Draft on the

Hybrid technology and its impact on economy

Skip to main content

CTC-N logo

Toggle navigation

Search

Breadcrumb

Home

Hybrid Technology

SIMILAR NATIONAL PLANS

Solar home systems (SHS) (TAP)

SIMILAR TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

Design and financing for crop drying and storage technologies to strengthen food security in the
face of climate change

SIMILAR ORGANISATIONS

Pure Energy Center

More

SIMILAR TECHNOLOGIES

Multi-Source Optimal Reconfigurable Energy Harvester

More

Hybrid Technology

Objective:

Mitigation

Sectors:

Renewable energy

Opportunities enabled:

Reduce GHG emissions

Organization:

Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership

Collection:

Climate Tech Wiki

Technology group:

Renewable energy

CTCN Keyword Matches:

Batteries China Community based Fuel cell technologies Hydrogen infrastructure Renewable
energy Small-scale wind Solar PV

Definition:

Hybrid systems, as the name implies, combine two or more renewable source of energy together.

Hybrid technology systems combine two or more technologies with the aim to achieve efficient
systems. Possible combinations are: wind-solar photovoltaic (PV) hybrid systems, wind-diesel
hybrid systems, fuel cell-gas turbine hybrid systems, wind-fuel cell hybrid systems, etc. (see the
short descriptions below). Hybrid systems combine numerous electricity production and storage
units to meet the energy demands of a given facility or community (Solar Energy Technologies
Program, 2006). They are ideal for remote and isolated applications such as communications
stations, military installations, islands and rural villages.

Introduction

Hybrid technology systems combine two or more technologies with the aim to achieve efficient
systems. Possible combinations are: wind-solar photovoltaic (PV) hybrid systems, wind-diesel
hybrid systems, fuel cell-gas turbine hybrid systems, wind-fuel cell hybrid systems, etc. (see the
short descriptions below). Hybrid systems combine numerous electricity production and storage
units to meet the energy demands of a given facility or community (Solar Energy Technologies
Program, 2006). They are ideal for remote and isolated applications such as communications
stations, military installations, islands and rural villages.

Wind-PV hybrid system

The example of a solar-based hybrid system in combination with wind energy is shown in the
Figure below. In this combination, the wind/engine generator acts a backup supply for the AC
(alternating current) loads which can be supplied directly to the load without the use of inverter
units; the electricity generated from PV is DC (direct current) by nature.

Figure 1: Solar hybrid system (Source: Roland Idvps)

A PV-wind hybrid system is composed of the core part constituting of PV modules and a wind
turbine, a DC-AC inverter, batteries, a charge controller regulator, and a backup power resource
for battery storage systems (Dayu, no date). PV modules convert sunlight into direct current
electricity and they operate using the semiconductor principles that govern diodes and transistors
(Patel, 1999). The PV modules can be wired together to form a PV array, which increases the
available voltage and increases the available current. However, the power produced is the same in
both combinations. A typical PV module measures about 0.5 m2 and produces about 75 Watts of
DC electricity in full sunlight. It costs about € 290 and has a lifetime of over twenty years (Dayu, no
date). For detailed descriptions of wind energy technology (Patel, 1999).

Overcharging of a battery by the PV array and wind turbine is prevented through a charge
controller regulator. Most modern controllers maintain system voltage regulation electronically by
varying the width of DC pulses sent to the batteries through a phenomenon called pulse width
modulation (PWM). Backup power resource can be maintained either from a generator or from
the utility grid when too much energy is consumed or when there is not enough electricity
generated from the wind-PV hybrid system.

Wind-Diesel Hybrid Systems

The Figure below schematically shows how a wind turbine can be combined with diesel generators
in a hybrid configuration. This combination enables the use of a renewable energy source in
remote and isolated areas, where the grid structure is weak, insufficient or even not existing, and
the cost of energy often constitutes a considerable part of the local economy (Ken Tec Denmark,
no date).

Figure 2: Wind diesel hybrid system (Source: Wind diesel hybrid)

By connecting a wind turbine to a diesel generator back-up system, an uninterrupted power

supply can be acquired, thus securing 100% supply. The diesel generator will take over production
when the power generation from the wind turbines is temporarily insufficient to cover the grid
demand. The wind turbines are virtually always connectable to the existing diesel generator sets.
The new Wind-Diesel concept allows the size of the wind turbine generators to exceed the size of
the diesel generators. The maximum fuel saving is achieved by declutching and stopping the diesel
engine when the supply from the wind turbine generator exceeds the grid demand. The Wind-
Diesel hybrid technology has the advantage of using standard control systems, implemented with
modern diesel generators that control the voltage and frequency, even when the diesel engine is
not in operation. If the energy production from the wind turbines is higher than the grid demand,
the frequency is controlled by the use of a dump-load, which can utilise the excessive wind energy
for a numerous other purposes (Ken Tec Denmark, no date).

Fuel Cell-Turbine (FCT) Hybrid Systems

A fuel cell uses hydrogen (or hydrogen-rich fuel) and oxygen from air to create electricity by an
electrochemical process without combustion (US Climate Change Technology Program, 2005). The
absence of a combustion process eliminates the formation of pollutants such as NOx, SOx,
hydrocarbons and particulates and significantly improves electrical power generation efficiency.
Further efficiency gains can be realised by integration of a turbine with the fuel cell. The Figure
below shows the FCT hybrid concept in a simple form to provide some understanding of the
synergy offered and the basic relationships of components (National Energy Technology
Laboratory, no date).
In this direct operating mode, the fuel cell serves as the combustor for the gas turbine. Residual
fuel in the high temperature fuel cell exhaust mixes with the residual oxygen in an exothermic
oxidation reaction to further raise the temperature. Both the fuel cell and the gas turbine generate
electricity, and the gas turbine provides some balance-of plant functions for the fuel cell, such as
supplying air under pressure and preheating the fuel and air in a heat exchanger called a
recuperator.

In an indirect mode, the recuperator transfers fuel cell exhaust energy to the compressed air
supply, which in turn drives the turbine. The expanded air is supplied to the fuel cell. The indirect
mode uncouples the turbine compressor pressure and the fuel cell operating pressure, which
increases flexibility in turbine selection. Critical issues are the integration of pressure ratios and
mass flows and the dynamic control through start-up, shutdown, emergency, and load-following
operating scenarios.

Figure 3: Direct FCT hybrid system (Source: NETL)

Feasibility of technology and operational necessities

Several successful examples of the implementation of different types of hybrid technologies can
be observed throughout the world:

One of the oldest PV hybrid systems and at the same time the first ‘large scale’ PV system in
Europe was installed in 1983 at island of Terschelling in the Netherlands (Lysen, 2000). At the
Higher Maritime School ‘Willem Barentsz’ a 43 kWp PV system was coupled to a 75 kW wind
turbine and a large battery bank.

A second example is found on Curaçao, the Netherlands’ Antilles (National Energy Technology
Laboratory, no date). Since March 1984 the local radio station ‘Radio Hoyer’ uses a PV powered
transmitter, with a battery and a diesel backup. The system is installed on the top of the mountain
Tafelberg, and is remotely monitored from the capital Willemstad.

The Tortoise Head Guest House on French Island, Victoria, Australia, generates its power from a
remote power wind and PV hybrid system that has been operating since 1995 with support from
UNEP (UNEP, 2003). The Guest House is located 150 m from the seashore, which makes it an ideal
site for a wind turbine. The system includes: 10 kW wind turbine; 840 W PV array; 2 diesel
generators of 15 kW and 25 kW; battery storage (wired to produce a system voltage of 120 Volts
DC); and a 10 kW inverter to convert the DC into the Australian standard of 240 Volts AC and 50
cycles per second. The energy uses of the Guest House include: electricity for lighting, water
pumping, cold room, freezer, dish washer, domestic appliances, communication equipment and
some heating, LPG for water heating and cooking, wood from fallen trees for space heating; solar
water heaters to pre-heat water; and diesel for back up electric generator. The Guest House
consists of six large bedrooms (for 2-6 people each), 5 double-bed cabins and meeting/conference
facilities. About 68% of the energy comes from wind, 11% from PV and 21% from diesel. The Guest
House continues to reduce diesel and LPG consumption through the use of additional solar water
heaters and energy efficiency measures.

A wind-PV hybrid system is being used at the Samunsan Forest and Wildlife Sanctuary, 60 KM
North of Kuching, in Sarawak, Malaysia (UNEP, 2003). The population of the community fluctuates
between 20-70 people, including children who return to the community on weekends, tourists,
and scientists. The facilities of the Sanctuary include a dormitory, bungalow, guestrooms, office,
amenities block, store rooms, boat shed and power shed. The objectives of installing the system
were to: provide reliable ‘grid quality’ power supply 24 hours a day; power refrigerators and
freezers for tourist services, health, and preserving scientific specimens; reduce environmental
impacts; reduce costs; reduce dependence on fossil fuels; minimise potential supply disruptions;
enable the community, tourists, and researchers to work and study in the evenings; and reduce
the risk of fire associated with the use of candles or kerosene lamps. The system includes: 2.5 kW
wind turbines mounted on a 26 m tower; a 900 W PV array; 2 lead acid batteries storing 2 kWhs; 5
kW inverter; 30 kW diesel generator; and remote monitoring equipment. The community has been
trained to perform all maintenance activities, which has also increased the community’s
appreciation of the system. The wind turbine generates the largest proportion of electricity over
the year while in the summer the PV output is at its maximum. The diesel generator is mostly used
in the summer, due to periods of low windspeed and an increase in electricity demand arising
from tourism, research and community activities. The system was installed in 1997 at the cost of
USD 60,000.

In 1998, a wind/PV hybrid system was installed in Point Hick lighthouse which was converted to a
tourist resort in Southeast Victoria, Australia (UNEP, 2003). The resort consists of several
accommodation cottages and a low-cost bunkhouse for low budget tourists. The resort is situated
in the Cann River national park. The objectives of this hybrid system were: to meet all the
electricity demands of the managers and tourist cottages; to reduce the use of diesel operation; to
reduce the costs of diesel fuel; and to reduce the environmental impacts from using fossil fuels.
The systems consisted of a 10-kW wind turbine on an 18 m tower with 550 W PV array and a 20-
kW diesel generator. The inverter used had a capacity of 10 kW. The storage system consisted of a
120-kWh lead acid battery storage. The wind turbine provided an average of 42 kWh/day at a
wind speed of 5-6 m/s while the PV array generated a daily average of 2.8 kWh under 5 hours of
direct sun. The total system cost amounted to USD 65,000.

Holwell Farm within the Dartmoor National Park, in Devon, UK, is using a 20-kW Remote Area
Power Supply (RAPS) system incorporating a wind turbine system, 20-kWh battery storage and a
backup 25-kW diesel generator (UNEP, 2003). The system provides electricity for agricultural
activities, bed and breakfast tourist accommodation and other domestic uses. The farm is located
2.5 km from the nearest electricity grid. The three-blade wind turbine has a rotor diameter of 8.8
m, a hub height of 24.4 m and is mounted on a lattice tower. An automated control system
ensures that AC power is always available and switches to the diesel generator when batteries are
80% discharged or when electrical demands are high.

Costa de Cocos is a small scuba diving and fishing resort in Southern Quintana Roo, Mexico, with
12 houses, a restaurant/bar, dive shop, and a workshop. The resort was previously powered by a
succession of small (5-20 kW) diesel generators operating just four hours each evening. However,
in 1996, a RAPS system consisting of a 7.5-kW wind turbine, battery storage, and two 5.5-kW
inverters were installed to provide the resort with electricity throughout the day (UNEP, 2003).
The wind turbine is placed on a 24-m tower with protection against salt corrosion. The batteries
are located in a specially designed integrated rack assembly. The system cost is approximately USD
35,000 and has a payback period of 8-10 years.

Another successful example of the hybrid project installation is the Mexican Hybrid Solar Thermal
Power Project (UNEP, 2003). A solar thermal/natural gas-fired hybrid power plant in Baja
California Norte with a total net installed capacity of about 300 MW, including about 30 MW for
the solar component has been constructed through this project. The plant is a part of the Comisión
Federal de Electicidad system expansion plan.

The largest European PV wind hybrid system is located on the Pellworm Island in Germany. The PV
array has the capacity of 600 kW and will be enlarged with an additional 300 kW array. The first
300 kW array was build in 1983 and the second part was connected in 1992. This hybrid system is
grid-connected. The eventual 900-kW capacity will enable the production of nearly 800
MWh/year.

Another successful example of hybrid technology is a PV-wind-diesel hybrid system in Kythnos

Island of Greece It has been in operation since 1983. This plant utilises a 100-kW PV array, a 100-
kW wind turbine, and a 600-kWh battery. The entire system is connected to the existing
distribution grid, which is fed by a 200-kVA diesel generator. Three 50-kVA inverters operate
simultaneously to deliver power to the grid. The plant is monitored in order to optimise the
amount of renewable energy available to the grid.

The Wilpena Pound power station of South Australia combines a 100-kWp PV system, a battery
storage of 400 kWh, an inverter and a 440-kWp diesel generator. At night, a computerised smart
controller automatically switches between the battery storage and the most-efficient diesel
generator combination to match the load. A modem-link provides remote monitoring and control
facilities.

In Thailand, PV hybrid systems have been installed as pilot projects since 1990 (Phuangpornpitak
and Kumar, 2007). Most of them were adapted for national parks and wildlife preservation areas
or rural villages that do not have access to electricity. Nine off-grid PV hybrid systems ranging from
5 to 82.5 kW, with a total installed capacity of about 285 kW, are in operation and constitute
about 10% of the total PV power installed in Thailand. The first hybrid power system in a wildlife
sanctuary, Huai Kha Khaeng, was set up by King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi in
1998 with the aim to assess technological, economic and operating aspects and to study the
penetration of PV in remote and preserved areas. During 1998–2003, the system supplied 44,504
kWh (PV supplying about 88.5% of the total demand) or an average of 24 kWh/day. The PV/diesel
hybrid system installed at Huai Kha Khaeng wildlife sanctuary in 1998 was optimised in order to
meet an increasing demand for a clean and reliable power source. The system can supply
electricity to load because the diesel generator works to compensate any inconvenience caused by
photovoltaic. PV-wind-diesel hybrid systems were installed in 1999 at Phu Kradung, a high-
elevation national park in Loei Province, and at Tarutao, an island in a marine national park in
Satun Province, Thailand.

There could be several barriers to the implementation of hybrid technologies and these need to be
overcome for a successful establishment of projects. Hybrid systems generally have a relatively
high investment cost, which makes smaller projects unattractive to the investors, lenders, project
developers, and manufacturers. Similarly, these technologies have several technical barriers which
include: requirement of redundant generation systems, a time limitation for the generation of
electricity, need for sophisticated control systems, need for storage systems, and transmission line
losses.

Other aspects in the implementation chain of these hybrid technology systems in developing
countries could be the limited credit worthiness for potential investors; absence of a power
purchase agreement with energy users (e.g. through the grid operator); absence of energy or
power systems in the villages; lack of information on market, employment, rural development and
other economic information; lack of vocational education, communication availability or other
social development activities; lack of human capital to properly operate the power plants; and lack
of financing partners.

Status of the technology and its future market potential

There are several research programmes on hybrid technologies all over the world, mainly in
developed countries. For instance, Princeton Energy Resources International (PERI) has
undertaken various research programmes on wind power and other wind-based hybrid
technologies. PERI has developed several databases and analysis tools to track and analyse wind
system and subsystem cost, performance, and other characteristics (Princeton Energy Resources
International, no date). Recent use of these has involved projections of expected technology
development paths over time and evaluation of financing/ownership on both a corporate balance
sheet basis by investor-owned utilities and tax-free public utilities, and a project finance basis
through independent power producers.

To help facilitate adoption of wind/diesel hybrid systems, PERI has analysed the potential market
for replacing existing diesel plants with wind turbines in rural Alaska (USA) for the National
Renewable Energy Laboratory (Princeton Energy Resources International, no date). The objective
of this assessment was to characterise the size of the wind-diesel hybrid market so that the State
of Alaska and Alaskan rural electricity authorities can determine the level of effort required to
develop wind projects. An initial list of about 90 Alaskan villages was identified as having
outstanding wind resource potential. The result of this analysis was a ranking that identifies the
villages where wind/diesel hybrids will have the most favourable economic characteristics.

During 2001, the Photovoltaic fuel cell hybrid systems (PVFC-SYS) project was carried out as a
European Commission research project on the hybrid technology (European Commission, 2001).
The main aim of the project was to study and develop a low-power energy generation system,
which would utilise the synergies between a photovoltaic generator and a Proton Exchange
Membrane fuel cell. Such a system in the range of 5 to 10 kW is intended to be a future
competitor to hybrid PV-Diesel systems, especially from an environmental point of view as
emissions of both exhaust gases and noise will be drastically reduced. The overall target of the
project was the development of a hybrid system based on an innovative package using hydrogen
as a fuel. This can be considered a zero emission system. The use of the so-called innovative
components will open new possibilities of future cost decrease, both in the investment,
operational and replacement point of view. Since there are no moving parts, less maintenance is
required and the lifetime of the components is expected to be higher.
In 1998, China launched an ambitious ‘Brightness Programme’ that targeted household and
village-scale applications of solar PV and wind energy in off-grid regions, particularly in western
China. In 2002, the Chinese Government started a major new rural electrification initiative called
the Song Dian Dao Xiang programme (National Township Electrification Programme). This
programme is directed at electrifying approximately 1000 townships in seven provinces in western
China with about 17 MW of village-scale hybrid systems (mainly PV, with some wind, combined
with batteries and diesel back-up systems). The required funding amounts to RMB 2 billion (USD
240 million), which covers 50% of the capital costs of village power systems (in Tibet: 100%)
(Martinot and Wallace, 2003).

In 2001, 70 village-scale hybrid power systems (wind and/or PV combined with battery storage
and many using backup diesel generators, ranging in size from 5-200 kW) were installed in China
(Martinot and Wallace, 2003). A 100-kW wind-diesel hybrid village power plant was under
construction in 2002 in Zhejiang (Bei Long Dao). A second hybrid system consisting of 80 kW of
wind and 20 kW of PV power became operational in Xinjiang in December of 2002.

Market studies indicate that by 2010 at least 1000 MWp of stand-alone PV hybrid systems will be
installed worldwide, both for remote buildings and on islands (Lysen, 2000). In order to realise this
potential and reduce the costs of these hybrid systems, still a lot of work remains to be done, for
example, through standardisations and modularity and by developing proper monitoring systems
to reduce maintenance costs.

Technology transfers from industrialised countries could help improve these implementation
chains and demonstrate the working of the hybrid systems. The aforementioned EU research
group study (European Commission, 2001) in this respect recommends to improve the reliability of
systems, reduce their costs, and reduce maintenance need or make maintenance easier. In order
to meet these targets, the research has focused on different aspects such as improvement of the
methods and techniques to reduce cost for the wind assessment and optimisation of rotor
controls along with optimisation of the overall system layouts and controls. In addition, co-
operative R&D projects, co-ordinated to use the best technology from each member of the EU are
required to improve the technology for all. Directing current testing facilities to develop norms
and standards in their demonstration projects will help in the continued development of this
market for Europe.

For the future development of the international market of the hybrid technologies in developed
countries, various stakeholders must be brought together and appropriate financing modalities
used to facilitate sustainable, decentralised markets for those technologies that have the
attributes of fuel flexibility and hybridisation, particularly with renewable technologies. The
primary challenges for organising and delivering hybrid project financing will stem from the large
number of small projects, which characterise most of these rural, peri-urban and urban markets.
In developing countries, there is a necessity of creating and utilising near-term capital and
targeted subsidies, reflecting the fact that hybrid systems are currently pre-commercial and not
yet financially viable. The countries should develop concessional co-financing which uses
commercial methods tied to commercial capacity building and conducting strategic programmes of
hybrid systems.

How the technology could contribute to socio-economic development and environmental

protection

Renewable energy sources such as wind and solar used in wind-solar hybrid systems are
sustainable energy sources as they are easily and abundantly available in nature. Similarly,
hydrogen, which is used in fuel cells, could be by far the most abundant fuel resource since it is
part of the water molecule. Hydrogen used in fuel cells is converted to electricity, but it can also
be combusted as with the space shuttle rocket boosters using liquid hydrogen. The hybrid systems
with combustion turbines and fuel cells can create systems with exceptionally high efficiency with
low emissions. The hybrid systems, in general, combine generation and storage technologies so
that excess of electricity can be generated during optimal times while electricity is used from the
storage at other times. This will help in achieving sustainability in energy for future.

In contrast to conventional power generation systems (diesel generators, coal power, natural gas
combustion), renewable energy technologies can generate heat and electricity without producing
GHG emissions. Utilisation of renewable energy could play an important role in reducing GHG
emissions. Considering the total life cycle of the energy generation process, it has been
demonstrated that wind turbines are the cleanest and green energy systems and that hydrogen
based fuel cells are environmentally friendly. However, in remote communities wind or fuel cells
as stand-alone systems lack reliability, but when combined they could become more reliable.

PV and fuel cells represent two very promising industries in term of employment, in particular
with respect to the identificaiton and development of new applications.

Financial requirements and costs

A general assessment of the cost of fuel cell hybrid technology carried out by Rastler and Lemar
(2002) shows that costs of any type of hybrid technology are expected to fall to USD 600 - 1100 per
kW for the period beyond 2010. The US Department of Energy has made a target of reducing the
cost of fuel cell turbine hybrids to USD 400/ kW by 2010 (Victor, 2003). The life-cycle cost for a
wind energy hybrid system requires the estimation of the following quantities: system life,
component and total capital costs per unit of outputs (e.g., wind turbine, engine generator,
controls, inverter, AC/DC converter), as well as the battery storage cost per kWh, total hardware
cost plus installation and indirect costs occurring (capital cost), annual operation and maintenance
and fuel costs, and equipment replacement costs occurring during the system lifetime (Notton, et
al., 2001). If the system is a wind PV hybrid system, then the total cost will include the investment
and installation cost of solar panels.
Wind energy systems are one of the most cost-effective home-based renewable energy systems. A
small turbine can cost anywhere between USD 3,000 and 35,000, depending on size, application,
and service agreements with the manufacturer. According to the American Wind Energy
Association (AWEA, 2001), typical home wind system costs approximately USD 32,000 (10 kW). As
a general rule of thumb, the cost of a residential turbine is estimated at USD 1,000 to USD
3,000/kW. Hence, the cost of hybrid systems with wind energy systems could decrease in the near
future. In Thailand, most PV hybrid systems were installed through the co-operation of King
Mongkut’s University Technology Thonburi, the Provincial Electricity Authority and the Electricity
Generation Authority of Thailand. The systems were funded by the Energy Policy and Planning
Office, though the communities have been responsible for operation and maintenance of the
systems. The costs of the systems depend on size, location, customer type and technical
specification. The cost of grid-connected systems amounts to about USD 2/Watt whereas for
standalone systems the costs amount to about USD 3–4/Watt.

The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (IMAR) has been working in the past decade to provide
stand-alone renewable power systems to rural area households: more than 120,000 households
have started generating electricity with 100-300 watt wind generators (American Wind Energy
Association, 2001). In the first phase of this project, the University of Delaware, the US National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, and the Inner Mongolia team completed a levelised cost analysis of
rural electrification options for several counties. It was found that for the output range of 200-640
kWh/yr, levelised cost of energy produced is USD 0.50-0.63/kWh. In the case of a PV system only,
for the output range of 120-240 kWh/yr, the levelised cost of electricity produced would be USD
0.77-0.83/kWh. For small hybrid systems in the range of 400-750 kWh/yr, the cost amounts to USD
0.57-0.72/kWh, and for the large hybrid systems, with an output range of 560-870 kWh/yr, the
costs are USD 0.43-0.57/kWh. For the types of systems currently being deployed for stand-alone
electrical generation in rural areas of IMAR, wind generators are the least-cost option for
household electricity (American Wind Energy Association, 2001).

The PURE (Promoting Unst Renewable Energy) project is a pioneering project on the windswept
island of Unst, the most northerly island of the UK (PURE Project, no date). PURE is a
demonstration project that shows how wind power and hydrogen technology can be combined to
provide the energy needs for a remote rural industrial estate. It has been developed by the Unst
Partnership Ltd., a community development agency established by the Unst Community Council to
support local economic development and regeneration. This is the first community-owned
renewable energy project of its kind in the world and thus represents an important milestone in
the development of green energy systems. The Unst Partnership, siGEN Ltd., and the Robert
Gordon University, through the UK Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)’s Knowledge Transfer
Partnership scheme, worked together to deliver the hydrogen system. Significant differences
between the PURE project and other hydrogen energy systems deployed around the world are the
scale and the low budget within which it has been developed. PURE has uniquely been developed
with a comparatively small project budget of approximately €475,000 (£350,000). This budget also
includes all the engineering and consultancy works surrounding the project, as well as the
hardware (Hutt and Johnstone, 2005).
National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) and Fuel Cell Energy (FCE) are working
collaboratively to do large-scale expedient testing of an atmospheric Direct FuelCell/Turbine
(DFC/T) hybrid system. The R&D efforts have thus far resulted in significant progress in validating
the DFC/T cycle concept. FCE has completed successful proof-of-concept testing of a DFC/T power
plant based on a 250-kW DFC integrated initially with a Capstone 30 kW and then a 60 kW
modified mictroturbine. The results of the system tests have accumulated over 6,800 hours of
successful operation with an efficiency of 52% (Williams and Marut, 2006).

In 1995, in China, the State Development and Planning Commission (SDPC), the State Economic
and Trade Commission (SETC) and the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) formulated a
“Programme on New and Renewable Energy from 1996-2010” and launched the “Sunlight
Programme”, which will run until 2010 and which covers PV systems. It is designed to upgrade the
country’s manufacturing capability of solar technologies, to establish large-scale PV and PV-hybrid
village demonstration schemes, home PV projects for remote areas and to initiate grid-connected
PV projects. The “Brightness Project”, which was first launched in 1996 is aimed at providing
electricity from solar and wind energy in a number of remote regions (WEC, no date).

The Canadian CANMET Energy Diversification Research Laboratory (CEDRL) addresses the
challenges associated to the technical needs via its PV hybrid Programme (Hybridinfo, 2001). This
five-year initiative, which started in 2001, consists of R&D and technology transfer activities aimed
at improving the performance and cost effectiveness of these systems, and at increasing the
capacity of the solar industry to supply efficient systems.

References

American Wind Energy Association, 2001. Wind Energy Applications Guide. Available at:
http://www.awea.org/pubs/documents/appguideformatWeb.pdf

Dayu, Y., no date. Local Photovoltaic (PV) – Wind Hybrid Systems with Battery Storage or Grid
Connection. Available at:

http://www.jyu.fi/Members/juolma/ue-ohjelma/julkaisut/seminaarit/UEsem20...

European Commission, 2001. Photovoltaic Fuel Cell Hybrid system for electricity and heat
generation for remote sites, Community Research. Available at:
ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/eesd/docs/ev260901_poster_pvfc-sys.pdf

Hutt, J. and Johnstone, M., 2005. Skills for renewable energy in Scotland. Available at:
http://www.ejscotland.info/skillsforrenewableenergyreport.pdf.pdf

Hybridinfo, 2001. The bi-annual newsletter on photovoltaic hybrid systems in Canada, Canmet
Energy Diversification Research Laboratory Photovoltaic Program, Issue 1. Available at:
http://cetc-varennes.nrcan.gc.ca/fichier.php/codectec/En/2001-42/2001-42e.pdf

Ken Tec Denmark, no date. Hybrid Systems, The Concept. Available at: http://www.kentec.dk/?
ID=122
Lysen, E.H., 2000. The International Energy Agency PVPS Programme - PV hybrids and the future,
PV Hybrid Power Systems Conference, Aix-en-Provence, France.

Martinot, E. and Wallace, W., 2003. Case Study: UNDP/GEF Project for Commercialization of
Renewable Energy in China. Available at:
http://www.martinot.info/Cases/China_RE_GEF.pdfNational Energy Technology Laboratory, no
date

Patel, M.R., 1999. Wind and Solar Power Systems: Design, Analyses And Operation.

Phuangpornpitak, N. and Kumar, S., 2007. PV hybrid systems for rural electrification in Thailand.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11, pp. 1530–1543.

Solar Energy Technologies Program, 2006. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, PV in Hybrid
Power Systems, U.S. Department of Energy.

Available at: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/hybrid_systems.html

UNEP, 2003. Switched On - Renewable Energy Opportunities in the Tourism Industry. Available at:
http://www.uneptie.org/pc/tourism/library/energy.htm

US Climate Change Technology Program, 2005. Technology Options for the Near and Long Term.
“Distributed Generation/ Fuel Cells, Technology Descriptions”, August 2005. Available at:
http://www.climatetechnology.gov/library/2005/tech-options/tor2005-fullreport.pdf

WEC, no date. WEC, no date. Energy Information, World Energy Council, China. Available at :
http://www.worldenergy.org/about_wec/

Williams, M.C. and Marut, H.C., 2006. Distributed Generation: Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells, U.S.
Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory.

Main menu - footer

ABOUT CTCN

What we do

How we work

Who we are

Consortium Partners

Knowledge Partners

UNFCCC Collaborations

National Designated Entities

National Designated Entities by country

Advisory Board

Advisory Board meetings

Donors

Monitoring & Evaluation

Founding documents

Mobilizing Partnerships

Design guidelines

About this site

Join us

Open data

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

Our projects

Our implementers

Facts & figures

Submit a request

Adaptation Fund Climate Innovation Accelerator (AFCIA)

Climate Change and Security

NETWORK

Join the Network

Engage with Network

Network members

Gender and Climate Technology Expert Roster

Network facts & figures

Code of conduct

Private Sector Hub

CAPACITY BUILDING

CTCN webinars

Youth Climate Innovation

Incubator Programme

CTCN Secondment programme

CTCN events

Regional forums

COUNTRIES

TECHNOLOGY SECTORS

NEWS & MULTIMEDIA

News

Galleries

Videos

Recorded webinars

CTCN progress reports

CTCN publications

Media contact

CALENDAR

Events

Forums

Webinars

HOME

STAY INFORMED

Email Address

Name

Family Name

Country

More information
Slide 1: Title
Title: Hybrid Technology and Its Impact on the Economy
Subtitle: Revolutionizing Transportation and Beyond
Slide 2: Introduction
Brief Introduction to Hybrid Technology
Definition of Hybrid Technology
Importance of Hybrid Technology in Today's World
Slide 3: Evolution of Hybrid Technology
Early Development
Major Milestones
Current State of Hybrid Technology
Slide 4: Types of Hybrid Vehicles
Series Hybrid
Parallel Hybrid
Plug-In Hybrid
Mild Hybrid
Slide 5: Benefits of Hybrid Technology
Environmental Benefits (Reduced Emissions, Fuel Efficiency)
Economic Benefits (Cost Savings, Energy Security)
Social Benefits (Health, Noise Reduction)
Slide 6: Impact on Automotive Industry
Market Trends
Industry Growth
Competitor Analysis
Slide 7: Impact on Energy Sector
Reduced Dependency on Fossil Fuels
Integration with Renewable Energy Sources
Energy Storage Solutions
Slide 8: Economic Implications
Job Creation
Investment Opportunities
Government Policies and Incentives
Slide 9: Challenges and Limitations
Infrastructure Challenges
Cost Barriers
Technological Limitations
Slide 10: Case Studies
Successful Hybrid Implementation Projects
Economic Impact Analysis
Slide 11: Future Outlook
Emerging Technologies (Hydrogen Fuel Cells, Electric Vehicles)
Market Projections
Policy and Regulatory Landscape
Slide 12: Conclusion
Summary of Key Points
Call to Action
Thank You
Feel free to expand on each slide with more details, data, and visuals
as needed.

A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to move
the vehicle. Normally, such vehicles are powered by a combination of 2 energy
sources: electricity and conventional fuel which mean combine a conventional
ground propulsion system with an on-board rechargeable energy storage system
(RESS) to achieve better fuel economy in automobiles. However, conventional vehicle
like a battery electric vehicle without being hampered by range from a charging unit
uses batteries charged by an external source. The different propulsion power systems
may have common subsystems or components.
The major advantage of hybrid car over electric car is that the battery is recharge not
from an external socket but from the vehicle’s gas-powered generator and from
kinetic energy generated when the brakes are applied. The hybrid vehicle able to
achieve greater fuel efficiency and lower emission than conventional internal
combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) resulting in less emission being generated. So, it
contributes a lot to the environmental concern, as it reduces green house gasses,
carbon emission. Besides, this high-tech low-emission vehicle can get over 60
miles/gallon (mpg), offering significant saving on fuel cost. In short, it is a better
transportation choice for the sustainable development in future.

Type of hybrid vehicle

The electrical machine is designed to handle transient power variations and helps the
engine to operate more constantly such that higher efficiency and lower tailpipe
emissions can achieve. Many type of hybrid system exist in the engineering
conceptual framework. Now many of them applied in the vehicle engine system. The
following listed down few types of hybrid vehicle:

1. Series hybrid vehicles

In a series hybrid vehicle, the internal combustion engine is not directly connected to
the drive train at all; rather it powers an electrical generator instead. The advantage
of this type of hybrid is the flexibility afforded by the lack of a mechanical link
between the internal combustion engine and the wheels. Whilst, weakness of this
system is that it require separate motor and generator portions which can be
combined in some parallel hybrid engines; the combined efficiency of the motor and
generator will be lower than that of a conventional transmission thereby offsetting
the efficiency gains that might otherwise be realized.

2. Parallel Hybrid
In a parallel hybrid the electric motor and the internal combustion engine are
installed so that they can both individually or together power the vehicle (Wikipedia,
2010). They can be sub – classified on the bases of the ratio of contribution to the
motive power of the different component or portion. Most designs combine a large
electrical generator and a motor into one unit often situated between the internal
combustion engine and the transmission replacing both the conventional starter
motor and the alternator (Michael).

3. Hybrid electric-petroleum vehicles

A petroleum-electric hybrid normally uses internal combustion engines (gasoline or
Diesel engines, powered by a variety of fuels) and electric batteries to power electric
motors. Most designs combine a large electrical generator and a motor into one unit
often situated between the internal combustion engine and the transmission
replacing both the conventional starter motor and the alternator. Toyota Prius,
Toyota Camry Hybrid and Honda civic hybrid has this type of engines system.

4. Continuously outboard recharged electric vehicle

(COREV)
This is a system that enables the battery of vehicle to recharge while the user drives.
When the Battery Electric vehicle (BEV) establishes contact with an electrified rail,
plate or overhead wires on the highway via an attached conducting wheel, it will
trigger recharging mechanism. The BEV’s batteries are recharged by this process on
the highway and can then be used normally on other roads until the battery is
discharged.

5. Hybrid fuel (dual mode)

Hybrid fuel vehicle is known as dual mode hybrid system which uses 2 or more
different devices for propulsion, meaning the engine had the ability to use another
fuel source to power the system except the electricity. This system contains not only
1 fuel and electricity but also another 1 or 2 back-up fuel in the system. There are
many types of hybrid fuel used in different vehicle including dual mode bus, flexible-
fuel vehicles, bi-fuel vehicle, modified fuel vehicle and motorized bicycle. The fuel
used in this system range from hydrocarbon chained diesel (petroleum, ethanol,
natural gas, gasoline and biobutanol) to vegetable oil.

6. Fluid power hybrid

Hydraulic and pneumatic hybrid vehicles use an engine to charge a pressure
accumulator to drive the wheels via hydraulic or pneumatic (i.e. compressed air) drive
units. The energy recovery rate is higher and therefore the system is more efficient
than battery charged hybrids, demonstrating a 60% to 70% increase in energy
economy in EPA testing (Bruno, 2006). Under tests done by the EPA, a hydraulic
hybrid Ford Expedition returned 32 miles per US gallon (7.4 L/100 km; 38 mpg-imp)
City, and 22 miles per US gallon (11 L/100 km; 26 mpg-imp) highway. UPS currently
has two trucks in service with this technology. (Alex, L, 2006).

The system has faster and more efficient charge/discharge cycling and is cheaper
than gas-electric hybrids, the accumulator size dictates total energy storage capacity
and requires more space than a battery. (wikipedia, 2009)
Degree of Hybridization
A. Full Hybrid Electric Vehicles
A full hybrid vehicle is the one that can run on just the engine, just the batteries or a
combination of both. The Prius and Escape Hybrids are examples of this because
both cars can be moved forward on battery alone. A large, high – capacity battery
pack is needed for battery – only operation. These vehicles have a split power path
that allows more flexibility in the drive train. To balance the forces from each portion,
the vehicles use a differential – style linkage between the engine and the motor
connected to the head end of the transmission.

B. Assist Hybrid Electric Vehicles

This type of hybrids use the engine for primary power, with a torque – boosting
electric motor connected to the conventional power train. The electric motor is
essentially a very large motor which operates not only when the engine needs to be
turned over, but also when the driver steps throttle pedal and require extra power.
Assist hybrids differ fundamentally from full hybrids in that they cannot run on
electric power alone. However since the amount of power needed is very small, the
size of the battery system is relatively small.

C. Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicles

These are conventional vehicles with oversized starter motors; allowing the engine to
be turned off whenever the car is coasting, braking or stopped, yet restart quickly
and cleanly. Accessories can continue to run on electrical power while the engine is
off, and the motor is used for regenerative braking to recapture energy. The motor is
used to run up the engine to operating speed before injecting any fuel. Many people
do not consider these to be hybrids at all, and they do not achieve the fuel economy
of full hybrid models.

Case study on the Proton EMAS

The first concept car, Proton EMAS, which is planned to be in production line soon
(might be in 2011) makes Proton leading in front of others with the most high tech
compact concept car design. This superb Electric Hybrid Car from Proton which has
been designed by Italdesign and Engine Technology by Lotus and soon will be
produced by Proton, local car manufacturer. The name, Emas, meaning “gold” in
Malay, is the acronym for Eco Mobility Advanced Solutions.

At the eightieth edition of the Geneva International Motor show (4-14 March 2010),
Italdesign Giugiaro is introducing Emas, a family of low environmental impact cars
that is set to revolutionize traditional segmentation in the car market. The design,
created with the Malaysian manufacturer PROTON is based on a plug-in hybrid drive
system designed with Lotus Engineering and was developed with the aim of
optimizing the available on-board space and car access ergonomics. The prototype
of Proton EMAS engine have different configuration that it might be conventional,
hybrid with petrol engine, hybrid with natural gas engine or fully electric.

Problem Statement:
Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles emit carbon dioxide, hydrocarbon, sulphur
oxides, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon through their tailpipes. These gases result
in global warming through green house gas effects and pollution which are harmful
to both environment and lives. By the way, the prices of fossil fuels keep rising from
time to time. There is a growing scientific consensus that increasing levels of
greenhouse gas emissions are changing the earth’s climate. Oil prices continue to sky
rocket while tougher regulations and policies on permitted exhaust gases are being
instituted in major cities of the world. These and some other related issues are
compelling vehicle manufacturers to come up with fuel efficient vehicles. These types
of vehicles are known as hybrid electric vehicles.

Nowadays, the prices of petrol are continuously increased and this non-renewable
energy is in critical level of shortages. The American petroleum institute estimated in
1999, the world will be completely run out of petroleum by 2062 to 2094. So, now
more and more automobile industries are introduced many type of environmental
friendly and petrol efficient car to reduced the usage of petrol and diesel. The
significant of hybrid vehicle are increasingly important to the environmental
sustainability. The trend of owning hybrid vehicle is very popular in western country
since 1800s. However, the awareness of the green house effect to the climate change
is still low among the Malaysian. Therefore, the hybrid vehicles until now still can not
manage to gain attention of public and high market demand in Malaysia.

Hybrid concept car had been introduced many years ago by Toyota Prius in Malaysia.
But due to various factors, might be the expensive prices and technological problems
cause the demand for this type of car is still low. Now, Proton launched a new series
of Proton EMAS that follow hybrid concept. Will it be the next new generation wave
that changes the Malaysian mindset in owning hybrid car? Since, Proton is the
Malaysian owned local car manufacture, the prices of the hybrid car may lower
compare to the Toyota Prius. The import tax and excise tax that applied on the
stakeholder will considerably low compare to the Toyota Prius. So, will it be a better
choice for Malaysian to have an environmental friendly car?
Research question:
1, Is the introduction of the hybrid concept car to Malaysian bring a success.

2. How the hybrid concept in vehicle impact the environment and sustainable
development in future.

2. What are the competitive advantages of the hybrid vehicle that difference from the
other alternative fuels?

Research Objective:
1. To investigate the respondents of society/public to the hybrid vehicle that had
introduced.

2. To survey the effectiveness of the hybrid vehicle to the environmental concern.

3. To find out the way hybrid vehicle function correspondent to the sustainable
development by comparing to other alternative fuels.

Chapter 2: Literature Review

1) Market analysis on Hybrid vehicle
1. Assessing current vehicle performance and simulating the performance of
hydrogen and hybrid cars

Bent Sorensen, Roskilde University, Institute for Nature, Systems and Models; Energy,
Environment and Climate group, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark

This journal basically presented simulation study of the efficiency in transforming the
energy input into transport works. The insight obtained in measure is compare with
the result applying performance of fuel cell, electric vehicles and hybrid between the
two. The author stated that:” Some people are willing to spend more money on an
inefficient car than on the most efficient ones offered in the marketplace, for reasons
of biased advertising and the archaic notion that less efficient cars rank higher as
status symbols.” (Ben Sorensen, 2006). So, it means that the author’s viewpoint is
clear to panelize the market demand on the hybrid vehicle in future.

2.

In the research of heather and Lester, 2002, they compare the 2nd generation of the
1st commercial hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) the Toyota Prius, to the conventional
internal combustion engine (ICE), the Toyota Corolla. They found out that the more
expensive and complicated Prius has lower pollution and CO2 gas emission and
better fuel economy than the Corolla. Besides, the Prius is not cost-effective in
improving fuel economy or lowering emission. For the Prius to be more attractive,
they suggest that the price of gasoline should be lower about 3 times than the
present and the social value of abating tailpipe emission would have to be 14 times
greater than conventional value. So, they concluded that the hybrid will not have
significant sales unless fuel price raise several-ford or regulation mandated.

AGREE

3. Evaluation of electric motor and gasoline engine hybrid car using solar cells

K. Sasaki*, M. Yokota, H. Nagayoshi, K. Kamisako

In this paper, the utility of a hybrid car equipped with a gasoline engine, an electric
motor and solar cells was evaluated. Though the capacities of the electric motor and
batteries are half the size compared with conventional electric vehicles, it was
confirmed that this car is sufficient for practical use. The total electric energy
consumed in a day can be supplied by a 1.6 kW solar array which can be easily set on
the roofs of common houses or parking lots. So, they concluded as such a hybrid car
must contribute to depression of the air pollution in urban areas. (K. Sasaki, 1997)

4. Does the hybrid Toyota Prius lead to rebound effects? Analysis of size and number
of cars previously owned by Swiss Prius buyers Peter de Haan *, Michel G. Mueller,
Anja Peters

Peter D.H et al (2006) in his analysis on the hybrid rebound effect found that the
Toyota Prius 2 is indeed a product that effectively combines fuel efficiency and the
satisfaction of consumer needs, and is successful in replacing daily-use vehicles and
becoming the most used car in a household. Besides, they also confirm that hybrid
vehicles like the Toyota Prius indeed have a positive effect on total CO2 emissions
from road transport, and that rebound effects are not yet in sight. Then, they think
that financial support for the purchase of hybrid vehicles seems to be a possible and
valid environmental policy. Further progress in fuel-efficiency gains using hybrid
powertrains is to be expected also.

2) Hybrid function in lowering emission

1. An Overview of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technology, Michael O. Omoigui

In the article, an overview of hybrid electric vehicle technology, Michael listed down
variety of weakness and benefits of the hybrid vehicle to sustainable future. He also
explained in details how the hybrid functions to lower emission and fuel economy.
The article encapsulates factors that necessitate the development of hybrid electric
vehicles, classifications of hybrid electric vehicles based on the arrangement of the
internal combustion engine and the electric motor for traction. The types of batteries
required and the use of power electronic converters for effective power processing
and utilization in hybrid electric vehicle drive is covered.

2. Solutions reducing green house emission from US transportation David L. Greene,

OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY, Andreas Schafer, MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY

In this book, authors make the comparison between difference types of alternative
fuel in term of reducing green house gases (GHG). The findings clearly showed that
only hydrogen and electricity is a better alternative fuel to replaced fossil fuel in the
next 15 years beyond. Although other alternative fuels could play a transition role, it
is questionable whether the associated high investments and limited GHG emission
reduction potential would justify large-scale shifts to any of these fuels.

3. Environmental Assessment of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Volume 1: Nationwide Greenhouse Gas Emissions, report, July 2007

In the report, the EPRI team aims to examine the greenhouse gas emissions and air
quality impacts of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). The purpose of the
program is to evaluate the nationwide environmental impacts of potentially large
numbers of PHEVs over a time period of 2010 to 2050. The analysis showed the
PHEVs adoption results in significant reduction in the consumption of petroleum
fuels. They stated that in the Medium PHEV case, fuel savings were equivalent to 3.7
million barrels per day by 2050.

4.

Government legislations on hybrid transportation

5. Malaysia Master Tax Guide 2009, 26th ed,, Veerinderjeet, S. & Teoh B.K.

6. Policy instruments for environmental and natural resource management. Thomas

Sterner

Malaysian tax guide information stated that for application received by the ministry
of finance from 30 August 2008 to 31 December 2010, franchise holder of hybrid car
are given 100% exemption of import duty and 50% of exemption of excise duty for
the new completely build-up (CBU) hybrid car subjected to certain criteria and
condition. (Veerinderjeet, S. & Teoh B.K., 2009). In condition, country like United State
tightening standard of emission rate by Clean Air Act. By the way, in 1990, California
Air Resources Board (CARB) adopted a visionary scheme to progressively reduce
emission requirement. This government reinforcement had successfully forced
manufactures to sell vehicle that fulfill environmental criteria. (Thomas S.)

Chapter 3: Methodology
This research will conduct by using secondary sources collection, questionnaires and
direct interviews to public and suppliers.

3.1 Secondary sources collection

The main method of gathering information for this research is by collecting and
analyzing secondary sources. Library searching is one of the ways to look for the
books, journals, articles, media and press released, and so on. Besides, website
(official website of Proton) and online databases (science world, science direct) also
will be use to search for updated data.

Find Out How UKEssays.com Can Help You!

Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you
may have. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee
we have a service perfectly matched to your needs.

View our services

3.2 Questionnaires
Another way to find information for this research will be by surveying on the public
viewpoint on the hybrid vehicle in various terms includes the performance, eco-
friendly characteristics, cost effectiveness, petrol saving and so on. This will be done
by giving questionnaires to the 100 selected people in UM includes students,
lecturers, and staff. Then, the answer will be the quantitative data after analyzed and
computed into figures and data.

3.3 Interview
Interview will be done in 2 alternative ways to gather public opinions on the hybrid
vehicle that had introduced. 1 is done to the selected society/public that play role to
impact the car ownership decision. By interviewing, the factors that influent drivers to
own a car will be found. So, the market demand for the hybrid car and the viewpoint
of the public to the hybrid car will also revise.

Then, another way of interview will be done with the Proton manufacturer, Proton
Holding Sdn Bhd to get 1st hand information on the Proton EMAS car. However, this
can only carry out with approval from the Proton behalf and act as a supportive way
to the other research methods. By comparing both the viewpoints of the supplier
and public may lead to different decision making on choice of car to be own in
future.

Research Limitation
The limitation of the research will be focus mostly on the Malaysian viewpoint about
the new concept car, Proton EMAS.

A lot of problem will be face along the time doing a research. One of the obstacles
for me to do this research is difficulty in finding materials about the hybrid vehicle in
Malaysia. Since the concept are still new and strange to Malaysian society. So, not
much of the information I got regarding this 1st concept car in Malaysia. The way I
do is I try to substrate some news from the press or website.

Moreover, the new Proton EMAS now still in stage of prototype and not yet can be
found in the market in Malaysia. Society are also no much awareness to this type of
car will be launched soon locally. So it is quite problematic to do research on this
topic. Besides, the knowledge of how the vehicles’ hybrid system to function in
reducing emission is rare and unknown for the Malaysian. That is why the question
should be set according to the society common known without using heavy word or
scientific term in questionnaires.

Due to the difficulty in transportation problem, the survey will only conduct in
University of Malaya. The population includes student, lecturers, and staffs which act
as a sample of actual society in Malaysia. However, the result will only show a
population size of around 100 people in UM which may be bias toward the actual
condition.

1. http://green.autoblog.com/2006/06/15/capturing-the-power-of-hydraulics, Bruno
V, 15 June 2006

2. http://www.autoblog.com/2006/06/26/epa-unveils-hydraulic-hybrid-ups-delivery-
truck , Alex, L., 26 June 2006

Colour file location

Red hybrid technology

Purple wikipedia

Yellow toyota vs corolla

Brown hybrid performance

Pink solar hybrid cell