GI-1
9-93
CORROSION AND CATHODIC PROTECTION
IN UNDERGROUND PIPING SYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION
As restrained pipeline systems become increasingly
popular, more questions concerning corrosion of
restrained joints are being asked. This paper is an
attempt to address some of these questions, provide a
basic understanding of galvanic corrosion, and
suggest methods for controlling corrosion.
THE GALVANIC CELL
The major corrosion concern in the water works
industry is “galvanic” corrosion. Galvanic corrosion
takes place due to current flow in a “galvanic cell”
which is defined as (1) two dissimilar metals, an
anode and a cathode, (2) in electrical contact with
each other and (3) a common electrolyte. A galvanic
cell is produced when the pipeline components come
in contact with the soil. In such a cell, one of the
metals, the anode, corrodes away and the other metal,
the cathode, is protected. The rate of the corrosion is
dependent on the current and the current density,
which are functions of galvanic potential difference.
However, most useful metals are alloys created by
combining elements with different galvanic
potentials. Alloys alone meet the first two
requirements for a galvanic cell; which is why a
single metal will corrode when exposed to an
electrolyte. Therefore, most corrosion control
methods attempt to separate the metal from an
electrolyte or to control the corrosion current. This
paper will deal mainly with controlling the corrosion
current.
MATERIAL CHOICE
The simplest method for controlling the corrosion
current is the selection of the structural materials. In
the water works industry, the selection of the pipeline
and appurtenance materials is very important in
preventing a corrosion related failure.
The rate of corrosion and the current density, the
amount of current per unit area, are proportional.
Therefore if the current density in the corroding
metal, the anode, is reduced, the rate of corrosion will
be reduced. The current density can be reduced in
two ways: reduce the current flow or increase the
area of the anode with respect to the cathode.
Reducing the current density may be accomplished
by reducing the corrosion current. In cathodic
protection systems, a minimum amount of current
must be maintained. However, in unprotected or
coated systems, the current produced should be kept
to a minimum. This is accomplished by the difference
in potential of the metal components. For example,
EBAA Iron’s set screws, MEGALUG® wedges, and
glands are all made of ductile iron. Because EBAA’s
products are made completely of the same metal as
the pipe and the fittings, the effects of corrosion are
greatly reduced. Choosing materials which are close
to each other in a galvanic series will reduce the
difference in potential. A galvanic series is defined
by the National Association of Corrosion Engineer’s
as: “A list of metals arranged according to their
relative corrosion potentials in some specific
environment; sea water is often used.”
Another way to reduce the current density is to
increase the area of the anode with respect to the
cathode. For this reason, T-bolts in a pipeline should
be slightly cathodic to the rest of the system. If the T-
bolts were anodic to the pipeline system, they would
corrode at a very rapid rate since the area of the
anode, the bolts, would be very small in comparison
to the cathode, the pipeline. By the same principle,
the sacrificial anodes should be sufficiently large.
The practice of using Cor-Ten bolts with follower
glands for mechanical joints is an example of slightly
cathodic bolts being used. Cor-Ten bolts are slightly
cathodic to ductile iron in most cases. This choice
reduces the current density in the anode both possible
ways. Since in most cases Cor-ten is only slightly
cathodic, the potential difference is small which
keeps the amount of produced current small. Also by
making the bolts cathodic, the pipe and the gland are
anodic. Since the pipe and the gland have a much
larger area than the bolts, the current density in the
anode is small compared to the cathode.
Sometimes, stainless steel T-bolts are used in
pipeline joints. This would seem to be a practical
solution to corrosion and in fact, the bolts do not
corrode in most environments. However, in studies
by the Cast-Iron Pipe Research Association in which
stainless steel bolts were used, the areas of contact
between the bolts and the glands were severely
corroded. This was due to the great difference in
galvanic potential between stainless steel and iron.
 SACRIFICIAL ANODES
In a corrosion cell, current flows from the anode
through the electrolyte to the cathode. Cathodic
protection methods attempt to control the direction of
the corrosion current. One such method is the use of a
sacrificial anode. A sacrificial anode is an anode
electrically connected to the system to be protected.
The sacrificial anode will corrode and therefore, the
cathodic system will be protected. The basic idea is
to force certain parts to be cathodic or anodic with
respect to the other in order to control the current
direction. If a sacrificial anode is chosen that is
anodic to every metal in the pipeline system, the
anode will corrode while the pipeline is protected.
A prime example of a sacrificial system is the use of
magnesium anodes in connection with the pipeline
system. The magnesium is buried in the ground
within the same electrolyte as the pipeline. The
pipeline and the anode are electrically connected, and
as the magnesium corrodes, the pipeline is protected.
The magnesium should be alloyed to prevents passive
layering. A passive layer is an oxide film that forms
naturally on the surface of most metals. This passive
layer becomes a protective coating on an anode and
prevents further corrosion. If the sacrificial anode
does not corrode, the protection current is not
produced. If this happens, the pipeline will begin to
corrode.
IMPRESSED CURRENT SYSTEMS
Another form of cathodic protection is an impressed
current system. In this system, an external source, not
the galvanic reaction, forces the direction of the
current. The positive terminal from a power is
connected to the anode and the negative terminal is
connected to the cathode. The pipeline is connected
to the negative terminal and consequently becomes
cathodic. It is very important that the positive
terminal be connected to the ground bed anodes, the
material to be corroded. If the positive terminal is
connected to the pipeline, the pipeline will become
anodic and corrode. Several different current sources
are available for use in impressed current systems.
Batteries, DC engine-generators, and thermo-electric
generators all provide direct current. Alternating
current sources such as a power line may be used if a
rectifier is used to convert the current to direct
current. Alternating current will not provide any
protection since the pipeline would be anodic or
cathodic depending on the direction of the current.
The biggest advantage in cathodic protection systems
is its effectiveness. However, in order to provide
effective corrosion protection, the system must be
carefully maintained. It is important that the current
and the anodes are continually monitored for both the
impressed current and the sacrificial anode systems.
Cost is another factor one must consider when using
a cathodic protection system. In both the
aforementioned methods, the anodes will require
replacement at some period of time. The current must
be maintained in an impressed current system. The
equipment needed to maintain these methods must be
considered. Also, the soil must be tested in order to
determine the amount of current needed to provide
optimum corrosion protection.
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
Several factors should be carefully considered during
the design of a corrosion control system. One such
consideration is the environment. For a pipeline, the
environment would consist of the soil and anything in
the soil such as other pipelines, buried cable,
minerals, and water. Be aware of other current
sources. A stray current source can affect the amount
of protection a corrosion control system can provide.
In an unprotected system, stray currents can increase
the rate of corrosion. Economic and life requirements
are two more things to be considered. Usually,
pipelines are designed to last many years, so enough
corrosion protection should be provided to insure the
pipe and its components will last. Also, keep in mind
the pipeline material to be used, including special
coatings or polyethylene wrap. The effects of
polyethylene wrap and coatings are discussed in
Connections™ bulletin GI-3. Whichever method you
choose, the corrosion protection system should be
economically justified.
SUMMARY
Galvanic corrosion continues to be a major concern
in the water works field. Therefore material choice,
such as EBAA Iron’s all ductile iron joint restraint,
becomes important. Also since the environment
changes from job to job, a corrosion control system
must be designed for each individual situation. Each
corrosion control met hold should be considered
carefully based on the soil type and other important
factors.
REFERENCE LIST
AWWA Manual M27; External Corrosion- Introduction to
Chemistry and Control, 1st . ed., American Water Works
Association, Denver, CO, 1987.
“Corrosion in Underground Restrained Piping Systems,” EBAA
Iron Inc. Technical Bulletin.
NACE, NACE Basic Corrosion Course, 11th Printing, National
Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston, TX, 1980.
 EBAA IRON – Your Connection to the Future.™ GI-1
9-93

This is one of a series of CONNECTIONS reports addressing design and application subjects. If you would like copies of
other reports or a listing of available reports contact your EBAA Iron representative or call EBAA Iron Sales at (800) 433-
1716 or fax (254) 629-8931. EBAA’s engineering group can be reached at (800) 633-9190 or fax (254) 629-2079.

Copyright © 1994 EBAA IRON SALES, INC.

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