( Spy key ) SUPA Forensics Physical Evidence BALLISTICSies includ ‘What does Bal Wa Cine, (Weapon types, when Firedl, previous ase! ) * Firearm analysis >) nk te weapen ananysis (catiber how many faved , conyov Ii * Bullet 4 Ammo ) muzzle ¢ Vichy) “ bI n ¥ Zallishe Onatysis (Trajectoy , distance tlw Quy Firearms experts are able to perform tests to examine the following: * Dida suspect use this gun to kill that person? ‘* Did these bullets come from that gun? © Wos it really self-defense? ‘© Bullet comparison ‘+ Weapons function is it safe? Modified?) + Serial number restoration ‘© Gunpowder Residue Detection © Muzzie-to-target distances ‘3 Categories of Firearms: 1, Hond QUNS~ pistols, cevelvers, deeringers 2. LoMg, QUNS - rifles ¥ SHOtgENS 3. Mountecl QUNS - Cannens, anti-aircraft guns Whit CLASS characteristics can be found ona firearm? * Class characteristics result from firearm _Clesig factors (determided prio te monufacture) * These characteristic include: - Caliber = Ficvng, Pin Shape - rif iwngWhat is the Structure of Firearms that Results in these Class Characteristics? What classifies a firearm as: (Semi-Automatic? -Will Fire | round per trigger pull = Ryromari cally ire-chamvers ~ while tigger is depressed, the action allows rounds 4 continuovsty cycle -Zileqat (Gt er =O round most be Arst Chambered nd fired for Trigger releases Hammer Holkmer shakes Bring PIN Pin strike ICLIONS ove The mechan completely Chaim 4 cycle andy eject & Pound i , oe ( Action | refers to ane \ ) mecranism in one. : +nak Complete! Chamness, \ CuUale’ siects O round ee 4 = a roAMMUNITION, ERD RECEIVER FIRING BREECH Fling Pin | EEC BARREL, | ve a 7 r «1 — BORE jperuey BREECH ‘RING saReEcH BLO CK pyecTiON “Firing Pin ~inihedtes ficing of quo by smieing primer ce of Cov md ¢ "Breech Block where pace eh Sasso Aang pin . e) ector — complete ty e\cus [removes spent Case fon Chamber Rigwetetat Mageine —— § RXAVACIOL — extracts next round from magazine ee 40 chambered $ Ass ao ejector wi previous youd (2. fing Joos: spin wl prefeches e\ NOS fe od valleys =inside of bare ee vated - lands % greoves Ae ce lengin of barrel { for s warrels clesiqned = Foundl in almost ALE barrels (cept shotgun oe _ sal bird snot or bute “Manufacturer vortations in ¢ th of lancl3 Caries #L4G, depth of groaves, width o dest sf ie OF pitch SE ish Ca CLASS varies) 2. Caliber) —The diameter of a riftecl gen loarrel eh ott” ee nancgun Veneto ~ Hypicaty corded in incces Gee, "380, ig) or HM (Qmm) What about individual evidence? No two barrels have identical striation patterns (micro-imperfections from manufacturing processes ~ these are always random and irregular) ~ more on this later!Ammunition Types of Ammunition:- COrtridges Only, Nor Shoiqua shells Fae L Center Fire-reioadabie wi remover PO mer @ comer of PASing 2 Rim Fir€-pemer is integrate within rim/base of carmage General anatomy of Ammo: Cartridge Shotgun Shell primer Gunpo uder @ollet luca X | : = as Brass Plast \ Body See ee el FRAME Fouucee ‘etic Shot leshorqua Snens Qcent meascrre MW ediloer—> Sized Oy GAUGE Pynuge + determina bY weiditt of solid lead wl diameter e pu +o inside diame of acre! Shotgun Ammo Explained % ‘0-984 Shorqun shot " _ hove camenr 3 "maid types FB wise: we UO ee NY oF hig & Ma d i Spe Buckshot ae poe of ne a ¢ = aa : cage age | Goes “lead BOT Used FoF} “usually surounceed 009 COST 1 SAGSFing! iby Copper Aingoct — |nd impacr musinraomn defn [depth \ 7 1 1Evidence from Bullets 1, Lands and Grooves Comparison microscope 4o Compoxre su 4 ressiOns leer >| . grooves impressions oo SOE 1s passes ‘Anrougn bare = as ‘ f barrel 7 SUHs Rom machining oF ArT ember ere clecictect wy manufactur = CLASS EVIDEWE 2. Caliber : +» The measure between ane ionds Giametc) =CAss EVIDENC 3. Direction of Twist determined by manufacture FW or COW —P con voy in prio —> CLASS EVIDENCE 4. Striations > Ane mar ings on Me lands + grooves > a re imperfecrions in parcel produced dung manofacture £ during normal weer 4 tear [INDIVIDUAL EviDENCEEvidence from Casings a. Breech Face markings -pcoosecl OY merc Od COSiF &manufact ech (back Wall of Ang chambed to-meral Cormtact bin metal A te A mer (or rim) ee a pins Come in different = ) Or at at markings c. Ejector and Extractor markings —& (Aus Wy Metal -on-metal Contac ¢ ng ejector mecnanism onHow do Firearms Work? \ 1 To Fire, Aramo most ve in tne Chamber (loaded $ hammer cocked, tnen tagger is poued 2 Trigger poli reieases hammer which reeases tne Firing pin. 3. Firing pin Strikes primer, which ignites a Primer “explodes” Creating @ fash inside cartdge Wwnpowder wWwt0n builds up gases 5. primer Pasa ignites 4 ae % pushes bullet into : ¥ pand in set (gains mores ® Boller is forced down barrel one P 4 Pipes am B COse Gers Slammed back against breeniae [4 stands) before Weetor removes it. FIRING PIN. BURNING POWDER PRIMER FLASH EXPANDING GAS FLASH HOLE BULLET MOVING DOWN BARREL What problems are faced in ballistic analysis? 1. What happens when bullets hit a target “Most bullets MUSHWDOM ypon impact - Some disimtegrate, break, or deform -\ever of “Warping’ depends on “Speed 3 snare of bullet * mateial of target : amet ee tole eon crime scene AND have Arearn thal fired it a Test-Fire The gun into water wi same type of bullet fiom cnime a S ¥ Compare Lords) grooves, $ striations of pvllets pe onDatabases for Firearm Information Originally, firearm information was kept in 2 different systems. 1. DRUGEIRE - FBI database of ballistic MMagin’ 2. IBES- ATF database of ballistic imaging, di veiated wimes- 9, designed to help solve dru fesigned to link multiple Ceimes to a ‘single weapdn- This two-agency system was confusing and unproductive. The two systems merged in 1999. NIBIN - National \wregrated Baristis \dentificoction SysteM- has over 800,000 Mmputerized images. How does it work? potential nits identified by Computer a i fireavns examiner (Human) then Compoves 20 COMPAYTS Or nico ) (not jvst done by looking ot images Gunpowder Residue as a Forensic Tool + Chemical testing can detect gun-shot residue EVEN IF REMOVAL IS ATTEMPTED Requires Muzzie of firearm 4o have been close. 2nougn +o target for featdur to be deposited. . Gaawonreper Components: Nitroceliuiose “Lead Skyphinate [stce Sensi PNitmgycerin PA NKiMony Sulfide (fue) PBariuen Nitrate (oxygen Sour 7) ‘The principle of finding gunpowder residue: = men of explosive gas Follows tne boll et, gsome escapes tnrDugh epenir cresidue Con oe depasticd on shooter, victim, § persons Nearby: * Gunpowder can be found on: -honds, arms, £0.Cty -entrona wound $ Tests Used to Test for Gunpowder: ic, $ Clotniia hain Sao oe Nictinn of person who Ficed Greiss Test H-edone 299 ned Microscopic Examination done first (doesrit - Bren oe ) (smokeless gunpowde |e () resvit= > yisuar exaninatton (ant not 4 for enburn ‘color Change ed)” |g (ay cesuit = PiNK| violet Coord] ive & ot of = ORANGE > pos! TE con F : EO EF? eee OF Le compares victinns Clthi to test fires to determing Sodium Rhodizonate Test -eaone last ‘rests for LEAP by x ing to Onemica\y, crrang ing LEAD RHODIZON & +> not Os Accuratt of derermining distance. distona@ oF SHSSTENDetermining Distance of Shot From Target: ‘© Impacted by: ee =a muzzle gvictinn i fs on. distance lw er poe wl Test fires fom weapen in yest? cust mate @SR/bull cee ul torres longi. caliders ype of amid, Hype } condition of weapon © General Rule of thumb: ASTHE TXSTON CE INCREASES, THE AMOUNT OF RESIDUE _ecyea.se S dTest-Firing Conducid wi distance standards +o determing min $ max ring distance. © Range-of-Fire Estimation © Long Distance: No GSR ON Vic © Close Range: QS oA vice, spreaci OUT © Near-Contact: GbR on Victim = concentrated ciCcle © Contact Shot:~"biaw ovt” sior shaped Portern. =often accompanied by burned, singed, comme rea more pa : XK 73-5 fees distance usually resus 1 ne gs Greiss Test Results for Distance Examination: >> ORANGE = posite for q “Reed gunpowder Gam | ESCA ce 3- inch Ya-Inon \w-incn +est- Fire aesr Bre est fire Why do we need to determine distance? + WNOY heip dykerming norte of CnmeRecovering Gunshot Residue on Hands Imation to testing or GSR atte crime scone, theGuspeets) Hands and _C\esthing are aso tested How it works: eye * a ed “weo-area” on Nands = Commen sf Up stop &L hours, Con be washed off ore Gone or ~enemical test> ain raven fom nonds $ Coming A (Lore & RPTION = nitic acid Swalos ATOMIC ABSORTTON J teots fir Pb, Ba, BSL - Simple, Cneap, reviao’ Potential complicatior XK Scemming ELecteon Hiceoscope > examines prestna of cemain pacticus “ys atpne- TeHeNsiVe, COSHY, more SensihVe \. Presence or lack of GSR Cast dennitvery Convict or Gxonerorte ities - com be Couset by 2. Fo\se post o Tonraminotion or transfor of GS 3. FALSE Negatives ~ if Suspect ThocDUqnyy Sos wears gloves, $ soMmetines WHT (erddin sites + Shotguns Goat always leave GSR Ser Number Restoration a Firearms axe ‘Stamped limpresstens én meta) wl ID sertay 4 —Plinked fo buyer of gen *Many Criminals “erase” Serial 4 by Fitting, Oitering, ett: After Restoration * 50-65% of these Con be successfull i restored bY Chemical, evecrolytic, or magnetic pactice metnads.