there is one. A typical change control system
However, the Agency does expect an independent usually has a master change control system and a
quality function responsible for deciding all the qual- number of subsystems, depending on the types of
ity-related issues which could impact a distributed changes encountered.
drug product or a clinical study material. A master change control SOP details the basics of
With the evolution of quality assurance practices the master change control system, defining the over-
over the past 30 years or so, most pharmaceutical all responsibility and authority for reporting, investigat-
companies now have a separate quality assurance ing, and decision-making for a critical change. The
Technical Guide 5
Shahid T. Dara
master SOP also defines the general classes or longer being followed. Thus, the SOPs detailing
types of changes that might be encountered within a change control systems should be very clear as to
given manufacturing operation and which changes their contents, as ambiguous SOPs lead to ineffec-
are considered critical, major, or minor, based on tive training and, therefore, could cause failure of the
general guidelines. The master change control sys- change control system itself. The importance of utiliz-
tem oversees the functioning of subsystems, as each ing effective change control systems is evident when
one is established for a unique type of change, for employees are trained on revised SOPs. Here is an
example deviations, nonconforming materials han- opportunity to explain why a change was made and
dling, out-of-specifications data investigations, etc. how it would impact the quality of the product.
For the change control subsystems, each should
have an SOP defining a given change and how to Empowerment and Shared
manage it, with its attendant corrective actions, etc. Quality Responsibility
One key element of any corrective action plan is
how it is to be implemented and whether it involves Individual employees within the operations group
additional training for employees. Finally, there should not only be trained in detecting any changes
should be an effective audit trail to assure that the from approved practices, but they should also be
desired changes are being implemented in a con- empowered to bring such a situation to the attention of
trolled environment, with full documentation of each their immediate supervisors and the quality assurance
critical step involved and employee training and function, without fear of reprisals. This approach can
retraining whenever necessary. work miracles for the organization as it makes each
individual at every level responsible for the quality of the
Enforcement of Change Control Systems product and, therefore, forces everyone to watch for
deviations from approved practices. One way to imple-
Like any other quality practice, a change control ment such a system (which can be termed as Shared
system can only be effective if it is implemented as Quality Responsibility) is to ask the frontline operators
part of everyday operational activities, thereby mak- to write their own SOPs, thereby minimizing the poten-
ing everyone aware of the fact that every change has tial for a conflict between an approved SOP and actual
to be documented and reported to appropriate orga- practice on the floor. Also, this approach helps to iden-
nizational units. Many times machine operators and tify any changes in approved practices/SOPs in a much
front line supervisors have a tendency to consider a more organized and timely fashion.
given change as a minor one, forgetting the fact that Routine audits of batch records indicate if there
an accumulation of these minor changes could lead are any unreported changes in any process. If there
to major deviations from approved practices. A key are no changes documented in the records, then
factor in successful implementation of any change one has to be concerned about the effectiveness of
control system is that it should be implemented con- the change control system. There is a possibility
sistently, meaning all changes must be documented, that many changes are considered minor by the
reviewed, justified, and approved or rejected by operators and therefore are neither documented
Quality Assurance. nor reported to the appropriate authorities, and
eventually such minor changes could lead to a total
Training loss of control over a period of time.
Employee training in change control systems and Regulatory Means for Change
related procedures is essential in enforcing such a Control Management
system. The training program should be interactive,
detailing the impact of changes on the overall quality For approved application drug products (New Drug
of the drug product being manufactured and the con- Applications [NDA]/Abbreviated New Drug Applica-
sequences if these changes are not controlled. For tions [ANDA]), all changes have to be reported to the
example, little deviations from an approved NDA pro- FDA. Depending on the nature of the change, these
cedure or SOP, at the time of occurrence, might could fall into one of the following categories:
seem of no consequence, but an accumulation of
these changes can result in an adulterated drug Pre-Approval Supplements
product, since the NDA procedure or SOP is no A major change to manufacturing/packaging pro-
Technical Guide 7
Shahid T. Dara
on industry practices grew with time. In recent years, been that with the manufacture of the first bio-
the change control issue has been cited as a major batch, the entire manufacturing process should be
cGMP deficiency by the FDA, while inspecting manu- performed in compliance with cGMP regulations.
facturing facilities, both for dosage forms and active Bio-batch is the term used to describe that lot of
pharmaceutical ingredients (API), but this discussion drug product used for the first clinical studies. That
is limited to dosage form manufacturers only. A com- is the reason that companies have a cGMP devel-
prehensive change control system should be able to opment area and a non-cGMP development area.
control the impact of any changes encountered This practice has some benefits, but in today’s
within a pharmaceutical company that might have a cost-conscious environment, it is much more bene-
bearing on product quality/compliance status. Also, ficial to have one set of rules for the entire com-
the master change control system should have sup- pany to follow, with far less potential for any major
porting subsystems, which can adequately handle mishaps. If research and development and manu-
any of the situations possible. facturing departments are following the same basic
The following is an overview of different phases procedures as far as documentation practices,
and components involved in drug product develop- change control, and employee training are con-
ment, the manufacturing process, and what cerned, then the transition from R&D to manufac-
changes can occur in different scenarios. This turing can be much smoother. Another advantage
review is meant to address the possible quality is that all changes and improvements made during
impact of the potential changes as well as how to the development phase are properly documented
control them without compromising the quality of and can be a tremendous source of information for
the drug product and outlining what the procedural future references.
considerations should be.
Potential Changes During Development
Product Development Phase Following are some of the changes that can
happen during the research and development
All drug products involve some level of research phase and should be controlled and documented
and development effort, be it a new chemical entity or according to company procedures.
generic version of a monograph product. Over the
past few years the research and development activi- Formulation
ties have come under increased scrutiny by the Formulation development is a very controlled
Agency, especially as part of Pre-Approval Inspections process, and initial assessment of a new formula-
for NDA/ANDA drug products and as a result of the tion has a number of variables involved; however,
generic drug scandal of the late 1980s. The Agency once the basic formulation of a dosage form is
expects the company to have a complete develop- finalized, all changes should be carefully con-
ment report that summarizes the entire process of trolled, documented, and evaluated. Some of the
development of a given drug product. This subject is possible changes are:
discussed in detail toward the end of this section.
With the introduction of the proposed cGMPs for Composition
APIs, the change control net has widened its range Percentages of active and inactive ingredients
beyond traditional dosage form manufacturing pro- per unit dosage define the composition of a given
cesses, and the critical decision is determining drug product. Once the pharmacological dose of a
when the process fall under cGMP regulations. drug substance is established, its quantity per unit
Here, the change control decisions should be made dose is easy to calculate based on the dosage regi-
by the development scientists at an earlier stage of men. It is only changed if the stability profile of the
development. As the drug product enters the clinical drug product indicates a need for an overage, or
testing phase, the cGMP-based change control sys- there is a substantial loss of active pharmaceutical
tems should take over, with due review and approval ingredient during the manufacturing process. In the
of all critical changes by quality assurance. first case, the overage issue will surface at an early
stage of development, while production loss may
When to Initiate Change Control Practices? not be detected until the final scale-up batches are
When do the cGMP regulations apply during the manufactured. In either case, the excess must be
development process? The industry standard has justified and require pre-approval by FDA prior to its
implementation and will be submitted to the Agency new API has to be evaluated for stability.
as a supplement to an NDA/ANDA drug product A change in physical characteristics of an API
with pertinent stability and process data. can also have a critical effect on the drug product,
Inactive ingredients or excipients however, are for example, particle size, crystal form, isomeric res-
changed more frequently as the dosage form for- olution, etc. These can impact the manufacturing
mulation is optimized. Depending on the drug sub- process, like mixing times for powders, dissolution
stance and dosage form involved, there are always rates, drug delivery, and invivo bioavailability. Such
a couple of excipients in each drug product that potential changes should be carefully monitored and
are critical for its success, both for drug delivery as controlled via routine sampling and testing of API. If
well as stability of the dosage. Their percentages in there is a sudden change in physical characteristics,
a formulation are finalized based on both scientific that is a clear sign of a change or deviation in the
knowledge and experimental data. However, any manufacturing and purification process of the API.
quantitative change in a critical excipient could For dosage form manufacturers, such changes can
have a devastating effect on the quality of the drug be reported to FDA as part of the Annual Report, if
product, as it can be the bulking agent in tablet, a the data shows no adverse effects on the drug prod-
carrier for a lyophilized injectable, or a key preser- uct quality, safety, and efficacy.
vative in a liquid. If the change in excipients is con- A change in the impurity profile of the API poses
sidered critical, it requires FDA pre-approval. an equally serious challenge and could go unde-
tected if the incoming API samples are not routinely
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Changes checked for impurities. Potentially, this could have
Active pharmaceutical ingredient/s (API) are well- fatal consequences for the end user and be a major
defined molecular entities with a known impurity regulatory nightmare for the drug product manufac-
profile and should not be changed. However, some turer. To avoid this situation, each shipment of an API
of the changes that could occur with an API include: should be tested for known impurities of conse-
quence, and if the API fails its specifications for
New Manufacturer: Alternate manufacturers impurities it should be considered for rejection. It
are essential to maintaining the reliable supply of a gets interesting when unknown impurities are found
drug product. It is highly unlikely that API from mul- during testing of the finished drug product while
tiple sources will be available for evaluation during assaying for the API, putting the drug product
the formulation development phase. But whenever release in jeopardy. To trace the source of such an
this change is made, the formulation has to be impurity is a monumental task, and the culprit could
reevaluated, and the drug product has to undergo be the API itself or the manufacturing process, like a
stability testing to assure that the new API has no cleaning agent residue. Such instances should be
impact on the purity, safety, efficacy, and quality of duly investigated and the drug product disposition
the drug product. Also, the impurity profile of the decision made after considering all the relevant facts,
new API and its stability must be established to analytical data, regulatory consequences, and,
make it a viable source. Such a change would above all, the consumer’s health and well-being.
require pre-approval by FDA prior to its implemen-
tation and will be submitted to the Agency as a Excipients
pre-approval supplement to an NDA/ANDA drug Most excipients used in drug product formulation
product with pertinent stability and process data. are United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) or National
A new manufacturing process or major change in Formulary (NF) grade and therefore are well charac-
the manufacturing process of an API can have simi- terized chemical entities. It is common practice to
lar consequences. Such a change again requires use more than one manufacturer of an excipient as
pre-approval by FDA prior to its implementation and long as the raw material meets its compendial spec-
will be submitted to the Agency as a pre-approval ifications. Of course, formulations using different
supplement to an NDA/ANDA drug product with per- sources of excipients have to be evaluated for stabil-
tinent stability and process data. However, in some ity and overall quality of the drug product. However,
cases, this can be a changes-being-effective (CBE) there is a potential that an unapproved source of an
supplement, if the change in manufacturing process excipient might find its way into a formulation, con-
is an improvement in the overall quality of the API. tending that it is the same official grade material.
Nonetheless, the drug product manufactured with Chemical distributors have earned a reputation for
Technical Guide 9
Shahid T. Dara
switching raw materials manufacturers without times scale-up without additional testing. However,
notice. In most cases, such a change should be the manufacturing process should be well qualified
caught at the time of receiving the material, not dur- before the scale-up factor is applied, as it will help
ing the sampling/inspection process. The material avoid unpleasant surprises. Also, one should con-
should then be put on hold for latter disposition. sider the capacity of the equipment and the
Sometimes a source change is inevitable due to physico-chemical properties of the formulation
natural disaster or other reasons, and that is where when deciding on scale-up of batch size. Recent
the change control system should trigger the mech- FDA guidelines on scale-up and post-approval
anisms to protect the safety, efficacy, and purity of changes (SUPAC) are of great help in deciding
the dosage form. Such a change might necessitate these issues. Commercially manufactured drug
a reevaluation of the formulation and could even product should be equivalent to the bio-batch prod-
affect the manufacturing process. In most cases, this uct for bio-availability of drug substance as well as
leads to additional stability testing of the finished dosage form specifications.
drug product, concurrent at controlled room temper-
ature (CRT) and ambient humidity. Controlled Environment
Since most drug products are temperature or
Equipment humidity sensitive, the environmental conditions
The manufacturing process development starts should be defined as the process is being devel-
with lab-scale equipment and moves through mid- oped, based on chemical and microbial stability of
size equipment in the pilot plant, leading to a bio- the formulation in general and end product in par-
batch size, which is the base for future scale-up. ticular. Again this information evolves as the pro-
Throughout this process the equipment changes cess is developed, but any deviant behavior of the
occur. Sometimes it is not just a bigger piece of manufacturing process should be documented
equipment, but could be of different mechanical con- under adverse environmental conditions.
figuration, if so dictated by the process needs. All
such changes should be documented and evaluated In-Process Controls
for future references. During the development pro- In-process controls and sampling/test points are
cess, the equipment needs to evolve as the formula- identified as the manufacturing process is evalu-
tion characteristics are better understood. Also, batch ated in detail. For each dosage form there are
size and the economics of manufacturing efficiencies some standard in-process tests, and then there are
also impact the selection process. Equipment others which are formulation specific. These latter
changes will be discussed in more detail later. tests represent the critical stages during the manu-
facturing process, which can potentially compro-
Process mise the integrity of the drug product. The in-pro-
As the manufacturing process evolves from the cess specification evolution should be documented
development lab through the pilot plant, the pro- and justified so that any future changes can be
cess parameters begin to take shape as well. correlated without jeopardizing the drug product.
Some of these are as follows:
Finished Drug Product Specifications
Critical Process Conditions Finished drug product specifications are, again,
Process conditions include mixing times, machine those which are dosage-form specific and then others
speed set-ups, processing temperatures, and pro- are formulation specific. Their development history is a
cess time limits. Changes in these conditions should reflection of the chemical and microbiological nature of
be documented and evaluated for their impact on the the API(s) and their interaction with excipients during
drug product. At this stage, change is part of the the manufacturing process. The finished drug product
development process, and it must happen. However, specifications include physical characteristics, chemi-
even at this stage, all changes should be docu- cal purity, and acceptable bio-burden for a given
mented, evaluated, and kept under control. dosage form. These specifications do change as the
development process progresses and more informa-
Scale-Up Factors tion becomes available from process evaluation and
Change from bio-batch to commercial-size batch stability studies. All such changes should be docu-
is termed scale-up, and the Agency allows a 10 mented and explained for future reference.
Technical Guide 11
Shahid T. Dara
ticides, insecticides, and fungicides which are regis- today’s pharmaceutical manufacturing plant uses a
tered and used according to the provisions of the number of utilities to carry out everyday operations.
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act Utilities are the ancillary systems which provide
(7 U.S.C. 135) can be used in a pharmaceutical man- support to the manufacturing/packaging opera-
ufacturing facility. Requirements of this section apply tions. These systems provide essential operational
to both contractors and company employees. Only accessories to manufacturing, like conditioned air,
approved pest control agents should be used in the purified water, clean steam, oil-free compressed
facility, and this approval is granted by quality assur- air, etc.
ance with due consultation with other departments. In most organizations, engineering and mainte-
Pest control is usually performed by outside con- nance department usually manage utilities indepen-
tractors. Each visit should be fully supervised to dently once these systems are installed and quali-
ensure that components, container/closures, or drug fied. Potentially, a number of changes could be
products are not exposed to any of these agents. If made to these systems without due review and
there will be a change in any of the agents, it should approval process, resulting in an out-of-control sys-
be pre-approved by the appropriate organizational tem. To avoid such a situation, there should be a
units according to the pest control SOP. The contrac- Utilities Change Control SOP in place to assure
tor should be periodically audited to ensure that only that all critical changes to a utility system are
approved chemicals are used and in the right con- reviewed and approved by appropriate organiza-
centration. An unauthorized change of pest control tional units, including quality assurance. One way to
agents could compromise the quality and safety of keep abreast of changes made to a given utility
the drug products involved. system is to have each repair and maintenance
activity performed reviewed and pre-approved by
Natural Disasters the quality assurance function. Once the task is
Following a natural disaster, most organizations completed, the system should be examined and
experience the most profound changes possible, yet released for use. All activity should be fully docu-
companies strive to recover as quickly as humanly mented.
possible. A tornado or a flood can devastate manu- An alternate system could be integrated into a
facturing facilities, destroying inventories of both com- validation change control system, requiring review
ponents and finished drug products. Even under such of each critical change in a utility system for its
circumstances, the change control activities should impact on the validation status of that particular
be part of the Disaster Recovery Plan, as it will be system to decide whether a revalidation is needed.
necessary to change the quality status of a number
of components, packaging/labeling materials, and fin- Critical Utilities
ished drug products, from acceptable to rejected due Define the critical utility systems for the opera-
to natural cause. Though the investigation will be sim- tions, ones that could have an impact on drug
ple, the activities have to be performed to close out product quality and include:
inventory cards, batch records, etc.
Another aspect of the Disaster Recovery Plan ■ HVAC system
should address how to recover all the quality/com- ■ Water purification system
pliance information related to marketed drug prod- ■ Dust collection system
ucts. Equipment could be replaced, but critical doc- ■ Compressed air system
umentation recreation is a monumental task. In ■ Clean steam
brief, companies should have a comprehensive
Disaster Recovery Plan that addresses not only the Any major change in any of these systems
financial data, but also scientific, technical informa- could adversely impact the processing conditions,
tion, and documentation, and this could be part of thereby compromising the quality of the drug prod-
the master change control system. uct being manufactured.
impact on the operation of the system. In other cases, plant personnel should be aware of the general
a critical part might have to be replaced, which could operating conditions for each utility system and be
have a major effect on the operation of the utility sys- able to recognize any extraordinary circumstances.
tem and the quality of its product and service pro-
vided to the operations. In most instances, such part Inter-Relationship of Utilities Functioning
changes are addressed during validation of these Utility systems usually operate independently of
systems, clearly defining which part changes could each other, but there are situations where two or
lead to a requalification of the system. This aspect is more utility systems function as a unit, and a
usually covered under the validation change control change in one system can impact the performance
SOP that describes the criteria for such an option and of others. For example, the dust collection system
the review and approval process. In other words, and HVAC system work in tandem to remove dust
mechanics and technicians are not allowed to change from a manufacturing area while providing a given
parts without prior approval from appropriate organi- amount of conditioned air and a certain amount of
zational units, including quality assurance. air changes per hour to the particular room.
For each utility system there should be a mainte- Likewise, humidifiers in HVAC systems help main-
nance SOP in place, defining the parts change con- tain a certain level of humidity in the conditioned air.
trol and a list of approved parts or a reference to the If the humidifier malfunctions, it will affect the perfor-
utility system equipment manual. Use of unapproved mance of the HVAC system by altering humidity lev-
change parts should be strictly prohibited, as it els in the air supplied to the manufacturing areas
could compromise the performance of the system. and, therefore, impact the quality of the drug prod-
Sometimes utility systems are underutilized and, uct being manufactured. Thus, while approving a
as the operational activities increase, the utility sys- change in one utility system, other systems should
tems are expanded to meet the increased demand or also be considered, as there might be an opera-
to supply a utility to another part of the operation. It is tional relationship between these systems. Such
a common practice to extend the water supply pipe- relationships should be well defined and known to
lines or to add outlets for compressed air. These are the engineering and maintenance department along
major changes and additional piping and outlets will with quality assurance and validation personnel.
necessitate extensive cleaning of the pipes, etc., to
prevent contamination of the system as a whole. This Equipment Changes
system extension should be strictly controlled, as it
can affect the overall operation of the utility system as Manufacturing/packaging/analytical equipment is a
well as its validation status. Also, as part of this major capital investment, and each piece is carefully
change control system, the as-built drawings of the selected considering a company’s immediate and
system must be changed to reflect these extensions. long-term manufacturing needs. Usually, major pieces
of equipment are not changed very frequently, as is
Operational Parameters evident from the fact that some manufacturing opera-
Each utility system operates within a predeter- tions employ equipment that is 20 – 30 years old.
mined set of conditions or parameters. If these Although cGMPs refer to current technology, there is
operational parameters are changed, it could no regulation barring the use of old equipment if it is in
impact the functioning of the system as a whole. It good repair and qualified to perform the job required.
could be the rate of feed water supply to a de- Another fact is that a number of old application prod-
ionizing tank in a water purification system or the ucts were approved with the old equipment available
operating temperature for a compressed air sys- at the time, and many companies find it very costly to
tem. Such a change should be avoided at all costs, upgrade some of that equipment, as it will require a
as it can physically damage the system. But, if number of regulatory submissions. However, some old
such a change does occur, it should be addressed pieces of equipment are replaced by newer equipment
immediately to control the damage and minimize because of technological innovation or capacity rea-
the impact on the quality of the drug products sons. Such equipment change is usually very well
involved. Every utility system is equipped with con- controlled, as it involves the qualification of new equip-
trols, alarms, and emergency shutdown mecha- ment, including product specific process validation.
nisms, which immediately trigger a chain of events The first few lots manufactured with the new equip-
to control the situation. However, the operators and ment are placed on stability, either on concurrent CRT
Technical Guide 13
Shahid T. Dara
Equipment cleaning procedures should be fol- parts without prior approval from appropriate organi-
lowed religiously, and cleaned equipment should be zational units, including quality assurance.
inspected and released for use by quality assur- There should be a maintenance SOP in place
ance. However, the biggest source of variation in for each major piece of equipment, defining the
equipment cleaning sometimes is the cleaning pro- parts change control and a list of approved parts or
cedure itself, as it may be vague. Another variable is a reference to the equipment manual. Use of unap-
uncontrolled use of cleaning agents, as the individ- proved change parts should be strictly prohibited,
ual procedures may not describe the dilution factors as it could compromise the performance of the
and how to prepare a solution from concentrate. But equipment. All critical part changes should be
most of all, the manufacturing crew responsible for logged into the individual maintenance log for each
cleaning might cause the biggest problem by not fol- piece of equipment to maintain traceability. If the
lowing the cleaning procedures, using incorrect dilu- equipment requires too many change parts too
tions of agents and causing drug product contami- often, it might be time to replace it.
nation. Thus, operator training in correctly following
the equipment cleaning procedures is as important Maintenance – Preventive and For Cause
as knowing how to use the equipment. Equipment maintenance could be preventive or
If a drug product is contaminated due to inade- for cause. In either case, there should be preventive
quate cleaning of the equipment, the change control maintenance SOPs in place for all key pieces of
system should immediately trigger the batch to be equipment, detailing the methods, equipment, and
placed on hold/quarantine until the investigation is schedules of preventive maintenance. Such SOPs
complete and a decision is made as to its disposition. should also describe disassembly and reassembly of
Such an investigation will focus on both the quality equipment for proper maintenance. All maintenance
failure of the product as well as failure of the cleaning orders should be reviewed by quality assurance and
procedure itself. If the suspected drug product can be the equipment inspected and released by quality
proven to be safe and effective based on analytical assurance before it is put back into service. Also,
data and clinical toxicology of the potential contami- there should be an SOP in place describing the
nants, then it should be considered for release to dis- approved product contact lubricants that can be
tribution. Otherwise, it should be non-conformed and used for repair and maintenance of manufacturing
processed according to the non-conforming materi- and packaging equipment. Mechanics should be
als SOP. The cleaning procedures involved might thoroughly trained in these SOPs to avoid any sur-
require extensive revision and follow-up training of prises. It is a common practice to declare each repair
the operators. All such activities should be docu- a minor item to expedite the repair process, and
mented, reviewed, and approved by quality assur- soon a given piece of equipment might have been
ance, and the revised SOPs and training records totally overhauled, without any consideration for its
made part of the change control investigation. revalidation or impact on the manufacturing process.
The employees, both operators and supervisory
Critical Parts Change and Qualification Status staff, should be grilled in following the proper proce-
Parts change is part of a manufacturing environ- dures when it comes to equipment repair and main-
ment as manufacturing and packaging equipment tenance to assure that the equipment used in manu-
wears down with use. Some parts changes are minor facturing is always maintained in a qualified state.
and have no impact on the operation of the equip-
ment. In other cases, a critical part might have to be Calibration Status
replaced, which could affect the operation of the Equipment performance is controlled and moni-
equipment and the qualified status of the machinery. tored by gauges and meters, which are calibrated at
In most instances, such part change issues are regular intervals. Sometimes, the gauges have to be
addressed during validation of the equipment, clearly removed from the equipment to perform calibration.
defining which part changes could lead to a revalida- In the meantime, the gauge is usually replaced by a
tion of the equipment concerned. This aspect is usu- similar gauge, which is still within its calibration. This
ally covered under the validation change control SOP change is performed by the metrology department in
that describes the criteria for such an option and the association with the maintenance staff, without verifi-
review and approval process. In other words, cation by quality assurance that the replacement
mechanics and technicians are not allowed to change gauges are similar to the ones being replaced and
Technical Guide 15
Shahid T. Dara
are within calibration when installed. The change the relevant parameters need to be tested to assure
control system should address these changes, as it that the changes do not compromise the validated sta-
is a compliance requirement to have all critical equip- tus of the software and the performance of the equip-
ment and associated controls calibrated which could ment involved.
have an impact on the safety, quality, purity, identity,
and strength of a drug product. Component Changes
Equipment Breakdown Components, containers, closures, labeling, and
Equipment failure in the middle of a manufactur- packaging materials essentially comprise the build-
ing or packaging run is a critical but unplanned ing blocks for drug manufacturing. As discussed in
change that needs to be carefully controlled to pro- the product development phase, any critical
tect the integrity of the drug product. The product change in a component or container/closure sys-
or in-process materials should be quarantined tem will have far reaching quality implications for
immediately to assess the impact of the break- the drug product involved. Most of the time, these
down and how long it will take to repair the changes are planned to qualify alternate manufac-
machine. The process time limit conditions for the turers. However, some changes are discovered
given operation should also be considered to after the fact, and the manufacturer has to respond
assure that these limits are not exceeded. If this is accordingly. This section addresses potential
the case, additional sampling and testing might be changes for chemical raw materials and packaging
required before proceeding further with manufac- components that come into direct contact with the
turing or packaging operations. This is more critical drug product and their possible impact on the over-
for liquid preparations and those with natural ingre- all compliance and quality status.
dients, as these drug products are more prone to
supporting microbial growth. Raw Materials
For parenteral drug products, if the equipment Raw materials include both active pharmaceuti-
breakdown exceeds the validated process time lim- cal ingredients as well as excipients, and possible
its, then the drug product has to be discarded. changes could include the following:
There should be an SOP addressing equipment
breakdown change control situations, detailing the Manufacturer Change
steps needed to assure the integrity of the product, Alternate manufacturers are essential to main-
including review and approval requirements and taining the reliable supply of a drug product. A
follow-up actions. There should be a log of equip- manufacturing change is either a planned change
ment breakdown, recording each incident, cause, to qualify an alternate source or to respond to an
and how long the equipment was out of commis- emergency caused by a plant shut down due to
sion. Also consider the extent of repair required natural disasters or quality/compliance issues. In
and its effect on the validated status of the equip- either case, the formulation change control proce-
ment. Frequent breakdown of equipment is a sign dure should be followed. The formulation has to be
of age or poor maintenance practices. re-evaluated, and the drug product has to undergo
additional stability testing to assure that the new
Automated Equipment API has no impact on the purity, safety, efficacy,
Automated equipment operation, repair, and main- and quality of the drug product. The stability testing
tenance pose a different set of issues from a change could be concurrent if the API from a new manu-
control perspective. Whenever there is a change facturer proves to be identical to the original
involving the PLC boards or software code upgrades, source. Also, the impurity profile of the new API
it should be carefully reviewed by information technol- and its stability characteristics must be established
ogy and quality assurance personnel to assure that to make it a viable source. Such a change requires
the equipment will continue to perform within its vali- pre-approval by FDA prior to its implementation
dation parameters. All such changes should be docu- and will be submitted to the Agency as a pre-
mented, reviewed, and approved by quality assurance approval supplement to an NDA/ANDA drug prod-
according to the change control SOP. The equipment uct with pertinent stability and process qualification
should be fully tested before it is released for use. data. In this case, the API from a new source is
Likewise, if there is a software code change, then all proven to be identical to the original and is a com-
pendial material. This change in formulation could residue. Such instances should be duly investi-
be reported to FDA as a Changes Being Effective gated, and the drug product disposition decision
(CBE) supplement. should be made after considering all the relevant
A new manufacturing process or major change in facts, analytical data, regulatory consequences,
the manufacturing process of an API can have simi- and above all, the consumer’s health and well-
lar consequences. Such a change would again being.
require pre-approval by FDA prior to its implementa-
tion and submitted to the Agency as a supplement Excipients
to an NDA/ANDA drug product with pertinent stabil- Most excipients used in drug product formulation
ity and process data. However, in some cases, this are USP or NF grade and therefore, are, well charac-
can be a CBE supplement, if the change in manu- terized chemical entities. It is common practice to
facturing process is an improvement in the overall use more than one manufacturer of an excipient as
quality of the API. Nonetheless, the drug product long as the raw material meets its compendial speci-
manufactured with the new API has to be evaluated fications. Of course, formulations using different
for stability. This type of change has to be communi- sources of excipients have to be evaluated for stabil-
cated to the drug manufacturer by the API manufac- ity and overall quality of the drug product. However,
turer and requires effective communication between there is a potential that an unapproved source of an
the two based on a recognized quality agreement, excipient might find its way into a formulation, con-
mandating that any change in the manufacturing tending that it is the same official grade material.
process be reviewed and approved by the dosage Chemical distributors have earned a reputation for
form manufacturer. switching raw material manufacturers without notice.
A change in physical characteristics of an API In most cases, such a change should be caught at
can also have a critical effect on the drug product, the time of receiving the material, and if it goes
for example, particle size, crystal form, isomeric res- unnoticed, during the sampling/inspection process,
olution, etc. These can impact the manufacturing the material should be rejected. Sometimes, a
process, like mixing times for powders, dissolution source change is inevitable due to natural disaster or
rates, drug delivery, and in-vivo bio-availability. Such other reasons and that is where the change control
potential changes should be carefully monitored and system should trigger the mechanisms to protect the
controlled via routine sampling and testing of the safety, efficacy, and purity of the dosage form.
API. A sudden change in physical characteristics is A change in a critical excipient would have more
a clear sign of a change or deviation in the manu- impact on the quality of the drug product compared to
facturing and purification process of the API. For a minor ingredient, especially if it has any bearing on
dosage form manufacturers, such changes can be the dissolution or bio-availability of the dosage form.
reported to FDA as part of an Annual Report, if the In such a case, the formulation with the new excipient
data shows no adverse effects on the drug product. should be carefully monitored for stability profile as
A change in the impurity profile of the API well as dissolution and bio-availability behavior. If the
poses an equally serious challenge and could go new excipient has impacted any of these features, a
undetected if the incoming API samples are not pre-approval supplement to the application might be
routinely checked for impurities. Potentially, this required. If it can be proved that the excipient from
could have fatal consequences for the end user the new manufacturer is equivalent to the original,
and be a major regulatory nightmare for the drug then such a change could be reported as CBE or
product manufacturer. To avoid this situation, each even as part of the Annual Drug Report.
shipment of an API should be tested for known
impurities of consequence, and if the API fails its Storage Conditions
specifications for impurities, it should be consid- Storage conditions for raw materials are equally
ered for rejection. It gets real interesting when critical in maintaining the quality of a drug product.
unknown impurities are found during testing of the This is especially true for biological derivatives and
finished drug product while assaying for the API, those raw materials that are susceptible to heat,
putting the drug product release in jeopardy. To humidity, or microbial infestations. Warehousing
trace the source of an impurity is a monumental practices and overall environment monitoring of the
task, and the culprit could be the API itself or the facilities should have built-in change control mech-
manufacturing process, like a cleaning agent anisms whenever the temperature/humidity condi-
Technical Guide 17
Shahid T. Dara
tions drift from the specified ranges. Storage condi- adversely impact the stability of the drug product.
tions are of critical importance for soft gel capsules Bottle manufacturers should be required to submit
both empty and filled. If these are stored at very a Certificate of Compliance (COC) with each ship-
high temperature or under extreme humidity condi- ment of bottles with lot traceability for the resin used.
tions, the soft gels become brittle and fail to per- Multiple resin manufacturers produce similar
form during the capsule filling operation. grades of HDPE and other plastic materials that
meet the compendial requirements, yet HDPE from
Packaging Components two different manufacturers could have subtle dif-
Packaging components describe the immediate ferences which could become apparent only after a
container/closure system for the drug product and rugged stability testing regime. Bottle manufactur-
usually include the following: ers tend to switch HDPE from one manufacturer to
another, depending on supply and price. However,
■ Bottles a pharmaceutical manufacturer should have a
■ Caps quality agreement in place dictating the approved
■ Tubes sources of resins for a given container, along with
■ Cans additives. Any change must be reviewed and
■ Vials approved by the drug manufacturer.
■ Ampoules A change in resin manufacturer or grade
■ Stoppers requires new stability studies for the drug product
■ Filler involved and might also require a pre-approval sup-
■ Desiccants plement to FDA, if it is a major change. However, if
■ Blister materials (both base and lidding) it can be proved that the resin from the new source
or of different grade still meets all compendial
The USP is an excellent reference and has requirements and would have little impact on the
detailed specifications and test procedures for all stability profile of the drug product, then it could be
types of container/closure systems used in packag- an annual reportable event. Nonetheless, it will
ing of dosage forms. The container/closure system require the change control system to kick in, and all
is meant to provide adequate protection to the the safety features and drug product involved would
drug product through its shelf life and during its have to be placed on concurrent stability.
usage by the patient. The container/closure system The closure material of construction is of equal
is selected based on the stability profile of the drug importance, especially the liner material, which
product and is submitted as part of the CMC sec- comes into direct contact with the drug product. Any
tion of an NDA/ANDA drug product. Any critical changes in material of construction has serious impli-
change in the container/closure system requires cations for the stability profile of the drug product
additional stability testing, followed by FDA pre- involved, and any change should be closely moni-
approval or some notification of this change to the tored, as it requires new stability studies. Moisture
Agency. Here are some of the changes that could permeation and adhesive abilities of the liner material
occur with a container/closure system and how to are of special importance as it forms a protective
handle these situations: sealing against environmental elements. Possible
changes in construction of liner material include a dif-
Container/Closure Materials of Construction ferent manufacturer or a grade of material. In either
For HDPE and other plastic containers, the case, the change should be processed per change
material of construction quality and grade is of criti- control SOP and requires a revision of the closure
cal importance, as the drug product comes into specifications to reflect the change. Unless the new
direct contact with the inner surface of the con- material is deemed similar to the original, it will
tainer. For HDPE resin, for example, there might be require concurrent stability studies, and the change
multiple grades of resin available from the same reported to FDA as an annual reportable incident.
manufacturer, with minor qualitative and quantita-
tive differences. For bottle manufacturers, such dif- Storage Conditions
ferences might be of little consequence; however, Like raw materials, packaging components should
such changes must be communicated to and pre- be stored under controlled temperature and humidity.
approved by the drug manufacturer as they could Exposure to excessive heat and dry conditions could
make certain plastic bottles brittle and even develop cess development phase. Most process-related
cracks. Such conditions can also adversely affect the changes are unplanned and are handled as “devia-
liner material on closures, especially the pressure-sen- tions,” and the resulting in-process material or drug
sitive type. High humidity can also cause deterioration product is evaluated accordingly.
of cotton, used as filler in packaging operations, by
making it soggy or facilitating microbial growth. Process Parameters
Storage conditions should be constantly monitored Process parameters usually refer to machine
with built-in alarms to trigger corrective actions if the set-up, mixing speeds, mixing times, drying tem-
temperature/humidity conditions drift outside the pre- perature, sequence of addition of ingredients, etc.
determined specifications. Details of such a system They all usually have a predefined range described
should be described in an SOP and be part of the in the batch record that is based on the process
master change control system. qualification and validation data. Most of the time
these process parameters are followed religiously,
Labeling Components Change Control and the manufacturing operations go on smoothly.
Labeling components refer to the immediate label However, once in a while, the granulation might be
on a drug product container, physician or patient over-mixed or dried at a temperature that was out
package insert, cartons, etc. Label development and of its range for part of the cycle. Worst of all, many
the approval process is tightly controlled within each of these digressions are not caught when they
pharmaceutical organization. For NDA/ANDA drug happen, and they come to surface only when the
products, labeling is approved as part of the applica- finished batch record is being reviewed by quality
tion, and any post-approval changes in labeling com- control prior to its release for distribution. Now, the
ponents usually require FDA approval. Labeling granulation that was dried under the suspect dry-
development, revision, and the approval process ing cycle has already been compressed, as the in-
should be separate from its usage controls. process test for moisture content was well within
Labels and cartons should be stored in a limited specifications and the finished product also met all
access area, and the storage should be organized to its specifications. But this is a deviation nonethe-
prevent any mix-up of labeling components during less and a change that must be reviewed by
storage and issuance. Multiple versions of the same appropriate organizational units to pin down the
label might be in inventory, especially in a use-up sit- cause of deviation and its impact on the quality,
uation where the older version can be used until it is safety, and efficacy of the drug product and is eval-
gone. Such a change can be managed only if there uated according to the deviation SOP. The product
are mechanisms in place that provide version control disposition should be decided based on the nature
for labeling components at the time of issuance as of the deviation, product quality history, and the
well as during its usage. Labeling errors are still one available data.
of the leading causes for drug product recalls.
Process Conditions
Process Changes Process conditions refer to the manufacturing
environment, and it includes both the facilities as
The manufacturing process generally consists well as the temperature/humidity conditions. De-
of a number of unit operations, e.g., tablet manu- pending on the nature of the drug product, the envi-
facturing involves blending, wet or dry granulation, ronmental controls can vary from simple tempera-
milling, drying, and compression as unit opera- ture/humidity controls to extensive environment
tions. Each unit operation has its own set of critical monitoring schemes utilized for aseptic processes.
parameters that determine the quality of the overall Most manufacturing operations are carried out
manufacturing process. To fully understand the under controlled temperature and humidity condi-
complexity of a manufacturing process, all the unit tions. An occasional deviation from the settings
operations should be drawn up as a flow diagram. should be considered as part of the system opera-
Based on the sensitivities of the drug substance tion and could be caused by extremes of external
involved and the dosage form being manufactured, environment. However, if the drug substance or unit
define the critical steps, which need to be moni- operation involved is temperature or humidity sensi-
tored against any change. Mapping of the manu- tive, then it is a cause for investigation, and such a
facturing process is usually done during the pro- change should be controlled. Again, such changes
Technical Guide 19
Shahid T. Dara
Lot Specific vs. Multiple Lots settings drift too far from the validation data.
A deviation is usually lot specific for a given Likewise, process conditions, like temperature,
drug product but can also involve multiple lots. humidity, and the microbial quality of the environ-
ment, should be maintained as any change would
Product Specific vs. Multiple Products be considered a deviation and could impact the
A deviation is generally product specific, but in drug product quality.
some cases, it can involve more than one drug
product. An example is a sudden failure of the Practices
water system, impacting multiple drug products, If the written procedures are not followed
which might have used suspect-quality water for strictly, this will be a deviation as spelled out by the
equipment cleaning or product manufacture. regulations. For example, if sampling procedures
are not followed, the samples collected will
Potential Areas of Deviations become suspect, and any data obtained from their
Following is a listing of potential deviation areas testing will not be of value to make any quality
and how each could influence the drug product decisions. Such a deviation requires resampling
quality attributes. and retesting of the materials along with other cor-
rective actions, including retraining of employees.
Materials
Raw materials as well as labeling and packag- Documentation practices
ing components must meet their quality specifica- cGMPs require that all quality/compliance
tions before their usage in manufacturing. Yet there related documents be prepared, reviewed, revised,
will be situations when an unreleased material and approved according to written SOPs. Likewise,
might end up in manufacturing, or an unapproved such documents should be used in a consistent
labeling component might be used in the label- manner; if not, this will be a deviation that has to be
ing/packaging operation. explained. Documentation practices are a cause for
In either case, the impact on the quality/compli- concern throughout the company, and employees
ance status of the drug product should be should be trained and retrained on this subject.
reviewed in detail before deciding its disposition.
Test Methods
Equipment Analytical test methods are qualified relative to
The sudden breakdown or malfunction of equip- a given drug product and set of instruments.
ment is an unplanned deviation that could have an Whenever there is a deviation from an approved
adverse impact on drug product quality. Also, if the analytical procedure, it requires a detailed investi-
equipment is beyond its calibration period and is gation and sound scientific justification before the
used in manufacturing, packaging, or testing of the data is accepted for any quality decision. Some
drug product, it will compromise its compliance sta- deviations are minor, yet these should be docu-
tus. Such deviations may not have any apparent mented, while others could lead to a reevaluation
effect on the quality, safety, and efficacy of the drug of the analytical method or the instrument used.
product but still have compliance implications. Sometimes deviation from an approved test
Another deviation could be replacing equipment by method is necessary because of compendial
similar or comparable equipment in the middle of a changes, and the written procedure is yet to be
manufacturing run. Such a change should be docu- reviewed and approved by the organization.
mented and justified at the time of occurrence and
be pre-approved by the quality assurance function. Specifications
Specifications are based on sound scientific
Process data and are a direct result of drug product behav-
Deviations from both process parameters and ior during the development process. Raw material
process conditions could affect the drug product. and packaging component specifications are either
Machine setups, mixing speeds, drying tempera- based on the most current USP or supplier specifi-
tures, etc., all should remain within the preset lim- cations. Deviations from approved specifications
its. Any digression would be a deviation and would result in failure and rejection or rework of the mate-
require an investigation, especially if the machine rials involved.
Technical Guide 21
Shahid T. Dara
cally to determine if there are any trends develop- each nonconforming situation and deciding the dis-
ing which could be indicative of systemic prob- position of the materials involved. This could be
lems. In other words, what might appear to be an part of the quality/compliance review committee.
isolated incident could prove to be an ongoing
quality issue that requires systemic changes, both Types of Nonconforming Materials
procedural and practical. Components
Incoming raw materials could fail to meet specifi-
Final Reviews and Approvals cations due to shipping damage, contamination,
The deviation report form should be reviewed and infestation or fail upon testing of a sample.
and approved by the manufacturing, regulatory Sometimes raw materials can fail upon retesting of
affairs, and quality assurance departments. QA an older lot or when an older lot cannot be retested
has the ultimate responsibility to determine that because it’s beyond its retesting protocol. Also
each deviation is resolved before a suspect lot of expired raw materials should be processed as non-
a product is released or rejected. conforming materials and should be destroyed. In
any of these situations, the raw material involved
Follow-up Actions should be declared a nonconforming material
QA should follow up the resolution of each devi- according to company policies and procedures.
ation to determine that the corrective actions, if
needed, were implemented. The revised docu- Container/Closure
ments should be reviewed and approved and be Incoming container(s) and closures could fail to
part of the investigation as it is closed. Also, meet specifications due to shipping damage, con-
employee training records should be reviewed to tamination, and infestation or fail upon testing of a
see if the operators were, in fact, trained in revised sample. In such situations, the container/closure
procedures and practices. involved should be declared a nonconforming mate-
rial according to company policies and procedures.
Nonconformance Materials Control
Labeling Components
21 CFR Part 211.84, 211.122, 211.188, and Incoming labeling components could fail to meet
211.192 mandate that only those components and specifications due to shipping damage, contamina-
packaging/labeling materials can be used in manu- tion, and, most serious of all, printing errors.
facturing drug products which meet their pre- Sometimes, labeling changes are mandated by
approved specifications. Similarly, each lot of a drug FDA, and the existing stock of labeling compo-
product manufactured must be produced in compli- nents can no longer be used and, therefore,
ance with cGMPs and meet all its in-process and becomes nonconforming. In such situations, the
finished drug product specifications. If any of these labeling components involved should be declared a
materials fail to meet their respective specifications, nonconforming material according to company poli-
they should be declared nonconforming and be cies and procedures.
segregated and placed on hold/quarantine until a
disposition decision is made. In-Process Materials
In-process materials require further processing to
Definitions complete the manufacturing cycle and are sampled
Nonconforming material refers to a material that and tested at critical points during the process to
fails to meet quality acceptance criteria or its pre- assure that the process is functioning within its lim-
defined specifications. A Nonconformance Material its. Sometimes the in-process materials fail to meet
Report (NCMR) is a specific onetime use report, specifications upon testing, and the material should
which documents the nonconformance material be declared nonconforming at this stage. It might be
and its disposition. resampled and retested or reprocessed depending
Material Review Board – refers to a group of on the nature of the failure and its cause. But by
individuals within an organization representing declaring it a nonconforming material, it is assured
quality assurance, quality control, regulatory that the material will not be processed further. Also
affairs, operations, production planning, and pur- expired in-process materials should be processed
chasing. This group is responsible for reviewing as nonconforming and be destroyed.
Technical Guide 23
Shahid T. Dara
Committee. There should be a rework procedure pre- Final Reviews and Approvals
pared and approved by quality assurance before The completed NCMR form should have review
reprocessing or repackaging is initiated and the and approval signatures from all appropriate de-
rework procedure becomes part of the batch record. partments. It should clearly indicate the disposition
The justification for the rework decision should be of the material and who was responsible, along
fully documented and become part of the NCMR file with a QA double check.
for the drug product involved.
Reprocessing/repackaging is an example of a Follow-up Actions
temporary change control system that allows for a Quality assurance should follow up the resolu-
one time deviation from the approved manufactur- tion of each nonconforming incident to see if it is
ing or packaging procedure to correct a quality an isolated situation or a symptom of systemic
deficiency. Here, a normally processed batch has problems. Also review the possible implication of
to be reworked or repackaged to correct the prob- other batches of the same drug product or other
lem. Once the situation is resolved, go back to the drug products as well. This could involve vendor
originally approved manufacturing/packaging pro- audits to ensure there has been no unapproved
cedure or batch record. changes in their shops.
A detailed review of the manufacturing process
Responsible Personnel and other control procedures in place should be
Whether a material is to be rejected or a drug performed to determine if the process is still oper-
product has to be reworked, the responsibilities ating within a state of control, if there is a need for
should be clearly defined with QA interaction process revalidation, or if the change control pro-
throughout the process to assure proper disposi- cedures need revisions with attendant employee
tion of the nonconforming materials and closure of training. In any case, quality assurance should fol-
the NCMR form. The responsible personnel should low up with all these activities to control the poten-
be indicated on the NCMR form. tial for nonconforming situations.
Technical Guide 25
Shahid T. Dara
Technical Guide 27
Shahid T. Dara
otherwise, the material might have to be rejected. collected to determine expiration dates or valida-
Care should be taken that all necessary validation tion of processes.
or stability testing is completed, and a final report ■ “Out-of-specification” is any GMP data which
is written up before the drug product is released. is outside the boundaries of predetermined specifi-
cations.
Final Reviews and Approvals ■ “Laboratory error” occurs when an analyst
The HFR form should be reviewed and commits an error while following an analytical
approved by the hold requester, regulatory affairs, method (e.g., incorrect standard preparation, miscal-
and QA. QA has the responsibility that each HFR culation of data, incorrect sample preparation, etc.).
incident is resolved, and the drug product involved ■ “Inconclusive laboratory error” occurs when the
is disposed of accordingly. analytical method is followed correctly, but the data
generated is questionable. Upon retest, the results
Follow-up Actions show that the material is within specifications, and a
Quality assurance should follow up the resolu- reason for the OOS data cannot be determined.
tion of each hold incident to determine if additional ■ “Process error” happens when the manufac-
corrective actions are needed or if the reason for turing process itself is found to be the cause of the
the hold incident is a symptom of systemic prob- OOS data.
lems. If such is the case, then all concerned qual- ■ “Nonprocess related error” occurs when
ity/compliance systems should be reviewed and human or mechanical errors cause a failure, result-
revised accordingly. This might require revision of ing in questionable GMP data.
documents and additional training for the person- ■ “Retest of original sample” means the reanaly-
nel involved. sis of the material involved from the initial sample
taken from the bulk. For stability studies, this means
Out-of-Specifications Investigations the initial sample that was removed from its proper
storage condition. Re-injection of the initial
Out-of-specification (OOS) data investigation is at HPLC/GC vial also qualifies as retesting the original
the top of the current list of issues facing industry and samples. A freshly diluted sample prepared from an
FDA. Not that it is a new subject, as it has always original tablet grind is also considered valid.
been part of the cGMP regulations, 21 CFR 211.194, ■ “Resample of material for analysis” means
but the issue has assumed a new significance since physically removing a new sample from the bulk
the infamous Barr Decision. The old school of testing material.
a product till it passed was supposed to be gone with
the introduction of cGMP regulations. However, this Barr Decision
monster still lives on in some pharmaceutical manu- In 1992, Judge Wolin made a landmark decision in
facturers. Like any other compliance issue, OOS is U.S. vs. Barr Laboratories, clarifying the issues of
part of analytical reality in any organization, and how OOS data and the practice of retesting the drug prod-
to investigate and resolve a situation involving OOS uct until it passes. cGMP regulations imply that the
data should not be the subject of deep philosophy drug manufacturer should conduct a failure investiga-
and considered right up there with universal meta- tion when a drug product fails to meet test specifica-
physical forces in action. The simple truth is that tions. The Barr decision made it clear that it is a legal
every drug manufacturer is responsible for investigat- requirement for every manufacturer to address the
ing OOS data according to a written procedure, with OOS data investigation in a systemic way, and written
due review and an approval process in place. The fol- procedures should be in place to define the course of
lowing discussion is a procedural approach on how to action. It also emphasized the fact that quality cannot
handle any OOS investigation. be tested into a drug product, rejecting the practice of
testing till it passes. The OOS data should not be
Definitions summarily dismissed, and it should be part of the
■ “GMP data” means data upon which a quality analytical results along with the retest data and justifi-
or GMP decision is made and includes data col- cation for the retesting of the original sample or
lected in determining the disposition (release or resampling and retesting of this sample.
rejection) of a raw material, intermediate or in- The Barr decision had a far-reaching impact on
process material, or drug product, as well as data the pharmaceutical industry, as Judge Wolin’s
opinion was the first established detailed explana- OOS Investigation Report
tion of how an OOS situation should be handled. A standardized OOS investigation report should
FDA has incorporated this explanation into its be part of the SOP. Such forms should be pre-
inspection guidelines and expects industry to follow it. numbered for control and reference purposes and
controlled and issued by quality control. An OOS
Types of Data Involved investigation log should be maintained to record
Analytical data pertaining to raw materials, in-pro- the following information:
cess tests, finished drug product analysis, validation
test results, and stability study samples are utilized to ■ OOS report number issued
make quality decisions about drug products. ■ Name of the material in question
Whenever these results are outside the predeter- ■ Lot number
mined specifications for any of these tests, the OOS ■ Initial analyst
investigation must be performed. Even if a raw mate- ■ Investigation initiation date and the
rial or drug product is going to be rejected based upon conclusion date
retest data, the investigation must be carried out, as it ■ Disposition of the material
could involve more than the quality and purity of the
material involved. In a Quality Control Laboratory one The following details should be recorded on the
can encounter the following types of data which could OOS Investigation Report:
require an OOS investigation including:
Material Involved
■ Component test data List name and lot number of the material
■ In-Process test data involved. If it is a stability study sample, detail the
■ Finished product test data storage conditions and test interval as well. For
■ Stability studies test data validation samples, specify whether the sample is
■ Validation studies test data for process, cleaning, or method validation.
■ Analytical method validation
■ Process validation Sampling Information
■ Cleaning validation Sampling information should include the con-
tainer number from which the particular sample
Management of OOS Data in the Investigation was taken, thereby forcing the company not to
An OOS incident is never planned; however, composite the samples, as required by the
there should be a system in place to investigate it. cGMPs. For purified water samples, the sampling
Essential elements of such a system should outlet designation and time of sampling are also
include the following: important.
Technical Guide 29
Shahid T. Dara
Review/Investigation Conclusion
The investigation should focus on the following: Once the investigation is completed, a decision
has to be made as to the disposition of the mate-
■ Analytical method validation status rials involved. The material could be released or
■ Data/calculations verification rejected, and that should close the investigation
■ Instrument for the particular OOS incident. However, some-
■ Performance/calibration/maintenance history times the original and retest data are submitted to
■ Instrument output/raw data experts within the company, along with key mem-
■ Reference standards bers of management, to make a decision. The
■ Analyst training records assistance of outside experts might also be
■ Review of batch records sought. All these activities must be documented
to maintain a level of control desired by cGMPs.
Define Cause
The investigation should result in narrowing down Final Reviews and Approval
the cause for OOS data, and a brief summary of the The OOS investigation report should be
reasoning behind this decision should be prepared. reviewed and approved by QC Lab personnel,
Probable causes of OOS data could include: appropriate manufacturing representative (if
needed), regulatory affairs, and QA. Final approval
■ Laboratory error should be obtained from a senior member of man-
■ Inconclusive laboratory error agement to maintain communication at all levels of
■ Nonprocess related error the organization.
■ Process related error
■ Stability degradation Validation Change Control Issues
Corrective Actions Validation is establishing, to a high degree of
The corrective action plan should be defined to assurance, thoroughly documented evidence that a
address the following: given process will consistently produce a product
that will meet its predetermined specifications and
■ Retest plan quality attributes. Validated systems and processes
■ Retest of original sample by definition should be maintained and operated
■ Resample of material for analysis within a state of control that assures that any
■ Predetermined testing procedure to define the changes will be carefully evaluated and monitored
source of retest sample and the number of so as not to compromise the validated status of a
samples to be retested for statistical signifi- system or process, thereby assuring the quality of
cance of data the drug product so produced. The pharmaceutical
■ A second analyst to perform the analysis, when industry is experiencing rapid changes, the pace of
necessary, to verify the ruggedness of method which has increased tremendously over the past
■ Evaluation of retest data few years in response to hard economic realities
and market forces. Equipment changes are more
Related Batches/Drug Products frequent than in the past and so are the changes
Related batches of the same raw material or to the manufacturing/packaging processes. Both
drug product or related drug products should be are being done to improve the economic efficien-
evaluated to establish an analytical history of the cies of the operations as well as to achieve better
material involved. This review is necessary to compliance. Part of this trend involves technology
transfer from one plant to another, creating more ■ Utility systems changes
challenges for the change control systems. ■ Equipment change parts
Validation change control applies to all validated ■ Process parameters
systems and processes, including facilities, utilities, ■ Procedural issues
equipment, and manufacturing/packaging pro- ■ Test methods
cesses. However, routine preventive maintenance ■ Specifications
should not be confused with a change in the vali- ■ Computer systems
dated status of a system. This discussion is meant ■ Hardware changes
to provide an overview of validation change control ■ Software changes
and how to manage it in day-to-day operations.
Validation Change Control Management
Definition Validation change control is meant to manage
Validation change control can be defined as the the proposed changes in a way that a system or
process by which each critical or major change in process maintains its validated status after imple-
a validated system or process is evaluated to menting the changes and could require a revalida-
determine if the proposed change impacts the vali- tion. As part of an effective master change control
dated status of the system or process involved. system, there should be a subsystem addressing
Due consideration should be given to the possibil- validation change control and, within this subsys-
ity of the revalidation of the system or process. tem, designated procedures for each set of vali-
These potential changes include equipment dated systems and processes within an organiza-
upgrade, change of critical parts of a utility system, tion. Essentially, such a system should detail the
major changes in manufacturing process, etc. following:
Technical Guide 31
Shahid T. Dara
Technical Guide 33
Shahid T. Dara
Define the Cause of Quality Failure all possibilities, and attempt to define the most
A quality failure/incident could be caused by probable cause(s) of the quality failure/incident.
one or more of the following; however, use the pro-
cess of elimination to narrow down this list as Quality Failure Investigation
much as possible; A quality failure/incident investigation should
include a review of the following, depending on the
■ Facilities most probable cause(s). Concentrate on those
An example of facilities as a possible cause of areas that may have contributed to a given quality
quality incident/failure could be improper failure/incident. The investigation phase is in fact
cleaning/sanitization of manufacturing areas lead- already underway as the probable cause(s) of a
ing to increased bioburden in the environment with given quality failure/incident are being defined and,
the potential for drug product contamination. therefore, the two cannot be totally separated from
each other. Quality assurance must lead the inves-
■ Utilities tigation phase in cooperation with other depart-
A malfunction of any of the following utility sys- ments, as these findings are the basis of any cor-
tems can cause a quality failure/incident leading to rective action plan.
a drug product failure. They include:
■ Facilities
• HVAC system If facilities are a possible cause of the quality
• Water purification system failure/incident, review the state of repair of manu-
• Compressed air system facturing and packaging areas as well as the tem-
• Dust collection system perature and humidity conditions in the plant.
Also, if the microbial environment is monitored,
■ Components the data for the particular incident should be
Both chemical raw materials and reviewed along with data for the past four to six
packaging/labeling components can cause a qual- weeks to identify any adverse trends.
ity failure/incident.
■ Utilities
■ Equipment If any of the utility systems is a potential cause for
Equipment breakdown as well as improper a quality failure incident, review the system in question
cleaning can lead to a quality failure/incident. in detail. Items to be checked if one or more of the fol-
lowing utility systems is under suspicion include:
■ Process
The manufacturing process as well as process HVAC system: Temperature/humidity profile of the
conditions can contribute to a quality failure/incident. area and potential temperature/humidity exposure
of the components and drug product(s) involved.
■ Drug Product
Failure to meet drug product specifications is Water purification system: Both chemical and
the ultimate quality failure/incident. microbial quality of purified water and water-for-
injection can impact the quality of the finished drug
■ Analytical product. The quality failure investigation for a water
Most analytical laboratory quality issues are purification system is discussed later.
related to analytical data and are usually investi-
gated according to an out-of-specification data Compressed air system: Possible presence of oil
investigation SOP. An OOS investigation will likely droplets in an oil-free compressed air system can
involve some of the aspects discussed here. cause contamination.
■ Components ■ Personnel
Always review the sampling/inspection and This is a subjective issue that is difficult to mea-
release processes if a component is a potential sure as it tends to indirectly validate the effective-
cause for a quality failure/incident. Sample manipu- ness of the employee training program. Ensure that
lation can have a potential negative impact on the the individuals involved in all phases of a given
quality of the material being sampled. Both active quality failure/incident have the knowledge, exper-
and inactive raw materials can have a direct bear- tise, and training to carry out their assignments,
ing on the drug product quality if these are not of and there is documented evidence to support this
desired quality or their quality is compromised claim. If not, an isolated quality failure incident
either during sampling process or due to improper could be an indication of a major systemic quality
storage conditions. problem within the organization.
Packaging/labeling component quality defects
can cause potential stability concerns as well as Procedures and Documentation Practices
mislabeling situations. Almost one-third of all drug A review of the SOPs, batch records, analytical
product recalls in recent years were due to misla- procedures, etc., is also required to complete this
beling of drug products, per FDA enforcement investigation. This assures that the procedures are
reports. detailed enough and easy to follow for the opera-
tors. If not, revisions might be needed.
■ Equipment
If manufacturing/packaging equipment is a Corrective Action Plan
potential cause for a quality failure/incident, review Quality assurance management, in collaboration
the following: with other appropriate departments within the
organization, should develop a corrective action
■ Cleaning and sanitization records plan with definite time lines for implementation.
■ Calibration status of critical equipment Such a plan should clearly define the responsibili-
■ Maintenance records ties and accountability profile of assignments and
■ Performance history should include:
■ Equipment qualification records
■ Does the incident/failure fall under an OOS
■ Process investigation? If so, is there a need for a sep-
Review the manufacturing process in detail to arate investigation?
see if there were any deviations or anomalies. ■ In such cases, the two investigations should
Also, review the process conditions, like tempera- complement each other in resolving the issue
ture, humidity, machine speed setups, order of ■ Identifying procedural changes required
addition of ingredients, process time limits, etc. A ■ Identifying documentation to be revised
review of process validation records might also be ■ Identifying additional training requirements
in order, if considered necessary. ■ Disposition of the drug product(s) involved
Technical Guide 35
Shahid T. Dara
erenced or attached to the investigation report, like assurance and may also involve manufactur-
employee training records, copies of the purchase ing, if needed.
order, copy of the approved change control, etc. ■ The investigation team should discuss all
The report should be reviewed and approved by findings of the investigation before designing
the appropriate departments within the organiza- a corrective action plan and deciding the dis-
tion. QA and other pertinent departments should position of the drug product(s) involved.
sign off on the report, and sign off responsibilities
should be delineated in an SOP. The summary Water Quality Failure Investigation
report should be used to inform upper manage- A water quality failure investigation should
ment of any critical quality issues, especially those address the following areas, as appropriate (see
which would involve capital investments as part of Figure 2 for a summarized list):
their corrective action plan.
Define Water Quality Failure/Incident
Water Quality Failure Investigation Procedure A water quality failure/incident could involve one
Water purification systems are designed and or more of the following scenarios:
qualified to assure a consistent supply of purified
water of the desired quality. However, despite our
best efforts, a water sample may fail to meet its Figure 2
specifications. The water quality failure/incident has
far-reaching implications as purified water and water- Water Quality Failure Investigation
for-injection are used widely in drug product manu-
Elements of Water Quality
facturing and facilities and equipment cleaning. Failure/Incident Investigation
This is a detailed overview of a water quality fail-
ure investigation procedure, both during validation Define water quality failure/incident
and routine monitoring of the water purification sys- ■ System malfunction
tem and is based on the author’s personal experi- ■ Chemical
■ Microbiological
ences in handling them.
In order to accomplish a comprehensive investi- Define quality significance of the water quality
failure/incident
gation of a water quality failure incident, it is impor- Define the cause of the water quality failure/incident
tant that different aspects of the investigation be ■ Purification system
assigned to different departments according to their ■ Sampling
expertise. This is especially true if the incident hap- ■ Analytical issues
pens during validation or major revalidation of a Quality failure/incident investigation
water purification system. The investigation team ■ Purification system
should include the following: Source water
Pretreatment
Purification system
■ Engineering and maintenance, along with val- Storage and distribution
idation, should review the water purification Controls, alarms etc.
system for physical and functional integrity Sanitization cycle
from an engineering and validation point of ■ Sampling
view. Sampling procedure
■ Quality assurance should review the procedu- Sampling technique
Sample container prep
ral and training issues, as well as the drug
■ Analytical procedures
product(s) involved, from a compliance point Instruments
of view. Analytical procedures
■ Quality control should review the chemical Analyst training
and microbiological testing issues as well as Sample prep
the water sampling techniques. Media prep and tracking
■ Drug product(s) involved
■ Drug safety and information should review the ■ Personnel
safety concerns to decide the disposition of ■ Procedures and documentation practices
affected drug product(s). Corrective action plan
■ The investigation should be led by quality Summary, conclusion, and sign off
■ Purification system malfunction source water quality can cause purified water fail-
■ Chemical ure, especially after natural disasters, like floods.
■ Microbiological Source water test data from the local water
authority and in-house periodic source water test
In most instances, it is the failure of a water sam- results should be reviewed to determine any sud-
ple for chemical or microbiological specifications den change in source water quality. This review
which triggers an investigation. Since purified water should also indicate any trends that might be
is constantly being used in production, there is developing over recent weeks, especially after
always a chance that the suspect quality water might heavy rains or floods in the area, as they can affect
have been used in equipment cleaning or manufac- the composition of natural water reservoirs.
ture of a drug product, thereby putting it at risk.
Pretreatment
Define Quality Significance of the Water Quality Source water is pretreated to minimize the level
Failure Incident of both organic and inorganic impurities before
Water quality failure incidents can be classified as water is actually processed through the final purifi-
critical, major, minor, or for information only, depend- cation step. If pretreatment steps are not precisely
ing on the nature and severity of the incident. For controlled and routinely monitored for performance
microbiological tests, the quality data is measured within preset limits, these could cause quality fail-
against alert and action limits, e.g., total aerobic count ure of the water produced.
for a purified water sample. If the water sample fails
pH specification or total organic carbon (TOC), and ■ Chlorination
the purified water was used to manufacture a solid Chlorine is added to the source water to
oral dosage, the impact on quality, strength, identity, decrease its bio-burden. It also helps to minimize
and safety of the drug product will be much less if the microbial growth in pipes and storage equipment.
water sample fails for microbiological specifications Local water authorities usually add a chlorine gas
and is used to manufacture a liquid or sterile drug generating chemical to wate like sodium hypochlo-
product. This classification can be a useful tool in rite to produce one to two PPM of chlorine gas.
determining the extent of the investigation as well as However, there is a downside to the presence of
the scope of corrective actions including disposition of chlorine in water, as it tends to corrode stainless
the drug product(s) involved. steel surfaces and will deteriorate reverse osmosis
membranes. Therefore, it is important that chlorine
Define the Cause of the Water Quality be removed from water before it actually reaches
Quality Failure/Incident the purification and storage stage.
A water quality failure/incident could be caused However, if there is insufficient or no chlorine in
by one or more of the following; however, try to the source water, the purification system down-
narrow down this list as much as possible: stream may not be able to remove all the microbial
contaminants, thereby causing a quality failure of
■ Purification System the water produced.
Each water purification system is designed per
individual plant requirements but does have some ■ Depth Filters
constants which should be looked into when inves- Source water is passed through a series of
tigating a water quality failure/incident. coarse filters to remove suspended solids. The fil-
tration media could be different grades of sand.
Source Water However, such filters tend to harbor microbes and
The quality of source water as supplied by local should be periodically back-washed to remove all
water authorities changes with the time of the year trapped waste. If left unsanitized, these filters could
and geographic location of the plant. Microbial qual- contaminate the water with microbes, causing fail-
ity and the total dissolved solids in source water ure of the water produced after purification.
play a vital role in determining the capability of a
given water purification system. Source water test ■ Water Softeners or Deionizers
data should be part of the validation file for a given Water softeners or deionizers are used to
water purification system. Sudden changes in remove heavy metal ions from source water to
Technical Guide 37
Shahid T. Dara
avoid scaling downstream during the purification some reason, the system is idle for a period of
process. Deionizing resins need to be regenerated time, the feed sections of the still can become
periodically, and the regeneration process should dead legs and promote microbial growth. On start
be controlled to ensure that a deionizer tank does up, if used unsanitized, this could produce WFI
not sit idle for long periods of time after regenera- with high endotoxins.
tion, as it could promote microbial growth. If such a
tank is used in water purification, it might overbur- Storage and Distribution
den the system, and the water produced could fail. Storage tank, distribution piping, and associated
controls are critical to maintaining the quality of the
■ Carbon Filter water being produced. If there are leaks in the sys-
Activated carbon filters are used to remove dis- tem, these could contaminate the entire system.
solved chlorine and other gases from source water, Likewise, the vent filter on the storage tank
along with organic materials, before water is sub- should be checked for integrity and to see that it is
jected to the final purification process. However, car- not harboring any microbes in the condensate, as
bon filters can promote microbial growth and, there- both could compromise the quality of water. There
fore, foul the downstream components. Frequent should be a procedure in place for changing the
monitoring and sanitization of carbon filters should sterile vent filter on the storage tank. Many times
be carried out to prevent this situation. Nonetheless, water quality is compromised by the addition of for-
carbon filters can be a cause of water quality failure. eign material during filter change over. Typically, fil-
ter change is followed by a complete sanitization
Purification System cycle. The heating and cooling system is another
■ Deionization critical part of this puzzle, as the water quality is
Deionization is not considered by FDA to be an totally dependent on its storage temperature before
acceptable water purification process to produce it is used.
Water-for-Injection (WFI); however, it is used to
produce purified water. Cation, anion, and mixed Sanitization process
bed resins are used to remove ionic impurities Water purification systems are periodically sani-
from source water. The quality of these resin beds tized to remove any biofilm and organic build up on
can be monitored by determining the conductivity different water contact surfaces. If a chemical sani-
of effluent water. A sudden increase in effluent tizing agent is used, there is potential for residual
water conductivity indicates that a resin bed needs chemicals in the purified water, unless the system
to be regenerated. Ion exchange resin tank regen- is thoroughly flushed and drained.
eration should be controlled, and regenerated
tanks should not sit idle, as this can promote ■ Sampling
microbial growth. Also, if there is leakage of Water samples are drawn during validation and
sodium ions from a cation exchange resin, the routine monitoring of a water purification system.
water produced will have a higher pH – greater This step is critical and can cause water quality
than 7.0. failure if sampling procedure(s) are not strictly
adhered to. Details are discussed under the inves-
■ Reverse Osmosis tigation section of this document.
Reverse osmosis membranes are an efficient
water purifier when used in series. However, these ■ Analytical issues
can harbor microbial growth, as they are chlorine Both chemical and microbiological testing have
sensitive and, therefore, can produce water of sus- their own set of variables which could cause a water
pect quality. Also, if the membranes are not period- sample to fail. It could be the instrument, sample
ically backwashed, they become overloaded and prep, or the procedure. Details are discussed under
enable organic and inorganic impurities to pass the investigation section of this article.
through.
Water Quality Failure Investigation
■ Distillation A water quality failure/incident investigation
Distillation is the method of choice for producing should include a review of the following, depending
WFI, assuming it is a continuous process. If, for upon the probable cause. Concentrate on those
areas believed to have contributed most to a given sitting idle for a long period of time after regenera-
quality failure incident. tion, thereby causing microbial contamination of
water. Also, the conductivity data for effluent water
Source water should be reviewed to determine if the tanks were
Source water test data from the local water changed as per schedule and are not totally
authority and in-house periodic source water test exhausted before replacement.
results should be reviewed to determine any sud-
den changes in source water quality. This review ■ Reverse Osmosis
should also indicate any trends that might be The reverse osmosis membranes should be
developing over recent weeks, especially after checked for integrity if these were exposed to high
heavy rains or floods in the area, as they can affect chlorine source water. Also, the membrane back-
the composition of natural water reservoirs. flushing procedure should be reviewed to deter-
mine if it is effective in removing all the build-up.
Pretreatment The reverse osmosis system sanitization proce-
Review all the pretreatment steps to see if the dure and frequency should be checked to deter-
quality of source water was compromised at any mine if they need any revisions, both in procedure
stage. Also check for leaks or malfunction of any and frequency.
alarms, controls, or autoregeneration of deionizing
tanks, etc. ■ Distillation
Ensure that the system was in operation per
Chlorination approved specifications. If there was a shutdown,
Review the source water data to see if there was the system sanitized before start up? Check to
was sufficient chlorine in the water. Also, review determine if all alarms and controls are functioning
the residual chlorine level of pretreated water pro- and are within calibration. Look for any dead legs
cessed downstream, especially in case of a in the system as potential breeding grounds for
reverse osmosis water purification system. microbes.
Technical Guide 39
Shahid T. Dara
Media Preparation and Storage following, depending upon the cause of the water
For microbiological testing, media preparation, quality failure/incident:
storage, and expiration dating issues are critical in
defining the success or failure of a test. Review ■ If the water purification system is operating
media preparation procedures as well as the expira- within specifications, additional water sam-
tion date assigned to a given lot of in-house pre- ples should be taken from source water, stor-
pared media to assure that media is used within its age tank, and all points of use for three to five
expiration date. Other issues to be considered when days and the system released if all samples
reviewing microbiological testing should include: meet specifications.
■ If part(s) of the water purification system
■ Incubation conditions need to be replaced, a determination should
■ Qualification status of incubator be made if this change is covered under a
■ Use of positive/negative controls system parts change program or if it necessi-
■ Isolation and speciation of the microbial tates a requalification of the system.
contaminants ■ Revise water sampling procedures and
retrain employees.
Drug Product(s) Involved ■ Revise the analytical procedures.
As part of the investigation, the drug product(s) ■ Recalibrate the instruments, etc.
manufactured with suspect water should be
reviewed to determine if the safety, quality, and effi- Summary, Conclusion and Sign Off
cacy of the drug product has been compromised. A summary report should be prepared detail-
The following points should be considered in this ing the water quality failure/incident, probable or
review: definite cause, corrective action plan, and dispo-
sition of the drug product(s) involved. Such a
■ Dosage form of the drug product involved report should be prepared by quality assurance
■ Route of administration and reviewed and approved by appropriate mem-
■ Therapeutic class bers of management. The investigation report
■ Presence or absence of a preservative sys- along with a summary should become part of the
tem in the drug product water purification system file. However, a brief
■ Safety history of the drug product(s) management summary might be prepared to
inform upper management, if the situation so
Personnel warrants.
This part of the investigation should define if
there are any deficiencies in the training program Last Word
and also, if the people are qualified to perform their
assignments. The management of change is an on-going bat-
tle and, like perpetual motion, we have yet to de-
Procedures and Documentation Practices velop a perfect change control system that foresees
All the procedures and documentation involved all possible changes. There will always be unfore-
should be reviewed to determine if there is a need seen circumstances that will force one to rethink
for revisions or if new procedures should be pre- their approach to maintaining a level of control.
pared to supplement ones already in existence. Document change control and contract manufac-
Also, a determination should be made to assess turer/packager-related change control issues have
whether all critical data is being reviewed by the been deliberately omitted from this discussion
appropriate people to make critical decisions (if because of the enormity of the two subjects. ❏
needed).
Technical Guide 41
Shahid T. Dara
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