1

Abdul Ahad Memon

301243960
CMNS 452
Final Paper
Spring 2018
Word Count: 4756
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The US government in its post 9/11 wake, under President George W. Bush, responded

by declaring a self-proclaimed War on Terror; “a military, political, and legal campaign targeting

Arabs and Muslims both in the United States and around the world” (Alsultany, 2012, p. 1).This led

to violence specifically being directed to brown skin, Muslims and Arabs on US soil and

elsewhere. American media including News, TV and film represented brown and or dark skinned

people being as Muslims and terrorists. Stereotypes are used to generalize “traits or

characteristics that present members of a group as being all the same”, such approach is deemed

as convenient “in the identification of a particular group of people” (Merskin, 2004, p. 160). Such

stereotypes about Arabs and Muslims constructed by movies, news, cartoons and various other

media outlets present a dark image of barbarism and cruelty (Merskin, 2004, p. 158). For

governments and media to demonize a common enemy in times of war is easy and that’s exactly

what the Bush administration did. The idea of a common enemy is used by governments to

enforce the dominant forms of ideologies in society and to maintain social control (Merskin, 2004,

p. 159). By gathering public support and directing hate towards Muslims, Bush was able to spend

billions of dollars of tax money to fight the War on Terror.

For this paper I will be looking at the portrayal of Muslims and Terrorists in American

media in the wake of 9/11. My chosen media text is the fourth season of the American TV show

Homeland which aired in 2014. This season follows the struggles and challenges of CIA agents

stationed at Afghanistan and later in Pakistan, both countries being Islamic nations, after a video

goes viral of a drone strike carried out in Afghanistan; which was supposedly to kill a terrorist

but ends up killing 40 civilians at a wedding. Of the 12 episodes of this season I will be

analyzing and unpacking the portrayal of Muslims in Pakistan and their hate for America; and

Muslims represented as terrorists.

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For this paper and my media text I will be using the critical discourse analysis approach

and will unpack the common themes of the show; the portrayal of Pakistan, its citizens and civil

authorities; the terrorist organization and the constant hate for America expressed by the

Pakistani state and terrorists. Critical discourse analysis examines how “‘text in context’

contributes to the reproduction and demise of such complex structures as the systems of social

domination” (Van Dijk, 1995, p. 436). This means that my ‘text in context’ will act as evidence for

the problematic portrayal of the Muslim race as terrorists and their hate for America. My

methodology was executed, where I watched all the episodes of the fourth season and took notes

on the recurring themes of the show that were specifically directed towards Muslims, Pakistan

and its citizens, and the terrorists. Then I will analyze how shows like Homeland, by their

negative approach towards Muslims has effected the everyday lives of more than 3 million

followers of Islam that call the US their home. By looking at a few videos of Vox media’s

YouTube series Secret life of Muslims, I will be able to look at a few real-life examples of

Muslims living in the US. The series showcases some of the difficulties and challenges faced by

American Muslims, post 9/11, and how they overcome them.

Stuart Hall mentions the racism in media as a problem that affects the ideologies of

media consumers; “the media’s main sphere of operations is the production and transformation

of ideologies. An intervention in the media’s construction of race is an intervention in the

ideological terrain of struggle” (Hall, 2003). Hall also describes these ideologies of society as a

way to make sense of the communities we live in (Hall, 2003). These ideologies are already

present and active in our social and cultural relations. Hence, they are not a work of an individual

rather “a collect process and practice” (Hall, 2003). The fourth season of Homeland takes place in

Pakistan mostly in the Capital, Islamabad, and the representations of Muslims as Pakistanis is
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heavily present in the show. Another important thing to note here is that none of the filming of

this season took place in Pakistan; instead what we see is the (mis)representation of Pakistan as

perceived by the producers and directors of the show.

The fourth season kicks off in Kabul, Afghanistan where the protagonist of the show,

Carrie Mathison, the CIA station chief there has ordered a drone strike in the tribal areas of

Pakistan. It is assumed that a notorious terrorist was present at that location. What is striking here

that these drone strikes are a normal occurrence for Mathison and her team; this is also implied

by the fact that she is referred to as the “Drone Queen”. Later revelations in the first episode

show that at the location of the drone strike a wedding was taking place and almost 40 lives

including women and children were lost. When this becomes public knowledge because of a

video gone viral of the wedding, the CIA and Carrie don’t seem to show any sympathy or care

for those lives because they were all related to a terrorist. A terrorist that is an enemy of the US

and anyone related to him is also automatically an enemy of America. While when an American

life is lost, the CIA station chief of Islamabad, who is killed by an angry mob in the streets of

Islamabad is seen as a great loss. An American life is given higher importance and also it is

mentioned that he had a wife and 3 kids. This high regard of American lives than the rest is

because of the constant ‘investment in whiteness’. Since colonial times till now the “possessive

investment in whiteness for European Americans” has led to the creation of economic, social and

cultural advantages directed towards white individuals while other minority races are seen as

inferior (Lipsitz, 1998, p. 2). This constant reference to white as the superior race has been present

since colonial times and overtime has been established in the realms of our society where white

Americans especially consider themselves as the most superior race.

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The constant representation of Muslims in Pakistan in the whole season and of Islamabad

is portrayed as a crime ridden and violent city occupied by poor, uneducated and hostile

residents. The mob, that killed the CIA station chief, consisted of dark skinned mostly bearded

and hostile residents of Islamabad; people who are against USA and American lives. Earlier

shots of the city and its main areas are shown as old, dirty and deteriorating. This is the case for

“media portrayals of Muslims, Arabs, and people from Middle East, who are largely represented

as violent” and against Americans and their beliefs (Saleem, Prot, Anderson, & Lemieux, 2017, p.

843). Poor traffic conditions and crowded areas consists of men in traditional Pakistani dress of

shalwar kameez and women wearing head scarfs and niqab, portray an image of oppressing

women in the Muslim culture. Pakistani officials have condemned this portrayal and have stated,

“Islamabad is a quiet, picturesque city with beautiful mountains and lush greenery. In

‘Homeland’, it’s portrayed as a grimy hellhole and war zone where shootouts and bombs go off

with dead bodies scattered around. Nothing is further from the truth.” (Schram, 2014). This

recurring theme of underdeveloped and violence filled neighborhoods throughout the city give

out an uncivilized and barbaric image of a country’s capital territory. Throughout the season the

fictional images of Pakistan and Islamabad are always seen as dark and grim as this is a

dangerous and violent country consisting of lower economic status people. These people are

shown living in awful conditions and having no access to basic resources. This representation of

the Other by the Western (Self) is formulated by comparing images, characteristics and beliefs

(Miles & Brown, 2003, p. 19). Such images of the Other help shape the Self identities and are based

on “stereotypical, or represented the Other in terms of their own physical and cultural norms”

(Miles & Brown, 2003, p. 20).

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This negative image is further reinforced when in Episode 2 the CIA director refers to

Pakistan as a “shithole of a country” and by Carrie’s sister as a “war zone”. Furthermore, another

recurring theme throughout the season is that whenever the Americans are out in the city they

always have protection by the US marines and usually travel in conveys of armed vehicles and

security. In Episode 4 we get a glimpse of the living conditions of the local residents. The

character Ayan, a student at a medical University in Islamabad, goes to visit his girlfriend, Kiran,

who is also a student at the same University. It is implied that her house is in Islamabad and what

we see is a rural area consisting of cattle ranches. It is depicted as a backward rural area which

somehow is located in the capital terrority. Furthermore, the girl is shown as being oppressed

because her father initially doesn’t let Ayan come in to the house to meet his daughter. The

‘oppressed Muslim woman’ is often presented “as the hijab (headscarf) wearer or the woman

who is unable to drive” (Bullock & Jafri, 2000, p. 35). Ayan is seen as a threat by the girl’s father

because of an earlier incident in the show that allegedly placed him as the nephew of a terrorist

for which the CIA had supposedly carried out the drone the strike. Also, we see Kiran working in

the house in her headscarf; the image of oppressing women and making them do all the

housework in the Muslim culture. Edward Said talks about this Other image of the Orient that

has been produced by the west for the Far East or the Middle East; this image of the Muslims is

“a Western style for dominating, restructuring, and having authority over the Orient” (Said, 1978,

p. 3). Said also argues that “Orientalism is a style of thought based upon an ontological and

epistemological distinction between ‘the Orient’ and (most of the time) ‘the Occident’” (Said,

1978, p. 2). The Occident that is the West has created this understanding for the Orient, the

Muslims/Arabs, to dominate and have control over them.

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Another frequent theme of this season is the depiction and the relation of the Pakistani

intelligence with the Americans and the CIA. The Pakistani intelligence, ISI, and its officials are

shown working with the terrorists. They are represented as the enemies of the US and American

lives. They are referred to as “fuckers” by the CIA director in episode 7. The ISI and Pakistani

armed forces are constantly accused by the CIA as harboring and protecting terrorists, this later

is shown to be true. The Pakistani state and its people are tied with the image of Muslims hating

the US and looking to hurt American lives. In episode 4 when the former director of CIA, Saul

Berenson, meets his old counterpart, a retired Pakistani army official now working for the ISI,

the ISI personnel is constantly showing hate towards America and its actions. Specific events

like the capturing of Osama bin Laden in Abbottabad and America’s ‘war on terror’ in

Afghanistan are condemned by the ISI official. While Berenson tries to defend his positon that

all such actions conducted by the US are to protect its state and citizens. The hatred that is

directed towards Americans by Muslims and terrorists is a recurring subject of Homeland, not

just in this season but others before it. This “good versus evil and us versus them” (US vs

Pakistan) has led to the creation of an enemy image for Pakistan which can be understood as a

culturally present negative and stereotyped image of the Other that “is reinforced and

reinvigorated via the words of political opinion leaders and mass media representations”

(Merskin, 2004, p. 158). This season takes a closer look at the Pakistani state and its actions that

are mostly carried out to hurt Americans; working with and giving immense protection to the

notorious terrorist, the antagonist, of this season. Even the civil authorities of Pakistan are

portrayed as violent and corrupt.

In episode 8 the CIA director, Lockhart, again refers to the ISI and the Pakistani state as

enemies of the USA. He is constantly shown expressing his views for the Pakistani state; who
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are trying to harm the Americans and are always plotting to stab the US in the back. Even in

episode 9, Lockhart mocks Carrie’s friendship with one of the ISI personnel that the Pakistani

people can never be trusted. Also, the depiction of the Pakistani state as enemies of the USA was

made perfectly clear when the ISI is shown helping the terrorist, Hassaim Haqqani, and

providing him protection. Then in episode 10 when a US convey and the US embassy in

Islamabad are attacked simultaneously; the Americans call for help from the Pakistani military

and ISI but they are shown to ignore US requests. Later on it is shown that this attack on the

Americans was done by the Taliban and with the help of ISI. The Pakistani state is constantly

shown working against the US and on the side of the terrorists. This negative approach towards

Islam and its association with terrorist activities “is exceptionally high in the media” (Samaie &

Malmir, 2017, p. 1352). Unfortunately, Muslims have been repeatedly targeted by the media as

terrorist and violent individuals.

In episode 11 the importance of 40 US lives lost in the previous episode is heavily

emphasized. The 40 American lives are shown lost because of the terrorist’s attack on the US

embassy in Islamabad and with ISI helping them. Also, in episode 11, after the whole Pakistani

nation knows about the attack on US, Haqqani is seen being heavily protected by the Pakistan

military, so the CIA cannot capture the terrorist responsible for the loss of American lives.

Furthermore, Haqqani is praised by a huge crowd in Rawalpindi, the adjoining city of Islamabad,

when he is shown coming out of the roof of his car while leaving his residence. This gives the

viewer a notion that the state of Pakistan supports terrorists and their actions. Such media

coverage of terrorist enemies has specifically associated “Muslims/Arabs/Islam working together

in organized terrorist cells against a ‘Christian America’” (Powell, 2011, p. 91). Also, that US is

not just the enemy of the Taliban but Pakistan’s too.

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In episode 5 and 6 an incident with the local authorities is shown as them being corrupt

and against American lives. In the 5th episode there is a police check post on the roads of

Islamabad where travelers are being stopped and searched. When a vehicle carrying Saul tied up

in the trunk is stopped and searched by the police; the officer is seen as opening the trunk and

witnesses Saul tied up, it is implied that the officer knows Saul is being kidnapped and ignores

him by closing the trunk immediately. The image portrayed here is that the officer is corrupt and

ignores an American being kidnapped; hatred for US and its citizens. What Muslims think or do

has been tied with Islam and that Muslims are united within their communities has created an

image which “sets Islam against the West, or specifically the United States” (Powell, 2011, p. 92).

While in the next episode an army official is shown as corrupt and violent. Similar situation

occurs when a bus carrying passengers to the northern areas of Pakistan, the home of the

terrorists, is stopped and searched by the army. The army is shown as violent and hostile towards

the passengers while searching them. Ayan is also on that bus and when he is harshly dragged by

an army personnel and asked questions, Ayan offers him some cash; the corrupt officer gladly

accepts it and lets the young boy leave. This depiction of Muslims and Pakistanis as corrupt and

violent is one of the common themes of this season.

Having a terrorist, Hassaim Haqqani, the antagonist of this season; the portrayal of

terrorist organizations is also one of the recurring themes of this show. Episode 4 gives the

viewers a first look at the terrorist or the Taliban as referred in this show. Throughout the season

the Taliban are shown in shalwar kameez always carrying machine guns, AK-47, and wearing

bullet proof vest. These men are mostly dark skinned and with long beards. A common theme

associated with them is that they are fighting in the name of Islam; have no care for family or

any lives and America is their number one enemy. This image of the terrorist is similar to the
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Pakistanis in the show that we see in shots of the city, the police and army personnel. This is a

very problematic portrayal of Muslims and Pakistanis; as if all terrorists are Muslims and they

look alike. Terrorism is heavily associated with a barbaric culture, evil practices and lack of

freedom “that becomes representative of Islam” (Powell, 2011, p. 93).

In episode 4 the Taliban are seen when Ayan goes to meet his uncle, Haqqani, at a

madrassa in Islamabad. This juxtaposition of Islamic teachings of young boys with terrorist

recruitment is a recurring theme of this season and also is a common stereotype in media

portrayal of Muslims. Throughout the show Haqqani’s reason for his actions is justified because

of his Islamic teachings and the US drone bombings in his area. In episode 6 Haqqani shoots his

nephew in the head because of his involvement with Americans. This shows that the Taliban

consider America their biggest enemy and whoever associates with them is also the Taliban’s

enemy whether they be blood relations. It is shown that for the terrorists the only way to resolve

issues is by killing. Furthermore, in episode 7 when Haqqani visits his hometown, he is praised

by everyone and gets a very warm welcome. This implies that these terrorists and their actions

are supported in their hometowns; which implies they have a great following and advocacy from

their communities.

Mass media has long proved to be an effective form of communication and how people

develop and understand the realities of their social environment. News media audiences

understand the meaning of “news stories based on their background, knowledge, and experience”

(Samaie & Malmir, 2017, p. 1352). Media plays an important role in how people’s ‘ideologies’ are

shaped. Ideologies are able to produce “different forms of social consciousness”, they are

effective when we are not made aware of them and help “us with the means of ‘making sense’ of

social relations and our place in them” (Hall, 2003, p. 19). Ideologies work through many aspects
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of our society; but particular institutions like the media are “central to the matter since they are,

by definition, part of the dominant means of ideological production” (Hall, 2003, p. 19). What we

consume from the media is the representation of our understanding of the social world.

Unfortunately, for Muslims and Islam the western media has long taken a biased approach and

have portrayed them as enemies, violent, hostile and barbaric. This meaning associated with

Muslims has long been present in the media, even long before 9/11. Said talks about how the

‘Occident’, the West, have shaped their meaning of the ‘Orient’, the East, as a way to

dehumanize, dominate and exercise geopolitical control over the Arabs and Muslims (Said, 1978).

Miles and brown explain the portrayal of Islam shaped by the West “as founded on aggression

and war…reproduced the idea of the ‘holy war’ against all non-Muslims, in the course of which

the latter would be either brutally murdered or enslaved…” (Miles & Brown, 2003, p. 27).

For the 3 million Muslims living in the United States these negative stereotypes of

Muslims as terrorists and barbaric has led the American public to show “support for public

policies that are specifically intended to harm members of this group” (Saleem, Prot, Anderson, &

Lemieux, 2017, p. 842). Throughout different media outlets including news, TV, movies, video

games and magazines Muslims have been tied with violence, terrorism and evil (Alsultany, 2012).

Vox Media, an American digital media company has a YouTube series, Secret Life of Muslims,

till now it consists of 14 short clips of real life American Muslims; how they become victims of

Islamophobia and how they overcome or face them. These people are born Americans living a

typical American life but because of their societies marginalization for being Muslims they are

faced with racism and hatred in their careers and social lives.

The first episode of this series tells the story of an Egyptian born American, Ahmed

Ahmed, an actor turned comedian. Ahmed tells his reason he turned to comedy was because
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while trying to become an actor in the 1990s all the roles he got were of terrorists. One day he

decided not to do these evil roles; hence, no one wanted to cast him anymore and then from

waiting tables Ahmed started performing as a standup comedian. Then when 9/11 happened,

Muslims all over America became targets of hate crimes and racism. Again Ahmed was faced

with unemployment but he never stopped trying and by working with other Arab comedians and

focusing his jokes on how is it like to be a Muslim in the West, Ahmed eventually found success.

Ahmed tells about some of the consequences he had to face with by being a Muslim; being

stopped at airports and being detained for hours. Ahmed tells about one of his encounters with

people who came to watch his show that he didn’t look Muslim because he was wearing a nice

suit and had a big smile. This ties in with what the American media has led its citizens to think of

Muslims as individuals who cannot live a happy normal life.

In episode 2 a Muslim chaplain, Khalid Latif, who is an honored member of the NYPD;

he travels for work while working for the US state department, he has met with President

Obama, Pope Francis and the Dalai Lama. Whenever he is in his NYPD uniform people treat

him with respect and often salute him. Even after being an accomplished civil servant and having

connections with such esteemed people of the society, Latif is still faced with hate and racism.

He talks about an encounter with the FBI when one morning 2 agents showed up at Latif’s home

and said that Latif was too good to be true and that the FBI was watching him. Post 9/11 hate

crimes and work discrimination targeting Muslims and Arabs was a common occurrence;

“dozens of airline passengers perceived to be Arab or Muslim were removed from flights”

(Alsultany, 2012, p. 4). Latif then talks about his ‘random’ checks at US airports by the TSA and

even after looking at his police credentials and his paper work from the US state department the

TSA would give the reason for detaining him that he is a young male Muslim and these things
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don’t go so well together. In episode 4, Rais Bhuiyan, a Bangladeshi Muslims who moved to

USA three months before 9/11 started working as a clerk at a gas station. Almost 10 days after

9/11, Rais was shot in the face by a white supremacist. Rais was his third and only victim to

survive the double barrel gun wound. Post 9/11, American media highly publicized Muslims as

terrorists and out for American lives which became the reason for many Americans becoming

violent towards Muslims.

While episode 5, 6, 10 and 13 tell the story of Muslim women; how they became victims

of hate and racism, what actions did they took to empower Muslim women and how they stood

up and brought change in their respective communities. Episode 5 is about the story of a teenage

Muslim girl who was fed up with her bullying in school and all the negative press that Muslims

got in the USA especially after 9/11. From her bedroom this teenage girl started a website called

Muslimgirl.com; it would talk about topics on Islam and empowering Muslim women in the

modern society. US news media have mostly centered their news and stories for Muslim women

around being “veiled, oppressed, and in need of rescue”, there is also the notion to “save brown

women from brown men” (Alsultany, 2012, p. 71). Muslimgirl was an instant hint and recently it

got featured in teen vogue and Forbes ‘30under30’ list. By speaking on Ted Talks on an

international level Muslimgirl founder was able to have a global recognition. The next episode

touches on the story of a journalist, Dena Takruri, who decided to cover stories of Muslim

Americans and refugees coming in America. Takruri even covered stories of attacks on Muslim

in Palestine and Syria. She gets emotional during the video and tells about her work as wanting

to bring out stories about Muslim struggles in the USA and elsewhere.

Episode 10 tells another great story; a story where I am also able to draw from my

personal experience as an International student in Canada. This episode tells the story of a New
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York City women, Linda Sarsour, who constantly campaigned and lobbied that New York public

schools should recognize Muslim holidays. After almost 10 years of campaigning, Sarsour, in

2015 was able to get the New York City mayor on board and since then New York public

schools now take 2 days off a year for Muslim holidays. This resonates to me that by being a

student here in Canada for almost 5 years now; I always had school on the Muslim celebration of

Eid. In the last 5 years I have missed almost eight Eid celebrations with my family; even

celebrating with my Muslim friends here is not a simple task as all of us have school on those

days. It’s like not celebrating Christmas for the last 5 years. While episode 13 is the story of a

US Olympian who decided to wear a hijab. Ibtihaj Muhammad, an African America, was the

first US Olympian who decided to wear hijab while fencing. She was the first American athlete

to do that; Muhammad tells her struggles of doing sports in high school that all her friends wore

tank tops but she had to adjust her clothing according to her faith and also used to wear a hijab

all the time. She talks about her experience as being overwhelming when for the first time in the

Rio Olympics 2016 she was the first ever American marching in the opening ceremony while

wearing a Hijab. Muhammad also talks about how she looks up to Serena and Venus Williams

and their accomplishments in tennis and for empowering many African American girls.

It is argued that until more Muslims get involved in media production and tell their

stories, we will be left with others that portray Muslims based on the stereotypes around them as

being evil and barbaric (Hussain, 2010). This could be true as Saleem, Prot, Anderson and

Lemieux in their research for representation of Muslims in media and support for policies to

harm them; concluded that “exposure to news portraying Muslims as terrorists increased support

for policies harming Muslims internationally and domestically” (Saleem, Prot, Anderson, &

Lemieux, 2017, p. 861). As we know people shape meanings of their society through media
 15

representation of others and themselves; hence media is the main culprit for misrepresenting

Muslims but, we cannot put all the blame on them. No doubt the coverage of Islam has been

problematic and “therefore, researchers should approach the media treatment of Islam and

Muslims cautiously” (Samaie & Malmir, 2017, p. 1364). Even Muslims children in schools have

experienced racial slurs and hate which “only deepens the wound of discrimination” among

young pupil (Merskin, 2004, p. 172). This Arab stereotype to harm Americans can only be

debunked through accurate knowledge about Muslims and Islam. This concept of ‘Otherness’

can be annihilated through genuine representation of Muslims and brown skin in news, movies,

TV and video games. Muslims should emerge in mass media production and tell their stories

instead of others basing it off on the ideologies currently set in place. Muslims have come a long

way since 9/11; though Muslims have gotten some accurate portrayal in media recently but there

is still a lot more to be done to really educate Americans and the rest of the world about Islam

and their 1.7 Billion followers around the world.

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