Cellular level of organization

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 CELL
• A cell is the basic, living, structural and functional unit of
living organisms.
• There are about 200 different types of cells in our body.
• All cells produced by the process of cell division.
• Cell biology is the study of cellular structure and function.
• Structure of the cell is intimately related to its function.

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 PARTS OF A CELL
1. Plasma membrane
2. Cytoplasm
a) Cytosol
b) Organelles
3) Nucleus

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 The plasma membrane
• Structure:
• The membrane is composed of proteins and lipids
(phospholipids).
• It bind together by non covalent forces
• The phospholipid molecules have head which is electrically
charged and hydrophilic in nature. A tail which has no charge
and hydrophobic in nature.
• In this layer the sugar molecule is embedded in between
them.

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 Functions

• Protection
• Barrier
• Shape of the cell
• Cell junction
• Cell movement
• Selective permeability
• Impulse transmission

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 Cytoplasm
• The cytoplasm has two components
a) Cytosol:
• It is the fluid portion of cytoplasm that contains water (75-90 %), ions,
amino acids, proteins, lipids, ATP and waste products.
b) Organelles:
1. Ribosomes
2. Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth & rough)
3. Golgi complex
4. Mitochondria
5. Nucleus
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 Ribosomes
• These are tiny granules composed of RNA & protein.
• They synthesize protein from amino acids using RNA.
• When this is present in free units in the cytoplasm, the ribosomes
make proteins for use within the cell.
• Ribosomes are also found on the outer surface of the nuclear envelope
and rough endoplasmic reticulum where they manufacture proteins for
export from the cell.

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 Endoplasmic Reticulum
• It is the series of interconnecting membranous canals in the cytoplasm.
There are 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum
1. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum:
• Here is lack of ribosomes
2. Rough endoplasmic reticulum:
• This is studded with ribosomes that synthesize proteins.

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 Golgi apparatus
• It consist of stack of closely folded flattened membranous sac.
• It present in all cells but is larger in those cells that synthesize and
export proteins.
• The proteins move from ER to golgi apparatus where they are
‘packaged’ into membrane bound vesical called secretory granules.
• The vesicles are stored and when needed more to plasma membrane,
through which the proteins are exported.

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 Nucleus
• Every cell in the body has nucleus, with exception of mature RBC.
• Skeletal muscle and some other cell contain several nuclei.
• It is the larger organelle of the cell and is contained within the nuclear
envelope.
• The nucleus contains body’s genetic
material which directs all metabolic
activities of the cell.
• This consist of 46 chromosomes,
which are made from DNA.

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 Mitochondria

• This is also called ‘Power House’ of

cell.
• They are involved in the aerobic
respiration. The process by which
chemical energy is made available in
the cell.
• This energy is in the form of ATP
which release energy when the cell
break it down.
• Synthesis of ATP is most efficient in
the final stage of aerobic respiration.
A process requiring oxygen. 11 https://www.nursingsathi.com
THANK YOU

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