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EL 7007 Introducción al

Procesamiento Digital de Imágenes

Claudio A. Perez
Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad de Chile
Conceptos Básicos

Procesamiento Digital de Imágenes:

¿Que es visión ?

Definición
Imágenes Digitales
1 11 1 10 5 9

S3()
S2()
S1()

440 540 570  [n m]


(amarillo
(azul) (Verde rojo)
000 00 Amarillo)

100
Definición de Imagen:

* cualquier función bidimensional 2-D o 3D


* luminancia, absorción R-X, perfil de T,
impedancia eléctrica, etc.
* gran cantidad de aplicaciones
Elementos básicos para
el proc. de imágenes

• Señales en función del


espacio

• Muestreo espacial

• Representación de la
muestra

• Señales 2D
f(x,y) = cos(10px)*1

Fourier Transform

F(u,v) = 1/2 [d(u+5,0) + d(u-5,0)]


Real [F(u,v)] Imaginary [F(u,v)]
-50 v
Real [F(u,v)] 0.5
v

v
0 u 0 u
y

50
-50 0 50 -0.5
x
Retina
Cornea
Eyelens

Lentes en el ojo:
• Cornea
• Lente o cristalino
• Poder óptico de cornea 2/3
Normal vision

Far sightedness

Near sightedness
Casa

α
+


+ ☺

+ ☺☺
Pinhole camera model

• Pinhole model:
– Captures pencil of rays – all rays through a single point
– The point is called Center of Projection (COP)
– The image is formed on the Image Plane
– Effective focal length f is distance from COP to Image Plane
Copyright Pearson Education Inc. 2012
Aperture controls Depth of Field

• Changing the aperture size affects depth of field


– A smaller aperture increases the range in which the object is
approximately in focus
– But small aperture reduces amount of light – need to increase
exposure
• Look at the geometry of the figure.
Triangles OPQ and OP’Q’ are similar
triangles, so:
y y y s
=−  =−
s s  y s
• Also, AOF2 and Q’P’F2 are similar,
so:
y y y s − f
=−  =−
f s − f y f
• Equating and rearranging, we have:

1 1 1
+ = object-image relationship for thin lens
s s f
and
y' s'
m= =− magnification for thin lens
y s

Copyright Pearson Education Inc. 2012


Iris:
• Equivalente al diafragma de la cámara
• Controla cantidad de luz que entra al ojo (rango intensidades10^13)
• Aperturas equivalentes a f/2-f/8 (factor de 20). (Cámaras convencionales f/2.8-f/22)
Light

← Nerve cells

← Photoreceptors

← Choroid
Lettvin y Maturana:

Lettvin, J. T., Maturana, H. R., McCulloch, W. S., Pitts, W. H. What the frog's eyes
tells the frog's brain? Proc. of the I. R. E. 47 (11): 1940- 1951, 1959.
Lettvin y Maturana:

Lettvin, J. T., Maturana, H. R., McCulloch, W. S., Pitts, W. H. What the frog's eyes
tells the frog's brain? Proc. of the I. R. E. 47 (11): 1940- 1951, 1959.
Nobel Prize 1981:
David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel
Receptive Fields

- +
+ -
• Convolución 2-D

y (n1 , n2 ) = x(n1 , n2 )  h(n1 , n2 ) =  x(k1 , k 2 )h(n1 − k1 , n2 − k 2 )


k1 k2

𝑥 𝑛1 , 𝑛2 𝑦 𝑛1 , 𝑛2
ℎ 𝑛1 , 𝑛2
y (n1 , n2 ) = x(n1 , n2 )  h(n1 , n2 ) =  x(k1 , k 2 )h(n1 − k1 , n2 − k 2 )
k1 k2

n2 x(n1,n2) n2 h(n1,n2)

2 2

1 1 1 1
1 4 1
0 2 5 3 0 1 -1
0 1 2 3 n1 0 1 2 3 n1

h (-k1,-k2)
h (1-k1,-k2)
k2 k2
2 2
1 1
-2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
1 k1 k1
-1 -1 1
-1 1 -1 1
1 1
-2
-2
n1 = n2 = 0
y (0,0) =  (− k1 ,−k 2 )x(k1 , k 2 )
k1 k2

k2

1 4 1

2 5 3
-1 1 k1
1 1

Y (0,0) = 1·2 = 2
Nobel Prize 1981:
David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel

• Neurons respond (hardware) respond to specific


patterns within the visual field

•Complex patterns can be detected by computations


among neurons
Simple cell
- +
+ -
Introduction:
Complex Cell Receptive Field

Complex cell

Simple cells

Simple receptive fields


Introduction: Visual Cortex Receptive
Field

actividad

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