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    For A level students to enjoy chemistry

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    4 views16 pages

    Applied Organic Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    Niwagaba Richard
    For A level students to enjoy chemistry

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 16
    5. 6. In pharmaceutical industries, organic acids are used in many drugs such as aspirin, phenacetin ete. ‘They are used in making dye stuff, perfumes and rayon. 8.9. SOAPS AND DETERGENTS. 8.9.1. SOAP. Soap is a sodium salt of a long chain carboxylic acid/ester. a) How soap is manufactured. Saponification. A process by which soap is made by heating a favoil and sodium hydroxide solution (potassium hydroxide). Raw materials. > Vegetable oil > Animal >» Sodium from; fats from; | hydroxide/potassium hydroxide solution cooeee Simsim. Mutton. Ground nuts. |* Lard. Sun flower. Coco nut. Castor oil. Procedure. ‘The named fat/oil is mixed with concentrated potassium/sodium hydroxide solution. ‘The mixture is heated until a thick white mass appears. ‘The mixture is allowed to cool and during cooling, a suitable colour and perfume is added. Concentrated sodium chloride solution is then added to precipitate (seed out soap) ‘The formed soap is now removed and moulded into desired forms. — 92 CH-OH a-00HR i Groar Noi GHon +N G4-0-00R LOH | favoil Propane- 1.23410 b) Differences between fats and oils. . . Fats are solids at room temperature while oils are liquids. Fats are saturated while oils are unsaturated. c) The cleansing action of soap (How soap works). . Soap first lowers the surface tension between water and the fat/oil. They do so because they contain both a water hating part called hydrophobic end (the alkyl chain) and a water loving part called hydrophilic end (-COO)). Then, the dirt bonds to the hydrophobic end while water bonds to the hydrophilic end hence the dirt is removed from the cloth. d) Advantages and disadvantages of soap. Advantages Disadvantages © Biodegradable. © Forms scum with hard water. © Soap is cheap. © It does not form lather easily with hard water. 8.9.2. DETERGENTS. A detergent is a cleansing agent that does not form scum with hard water. How to make a detergent . Raw materials: castor oil, concentrated sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide. Concentrated sulphuric acid is added to ice cold castor oil in a beaker while stirring. The acid is added until the mixture turns from yellow to brown. Concentrated sodium hydroxide solution is added to the mixture forming the detergent. GKatumbo 93 NB: The commonest detergents contained alkyl benzene sulphonates made from a polymer of propene by a Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction; followed by sulphonation and neutralisation of the sulphonic acid with sodium hydroxide. (CH; Is CH; (CH,\CH-CH,-CH=CH, + Co — CHy CH-cHy ae) i by 3 3 1. Fuming H,SO, 2. NuOH ay) mg CH-CHy or \—s0,-dni 3 How a detergent works. See action of soap. Advantages of detergents over soap. Disadvantages of detergents over © They are more soluble in cold water 8°22 than soap. © They are non-biodegradable hence © They do not form scum with hard cause pollution. water. They cause foaming in rivers and ©. They form more lather with water streams. than soap. © They are expensive. «acini fill 94 CHAPTER 10: POLYMERS AND POLYMERISATION. A polymer is a substance of high molecular mass built from many repeating monomers which are connected by covalent bonds. Polymerisation is a process by which monomers link to form a polymer with or without loss of small molecules. 10.1. Types of Polymerization. 1, Addition Polymerization. Linking of many unsaturated monomers to form a polymer whose molecular mass is a simple integral multiple of the mass of the monomer without loss of any small molecule. The polymers are called addition polymers. Examples of addition polymers. a) Polyethene Low density polyethene is formed when ethene is heated to 200°C and 1500 atmosphere in presence of oxygen as catalyst. ue a A ‘b- a4} low densty palethene High density polyethene is made by passing ethene in an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent containing triethylaluminium and titanium (IV) chloride catalyst at 60°C and Tatm. alam CH= Ch -CH,-' ee GA That ot ‘ Hara high dest plythere

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