€ © LEVEL 4 SEMESTER 2 / © NCM 121 DISASTER NURSING Share vy © Document Style Philippine Disaster Risk @ wesse vy Profile @ Upload Tag * Philippine Disaster Risk Profile * Natural Hazards Likely to Affect the Country (Features, Tendency) * is prone to almost all types of natural hazards because of its geographical location v and geotectonic setting v . * situated along the highly-seismic Pacific Ring of Fire v ; this is the area where the Philippine Sea v_and Eurasian Tectonic Plates ~ meet and is prone to occurrences of earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions. * there are 300 v volcanoes in the country and 22 v are active. * Pacific Ring of Fire Pee und * Active Faula- * Seismicity* The country is also located along the Pacific Typhoon Belt v . This explains the occurrences of different weather disturbances such as typhoons ¥ . The Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) ¥ reports that every year an average of twenty (20) v tropical cyclones enter the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) and five (5) v_of which shall be most destructive. * Tropical cyclones ¥ and its sequential effects of rain and windstorms _¥_, a8 well as floods are the most prevalent types of hydro- meteorological hazards © in the country. * Pacific Typhoon Belt * Philippines as Exporter of Typhoons « Tracks of Tropical Cyclones in the Western North Pacific v Period from 1948 v to 2010. * Natural Hazards / * Storm Surges * Floods * Earthquakes* Typhoons * Tsunamis Voleanic eruptions Landslides * Drought * Human - Induced Hazards * Fire * Aircraft crash * Maritime accidents * Land accidents * Motorcycle « no 1 killer * Industrial accidents (building collapse, hardware accidents) * Pollution * Armed conflict * Civil disturbance (riots, NPA, MILF, marawi) © Terrorism * Effects of Disasters 1 * Communities displaced Human toll: dead, injured and missing * Hampered delivery of services * Infrastructure damages * Lost sources of livelihoods * Environmental damages * Economic losses * World Risk Index Report 2017 * 9th < in 2009 © 6th < in 2010 © 3rd € in 2011 - 2013© 2nd € in 2014 © 3rd © in 2015 - 2016 © 3rd € in 2017 * Distribution of Active Faults and Trenches in Region VI* Recent Major Disasters: * Typhoon Hagupit » , locally known as Typhoon Ruby ~ entered the Philippines on 4 December 2014 at 4:00AM ~ with maximum winds of 175kph ~ and gustiness of 210kph ~ and is moving West_ Northwest ¥ at 25kph v . Typhoon Hagupit vis being compared to last year's Super Typhoon Yolanda ¥ that also enters PAR on the last quarter of the year. * A total of 944,249 families or 4,149,484 persons were affected in Regions Ilv , IV-A¥,IV-By, Vv, Viv, Viv, ViIlY,, CARAGA ¥ and NCR . There were 18 v fatalities and 916 v injured persons and damaged 290,670 houses. Furthermore, it damaged infrastructure and agriculture amounting to Php 5,090,265,462.00.* Typhoon Yolanda < because of —, the PAGASA had the realization that the strength of typhoons can go beyond the country's existing threshold. * PAGASA's Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale . Category Sustained winds “ 48-63 knots Severe Tropical Storm 80-117 km/h 48-63 knots Severe Tropical Storm 89-117 km/h€ Category Sustained winds 48-63 knots Si Tropical Stor oe noe FM 80417 kmih 48-63 knots Severe Tropical Storm 89-117 km/h€ Category Sustained winds 48-63 knots Severe Tropical SAM oe tiziean€ Category Sustained winds 48-63 knots Si Tropical Stor oe noe FM 80417 kmih 48-63 knots Severe Tropical Storm 89-117 km/h. Category Sustained winds © 48-63 knots 89-117 km/h Category Sustained winds 48-63 knots 89-117 km/h * Philippines also has to contend with the irreversible impacts of climate change ¥ that is characterized by the increasing global temperatures ¥ Severe Tropical Storm Severe Tropical Storm * Schematic Presentation showing Climate ChangeSome sunlight that hits the var a reflected. Environmental factors such as denuded forests aggravate flood risks. The pace of deforestation since the 1930s v accelerated in the 1950s _¥_ and 1960s ¥ , before falling slightly in the 1980s . Even now, the effects of loose soil» and reduced forest cover v from past forestry activities v are felt in frequent landslides and floods Recent events show that the annual monsoon ~ season in the country has brought severe flooding in most areas. Based on the data from the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) ~ , between 1990 » and 2006 ~ , annual direct damages caused by disasters amount to PhP20-B v per year.* Recent Major Disasters * Super Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) on 6 November 2013 v_ and made landfall on (1) Guiuan, Eastern Samar v , (2) Tolosa, Leyte v ; (3) Daanbantayan, Cebu v ; (4) Bantayan Island, Cebu ~ ; (5) Conception, lloilo ¥ * Most violent typhoons in the Philippines since 2018 * Nor > September 22-28, 2022. * Mufa > September 6-16, 2022. * Hinnamnor > August 28 to September 6, 2022 * Rai > December 13-21, 2021 * Chanthu > September 6-18, 2021 * Surigae > April 13-25, 2021 * Vamco > November 8-16, 2020 * Goni > October 25 to November 6, 2020 * Earthquake in Central Visayas - An earthquake of tectonic origin with 7.2¥ magnitude occurred in Region Vilv_on 15 Oct 2013 v at about 8:12AM ~_with an epicenter at Sagbayan, Bohol v_and recorded 3,198 ¥ aftershocks and 94 of which were felt. It causes 222 v fatalities, 976 v_ were injured, and 8 v_were missing. * Typhoon Mufa v , known in the Philippines as Typhoon Inday , was, a powerful tropical cyclone that affected East China ~ , Taiwan v , and the Ryukyu Islands v_in mid-September 2022 v .* Philippine Disaster Management * The Philippines composed of more than 7,100 v island. Geographical and physical v characteristic expose the country to hazards and disasters, but does not necessarily make it a disaster prone country ¥ . * Philippines * Climate Change* The Philippines is already being affected by climate change, to the extent it was considered the country fourth v most affected by climate change in he word over the past two decade v . The country is particularly susceptible to being a affected by climate change events v , including sea level rise v , increased frequency of weather temperatures v , and heavy rainfall v . * Hazards * The Philippines has primarily experienced the following natural hazards in the past four decades (1970-2020) v : storm v (55%), flood v (25%), earthquake ~ (5%), landslide v (5%), and volcano '~_(4%). In addition to these, which are summarized below, other disasters the country deals with include epidemic v , drought , mass movement v , and wildfire v . * Country Risks * At least 60% » of the Philippine's total land area is exposed to multiple hazards, and 74% v_of the population is susceptible to. her impact. Approximately 85.2% v_of the sources of the country's production have been reported to be susceptible to disasters, and 50.3% ~ of the total land area is considered to be economically at © Threats in the Philippines* Emerging Global Concerns v * Terrorism * Global Warming * Threats * Red Tide Outbreak * From 1983 to 2001 v , a total of 42 v toxic outbreaks have resulted in a total of 2,107 v paralytic shellfish poisoning cases with 117 v deaths * In Manila Bay v , during the 1992 Pyrodinium red-fide outbreak v , around 38,500 v fisherfolks were displaced from their livelihood. Estimated economic losses for displaced fisherfolks was Php 3.4 billion v_(in 2002 v prices) * Rizal Day Bombing < Also referred to as the December 30 bombings, were a series of bombings that occurred around Metro Manila. * Five locations were bombed almost simultaneously within the span of an hour. * 22~ fatalities were reported and around a hundred v_ more suffered non-PhilSports Stadium Stampede (Wowowee stampede or ULTRA stampede) < a stampede that occurred at the PhilSports Stadium in Pasig City on February 4, 2006. * Itkilled 78 »_ people and injured about 400 ~ . The sinking of MT Solar | v_at Luzaran Point, Guimaras Island v last August 11, 2006 ~ has resulted in the spillage of 200,000 » liters of industrial fuel oil, the largest oil spill in the country affecting 3 ¥_ provinces and 38 municipalities with 3,357 v families or 16,785 Y persons affected population. * Typhoon "Milenyo" (Kangsane) v which occurred on Sept. 28, 2006 affecting 9 v regions in Luzon v and Visayas v ; 184 v dead; 536 ~ injured; 47 v missing; affected population 826,725 families or 4,032,479 persons; 98,741 families or 493,705 persons were displaced; with more than P 6,428,238,269.12 cost of damage; P 66,375,543.50 cost of assistance provided. Sinking of MV Princess of the Stars © The ferry sent a distress signal at midday »_ on June 21, 2008 v when its engines allegedly stalled in rough seas near Sibuyan Island ¥ . Surveillance team confirmed that the ship has a hole in the hull * 52 survived the tragedy and 312 v bodies were recovered of 825 passengers listed. The rest were declared missing and presumed dead. * Cargoes of 5 toxic pesticides v and other poisonous substances _Y_ were retrieved 3 months v after the incident * Typhoon Ondoy (Ketsana) < Most devastating typhoon in the 2009 _» Pacific typhoon season with a damage of $1.09 billion and 747 ¥ fatalities. * The damage to property was estimated to be P6 billion v , including P4.1 billion »_in damage to infrastructure, P1.9 billion in damage to schools, and P882.525 ¥_ million in damage to agriculture. * 710 ~ direct fatalities and 37 v_ missing persons were reported. * Philippines Disaster Statistics (1980 - 2010)* No. of events > 363 * No. of people killed > 39,956 * Average killed per year > 1063 * No. of people affected > 116,212,416 * Average affected per year > 3,748,788 * Economic damage (USD x 1000) > 7,417145 * Economic damage per year (USD x 1000) > 239,263 * OCHA Philippines 2020 Significant Events Snapshot * The year started with the sudden eruption of Taal volcano v in Batangas ¥ province on 12 January ¥ , which caused heavy ashfall in neighboring provinces, including Metro Manila v . The eruption displaced more than 500,000 v_people living mostly within the 14- kilometre danger zone v * In March ~ , the COVID-19 pandemic ~ hit the Philippines and a three-month total lockdown ¥_was implemented from March to June © followed by several modifications of the community quarantines * In August v , a 6.6- v magnitude earthquake struck the province of Masbate ¥ in the Bicol Region v . Twenty tropical cyclones also entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility with 12 v making landfall. From October to November v , 9 v_ consecutive tropical cyclones hit the Philippines that caused floods and landslides in almost the same regions exacerbated by southwest monsoon rains and La Nina» event. * Typhoon Molave (Quinta), Super Typhoon Goni (Rolly) and Typhoon Varco (Ulyssess) « were the three most destructive typhoons in 2020, which caused widespread damage in Region 5 v_and severe floodings in Region 2 and Metro Manila v . * COVID-19 pandemic < has made it even more difficult for people affected by natural disasters to bounce pack and recover.PHILIPPINES situation Report ®@ ‘VISUAL (15 Jan 2021) 2020 Significant Events Snapshot PHILIPPINES 2020 Significant Events Snapshot Ocha Rw vocstoseueron Awsurecscumane aw sas 847K = Me 65K a % 5061 ‘a 13K sear Sem 4 3.3M io AB 52M ito i A 12M sm, A 15m Re 8 core. nraene Sp ATA oP A4B.2K ee RE 92K = ‘Snapshot of significant events in 2020 that used mejor aisplacements Downonde Tab 2020 * Disaster Planning * Definition of Terms * Emergencies < Involve the immediate response to the effects of the event, the immediate community provides assistance or aid because outside sources of aid have not yet arrived or the needs can be satisfied by the immediate community.* Mass casually event < A situation with a number of casualties that significantly overwhelms available emergency medical services, facilities, and resources. * Impact stage < A time when the disaster event has occurred and the community experiences the immediate effects; the community is rapidly assessed for damage, types and extent of injuries suffered, and immediate needs. + Impairment < Loss of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. * Mitigation < An action taken to prevent or reduce the harmful effects of a disaster on human health or property; involves future oriented activities to prevent subsequent disasters or to minimize their effects. * Recovery stage « Restoration, reconstitution, and mitigation take place; rebuilding, replacing lost or damaged property, and returning to school and work, when life returns to some semblance of “normal.” * Response stage < Immediate actions taken to address the needs of those involved in an accident or deliberate act. * SIX DOMAINS OF PREPAREDNESS * Public Health Emergency Preparedness Program < works to advance six main areas of preparedness so state and local public health systems are better prepared for emergencies that impact the public's health. * Community Resilience « Preparing for and recovering from emergencies * Incident Management < Coordinating an effective response * Information Management < Making sure people have information to take action; office under PIO * Countermeasures and Mitigation < Getting medicines and supplies where they are needed * Surge Management < Expanding medical ser events es to handle large* Biosurveillance < investigating and identifying health threats * Methods for Data Collection for Disaster Planning * Hazard Identification and Mapping ¢ Used to determine which events are most likely to affect a community and to make decisions about whom or what to protect as the basis of establishing measures for prevention mitigation and response. © Hazard Identification and Mapping < Historical data and data from other sources are collected to identify previous and potential hazards. Data are then mapped using aerial_ photography v , satellite imagery v , remote sensing v , and geographic information systems v * Vulnerability Analysis < determine who is most likely to be affected, the property most likely to be damaged or destroyed, and the capacity of the community to deal with the effects of the disaster. © Vulnerability Analysis < Data are collected regarding the susceptibility of individuals, property, and the environment to potential hazards in order to develop prevention strategies. * Aseparate vulnerability analysis should be conducted for each identified hazard. * Risk Assessment < uses the results of the hazard identification and vulnerability analysis to determine the probability of a specified outcome from a given hazard that affects a community with known vulnerabilities and coping mechanisms (risk equals hazard times vulnerability). * The probability may be presented as a numerical range ¥ (i.e., 30% to 40% probability) or in relative terms ¥_(i.e., low, moderate, or high risk). * Major objectives of risk assessment include * determining a community's risk of adverse health effects » due to a specified disaster (ie., traumatic deaths and injuries _ following an earthquake)© identifying the major hazards facing the community and their sources ¥ (i.e, earthquakes v , floods v , industrial accidents ») * identifying those sections of the community most likely to be affected v_by a particular hazard (i.e. individuals living in or near flood plains v ) * determining existing measures and resources that reduce the impact v of a given hazard (i.e. building codes and regulations '~_for earthquake mitigation v ) * determining areas that require strengthening to prevent or mitigate the effects of the hazard * Why Nurses Need to Be Prepared * nurses have experienced many types of war in their own communities. * This brings the realization that all nurses, not just emergency department (ED) ~ or military nurses v , need to be trained in disaster competencies v . * Nurses, as the largest group of committed health personnel, often working in difficult situations with limited resources ¥ , play vital roles when disasters strike v , serving as first responders , triage officers ¥ and care providers v , coordinators of care and services v ; Providers of information or education ¥ , and counselors (International Council of Nurses, 2019, p. 3) * The ICN (2019) Core Competencies in Disaster Nursing, Version 2.0 includes eight domains J * preparedness and planning * recovery * incident management systems * communication safety and security * assessment © intervention* law and ethics * Ihe Cyclical Sequence of Disaster Management © Pre-disaster Planning/Mitigation J © disaster plans create or revised (integrate lesson learned) * educate community * assessment of likely hazards * actions taken to decrease risk to life and property © Pre-disaster planning/Pre-impact * educate community © pre-staging or mobilization of rescue-equipment and personnel * evacuation orders if indicated * Impact and Response (?) + * Disaster plan activated * emergency response, search and rescue * seeking shelter, turning off gas valve during earthquake © Instruct and educate community * Recovery, Reconstruction, and Mitigation (2) ¥ © recovery (restore communication, transportation, rebuilding) * evaluation of disaster response, actions and inactions (2) © activities to prevent emergency or reduce damaging effects of disaster * document lesson learned * Stages of Disaster Management * Predisaster Planning/Mitigation < much assessment and planning © Predisaster Planning/Mitigation < conduct hazard vulnerability analysis * Predisaster Planning/Mitigation < The information will be use to plan, prepare, and implement mitigation activities to prevent or reduce the harmful effects on human life or property.Predisaster Planning/Mitigation < For example, buildings may be reinforced, highway overpasses may be rebuilt, and communication backup systems may be placed *pre-disaster phase ¢ prepare for probable and possible disasters and public health emergencies. Preparedness activities < plans and preparations to help response and rescue operations through collaborative efforts among disaster management agencies and organizations, ultimately to save lives. Predisaster Planning/Mitigation < inclusion of community members and representatives Predisaster Planning/Mitigation « Educating the public in disaster readiness Pre-disaster and Pre-impact < time when a disaster is imminent but has not yet occurred. Pre-disaster and Pre-impact « Its considered the warning or threat stage. Pre-disaster and Pre-impact ¢ Communities are warned of the impending disaster when there is time to predict the time of impact, pre-staging or mobilization of rescue equipment and personnel are activated, and persons are evacuated if appropriate. Pre-disaster and Pre-impact « Shelters are opened and manned, and emergency supply kits are taken with citizens as they seek safer locations. Pre-disaster and Pre-impact Citizens are given instructions whether to shelter in place or evacuate to safer areas or shelters Impact and Response < The community is experiencing the effects of the event Impact and Response < Citizens go to the aid of those who need assistance, and agencies outside of the affected area are deployed to assist in search and recovery efforts. Impact and Response < Response efforts are started by the local agencies until outside assistance can arrive.* Impact and Response « Emergency work is often done during the continued impact of the disaster, depending on the scope and degree of damage incurred. * Impact and Response « Many agencies often set up instruction and recovery aid centers in shelters or prominent areas of the community to assist citizens toward recovery * Recovery, Reconstruction, and Mitigation < is the stage in which disaster survivors seek to find a new kind of normalcy. * Recovery, Reconstruction, and Mitigation ¢ include securing financial assistance (home repair and replacement of essential items) * Recovery, Reconstruction, and Mitigation « However, some survivors are forced lo relocate, as their primary residence may be in an area that is deemed uninhabitable after the disaster event. * Recovery, Reconstruction, and Mitigation < As expected, the toll on human life and the psyche can be devastating * Recovery, Reconstruction, and Mitigation < Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common among rescue personnel v , health care providers v , and disaster survivors v * Recovery, Reconstruction, and Mitigation < Debriefings or psychiatric or mental health sessions * Recovery, Reconstruction, and Mitigation « Evaluation and lessons learned from the disaster or public health emergency that just occurred will inform disaster management personnel and planners of what to modify in their disaster preparedness plans. * Levels of Disaster Response * Level < Local emergency response personnel and organizations can contain and effectively manage the disaster and its aftermath * Level Il < Regional efforts and aid from surrounding communities are sufficient to manage effects of the disaster * Level Ill < Local and regional assets are overwhelmed; statewide assistance is required* Considerations related to levels of disaster * Level l « response team should be competent in basic emergency preparedness * Level | < adequate surge capacity to respond to routine emergencies (power outages, weather events, etc.) * Level ll ¢ assure adequate linkages with other organizations and agencies in the surrounding community * Level Il < local support and assets should readily procured * Level Ill < assure adequate linkages between local and national-level organizations * Level Ill < knows the communication chain of command for the national-level linkages * Prevention Levels in Disaster Management * Primary Prevention < means keeping the crisis from occurring * Secondary Prevention « focuses on reducing the intensity and duration of the crisis during the crisis itself * Tertiary Prevention < involves the reduction of the amount and degree of disability, injury, and damage following a crisis * Disaster Management CycleDisaster Management © Principles of Disaster Management © Prevent the disaster * Minimize casualties * Prevent further casualties Rescue the victims First aid Evacuate* Medical care * Reconstruction