Group 6

HYDROMINERAL
BALANCE
 Hydromineral Balance
equality of water and mineral in the body.

There are types of strategies of osmoregulation .

1.
The first osmoregulatory strategy is used by the
1. hagfish (Myxiniformes) and is characterized by no
regulation at al .

– Most bony fishes are stenohaline - can only live

within a narrow salinity range. Unchanging
environments/stable
2.
The second strategy encompasses all marine elasmobranchs.
maintain an internal inorganic salt concentration equal to
approximately one-third that of seawater.

Trimethylamine-oxide (TMAO) is present in seafood which is

considered to be beneficial for health .

Water balance – To maintain their water balance, marine fishes drink

large quantities of seawater, retaining most of the water and
excreting the salt.

Influx – the inward movement into the cells

Efflux – the outward movement

3. Gill Filaments
These are feathery structures that are attached to the gill arch.
They are covered with small blood vessels called capillaries, where
gas exchange takes place.

Active transport
Active transport of electrolytes (filled arrows) in the gill and kidney
serve to recover salt and to excrete water. B: in seawater, fish gain
salts (NaCl) by diffusion and lose water by osmosis.

Hyperosmotic
solution with the greater concentration of solute (salt water
compared to fresh water). If a cell from a salt water fish is placed
in a beaker of fresh water, the cell is said to be hyperosmotic to
the water.
Hypoosmotic
solution with a lesser concentration of solute (fresh water compared to salt water). If 4.
a cell from a fresh water fish is placed into a beaker of salt water, the cell is said to be
hypoosmotic to the water.

Operculum in Fish
The operculum protects the gills and aids in breathing. It opens and closes
in order to allow water to pass over the gills through water current
pressure.

Euryhaline
organisms are able to adapt to a wide range of salinities. An example of a euryhaline fish
is the molly (Poeciliasphenops) which can live in fresh water, brackish water, or salt
water.
Diadromous fish
are a species group that includes both anadromous and catadromous fish.
Anadromous fish, such as the American Shad, Alewife, or Blueback Herring, live
most of their lives In salt water but are born in fresh water and return to fresh
water to spawn.
 Ionic regulation 5.
is the maintenance of the concentrations of the various ions in the body fluids relative to one
another. There is no consistent distinction between the two processes; organs that participate
in one process at the same time participate in the other.

Hagfish
are long, slender and pinkish, and are best known for the large quantities of
sticky slime which they produce. Hagfish have three accessory hearts, no
cerebrum or cerebellum, no jaws or stomach, and will “sneeze” when their
nostrils clog with their own slime.

Isosmotic
is used of solutions Of or having the same or equal osmotic pressure. (2) A condition in
which the total number of solutes (i.e. permeable and impermeable) in a solution is the same
or equal to the total solutes in another solution. Supplement. Word origin: G. isos, equal +
osmotic: relating to osmosis.
6. The slime
The slime coat (also fish slime, mucus layer or slime layer) is the coating of mucus covering the
body of all fish. An important part of fish anatomy, it serves many functions, depending on species,
ranging from locomotion, care and feeding of offspring, to resistance to disease and parasites.

elasmobranch
refers to the sharks, rays, and skates, which are cartilaginous fishes.
These animals have a skeleton made of cartilage, rather than bone. Thes

The rectal gland

Is a specialized salt secreting osmoregulatory organ found only.
 Bony fishes 7.
are also referred to as Osteichthyes. They are cold-blooded
vertebrates that use fins for swimming and gills for respiration.

Lampreys
Any of about 43 species of primitive fishlike jawless vertebrates
placed with hagfishes in the class Agnatha. ack scales, fins, and gill
covers. Like sharks, their skeletons are made of cartilage.

Euryhaline and Diadromous Teleosts

The study of euryhaline and diadromous teleosts can provide considerable insight
regarding the mechanisms and energy costs of ionic regulation, because such fish often
endure dramatic changes in their external environments. Buryhaline forms typically are
estuarine and intertidal inhabitants that experience continual shifts in external salinity,
8. Prolactin
is an important regulator of multiple biological functions in vertebrates, and has
been viewed as essential to ion uptake as well as reduction in ion and water
permeability of osmoregulatory surfaces in freshwater and euryhaline fish.

Cortisol
is an essential component of the stress response in fish, but also plays a
significant role in osmoregulation, growth and reproduction.

Catadromous
fish spend most of their lives in fresh water, then migrate to the sea to breed.

Anadromous
fishes are those that spawn in fresh water, migrate to the ocean to forage and
mature, and return to fresh water to spawn and begin the cycle again.
parr 9.
is understood to be a young salmonid with vertical dark stripes.

smolt
is a slightly older and larger fish in which the dark stripes are obscured by a
deposition of guanine in the scales and the skin, givip.

Fresh water teleosts

the hyperosmotic state of the freshwater teleosts dictates that small ions, such as Na+ and
CI-, are continually lost to the environment by diffusion across the thin epithelia of the gill.
Solutes also are continually lost in the large volumes of dilute urine that are produced to
expel to expel the excess water that is passively taken up by diffusion across the gills.
 STRESS RESPONSES AND EFFECTS 10.
Stress is the state in which the homeostasis of an organism is threatened or
disturbed by internal and/or external stimuli to the body (stressors).

Stressor
-induced responses involve behavioral and physiological reactions (stress responses)
that contribute to the resumption of homeostasis.

Stressors, such as extremely vigorous exercise, netting and handling, and pronounced
hy- poxia (including air exposure), stimulate physiological changes (including increased
gill permeability and possible hydrominera/ imbalances) in fish. These changes are either
adaptive, allowing fish to respond to an emergency, or detrimental, leading to adverse
effects and possible mortality.
 STRESS RESPONSES AND EFFECTS 10.

Adaptive
Adaptation to the aquatic life involves changes that affect not only its shape but also
its internal physiology to solve the physical and chemical problems affecting this
particular environment, although this proves to be a little more stable than the air
environment.
Detrimental 11
is a formal way of saying "harmful. " Anything detrimental hurts, hinders, or puts a
damper on something. Detrimental things do damage.

Stressful Rides: Fish Responces to Tranport

and Handling.
Common stressors encountered by captive fish include physical and mental trauma
associated with capture, transport, handling, and crowding; malnutrition; variations
in water temperature, oxygen, and salinity; and peripheral effects of contaminant
exposure or infectious disease.
 Freezing resistance
because their body fluids are either hyperosmotic or isosmotic with their external environments,
hagfish, marine elasmobranchs, and freshwater teleosts are not subject to freezing as long as
12
their external environment remains unfrozens. because the the marine environment has a higher
salt concentration than their body fluids, however, and consequently, a lower freezing point, marine
teleosts can freeze to death even though the water around them is still liquid. To prevent this,
many cold-water marine teleosts increase the osmolality of their blood and tissues.
Osmolality
is the concentration of osmoles in a mass of solvent.
Macromolecular antifreeze compounds
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) and antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) are structurally diverse macromolecules
that are capable of binding to embryonic ice crystals below 0 °C, making them useful as protectants of
ice-block formation.
Antifreeze glycopeptides (AFGPs)
are a class of biological antifreeze agents found predominantly in Arctic and Antarctic species of fish. They
possess the ability to regulate ice nucleation and ice crystal growth, thus creating viable life conditions at
temperatures below the freezing point of body fluids.

https://youtu.be/k4gKYyXgX5g?si=0Esb_zaCLEZiP4Fa
13 Anti-freeze peptides

regulate the physiological functions of frozen cells and even their apoptosis; however, the
mechanisms by which antifreeze peptides regulate these processes remain unclear, although
the interactions between cell membranes and ice are well known to be important in this
process.

Ice crystal growth

The formation and uneven distribution of large ice crystals in aquatic products are subjected to
irreversible damage of cellular and tissue structure and lead to quality deteriorations of
products, such as drip loss increasing after thawing, dehydration, tissue softening, discoloration,
protein denaturation, mechanical damage, On the contrary, the ice crystals generated by the high
freezing rate have less damage on the quality of aquatic products.

https://youtu.be/l2lXiwbRhb0?si=xEfDcInMEuPLZbFm
 Acid-base balance 14
Acid-base status in fish can be influenced by a wide variety of conditions, including changes
in the external environment, such as gas tensions, temperature, salinity and water pH, and
internally induced challenges associated with processes such as feeding and exercise.

ionization constants of water

changes with temperature, the pH of water and weakly buffered aqueous solution
(including blood) also changes with temperature.

pH
is a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes from 0 to 14, with 7 being
neutral.
But don't spend too long
with water kids! your
hands are wrinkled
Thank
You
Presented by: Group 6