1
Title 1 CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL
SECURITY AND THE LAW
OF NATIONS
■ ADHERENCE TO THE ENEMY - a citizen
Art. 114 TREASON
Any person who, owing allegiance to (the
Philippine), not being a foreigner, levies war
against them or adheres to their enemies,
giving them aid or comfort within the
Philippine Islands or elsewhere, shall be
punished by reclusion temporal to death
and shall pay a fine not to exceed P20, 000.
No person shall be convicted of treason
unless on the testimony of 2 witnesses at
least to the same overt acts or on
confession of the accused in open court.
Likewise, an alien, residing in the
Philippines Islands, who commits acts of
treason as defined in par. 1 of this article
shall be punished by prision mayor to death
and shall pay a fine not to exceed P20, 000.
Elements:
1. The offender owes allegiance to the
Government of the Philippines;
2. There is a war in which the Philippines is
involved;
3. The offender either:
a. Levies war against the Government; or
b. Adheres to the enemies, giving them aid
or comfort.
TREASON is a breach of allegiance, which
is the obligation of fidelity and obedience
one owes to the government or sovereign
under which he lives, in return for the
protection he receives.
ALLEGIANCE – the obligation of fidelity and
obedience which the individual owes to the
government under which he lives or to his
sovereign, in return for the protection he
receives. Hence an alien residing in the
Philippines may be prosecuted for acts of
treason due to the temporary allegiance he
owes to the Philippine government.
PERSONS LIABLE FOR TREASON
1. Filipino citizens - owe permanent
allegiance to the government.
2. Resident aliens - owe temporary
allegiance to the government.
TWO MODES OF COMMITTING
TREASON
1. BY LEVYING WAR - actual assemblage
of persons for the purpose of executing a
treasonable design.
2. BY ADHERING TO THE ENEMY,
GIVING HIM AID AND COMFORT
intellectuality or emotionally favors the
enemy and harbors sympathies or
convictions disloyal to his country's policy or
interest.
AID OR COMFORT - an act which
strengthens or tends to strengthen the
enemy of the government in the conduct of
war against the government or of the
country to resist or to attack the enemies of
the government or of the country.
When the alleged treasonous acts consist
only of giving aid and comfort, the law
requires that it must be coupled with
adherence. In other words, the mere giving
of aid and comfort WITHOUT
ADHERENCE is not treason.
On the other hand, if the manner of
committing treason by engaging the forces
of the government in combat, there is no
need to show that the offenders are doing
so out of adherence to the enemy.
If the aid or support given to the enemy is
one which does not strengthen the enemy in
the conduct of war, there must be
independent evidence of adherence,
otherwise, the accused is entitled to
acquittal.
Basically, the mental condition cannot bring
about the offense not until the offender has
started committing an overt act
EVIDENCE NEEDED FOR CONVICTION
IN TREASON
1. Testimony of at least 2 witnesses to the
same overt act;
2. Confession of guilt by the accused in
open court.
TWO-WITNESS RULE
Under Art. 114 of the RPC, no person shall
be convicted of treason except upon the
testimony of at least 2 witnesses by the
same overt act or upon his confession in
open court. The 2-witness rule refers to that
portion of the provision which requires
testimonies of 2 witnesses at least on the
same overt act.
Example:
Supposedly during the World War, A had
cooperated with the Enemy soldiers and A
was seen by it in the company of such
soldiers burning a certain barrio. A is again

seen by C in the company of the same
enemy soldiers burning again another
barrio. Under these sets of facts, if B and C
would testify of what they have respectively
witnessed, may A be convicted of treason?
Answer:
No, it is not only the number of witnesses or
the substance but at least 2 witnesses
should testify on the same overt act,
commission of the same treasonous act at
the same place and at almost the same
time. It is not enough that there be
witnesses. It is necessary that the 2
witnesses have testified to the same overt
act.
"OVERT ACT" - we mean acts committed in
different places at times far remote from
each other, you will need 2 witnesses to
each of those places before a conviction
may be done. So, even if there several
witnesses testifying on the treasonous acts,
one witness to 2 treasonous act and the
other to another treasonous acts, if the acts
testified to are not committed in the same
place and at the same time, the 2-witnesses
rule is not complied with.
The accused himself is entitled to freedom.
EXCEPTION: When the accused himself
pleads guilty to the accusation of treason.
NOTE: The confession of guilt mentioned in
this rule is not a confession of guilt in the
ordinary sense of the word.
The confession referred to here is a plea of
guilty in open court.
So, if a person accused of treason has
previously executed a confession before the
interrogating officer, but upon being
arraigned in court, pleads not guilty, he
cannot be convicted simply because he had
that confession.
But the confession is admissible in
evidence. Only, it is not sufficient as a basis
for conviction. Extra judicial confessions are
admissible but they are not enough to
sustain conviction.
TREASON DISTINGUISHED FROM
REBELLION:
1. An act of levying war to help the enemy is
treason otherwise it would be rebellion.
2. In treason, the purpose is to deliver the
government to the enemy or to pave the
way for the coming of the enemy while in
rebellion, the purpose is to substitute the
government with their own.
2
IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER
REGARDING TREASON:
1. Treason is committed only in time of war.
It cannot be committed in time of peace.
Treasonable acts may actually be during
peacetime, but there are no traitors until war
has started. [LAUREL VS. MISA, 77 PHIL
856]
2. No matter how many acts of treason are
committed by the offender, he will be liable
for one crime of treason only.
There is no complex crime of treason with
murder. Murder is an integral element of the
crime of treason which correspond to the
giving of aid and comfort to the enemy. The
offender will be liable for treason only.
4. In the imposition of the penalty the course
may disregard the attending mitigating and
aggravating circumstances. It may consider
only the number, nature and gravity of the
treasonous acts proven.
The imposition of the penalty, although
indivisible, may rest largely on the exercise
of judicial discretion.
5. Treachery, abuse of superior strength and
evident premeditation are inherent in
treason if there are killings.
ART. 115- CONSPIRACY AND PROPOSAL
TO COMMIT TREASON
Conspiracy to commit treason – committed
when in time of war, two or more persons
come to an agreement to levy war against
the Government or to adhere to the
enemies and to give them aid or comfort,
and decide to commit it (Arts. 8 and 114)
Proposal to commit treason – committed
when in time of war a person has decided to
levy war against the Government or to
adhere to the enemies and to give them aid
or comfort, proposes its execution to some
other person or persons (Arts. 8 and 114)
- As a general rule, conspiracy and proposal
to commit a felony is not punishable
(Article 8), Art 115 is an exception as it
specifically penalizes conspiracy and
proposal to commit treason.
- The two-witness rule does NOT apply
because this is a separate and distinct
offense.
- These felonies are absorbed if treason is
actually committed.

Elements of Conspiracy to Commit Treason:
1. There is a war in which the Philippines is
involved;
2. Two or more persons come to an
agreement to levy war against the
government or to adhere to the enemies
and to give them aid or comfort.
3. He proposes its execution to some other
person or persons.
NOTE: If actual acts of treason are
committed after the conspiracy or after the
proposal is accepted, the crime committed
will be treason. The conspiracy or proposal
is considered as a means in the commission
thereof.
POINTS TO CONSIDER:
The co-conspirators or those persons
involved in the proposal will be criminally
liable to that extent only as long as none
among them has committed treasonous
acts.
If any of the conspirators or persons
participating in the proposal have already
done a treasonous act even though
unknown to the others, the crime of all of
them will be treason and not merely
conspiracy or proposal.
NOTE: Bear in mind that in conspiracy,
there must be an agreement with
concurrence of decision; a mere agreement
without decision is not conspiracy. So also,
a mere proposal without acceptance, it is
not a criminal proposal.
There must always be the CONCURRENCE
of these 2 elements. One without the other
is not punishable, even if it refers to treason.
ART. 116-MISPRISION OF TREASON
Committed by every person owing
allegiance to the government of the
Philippines and not being a foreigner, and
having knowledge of any conspiracy against
it, conceals or does not disclose and make
known the same, to the governor or fiscal of
the province where he resides.
Elements:
1. Offender must owe allegiance to the
Government of the Philippines;
2. Offender is not a foreigner;
3
3. He has knowledge of a conspiracy to
commit treason against the said
government;
4. He conceals or fails to disclose the same
to the authorities of the province or city in
which he resides.
For this crime to be committed
-there must be a conspiracy to commit
treason. Misprision of treason arises when a
person who knew of such conspiracy does
not report the same as soon as possible.
For this crime to be committed
-there must be a conspiracy to commit
treason. Misprision of treason arises when a
person who knew of such conspiracy does
not report the same as soon as possible.
Even though the offender has reported the
conspiracy to the government, if by the time
the report was made, the conspirators were
already able to commit overt acts of
treason, then the party knowing the
conspiracy is nevertheless liable for
misprision of treason because the report
was not made as soon as possible.
Misprision of treason is a felony by
omission. The offender has knowledge of
conspiracy to commit treason but he failed
to report it to the authorities AS SOON AS
POSSIBLE.
NOTE: It is not enough that the report be
made. What is required is that it must be
reported as soon as possible, because if the
report is delayed, this might ripen to an act
of treason.
The idea here is to make it obligatory on the
part of all citizens of the Philippines to report
to the government as soon as possible any
conspiracy to commit treason and that is
known to them so that the government may
quell the treason before it can ripen.
Where the conspiracy has already ripened
to an act of treason, the obligation to report
does not exist anymore because that means
that the government knows that there is
treason going on.
NOTE: The obligation to report does not
cover aliens even if they are permanent
residents of the Philippines. This crime can
only be committed by citizens of the
Philippines, unlike treason, which may be
committed by aliens as long as they are
permanent residents of the Philippines.

ART. 117- ESPIONAGE
Without authority shall enter a warship, fort,
or naval or military reservation to obtain any
information, plans, photograph, or other
data of a confidential nature relative to the
defense of the Philippines There are 2
modes of committing espionage under the
RPC.
Elements of the first mode:
1. Offender, without any authority enters a
warship, naval or military establishment or
reservation, and
2. He obtains information, plans,
photographs or other data of a confidential
nature relative to the defense of the
Philippines.
NOTE: The purpose of the offender in
entering must be to get hold of such
materials.
If that is not the purpose, the crime
committed is trespass to government
property. Mere entering here will bring about
a consummated espionage as long as the
criminal intent of the offender is to get hold
of those materials which are vital to the
defense of the Philippines.
Elements of the second mode:
1. Offender is a public officer;
2. He has in his possession articles, data or
information referred to in the first mode of
committing this crime; and
3. He discloses their contents to a
representative of a foreign nation.
NOTE: Where the offender is not a
custodian, the crime committed is infidelity
in the custody of public records, and it has
nothing to do with national defense of the
Philippines, the offender becomes liable
only for infidelity in the custody of public
records.
ESPIONAGE TREASON
There is no need There must be war.
for war going on
Committed in more Committed in 2
than 2 ways. ways only.
4
Generally May be committed
committed by an by,citizens or
alien. resident aliens.
ART. 118- INCITING TO WAR OR GIVING
MOTIVES FOR REPRISALS
Committed by any person who, by unlawful
or unauthorized acts, provokes or gives
occasion for a war involving or liable to
involve the Philippines, or exposes the
Filipinos to reprisals on their persons or
property.
Elements:
1. Offender commits unlawful or
unauthorized acts;
2. Said acts provide or give occasion for war
involving or liable to involve the Philippines
or expose Filipino citizens to reprisals on
their persons or property.
This is committed by any public officer or
employee who, by unlawful or unauthorized
acts provokes or gives occasion for a war or
liable to involve the Philippines or exposes
Filipino citizens to reprisals on their persons
or property. There is no need for war going
on. This may be committed in time of war or
time of peace.
ART. 119- VIOLATION OF NEUTRALITY
Committed by any person who on the
occasion of a war in which the Philippines is
not involved, violates any regulation issued
by competent authority for the purpose of
enforcing neutrality
Elements:
1. There is war in which the Philippines is
not involved;
2. Competent authorities have issued
regulations to enforce neutrality; and
3. The offender violates any of said
regulations.
Neutrality, defined- a nation which does not
take part in the contest of arms (war) among
other nations is practicing neutrality.
There must be a war going on, but the
Philippines is not a part of the war. It cannot
be committed as a crime if the government

has not promulgated rules and regulations
for the observance of neutrality. It is the
violation of such rules that brings about the
crime of violation of neutrality.
ART. 120- CORRESPONDENCE WITH
HOSTILE COUNTRY
Committed by any person who in time of
war, shall have correspondence with an
enemy country or territory occupied by
enemy troops.
Elements:
1. There is war in which the Philippines is
involved;
2. The offender shall have correspondence
with an enemy country or territory occupied
by enemy troops; and
3. Said correspondence is:
a) prohibited by the government;
b) the offender shall have correspondence
with an enemy country or territory occupied
by enemy troops;
c) notice or information to be given thereby
which might be useful to the enemy or
intended by the offender to aid the enemy.
This presupposes that there is a war going
on and the Philippines is a party to that war.
Under this article, the mere sending or
carrying on of correspondence from one
who is in the enemy country or who is in the
territory occupied by enemy troops is a
crime under the circumstances specified in
the article.
The implication is that when a person writes
to another in any enemy country and he
makes use of ciphers and conventional
signs he is hiding something and that is
maybe one which is vital to the defense of
the Philippines, so the mere sending of that
under those conditions makes it a crime.
ART. 121- FLIGHT TO ENEMY COUNTRY
Committed by any person who owes
allegiance to the Government, attempts to
flee or go to an enemy country when
prohibited by competent authority.
Elements:
1. Existence of war in which the Philippines
is involved;
5
2. Offender owes allegiance to the
Philippines; and
3. He attempts to flee to the enemy country,
which is prohibited by the government.
This crime can be committed only in times
of war where the Philippines is a party. Mere
attempt to flee to the side of the enemy will
already consummate this crime.
The law presupposes that in time of war, a
person in the Philippines would try to go to
the enemy line, that person must have
something for the enemy to the prejudice of
the Philippines and its forces.
ATTEMPT TO FLEE TO ENEMY
COUNTRY - This is committed when a
citizen of the Philippines or one owing
allegiance to the Philippine government
shall attempt to go to an enemy country.
ART. 122- Piracy in general and mutiny on
the high seas or in Philippine waters
Piracy is committed by any person who, on
the high seas shall attack or seize a vessel
or, not being a member of its complement
nor a passenger, shall seize the whole or
part of the cargo of said vessel, its
equipment, or personal belongings of its
complement or passengers.
Piracy is robbery or forcible depredation on
the high seas without lawful authority and
done with animo furandi and in the spirit and
intention of universal hostility.
Piracy is regarded not as a crime of any
particular country but a crime against the
whole world so that whenever the offenders
may go
ART. 122- Piracy in general and mutiny on
the high seas or in Philippine waters
Piracy is committed by any person who, on
the high seas shall attack or seize a vessel
or, not being a member of its complement
nor a passenger, shall seize the whole or
part of the cargo of said vessel, its
equipment, or personal belongings of its
complement or passengers.
Piracy is robbery or forcible depredation on
the high seas without lawful authority and
done with animo furandi and in the spirit and
intention of universal hostility.
Piracy is regarded not as a crime of any
particular country but a crime against the
whole world so that whenever the offenders
may go to one country they can be
prosecuted there.
 6

REASON: The law they violated is not the
law of a particular country but the law of the
family of nations.
3 KINDS OF PIRACY
1. Piracy in the high seas punished in the
RPC;
2. Piracy in the Philippine waters punished
in PD 532; and
3. Air piracy punished in RA 6235.
ELEMENTS OF PIRACY
1. A vessel is on the high seas or in
Philippine waters;
2. The offenders are not members of its
complement or passengers of the vessel;
3. The offenders either: a. attack or seize
that vessel or b. seize the whole or part of
the cargo of said vessel, its equipment or
personal belongings of its complement or
passengers
ROBBERY ON THE HIGH SEAS
- Offender is a member of the complement
or a passenger of the vessel and there is
violence against or intimidation of persons
or force upon things in taking the property in
the vessel.
PIRACY - the offender is an outsider.
NOTE: In both robbery on the high seas and
piracy, there is
1. Intent to gain; and
2. Manner of committing the crime is the
same.
MUTINY ON THE HIGH SEAS is the
unlawful resistance to a superior officer or
the raising of commotions and disturbances
on board a ship against the authority of its
commander. It may be committed by
members of the crew and passengers of the
vessel.
NOTE: Mutiny must be committed on the
high seas. When committed on board a
vessel within the waters of the Philippine,
the killing is punished as murder.

PIRACY IN THE HIGH SEAS UNDER THE

REVISED PENAL CODE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PIRACY AND
1. By attacking or seizing a vessel on the MUTINY:
high seas;
2. By seizing the whole or part of the cargo
PIRACY MUTINY
or equipment of the vessel while on the high
seas or the personal belongings of its The persons who The persons who
complement or passengers, the offenders attack or seize the attack or seize the
not being of the complement or passengers. vessel on the high vessel on the high
OFFENDERS OF PIRACY IN THE HIGH seas are strangers seas are members
SEAS (RPC) to said vessel. of the crew
passengers to said
- Strangers to the vessel
vessel.
- They are not passengers or members of
the crew. There is an intent to There is usually no
For the purposes of determining whether gain. intent to gain as the
one is a stranger to the vessel or not - you offenders may only
only have to determine whether one is intend to ignore the
strip's officers or to
lawfully admitted to the vessel. If he is
commit plunder.
lawfully admitted to the vessel, other than a
complement thereof, then he is a
passenger. But if he boards the vessel
without being lawfully admitted thereto, then PIRACY IN THE PHILIPPINE WATERS
he is a stranger and therefore liable for (P.D. 532)
piracy. If any of the acts described in Art. 122
"HIGH SEAS" refer to the body of water and 123 are committed in Philippine waters,
outside of the territorial waters of the the same shall be considered as piracy
Philippines, even if such is within the under
territorial waters of a foreign country. PD 532.
- Refers to that body of water beyond the Any attack upon or seizure of any vessel,
three-mile limit of our jurisdiction. At this or the taking away of the whole or part
point therefore, it can be easily understood thereof or its cargo, equipment, or the
that piracy under the RPC begins where personal belongings of its complement or
piracy under PD 532 ends. passengers, irrespective of the value

thereof, by means of violence against or
intimidation of persons or force upon things,
committed by any person, including a
passenger or member of the complement of
said vessel in Philippine waters, shall be
considered as piracy.
In this kind of piracy, the offender may be
any person. He may be a stranger to the
vessel, a passenger or member of the crew
of the vessel.
2 WAYS OF COMMITTING PIRACY IN
PHILIPPINE WATERS:
(1) By seizing or attacking a vessel while in
the Philippine waters with intent to gain by
means of violence or intimidation;
(2) By taking away the belongings of a
member of a crew or passenger
Example:
If in the course of the voyage of an
inter-island vessel, a passenger at the point
of a knife divested another passenger of his
valuables, the former will be liable for piracy
in Philippine waters, not for robbery.
Q: What will be the crime committed if on
the occasion of piracy in Philippine waters,
only a person was killed by the pirates?
- Crime will be piracy in Philippine waters
only.
"PHILIPPINE WATERS" refers to all bodies
of water around, between and connecting
each of the islands of the Philippine
Archipelago, irrespective of its breadth,
depth, length, dimension, and all other
waters belonging to the Philippines by
historic or legal title, including territorial sea,
sea-bed, insular shelves, and other
submarine areas over which the Philippines
has sovereignty or jurisdiction.
"VESSEL" - any vessel or watercraft for
transport of passengers and cargo from one
place to another through Philippine waters.
Includes all kinds and types of vessels or
boats used in fishing.
ANY PERSON WHO AIDS OR PROTECTS
PIRATES OR ABETS THE COMMISSION
OF PIRACY SHALL BE CONSIDERED AS
AN ACCOMPLICE
Example:
1. Giving pirates information about the
movement of police or other peace officers
of the government;
2. Acquires or receives property taken by
such pirates or in any manner derives any
benefit therefrom;
7
3. Directly or indirectly abets the
commission of piracy.
Under the decree, when these acts are
committed the crime is ABETTING PIRACY.
These persons who participate by any of the
acts mentioned above will be charged not
for the crime of piracy but for a crime of
abetting piracy under PD 532.
On the other hand, if the piracy falls under
the RPC because it was committed in the
high seas, persons who participated in the
loot of the piracy or who harbor or conceal
or help the pirates escape will be
accessories to the crime of piracy. The
crime committed by them is not abetting
piracy but piracy itself.
So, under PD 532, the offender is a
principal to the crime of abetting piracy
although the nature of the act of
participation is that of an accessory only
and the penalty imposed under the same
decree is only that of an accomplice.
PRESUMPTION: - any person who does
any of the acts provided in this section has
performed them KNOWINGLY, unless the
contrary is proven.
DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN PIRACY
UNDER PD 532 AND RPC
1. Under the PRC, piracy can only be
committed in the high seas - meaning to say
beyond the three mile limit of our territorial
waters, whereas under the decree piracy
can only be committed within Philippine
waters.
2. Under the RPC, piracy is committed by
attacking or seizing the vessel or of any of
the cargo of personal belongings of the
passengers or complements of the vessel.
NOTE: An attack or seizure of the vessel
presupposes the employment of force but it
may be such degree of force that does not
amount to robbery. Under the decree, piracy
is committed not only by an attack or
seizure of the vessel or cargo or personal
belongings of the passengers or members
of its complement through the use of
violence and intimidation.
3. Piracy under RPC is committed by
attacking or seizing a vessel, or by seizing
the whole or part of its cargo, its equipment
or personal belongings of its complement or
passengers, while such modes under PD
532 are accomplished by means of violence

against or intimidation of persons or force
upon things.
NOTE: Under the RPC, use of force upon
things does not bring about piracy unless it
is an attack or seizure of the vessel or of the
passenger and their belongings or of the
complement of the vessel.
To make the difference between piracy
under the RPC and piracy under the decree
easier to understand, take note of the
following:
NOTE: The essence of piracy under the
decree is not alone the seizure or attack of
the vessel but robbery committed on board
a vessel while this is in Philippine waters.
The crime of robbery under TITLE 10 is
different from the crime of theft although
both crimes involve the taking of property.
So, if the taking of the cargo or personal
belongings of the passengers or
complements of the vessel amounts only to
theft, PD 532 will not apply. Without the use
of violence or intimidation of persons or
without the use of force upon things as this
is understood under Art. 299 of the RPC,
the decree will not apply unless there is a
seizure of the vessel or an attack upon the
vessel.
Therefore, the taking must be with
violence and intimidation or with the use of
force upon things. If these are absent on the
taking, the crime is only theft.
R.A. 6235 ACT TO PROHIBIT CERTAIN
ACTS INIMICAL TO CIVIL AVIATION
Although RA 6235 is commonly referred to
as the hijacking law, strictly the acts
punished if this law are not purely of
hijacking.
When we say hijacking, we generally
associate the idea with that of compelling
the plane to land in a place other than its
scheduled destination. This, however, is not
the only meaning of hijacking.
Hijacking generally refers to the taking of
goods in transit through force.
TWO KINDS OF AIRCRAFT MAY BE
INVOLVED HERE:
1. Domestic
2. International
PROHIBITED ACTS:
IF AIRCRAFT IS OF PHILIPPINE
REGISTRY
8
(1.) To compel a change in the course or
destination of an aircraft of Philippine
registry, while in flight; or
(2.) To seize or usurp the control thereof,
while it is in-flight.
(3.) To compel an aircraft of foreign registry
to land in Philippine territory; or
(4.) To seize or usurp the control thereof
while it is within
Philippine territory.
AIRCRAFT IS IN FLIGHT
An aircraft is "IN FLIGHT" from the moment
all its external
doors are closed following embarkation until
any of such doors are opened for
disembarkation.
Under the law, air piracy regarding an
international plane is committed if the
offender compelled the plane to fly in
Philippine territory, seized or usurped it. If
the seizure or usurpation of an international
plane, what is essential is that the plane
must be in Philippine territory.
NOTE: PROHIBITION IS ABSOLUTE
a. IF OFFENDER IS A JURIDICAL
PERSON - the penalty shall be imposed
upon the manager, representative, director,
agent or employee who violated, or caused,
directed, cooperated or participated in the
violation thereof;
b. IF VIOLATION IS COMMITTED IN THE
INTEREST OF A FOREIGN
CORPORATION LEGALLY DOING
BUSINESS IN THE PHILIPPINES - penalty
shall be imposed upon its resident agent,
manager, representative or director
responsible for such violation and in
addition thereto, the license of said
corporation to do business in the Philippines
shall be revoked.
(1.) Section 4 - The shipping, loading or
carrying of any substance or material in any
cargo aircraft operating as a public utility
within the Philippines shall be not in
accordance with the regulations issued by
the Civil Aeronautics Adm.
NOTE: PROHIBITION IS NOT ABSOLUTE
For any death or injury to persons or
damage to property resulting from a
violation of Sects. 3 and 4, the person
responsible therefore may be held liable in
accordance with the applicable provision of
the RPC.
- Injury / damage -- not absorbed in that
crime.
 9

- Offenders may be prosecuted under the

RPC as well.

NOTE: Aircraft companies which operate as

public utilities or operators of aircraft which
are or hire are authorized to open and
investigate suspicious packages and
cargoes in the presence of the owner or
shipper, or his authorized representatives, if
present.

PURPOSE: To help the authorities in the

enforcement of the
provisions of this Act.
If the owner, shipper or his representative
refuses to have the same opened and
inspected, the airline or air-carrier is
authorized to refuse the loading thereof.

ART. 123- QUALIFIED PIRACY

Piracy is qualified if any of the following
circumstances is present, to wit:
1. Whenever the offenders have seized the
vessel by boarding or firing upon the same;
or
2. Whenever the pirates have abandoned
their victims without means of saving
themselves; or
3. Whenever the crime is accompanied by
murder, homicide, physical injuries, or rape.
(SPECIAL COMPLEX CRIME)