METHOD OF

PHILOSOPHIZING

Lesson 2 Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person

Instructor: VM Gerona
AGENDA
• DEFINE OPINION AND TRUTH, FACT
• DISTINGUISH OPINION FROM TRUTH
• REALIZE THE METHODS TO ESTABLISH THE
TRUTH
 FACT 1. A generally
OPINION accepted outcome
TRUTH or reasoning
 FACT 2. Is something that
OPINION is indisputable
TRUTH
 3. Can be verified or
FACT proven using
OPINION standard references
TRUTH or scientific
experiments
 FACT 4. speculations and
OPINION interpretations
TRUTH
 5. Can be a
preconceived notions
FACT of reality
OPINION something that has
actual and proven
TRUTH existence scientifically
and/or spiritually
 6. are attitudes or
FACT judgments that can
OPINION be proven wrong if it
contradicts to truth
TRUTH
 FACT
7. It can be shown to be
OPINION true without any doubt
TRUTH
 8. highly influenced by
a person’s feelings,
FACT thoughts, perspective,
OPINION desires, attitude,
experiences,
TRUTH understanding, beliefs,
values,
 1. OPINIONS
• Subjective
• Value Judgment
• Consist of words that express beliefs & feelings
• cannot be tested by concrete evidence but
sometimes can also be proven wrong if it
contradicts to truth
• Not all opinions are of equal value
 2. FACTS
• Objective
• Can be verified with empirical evidences
• Difficult to be disputed
• Descriptive, represent or explain
 identifying statements as
fact-based or opinion-based
FACT SIGNAL WORDS
• The annual report confirms…
• Scientists have recently
discovered…
• According to the results of the
tests…
• The investigation
demonstrated…
OPINION SIGNAL WORDS
•He claimed that…
•It is the officer’s view that…
•The report argues that…
•Many
scientists suspect that…
Facts must be a key basis of opinions,
just as opinions give facts a context.
Both enhance each other.
When they do not, there is a problem.
 3. TRUTH
• the property of being in accord
with fact or reality
• Truth may include fact, but it can
also include belief
 3. TRUTH
• It also must uphold the principle of
non-contradiction. This argues that
what is true cannot contradict what
is already known.
 3. TRUTH
Post-Truth - some members of
society cannot accept being wrong
on a particular issue, even with an
ocean of evidence stacked against
them
 PETA 1 (Group Activity)

1. Using the individual Written task, the

group will have discussion among their
members, sharing their ideas regarding
their individual answers.
2. The group will come up the summative
insights on their individual outputs.
 PETA 1 (Group Activity)
3. The group will present their
Summative insights through power
point/slide during the class:
4. Choose representative on the class
for presentation
 PETA 1 (Group Activity)

Suggested division of tasks:

1-2 Presenter
1-2 Slides Creator
1 editor/proofreader for the content
Rest of the team will summarize the answers
 PETA 1 (Group Activity)
Rubrics:
Content: 15 points
Oral Presentation: 10 points
Visual/Slides: 5 points
Submitted/Presented on time: 2 points
Philosophizing
• a way to reveal the truth and
fulfillment of the purpose of
the various stages of life and
everything associated with it
• a kind of discourse on reality
Philosophizing
• It is a process of determining
the truth or drawing a
conclusion from a given
statement
 1. Socratic Method
• a form of a cooperative
argumentative dialogue between
individuals, based on asking &
answering questions to stimulate
critical thinking & to draw out ideas
& underlying presuppositions
 2. Dialectical Method
• an exchange of propositions
(theses) and counter-propositions
(antitheses) resulting in a synthesis
of the opposing assertions
• involves some sort of contradictory
process between opposing sides
 2. Dialectical Method
• the aim of dialectics, as a process
of dialogue, is the clarification of
controversial notions & arguments
with other people
• personal & shared conceptions
should be considered and corrected
 3. Scientific Method
• a process for experimentation
that is used to explore
observations & answer questions
• use it uses an evidence-based
approach to produce its
conclusion
 3. Scientific Method
• The knowledge & truth gained
from the scientific method are
assured to come directly from
valid conclusions
 4. Historical Method
• the process of gathering pieces
of evidence, examining them &
formulating ideas about the past
to come up with present truths
• Accounts of the past are derived
from historical evidence
 4. Historical Method
• Oral Tradition - consists of stories
that are not written down but
passed on verbally, usually from
an eyewitness to succeeding
generations
 Doing authentication, authorization, and
validation - and doing them well - is not
about providing guarantees about the
series of information, but about improving
the information quality. This means
distinguishing bad information from good,
clarity from obfuscation, mistakes from
lies, and holding human person
accountable for his/her statements.
Any Clarifications?

TBC