Narrative perspective Looking ahead to something which happens after the time period in the text.

Setting The person telling the story (first person/third person/omniscient narrator).

Chronological When the writer brings something specific to the reader’s attention at
the beginning of a text.

Non-Chronological The text mentions something from the beginning at the end.

Shifts in focus A story told in the order in which it happens.

Zoom in Feeling/atmosphere of text. This can change from positive to negative and
vice versa.

Zoom out Focusing in on a detail.

Tone Looking at something which happened in the past.

Dialogue Zooming out from a detail to a wider view (eg. Panoramic).

Analepsis (flashback) Where the narrative is set.

Prolepsis (looking forward) Mixed time order,

Cyclical structure Speech. This can allow us to learn more about the characters who speak.
Foregrounding A change from one scene to another. Something different the writer draws
the reader’s attention to.