| Conservation of Mass > Mass, like energy, is a conserved property, and it cannot be created or destroyed during a process. > The conservation of mass principle is one of the most fundamental principles in nature. Fora closed system: My, = constant | or dm,,,/dt = 0 CamScanner + Lie &>gauaallContinuity Equation For Open System: Na Mass flow in Control volume —b Eng Youssef Mass flow oul For steady flow there is no increase in the mass within the control volume, so Mass entering per unit time = Mass leaving per unit time. CamScanner + Lie &>gauaall(ws mass “) i (i mass len) _ Continuity Equation the CV during At the CV during At Conservation of mass: Min — Mug = Aticy Steady flow: m= y m out Net change in mass within the CV during A ony M;,, ~ Moy = Th (kg) (kg/s) CamScanner + Lie &>gauaall aia )GaserVatlen af 4ass SS lee CCETTTPIPTPIIW—AIVTITTTHHKHK KLE ee ee @a CamScanner + %guaallMass and Volume Flow Rates Note that: both 6 and d are used to indicate differential quantities i= | oi | » A A V,dA, (kgf) In a general compressible flow m= pVypAe: — (kg/s) CamScanner + Wis &suallThe Average Velocity (V avg) The average value of V, across the entire cross section of the pipe. Average velocity. Vag = L + V,dA, Avy CamScanner + Lie &>gauaallThe volume Flow Rate (Discharge) i| V,dA,= VagA,= VA, — (mls) AExamples Use the continuity principle to determine the velocities in pipes coming from a junction shown in the figure below. If pipe 1 diameter = 50 mm, mean velocity 2 mis, pipe 2 diameter 40 mm takes 30 % of total discharge and pipe 3 diameter 60 mm. What are the values of discharge and mean velocity in each pipe? CamScanner 3 li92 4>g.uaallThe Differential Form of Continuity Equation The differential equation for conservation of mass is: =0) at = ax ay az For steady flow of compressible fluids: iow) or) Hm) —+—— dx dy dz CamScanner + Wis &suallThe Differential Form of Continuity Equation | For steady flow of In-compressible fluids: — iu it a ox dy az CamScanner + Lie &>gauaallExample The velocity components for a certain incompressible, steady flow field are: u=x+ty¥tZ vextyztz w=? Find: Determine the form of the z component, w, required to satisfy the continuity equation. CamScanner 3 li92 4>g.uaallSolution au, av aw _ dx dy az du dv —=)x md —axtz ox d dw sede (xt qe -3x-7z az 8 w= “ia~ 5+ f(x, y) CamScanner 3 li92 4>g.uaall‘The Bernoulli Equations Euler’s Equation > To find the relationship between the fluid energies such as, velocity, presstire, and potential along streamline of ideal flow > Euler’s equation along a streamline is derived by applying Newton’s second law of motion to a fluid element moving along a streamline, CamScanner + lis 4>suallDerivation of the Euler's Equation Newton’s second law — Steady flow along a streamline y F 5 = ma, PdA-(P + dP) dA~ Wsind = ave s m= pV = p dAds W= mg = pg dAds dz “dv —dP dA- pg dAds— = p dAds V — . “ss p ds CamScanner 3 li92 4>g.uaallDerivation of the Euler's Equation dV ~dP dA pg dA ds” = p dds V ds ds Canceling dA from each term and dividing each term by p ds Euler's Equation CamScanner 3 li92 4>g.uaallCamScanner + Lie &>gauaall| Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation dz dV —dP dA- pgdAds= = pdAdsV~ Canceling dA from each term and simplifying, -dP - pg dz= pVdV Noting that VdV= 4 d(V) and dividing each term by p gives T+ 4d V8) + gée=0 dp ov Steady flow. \f + 7 + g2= constant (along a streamline) /p 2 BY Steady, incompressible flow. ; + 7 + gz = constant (along a streamline) CamScanner 3 li92 4>g.uaallLimitations on the Use of the Bernoulli Equation Steady flow Frictionless flow Incompressible flow No heat transfer Flow along a streamline No work done or performed. CamScanner - bi9 a guaallExample Water is flowing from a hose attached to a water main at 400 kPa gage as shown in the figure below. A child places his thumb to cover most of the hose outlet, causing a thin jet of high-speed water to emerge. If the hose is held upward, what is the maximum height that the jet could achieve? CamScanner 3 li92 4>g.uaallae 3 ~yluge tank open to the atmosphere is filled with water to a height of 5 jum the outlet tap as shown in the figure below. A tap near the bottom of tf pk is now opened, and water flows out from the smooth and rounded outle Determine: the water velocity at the outlet. \Solution: ‘The Bernoulli equation simplifies to: 0 0° R7 a4 sue > Solving for Vz and substituting, VY = V2ez, = V2(9.81 m/s?)(5 m) = 9.9 m/s CamScanner 3 li92 4>g.uaallee Water is flowing from a hose attached to a water main at 400 kPa gage as shown in the figure below. A child places his thumb to cover most of the hose outlet, causing a thin jet of high-speed water to emerge: If the hose is held upward, what is the maximum height that the jet could achieve? ® i ‘q | Water jet Solution: Then the Bernoulli equation simplifies to: 0 0 ALM 7 ae Ry _P, - a 1 Pam pe 28 tS pete OE Be pe * 2 Solving for Z and substituting, ago Pi Pam Phas = 400 KPa —_ (1000 in) (1am) PE PZ (1000 kg/m?)(9.81 m/s?) (kPa IN = 40.8 m 103 CamScanner li92 4>s.uaall, pga: is the hydrostatic pressure, which is not pressure in a real sense since its value depends on the reference level selected; it accounts for the elevation effects, i.e., of fluid weight on pressure. The sum of the static, dynamic, and hydrostatic pressures is called the total pressure. Therefore, the Bernoulli equation states that the total pressure along a streamline is constant. The sum of the static and dynamic pressures is called the stagnation pressure, and it is expressed as: Paasg = P+ p (6.11) ‘The stagnation pressure represents the pressure at a point where the fluid is wrought to a complete stop isentropically. The static, dynamic, and stagnation oressures are shows: in (Figure 5.2). When static and stagnation pressures are ucusured at a specified location, the fluid velocity at that location can be ealculated from: (5.12) Dynamic pressure Stagnation pressure. Pag Piezqmneter N pressure, 2 Stagnation, point Pitot tube Figure 5.2: The static, dynamic, and stagnation pressures, 102 CamScanner - l92 4>g.uaallExample A large tank open to the atmosphere is filled with water to a height of 5 m from the outlet tap | sn as shown in the figure below. A tap | near the bottom of the tank is now opened, and water flows out from the smooth and rounded outlet. Determine: the water velocity at the outlet. CamScanner 3 li92 4>g.uaallSolution Solving for V, and substituting, = Voy = V081 mi2(5n)= 89 ns