FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK | SUBJECT: PRINCIPLE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS, DEKG 2113 PART A: METERING PRINCIPLE PART B: VERIFYING OHM'S LAW De Lb Js ge yis! UDNIVERSITUTERNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK Semester 1 2022/2023 DEKG 2113 PRINCIPLE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS EXPERIMENT 1 PLMGNAN RAKIM BIN MOND TAMMEZE Group Members RAVINDRAN WEASEL TAOND FALL BIN HOD SULOF, Lab Group 1 Grove 2 Program/Section :_0'\\ Date 1ITNOVEMBER 2032, Task Name Te Sianatre’ Date ‘Atikah binti Razi F Prepared by | Dr. Nur Zawani binti Saharuddin bfilel 47/10/2022 Lecturer : Confirmed by | PM. Dr. Muhammad Nizam bin Kamarudin am 1910.2022 HOD : LABSHEET | TOPIC: EXPERIMENT 1 GROUP: 1 DMC SESSION: SEM 1 2022/2023 PAGE: -1- Powered by (9 CamScannerFAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK »RINCIPLE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS DEKG 2113 SUBJEC’ OBJECTIVES ‘Upon completion of this experiment the students will be able: To use multimeter correctly to measure current, voltage, resistance and also connectivity of the circuit. ‘To observe and record readings from multimeter and examine its error. To outline the safety precautions to be observed when using multimeter. To experimentally verify the Ohm's Law. aeye PART A: METERING PRINCIPLE, /Equipment / Components . Digital or Analog multimeter x 1 Breadboard x 1 Variable power supply x I Carbon composition resistors -10k® x 2, 209 x 1, 22 kx 1 Wire / Jumper as required. veepe 1. Basic knowledges: Multimeter /Multimeter can performed multi functions such as Ohm's ranges, DC ranges and AC Voltage ranges. 1.1 Ohm's ranges (Q) ‘The ranges are from x 1, x 10, x 1K, x 10K and acted as a multiplier. The scale is at the top of the multimeter display where the zero scale is on the right hand side and the maximum is on the left hand side (~ - infinity). |Operation procedures: 1. Plug the test leads into - COM and +ve sockets. 2. Place the range selector to a suitable range position. 3. Short the test leads and turn 0 Q ADJ to set the pointer to zero position. 4, Make sure that there is no voltage across the circuit to be tested. 5. Connect the test leads to the tested resistor and read the scale. |Cautions! [Before any measurement to be made, zero seale for every range used. This can be done by connecting the +e (positive) red lead and the -ve (negative) black lead tips together without touching your fingers. Exact zero scale can be well adjusted with 00. ADJ knob. Set at off position when not in use fo prevent any losses Jof amperes (current) from the battery inside the multimeter. 1.2 DC Ranges This scale combined together with DCmA current. This can be seen in black colour just beneath the mirror frame stated DCV.A where the zero scale is on the left hand side. The maximum scale reading will be adjusted by each IDCV ranges and DCmA ranges. For example, the minimum, DCV range, 0.25 will be at the maximum 250 scale (this will change to 0.25 max, followed 200 will be 0.2, 100 will be 0.1). The same type and method of reading will be used for DCmA ranges. DCV Operation procedures: 1. Plug the red test lead into the +ve socket and the black one into the ~COM. 2. Set the range selector to a selected DCV range position. 3. Connect the red test lead to the positive polarity ofthe circuit tested and the black on to the negative. 4 . Read the DCV.A scale. LABSHEET | TOPIC: EXPERIMENT 1 ‘GROUP: 1 DMC [ SESSION: SEM 1 2022/2023 [PaGE: Powered by (9 CamScannerEd ‘SUBJECT: PRINCIPLE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS _| DEKG2113 | DCmA Operation procedures: 1. Phag the red test lead into the +ve socket and the black one into the -COM. 2. Set the range selector to a selected DC mA range position. 3. Connect the red test lead to the positive polarity of the circuit tested and the black on to the negative, 4. Read the DCV.A scale. Cautions! |Always placed the meter range knob a,t the higher range before any reading to be made. For example, if the veltaze in the circuit is 30V, place the knob to SOV range. 1.3 AC Voltages (ACV) This can be seen in red colour stated ACV where the zero scale on the left hand side, The maximum scale will be | adjusted by each ACV ranges. For example, the 1000 range will be at the maximum 10 (this will change to 1000 max, followed 8 will be 800, 4 will be 400). |ACV Operation procedures: 1. Plug the red test lead into the +ve socket and the black one into the -COM. 2. Set the range selector to a chosen ACV range position. 3. Connect the test leads to the circuit being tested regardless of the polarities. 4. Read the ACV scale. | Cautions! |The same method from DC voltages, cautions statement is applied. 2. Multimeter Circuit Connections 2.1 Voltmeter Section To measure voltage, the voltmeter is connected in parallel or across the voltage source or across the elements, which need to be tested. For DC (direct current) voltages, the -ve (negative) test probe lead of the voltmeter [connects to the -ve (negative) side of the element tested. When measuring AC (alternating current), no polarity marks apply. Figure 1 show the voltmeter connection with the circuit to measure voltage drop at RI. igure 1: Voltmeter Connection VOLTAGE SUPPLY, V1 = 15 VDC RESISTOR VALUE, RI =22 kA, R2 = 10 kA, R3 = 10kM, R4= 20k MEASURED VALUE, Vai=__6-1_V MEASURED VALUE, Ve2=__/ 544 __V MEASURED VALUE, Vin=__ 544 V. MEASURED VALUE, Viu~__ 6-43 ___-V LABSHEET. ‘GROUP: 1 DMC TOPIC: EXPERIMENT 1 ‘SESSION: SEM 1 2022/2023 Powered by (9 CamScannerFAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK SUBJECT: PRINCIPLE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS, DEKG 2113 2.2 Ammeter Section To measure current, the ammeter is connected in series with the current to be measure. To do this, the circuit ]under test must be broken at the point where the current measurement to be taken. The meter is then connecting in series with this point. Figure 2 is shown the connection of ammeter with the circuit to be measured. Figure 2: Ammeter Connection VOLTAGE SUPPLY, V1 = 15 VDC RESISTOR VALUE, RI = 22 kQ, R2= 10k, R3 = 10 kA, R4= 20k MEASURED VALUE, Ini =__ou+ _mA MEASURED VALUE, Iz =__ "25 mA MEASURED VALUE, I= 0-38 "mA MEASURED VALUE, I o= 146 mA. PART B: VERIFYING OHM'S LAW The purpose of this experiment is to verify the Ohm's law with makes an observation the relationship between current, voltage and resistance in the simple circuit. Equipment requirement: 1. Analog multimeters x 2 2. Carbon composition resistor ,R1 = 1k 3. Breadboard x 1 4. Wireljumper as required. 5. Variable power supply x 1 1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 3. 2. Connect the first analog multimeter series with 1k resistor and connect the second analog multimeter parallel with the resistor. 3. Set the power supply voltage control to zero and set the range of multimeter to the highest DC voltage range. 4, Start from 2V; increase the power supply periodically according to table I. Measure the current through Rl, IRI and the voltage drop at R1, Vai. 5. Record the measurement results in Table 1. 6. Plot V versus I in the graph paper. Ohm's stated that: V=IR LABSHEET | TOPIC: EXPERIMENT 1 ‘GROUP: 1 DMC SESSION: SEM 1 2022/2023 PAGE: Powered by (9 CamScannerFAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK RINCIPLE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS DEKG 2113 Does your measured value obcy this law? Give your comment refer to your gra (Clue: pattern of the graph) Ney. Trix weroure the pottem of Ane queph is diceedly proportional fom. Aine wert Ht Wine: Some af Ane cerutte ve met ocuerate bed ONE weing, ploated Aw Ave graph vit wows Abin Gusih ooey OWw's Law Mi Figure 3 ‘Voltage Supplied across R1_ | Measured voltage across R1__| Measured current flowing viv) Vai(¥) through RI, Ins (mA) 2 00 \-93 4 4.038 was 6 6-02 6-04 8 9-00 aay 10 10.00 4.44 2 \2-00 \300 “4 \s.4q yet Table 1 LABSHEET | TOPIC: EXPERIMENT 1 GROUP: 1 DMC. ‘SESSION: SEM 1 2022/2023 Powered by (9 CamScannerEEE ‘2MM SQUARE 206M x 240M Powered by CamScannerNo. CALCULATIONS PART AL 3:1 Noltmerer Section TMEORETICAL VALUE Porallel series,@s ond Ra Reg \ = (10) 10) Ney s Tr Rev Neas te Aox18 2 (0-322 Ftoaamayt SEA) = Ska 22.0% mR = \-b0V Riz away skasaka . Veas Tr Rey Naas TR = We = Lo-tamAY aoe = 0-32 AVES FAY = b-HO mA = Ybov Vas kt weve Ty KA) Ts Sv wae = 0-33 mR Perentage E \ Theoretical - Experiment 4 voo\ 2 ‘Is tecov Tweaerical MERSURED Vag, [THEORETICAL VALUE, [ELPeRTMENTAL PERCENTAGE ERgoR N v Vat. UW New 04 oa 8-943 Nea \-b0 Vb0 5 Yes V0 \-b0 ° Vea, e-n0 ONS 0 WEAR, \ Faw Powered by CamScannerDate: 2-3. Ammeter Section THEORETECAL VALUE, Regi = LeU) vos to 25k Ve Tees VS = de tas) Tay 0-68 mn Ns Tra Ra Ve= Tea tio) Tas = Sma Rrs 20K-A+ SKY BEA Ne Tea Rs Na. Tam Ry, eA 18 = Tea Usd 382 Tay (20) : Yeas Sn Len = 0-1SmA Nu ter YSN Ty TE) Ty = 15V wee = Osama Perientage Error Catcstation \ Treotesical - Eaperiment | TMeorericel, nO “Le Error PERCENTRUE ERROR MERSURED VALUE, THEORETICAL VALUE, EAPERTMENTAL VALUE, 1 1 Tea v80 ons Tas \80 0-33, Tay O75 OMe Powered by CamScannerDate: {PART &. VERIFYING OWM's LAW TREORETICNL VALUE rare Vetvoge Supgiied eons BA | Theoretical value of carters Mowing snrough Bly ey Con) wy a Net we TUK) Leven » Ve TR WANE TUNER Le mn |e Vz IR Ge TU KA) T= oma % VEIR Bve Tey 1 = SMR v0 ve TR ove TUK AY Ls \Omn a Veta WET KAD Le tami wy YstR Wet UeAY 1s vema i Ars Powered by CamScannerPerrentage Error Cattsbarion \Vneoerical - Experiment | x oo = | Enter Theovericol TWeevericay Valve Experimental Vole Penventage Ercov a Ww “Ws 2.00 2-00 Cee 4.00 4.08, oe 6-00 6-02 0-33 00 8-00 e262, \o-00 VO-00 aoe 19-00, \2-00 ier ya-00 v3.88 0.011 Tneorericed Vale Eayertenental Valse y [Pewentoge eur Cary Gan 2-00 Va 3-50 4.00 AAD 3.15 6-90 0H O-61 4-00 18 035 10-00 499 0.10 N+ 00, VAD o-83 ‘4-00 ‘4.07 0-50 Faw Powered by CamScannerNos Date: DISCUSSION Tr Port A Nakmeter section, ane vate of vottoge (im. Vaa Vea Ve) is reeaqured: The voltage it feted using Ane diagram shown. The value of Var terorded W Bight Yower anon Ye ‘heoretical value. Meamwrite, Ave value of Vea and Vea Ws evarity same ar ane sneoteticel value. However: tne Value of Vay ic shgintly Ngher Ahan Ane Aneoteticel Value. From ayis Boho, we con Vea Ahad vedutors ‘that fe aaa, Naat OV, Vase O' ond Vege O-W68R']. The sournes of error could be Ahe Rovallel Nove Ye same Yorage. Werk, He percentage oR error VL) ot Vanz apparatus ured suin ag malstmerer. 14 iy becouse some of nt multmerer Funcdions Well ond ULUEOAEG ToRORWNTE some OTE WaCKaCone. TE Ane esperiment ws cepeared, Ame_accaracy ot ne muttimerer should toe dered Reve etre provetding, with Ave expeiiment Aa Ame result im Part B Ammeder seaiion, ne Volue of corremd (he, Taos Tass tas) is meosuced. We connect ne Cicuit as shown in Rayne ond cenelt gorained: The value Jot Ter vecorded is lower compared xo ane Aneoreticol walue. Meanwhiles Ane value of Tra and Tay 8 mach mote lower compared 40 4Ne Aneowesical vue of Toa ond Tea. Newh tne terorded value of Tey ie algo lower compored toane Hheoredicel valat of laa Furtnetmore, ne penemage of ewor (A) of Tas sags) Tes BH.ey |. Tas 234.671. ond Toys 28-611, The revel was net came os aneorericel vatve Calvlaged- The souner of Error told we Atmperarurt -Mattimeder ocutarg con alto be OEE by kemperarate ven ons, OWRET Aen hats ener South TOT W opgorates Wied wh Ve matmetee Tw because some of tne multimeter shows the value oucatatelg, Wetanwinle vere ort, Wnowarake To maxe sure Yne Veselh more accurate , tne experiment mould we « and done more Ceretaly: eared Tn Port B, Verifying OWmn's Laws ne value of Volkage (Vs NY, OV) BY, LON IRY ana THN) iw maavured. The cnvil Wor Genneed oF shown Vm Figure d. Tn Ais Groat ANATe i On exter. Whe VEAL vesteror RV te not Oecd oy Ve, wt has a Aderome value oh ST shit _couies the valtagge reading, ove Inacearate. “The peneniage enor for aVa3.50); Wis 3.28], NE cOTL Bvz0-as'l, ove ore}, rave 0.93} ond vy, oso}, Arm Powered by CamScannerNo: CONCLUSTON Vis Nol Ay fional to the curt —_|Fowing, shvovgh ih. Wh Ait measured value ote slightly Wigher or_\owts thon he Aneoretieel volue. Twis error is cowed tog Ane inociwrare reading, ot Ane rnuttinneher reading of \ KA vesistor Yat is wot atvrare wecoure ot Aderance value of 5% ond Aemperature variations. Ail of Ahi Toctor should toe Ackken in count efore conducting on_espuiment in sne future to cotdin a more ocwrede renting, ray ot Powered by CamScanner