INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT CHAPTER 1 GRID STATION 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO PAMPORE GRID SUB STATION (TLMD-IV): The grid substation at pampore was commissioned in the year 1996.The installed capacity of the grid substation was 150 MVA. The grid substation was earlier fed from “201KC”(kishenpur transmission line).the said line 220k.v D//C(double circuit) originated from kishenpur power house Udhampur to pampore grid substation then cheshmashah and pampore grid substation . Presently there are ten 220/132kv auto transformers at TLMSD-4 pampore grid substation:- i ‘Transformer bank first 150 MVA, 220/132kv BHEL make (O.N.A.F) 2. Transformer bank second 150 MVA, 220/132kv BHEL make (O.N.A.F) 3. 4. One reserve auto-transformer 220/132kv of capacity SOMVA BHEL make (O.N.A.F) ‘Transformer bank first 150 MVA, 220/132kv BHEL make (O.N.A.F) 1.2 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM: Fig.1.1 Single Line Diagram of 450MVA, 220KV Grid sub-Station Pampore Kashmir There are eight outdoor 220kv Bays of grid substation:~ DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS GCET-KASHMIRINDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT 1. Transformer bank first Bay 2. 220kv B.R.T.L circuit first bay 3. 220kv B.R.T.L circuit tune Bay 4. Transformer bank second Bay 5. 220k.v Bus coupler 6. Transformer bank third bay 7. 220kv P.R.TLL circuit first Bay 8. 220kv P.R.T.L circuit second Bay, The 132 kv network/switch gear are also outdoor type (S.E.M.E.N.S) make consisting of four incomer transformer, circuit breaker and 2 outgoing feeders namely:~ 1. cheshmashahi 2.Pampore Also, there is a 132kv bus coupler (outdoor type) that can operate bank first, bank second and bank third, bank fourth is an isolation or parallel mode. Beside these 132kv outdoor panels there is a separate 1 [kv auxiliary panel that feeds the auxiliary transformer of rating 1 1kv/0.44kv, 220kva transformer for grid load utilization. 1.3 CONTROL ROOM: Main control of the out-yard equipment is through the panels which is installed in the control room through the control cable connected with each out-yard equipment such as 220 KV transformer bay panels, 220 KV line panels and 132 KV line panels. Separate panels for 220 KV and 132 KV bay are installed in the control room. For every feeder of the transformers, a separate unit is installed. Each unit keeps track of the current, voltage, power and reactive power supplied to that particular feeder. On the backside of the panel various protective relays are installed which keep track of faults, if any. A typical figure of the front panel is shown in the figure. Besides the metering and indicating instruments control for tripping and closing the circuit breakers of that feeder are also provided on the panel. In case of any fault, the arrival of fault is indicated by an alarm and a bulb indication for that particular type of fault. AC distribution and DC distribution are also installed in the control room through AC and DC supply has been applied to all the panels for operations. DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS GCET-KASHMIRINDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT AC voltage applied in the panels and equipment is 220 KV and the DC voltage applied is 110 V. AC Supply is given through auxiliary transformers which are installed/for meeting the requirements of lighting, meeting running fans and pumps. DC supply is given through a battery bank of 55 batteries. Same batteries are used in case of failure of AC supply or sudden requirements of DC supply. Fig 1.2 Control Room DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS GCET-KASHMIRINDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT CHAPTER 2 EQUIPMENTS USED IN GRID SUB-STATION (A) 220 KV main equipment installed in the grid substation for operation purpose are:~ 1, 220 KV circuit Breaker (SF6-spring) 2. 220 KV Current Transforms (800/5A,400/5.,200/5A) 3. 220 KV Isolators 4,220 KV Potential Transformers (220 KV/ 110) 5. 220 KV Lightening Arrestors. (B) 132KV main equipment installed in the Grid Station for operation purpose are: 1. 132 KV Circuit Breaker (SF6-hydrolic) 2. 132 KV Current Transformers 3. 132KV Potential Transformers (132 KV/110V) 4, 132KV Lightening Arrestors TYPE OF COOLING ONAN ONAF Rated Power (KVA) HV 18000 20000 Rated Voltage at No Load (KV) HV-70 87.5 Rated line current (A) HV 174.95 218.69 Reference Ambient Temperature soc Top Oil $0°C cman ‘Winding $0°C 1 Phase SOHZ Frequency 2001 Year of manufacture 2001 ‘Table 2.1 220 KV/132 Transformer bank one/bank three (SOMVA) Specifications 2.1 INCOMING LINES: These lines supply powers to the substations from source of generations or from transmission lines at high voltages. DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS GCET-KASHMIRINDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT 2.2 BUS-BARS AND INSULATORS: 2.2.1 BUS-BARS: When a number of lines operate at the same voltage they have to be directly connected electrically, bus bars are used as the common electrical components. Bus bars are copper or aluminium bars (generally rectangular x — section) and operate at constant voltage. The incoming and outgoing lines in a substation are connected to the bus bars. The outdoor bus bar is either of the rigid type or the strain type. In rigid type pipes are used for bus bars and also for making the connections among the various equipment wherever required. The strain type bus bars are the overhead system of wires string between the two supporting structures and supported by the strain type insulators, ‘There are numerous variations of bus bar arrangements The choice of a particular arrangement depends on various factors, system voltage and position of the substation in the system flexibility, reliability of supply and cost: - Simplicity is the keynote of dependable system. Maintenance should be pos: operating personal. % Alternative arrangements should be available in the event of an outage of any of the apparatus % The installation should be as economical as possible keeping in view the requirements, and continuity of supply. ‘ble without interruption of supply or danger to the 2.2.1.1 SINGLE LINE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT: It consists of single (three phase) bus bars to which the various feeders are connected. In case of fault or maintenance of bus bar the entire bus bar has to be de-energized and total shut down results. The equipment connections are very simple and it is very easy to operate. It is not popular and used for 33KV and above, except where the relative importance of the substation is less or the position of the substation does not justify elaborate schemes. This arrangement is mplest and cheapest. However, it suffers from two major defects: maintenance without interruption of supply is not possible and extension of substation without a shutdown is not possible. 2.2.1.2 DOUBLE BUS-BAR ARRANGEMENT: ‘The double bus arrangement provides facility to change over to either bus to carry out maintenance on the other but provides no facility to carry over breaker maintenance. The main and transfer bus works on other way round. It provides facility for carrying out breaker maintenance but does not permit bus maintenance. Whenever the maintenance is required on any breaker, the circuit is changed over to the transfer bus and controlled through bus coupler breaker. DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS GINDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT Fig 2.1 Double Bus Bar Arrangement ‘The scheme used two identical bus bars so that each load may be fed from either bus. + The load circuits may be divided into two separate groups if needed from the operational considerations. + Either bus bar may be taken out for the maintenance and cleaning of insulators This arrangement has been used quite frequently adopted where the load and continuity of supply justify additional cost, The type of bus used in Janipuris main bus bar (bus 1) & reserve bus bar (bus 2). 2.2.2 INSULATORS: The insulator used in connection with overhead systems employing bar conductors are composed almost invariably of glazed porcelain, although some moulded materials are used for low voltage, and glass material are also used. The insulator serves two purposes. The ‘most usually material for manufacture of insulators is porcelain. The porcelain should be ivory white, sound free, free from defects and thoroughly vitrified so that the glaze is not dependent upon insulation. Thus, through vitrification of the porcelain is of prime importance, since the presence of pores or other ait- spaces will lower the dielectric strength, and it therefore follows that porcelain for electrical purposes must be both thoroughly air- free and impervious to the entrance of gases and liquids. Toughened glass is also sometime used for insulators but its use is limited to about 132KV. The design of the insulator is such that the stress due to contraction and expansion in a pair of insulator does not cause any DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS GCET-KASHMIRINDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT defect. It is desirable not to allow porcelain to come in direct contact with a hard metal screw thread, Normally cement is used between metal and porcelain. Seseet in sav Pin zai stv Pin BAY Post Uphtnng Arestor Sedmm co ‘Bommen Hammco Bommen UR sat Core 11 kV susting __‘2b0mmeD type ‘230mmCDiype —Sommed —LAShell_ Sold core Fig 2.2.2.1 Insulators TYPES OF INSULATORS 2.2.2.1 PIN TYPE INSULATOR: ‘As the name suggests the pin- type insulator is attached to steel bolt or pin, which is secured to a cross arm on the transmission pole. This type of insulator consists of single or multiple shells (petticoats or rain sheds) adopted to be mounted on a spindle of a fixed cross arm of the supporting structures. Multiple shells are provided in order to obtain sufficient length of. leakage path so that the flash over voltage between the power conductors and pin of the insulator is increased. The design of the shells is such that if upper most shell is wet due to rain the lower shells are dry and provided sufficient leakage resistance. The insulator and its pin, or other support, should be sufficiently strong mechanically to withstand the resultant force due to the combined effects of wind pressure and weight of span. The pin type insulators are normally used up to 132KV. It is not desirable to use them beyond SOKV as a cost of such insulators then increase much faster than the voltage. Sot Fig 2.2.2.1 Pin Type Insulator DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS GINDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT 2.2.2.2 SUSPENSION TYPE INSULATOR: For high voltage rating these insulators are used. These insulators consist of one or more insulator units flexibly connected together and adopted to the hung on the cross arm the supporting structure and to carry a power conductor at its lowest extremity. Such composite units are known as string insulators. Each insulator is a single dise shape piece of porcelain grooved on the under surface to increase the leakage path between the metal cap at the top and the metal pin at the bottom of the insulator. Suspension insulators being free to swing, the clearance required between the power conductor and the supporting structures are more ‘as compared to pin type insulators. Each insulator is design for 11KV and hence for any operating voltage a string of insulators can be used. Fig 2.2.2.2.1 Suspension Type Insulator Several important advantages follow from this system : 1) Each insulator is designed for a comparatively low working voltage, usually about 11,000 volts, and the insulation for any required line voltage can be obtained by using a string” of a suitable number of such insulators. 2) In the event of a failure of an insulator, one unit- instead of the whole string- has to be replaced. 3) The mechanical stress is reduced, since the line is suspended flexibly with pin type insulators, the grid nature of the attachment results in fatigue and ultimate brittleness of the wire, due to the alternating nature of the stresses. Also, string is free to swing; there is an equalization of the tensions in the conductors of successive spans. DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS GCET-KASHMIRINDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT 4) In the event of an increase in the operating voltage of the line, this can be met by adding the requisite number of units to each string, instead of replacing all insulators, as would be necessary with pin-type. 2.2.2.3 POST TYPE INSULATOR: Post insulators have metal bolt down base as opposed to threads. Many early multipart lines are spotted with line post insulators as replacements. Post insulators are also used in substations to insulate high voltage switching gear and transformers. There is no hobby numbering system for post insulators yet. Most insulators are used for bus bars. Post insulators consist of porcelain body, cast iron cap and flanged cast iron base. The hole in the cap is the threaded so that the bus bars can be directly connected to cap. o Fig 2.2.2.3.1 Post type insulatorINDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT 2.3 ISOLATING SWITCHES , CIRCUIT BREAKERS AND LIGHTNING ARRESTORS: 2.3.1 ISOLATING SWITCHES: In substation, it is often desired to disconnect part of the system of the general maintenance and repairs. The isolating switch or isolator accomplishes this. It may be defined as a device used to open or close a circuit either when negligible current is interrupted or when no significant change in the voltage across the terminals of each pole of the isolator will result from the operation. An isolator is essentially a knife switch and is designed to open the circuit under no load. In other words, isolators switches are operated only when the lines in which they are connected carry low current, Isolators are not fitted control device and function only for instantaneous changes of switching circuit's arrangements and for providing a visible break in a circuit, so as to make certain operation that can be performed on an isolated section without running a risk. Isolators are handled manually as well as automatically. Fig 2.3.1.1 Isolating switches in pampore 10 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS GCET-KASHMIRINDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT 2.3.2 CIRCUIT BREAKE] A circuit breaker is equipment which can be open or close a circuit under a normal as well as fault condition, It is so desired that it can be operated manually or by remote control under normal condition and automatically under fault condition. For the latter operation a relay is used in the circuit breaker. A circuit breaker essentially consists of fixed and moving, contacts, called electrodes. Under normal operating condition, these contacts remain closed and will not open automatically until and unless the system becomes faulty. The contacts can be opened manually or by remote control whenever desired. When a fault occurs on any part of the system, the trip coils of the circuit breaker get energized and moving contacts are pulled apart by some mechanism, thus opening the circuit. The basic construction of any circuit breaker requires the separation of the contacts by any insulating fluid, which serves two functions: - + Itextinguishes the are drawn between the contacts when the circuit breaker opens. + It provides adequate insulation between the contacts and from cach contact to earth. Many insulating fluids are used for are extinction and the fluid chosen depend upon the rating and type of the circuit breaker. The insulating fluids commonly used are:- * Air at atmospheric pressure * Compressed air * Ultra high vacuum *+ Oil which produces hydrogen for are extinction + Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) In pampore grid substation different types of circuit breakers are used. In 220 KV line SF6 are used and for 132K line and SF6 circuit breaker is used. TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER 2.3.2.1 SULPHUR HEXAFLUORIDE (SF6): In such circuit breaker sulphur hexafluoride gas is used as arc quenching medium, The SF6 is electronegative gas and has a strong tendency to absorb free electrons. The contacts of the breaker are opened in a high-pressure flow of SF6 gas and an arc is struck between them. ‘The conducting free electrons in arc are rapidly captured by the gas to form relatively immobile negative ions. This loss of conduction electrons in the arc quickly builds up enough insulating strength. The SF6 circuit breaker has been found to be very effective for 1 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS GINDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT high power and high voltage services. SF6 has excellent insulating strength because of its affinity for electrons i.e., whenever a free electron collides with the neutral gas molecules to form negative ion, the electron is absorbed by the neutral gas molecules may occur in two ways: SF6 +e > SF6— SF6 +e > SP5-+F ‘The negative ions formed are relatively heavier as compared to free electrons and therefore under a given electric field the ions do not attain sufficient energy to lead cumulative ionization in the gas. S.NO PARAMETER, RATING 1 RATED VOLTAGE 14SKV 2 NORMAL CURRENT 31504, 3 FREQUENCY 50 4 ‘Duration of Short Circuit 3SEC Current TABLE 2.3.2.1.1 SF6 Circuit Breaker Type Fxtl4f WORKING: In closed position of the breaker, the contacts remain surrounded by SF6 gas at a pressure of about 6kg/sq.cm. When the breaker operates, the moving contact is pulled apart and are is structure between the contacts. The movement of the moving contacts is synchronized with the opening of the valve, which permitsSF6 gas at 14kg/sq.cm pressure from the reservoir to the arc interruption chamber. The high-pressure flow of SF6 rapidly absorbs the electrons in the are path to form immobile negative ions, which are ineffective as charge carriers. Thus, ‘medium between the contacts quickly built-up high dielectric strength and cause the extinction of the arc. After the breaker operation, the valve is closed by the action of a set of springs. Fig 2.3.2.1.1 SF6 Circuit Breaker 2 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS GCET-KASHMIRINDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT 2.3.3 LIGHTENING ARRESTER Itis a protective device which conducts the high voltage surges on the power system to the ground, Surge voltages are abnormal voltage that may cause break down of insulation of electrical equipment. These voltages may result from switching disturbance in the electrical installation circuit or from lightning stroke. In pampore grid substation valve type arrester is used. It consists of two assemblies: Series spark gaps and non-linear resistor dises. These both are connected in series under normal conditions; the normal system voltage is insufficient to cause the breakdown of air gap assembly. On the occurrence of over voltage, the breakdown of series spark gap takes place and the surge current is conducted to earth via the non-linear resistor. They provide effective protection. Fig 2.3.3.1 Lightening Arresters in pampore 2.4 BUS COUPLER AND CONTROL CABLES: 2.4.1 BUS COUPLER: Breakers are used as bus couplers. They provide the coupling between the two bus bars of the zone e.g., the provide the coupling between the zone A and B. Whenever there is a fault in the main bus coupler the load of the main bus bars is transferred to second bus bar and. vice versa. 13 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS GCET-KASHMIRINDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT 2.4.2 CONTROL CABLES: The control cables and conduit system are required for affecting automatic controls. For laying these cables generally ducts are run from control room basement to centrally located junction box from where the conduits are run to be required Fig 2.4.2.1 Control cables 2.5 PROTECTIVE RELAYS , EARTHIN AND FUSES: , NEUTRAL GROUNDING 2.5.1 PROTECTIVE RELAYS: It is a device that detects the faults and initiates the operation of the circuit breaker to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system. The relay ensures the safety of the circuit equipment from any damage which might be otherwise caused by the fault. THE TYPES OF RELAYS INSTALLED AT PAMPORE + IDMLT type relay (Directional & non directional) + Primary relays such as Buchholz relay. 2.5.1.1 IDMTL (INVERSE DEFINITE MINIMUM TIME OVER CURRENT RELAY): IDMTL is one in which the operating time approx. inversely proportional to the fault current near pick up value and becomes substantially constant slightly above the pickup value of the relay. This is achieved by using a core of the electromagnet which gets saturated for currents slightly greater than pick up current. It has two types: - (@) Non ~ directional relay (b) Directional relay 14 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC “KASHMIRINDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT (A) NON-DIRECTIONAL (OVER CURRENT OR EARTH LEAKAGE) RELAY: This type of relay will not be able to discriminate when used on transmission lines, whether the fault has been taken place in the section where the relay is located or it has taken place in the adjoining section. Under the condition of high-power factor or leading power factor, the impedance seen by relay is a very low or even negative. (B) DIRECTIONAL (OVER CURRENT OR EARTH FAULT) RELAY: The non-directional relay can operate for fault flow in either direction. In order to achieve operation for the fault flowing in a specific direction, it is necessary to add a directional clement to the non-directional element. Such a relay which responds to fault flow in a particular directional is called a directional relay. 2.5.1.2 BUCHHOL’Z RELAY: Buchholz relay is a gas actuated relay used for protecting oil immersed transformer against all types of internal fault and makes use of the fact that fault decomposes oil thus generating ‘gases. The device relies on the fact that an electrical fault inside the transformer tank is accompanied by generation of gas, and if the fault current is high enough by a surge of oil from the tank to the conservator. Fig 2.5.1.2.1 Buchholz Relay 15 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS GCET-KASHMIRINDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT 2.5.1.3 DISTANCE RELAY: Distance relay or impedance relay are used for the protection of transmission line. The relay uses the voltage from “PT” and current from “CT” and compare the ratio voltage/current = impedance (Z). Whenever the ratio or impedance falls below the pre-determined value “Z” (where Z. is the impedance of transmission line to be protected) The relay sends a feedback signal to circuit breaker associated with the transmission line and the circuit breaker opens its contact thereby isolating faulty transmission lines from the system Pertinent to mention here that the value of “Z” (impedance) of transmission line falls at the time of fault since current increases and voltage decreases during fault and hence ‘Z(impedance) of the line falls below its pre-determined value which is sensed as a fault by the relay. The distance or zone of protection of distance relay is known as “Reach of Relay”, due to error in C.T and P.T installed at grid substations. The reach of distance of distance relay is never kept 100% of Zimpedance) as fault at of 99% of line(say) may be taken as 101% and the relay will not operate, so the zoning of distance relay is kept as under: - 1. zone one 80% of length of transmission or80% of impedance of transmission line and the relay is instantaneous in nature. 2. Zone two 150% of “Z” or 100% length of transmission line + 50% of second adjacent transmission line and with little bit of time delay say 0.2s and is not instantaneous in nature 3. Zone three as back up protection or 100% length of protected transmission line of, impedance “Z” + 100% of next adjacent transmission line — ‘The distance relay used in GSS and numerical type relays (Microprocessor controlled relays) which have high accuracy and also gives the distance of GSS from fault. 2.5.2 EARTHING: Connecting of an electrical equipment or apparatus to the earth with the help of a connecting wire of negligible resistance is known as “earthing” or “grounding”. In an electric installation, if a metallic part of an electric appliance comes in direct contact with a bare or livewire, the neutral being a good conductor of electricity is charged static charge on it will accumulate. Now if any person comes in contact with this charged metal part, he will get a severe shock But if the metallic parts of the equipment or apparatus are earthed, the charge will be given to 27 earths immediately as the metallic part comes in direct contact with a bare or live wire or breakdown occurs. And as the discharge takes place to the earth, the impedance of the path of the current is low, heavy current flows to earth, the instant the current exceeds the limiting value, the protective device (usually a fuse) operates and isolates the appliance or equipment form the supply. Thus, to provide safety to the users as well as for the operating and maintenance personals it is essential to provide ear thing. 16 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS GINDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT 2.5.2.1 SYSTEM EARTHING: It is required to provide low fault impedance to the ground fault currents for proper operation of the protective relays and for meeting the system requirement by effectively earthed system. 2.5.2.2 SAFETY EARTHING: It is required to provide protection to the operating staff working in the yard and substation from any injury during fault condition by keeping the voltage gradient within safe limits. ‘The above two parts have common earth mat from which flat iron risers are taken out to connect all the non-current carrying metal parts of the equipment. At the same time the earth mat conductor rises to voltage, this is equal to the resistance of the earth mat multiplied by ground fault current. This difference of potential results in voltage gradients. 2.5.3 NEUTRAL GROUNDING: In practice, the neutral of a three- phase system is earthed at substation. This is known as neutral earthling or grounding. An earthed neutral system has the following advantages: - a) It provides a better protection against earth faults. b) It ensures nearly constant voltage of healthy phases because neutral point is not shifted. c) This system provides a better reliability of service. d) It is safer for personal and equipment. ¢) It requires lesser maintenance expense as compared to the unearthed neural (isolated) system f) In the system, transient voltages produced are very small g) Ground fault relaying is simple. The earth may be utilized to operate protective relays to isolate the fault, In addition to above, there are following equipment’s in a substation:- A) Fuses Substation Auxiliary Supplies. 7 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS GINDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT 2.5.3 FUSES: Fuse is an essentially a short piece of metal (or a fusible material) inserted in a circuit which melts when a predetermined value of current flows through it and thus breaks the circuits The protective element of the fuse is a fuse-link inserted in series with the circuit being protected. The most generally material used for fuse element is a low melting point material such as tin, lead or zine, Fuses may be low voltage type or high voltage type. Low voltage can be further divided into two classes namely semi-enclosed rewire able fuse and the cartridge type fuse. 2.6 SUBSTATION AUXILIARY SUPPLY In small unattended substations only small amount of power for electric lightening during regular periods of inspection, maintenance and repair is required. In regional substation the electric power is required for the auxiliaries- the lightening circuits, air blast fans of power transformers, battery changing sets, compressor units in case of air blast circuit breakers, ventilating fans of the grid substation buildings etc. In large substation it connect two transformers to the main bars supply of the auxiliaries wide practice to 18 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS GINDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT CHAPTER 3 POWER TRANSFORMERS, A power transformer is used in a substation for step down the voltage. Expect at the power station, all the subsequent substation used step down transformer to gradually reduce the voltage of electrical supply and finally delivered it at the utilization voltage. The modem practice is to use 3 phase transformers in the substation, although 3 single phase banks of transformer can also be used. The use of three phase transformer (instead of 3 phase bank of transformer) permits two advantages. Firstly, only one 3 phase load tap changing mechanism can be used. Secondly its installation is much similar then single-phase transformer. The power transformers are generally installed upon length of rails fixed on concrete slabs having foundation | to 1.5 m deep. Two rating of transformers are installed 220/132/33 KV. 3.1 ACCESSORIES AND AUXILIARIES USED IN TRANSFORMER: + Tank o Radiators 0 Cooling fans, oil pump, oil to water heat exchangers + Bushings o Buchholz Relay/ Oil surge Relay o Temperature Indicator — WTI, OTI. + Oil level Indicators of Pressure Relief device o Marshalling Box/ Control Cubicle + Oil preservation systems: Conservators and Breathers 3.1.1 CONSERVATOR: In conservator with variation of temperature there is corresponding variation in oil volume. To account for this, an expansion vessel called conservator is added to hemp with a connecting pipe to main tank. In smaller transformers this vessel is open to atmosphere through dehydrating breathers in large transformer; an air bag is mounted inside the conservator with inside bag open atmosphere through breathers and outside surface of bag in contact with oil surface. 3.1.2 PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICE/ EXPANSION VENT: ‘Transformer’s tank is a pressure vessel as the inside pressure can group steeply whenever the windings and the surrounding oil is suddenly vaporized. TANKS as such are tested for a pressure with stand capacity of 0.35 kg/cm. To prevent bursting of the tank, these tanks are in addition provided with expansion vents with a thin diaphragm made of Bakelite 34 (Copper/glass at the end. In present day transformer, pressure relief device is replacing expansion vents. These are similar to safety valves on boilers. 3.1.3 TEMPERATURE INDICATORS: ‘The oil temperature is measured by a dial type thermometer. The bulb of the thermometer is mounted in the oil and the dial is mounted outside the tank. However, oil temperature is not 19 DEPARTMENT OF ELI “TRICAL AND ELINDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT a reliable measure of the winding temperature especially under sudden overloads which cause the winding temperature to raise more than the oil temperature, 3.1.4 BUSHINGS: ‘Transformer are connected to HV lines and therefore care is to taken to prevent flash-over from high voltage connections to earthed tank. Connections from cables are made in cable boxes, but overhead connections are to be brought through bushing specially designed for different classes of voltages. 3.1.5 TAP CHANGER: It is very essential to maintain system voltage within prescribed limits for better health of electrical equipment voltage of system can be varied by changing the true ration of transformer. The device tap changer is used for adding or cutting out turns of primary or secondary winding of transformer. It is of basically two types: 1. Off-Cireuit tap changer 2. On-Load tap changer (OLTC) OFF-CIRCUIT TAP CHANGER: ‘The cheapest method of changing turn ratio of transformer is use of off-circuit tap changer It is essential to de-energize the transformer before changing tap, ON - LOAD TAP CHANGE: On-load tap changers are employed to change the turn ratio of the transformer to regulate system voltage while transformer is delivering normal load. With the introduction of onload tap changer, operating efficiency of electrical system has considerably improved 3.1.6 METERING & INDICATING INSTRUMENT! There are several metering & indicating (e.g., ammeter, voltmeter, energy meter etc) installed in a substation to maintain watch over the circuit quantities. The instrument transformer is invariably used with them for satisfactory operation. 3.1.7 POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM: Whenever some breakdown occurs in the transmission network at any place, the message to rectify the fault must be sent to all substations. Quickness is the first priority. The ordinary 20 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS GCET-KASHMIRINDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT telephone network cannot be used as it already overloads and remains engaged. Therefore, the same power lines, which carry energy, are used for this purpose. The signal is modulated by HE carrier and is send as radio waves through the power lines. This system is known as power line carrier communication system. 3.3 TRANSFORMER COOLING: ‘Transformer is a static device that converts energy at one level to another voltage level. During this process of energy transfer, losses occur in the windings and core of the transformer. These losses appeared as heat. This heat is dissipated to the surroundings. The coolants used in the transformers are: - @ Air * OL ‘The transformers using air as coolant are called dry type transformers while transformers using oil as coolant are known as oil immersed transformers. In dry type transformers the heat generated is conducted across the core and windings to be dissipated from the outer surface of the windings to the surrounding air through convection. In case of oil immersed transformers, the heat produced inside the core and the windings are connected across them to their surfaces. The heat is transferred from oil to the walls of the tank through convection, Finally, the heat is transferred from the tank walls of the surrounding air by radiation and convection, 3.3.1 METHOD OF COOLING: The cooling methods used for dry type transformers are + Air Natural (AN): ‘The natural circulation of surrounding air is utilized to carry the heat generated by natural convection. + Air Blast (AB): Air blast is employed in order to keep the temperature rise within the limits. The forced air circulation improves the heat dissipation, The cooling method used for oil- immersed transformers are: - + Oil Natural (ON): The cooling by air is not so effective and proves insufficient for transformers of medium sizes, Oil coolant has two advantages: Itis better conductor of heat then ait It has high coefficient of volume expansion with temperature. 21 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS GINDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT + Oil natural air forced (ONAF): In this method the oil circulating under natural head transformer sends heat to the tank walls, ‘The transformer tank is made hollow and air is blown through the hollow space to 40 cool the transformer. The heat is removed from the inner tank walls can be increased to five or six times that dissipated by natural means. + Oil natural water forced (ONWF): In this method copper cooling coils are mounted on the transformers core but below the surface of the oil. Water is circulated through the cooling coils to cool the transformer. In large transformer the natural circulation of oil is insufficient for cooling the transformer and forced circulation is employed. Oil is circulated by a motor driven pump from the top of a tank to an external cooling plant (heat exchanger) where the oil cooled. The cold oil enters the transformer at the bottom of the tank. The methods of cooling oil in the heat transformers by forced circulation of oil areas classified accordingly as: - * Oil forced air natural (OFAN): In this method oil is circulated to the transformer with the help of a pump and cooled in heat exchanger by natural circulation of air. This method is not commonly used. + Oil forced air forced (OFAF): The oil is cooled by external heat exchangers using air blast produced by fans. The arrangement results in higher efficiency for the system + Oil forced water forced (OF WF): The heated oil is cooled in a water heat exchanger. In this method the pressure of oi higher than that of water and therefore leakage occurs in from oil to water. is kept 2 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS GINDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT CHAPTER 4 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER The lines I substation operate at high voltage and carry current of 1000 of amperes. The measuring instruments and protective devices are designed for low voltages (for generally 110 volts) and currents (about 5 A). Therefore, they not work satisfactory if mounted directly on the lines this difficulty is overcomes by installing instrument transformers on the power lines. ‘The function of his instrument transformers is to transfer voltage or current in the power lines to values which are convenient for the operation of measuring instrument and relays. There are two types of instrument transformers viz. 4.1 CURRENT TRANSFORMER: C.T is essemtially a transformer which steps down current to a known ratio. The primary winding of this transformer consists of one or more turns of thick wire connected in series with the line. The secondary consists of large number of turns of fine wire and provides for the measuring instruments & relays a current which is a constant fraction of the current in the line. Suppose current transformer rated at 100/5 A is connected in the line to measure current in primary the current in primary the current in the line 100 A, then secondary of C.T will be SA. Similarly, if current in the line is 50 A, then secondary of C. T will have current of 2.3 A. Thus C.T under consideration will step down the line current by a factor of 20, Fig. 4.1 Current ‘Transformer 4.2 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER: Itis essentially a step-down transformer & step downs the voltage to known ratio. The primary of this transformer consists of large number of turns of fine wire connected across the line instrument relays a voltage a known fraction of the line voltage. Suppose a potential transformer rated at 132/ 110V is connected to a power line. If line voltage is 132kV, then the voltage across secondary will be 110 kV. 23 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS GINDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION Transmission and distribution stations exist at various scales throughout a power system. In ‘general, they represent an interface between different levels or s ct mns of the power system, with the capability to switch or reconfigure the connections among various transmission and distribution ies. The major stations include a control room from which operations are coordinated. Smaller distribution substations follow the same principle of receiving power at higher voltage on one side and sending out a number of distribution feeders at lower voltage on the other, but they serve a more limited local area and are generally unstaffed. The central component of the substation is the transformer, as it provides the effective in enface between the high- and low-voltage parts of the system, Other crucial components are circuit breakers and switches. Breakers serve as protective devices that open automatically in the event of a fault, that is, when a protective relay indicates excessive current due to some abnormal condition. Switches are control devices that can be opened or closed deliberately to establish or break a connection. An important difference between circuit breakers and switches is that breakers are designed to interrupt abnormally high currents (as they occur only in those very situations for which circuit protection is needed), whereas regular switches are designed to be operable under normal currents. Breakers are placed on both the high- and low-voltage side of transformers. Finally, substations may also include capacitor banks to provide voltage support, 24 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS GINDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT REFERENCES [1] Principles of Power Systems by V.K. Mehtha [2] Electrical Power Systems by C.L. Wadhwa [3] Power System Engineering by ML. Soni DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS GCET-KASHMIR