For ICON - NEON - LEO - MEDICON StudentsFASTTRACKIPE SENIOR PHYSICS and CHEMISTRY VARSITY? EMPOWERING EDUCATION * ENABLING DREAMS S a Corporate Office : 4” Floor, Plot # 80, Sri Sai Plaza, Ayyappa Society, Madhapur, HYDERABAD - 500 081. Working Office : 1* Floor, D.No. 54-20/9-6, Timmarusu Street, Srinagar Colony, VIJAYAWADA - 520 008. Ph : 0866-2544369 Printed at : Unique Graphpics D.No. 54-7-64, P.No, 93 & 94, Block No. 22G, Jawahar Autonagar, VIJAYAWADA - 520 007, Ph: 0866 - 2544649FASTTRACK)>IPE SENIOR PHYSICS and CHEMISTRY Preto Sil elu ih aren hole af ‘on © VEMi, Hyderabad on All rights reserved First Edition : September 2016 Price : Rs.149/- Revised Edition : July 2022 (inclusive of all taxes) PHYSICS CHEMISTRY] 1. Waves 4-9 || 1. Solid State 62-64 2. Ray Optics and . Optical Instruments 9-15 || 2. Solutions 65-68 3 Wave Optics 15-18 || 3 Electro Chemistry 69-72 4. ElectricCharges and Fields. 18-21 5. Electric Potential and 4, Chemical Kinetics 73-76 Cepactance 21-25 | 5 surface Chemistry 76-79 6. Current Electricity 26-30 7. Moving Charges and 6. Metallurgy 79-82 nn Sis 7. VA, VIA, VIIAEl its and i . VA, VIA, lements an 8. Magnetism coe / 35-36 Noble Gas 83-90 9. Electro Magnetic Induction 37-38 10. Alternating Current 39-40 || 8. d&f—Block Elements and 11. Electromagnetic Waves 40-41 Transition Elements 91-94 12. Dual Nature of Radiation and 9. Polymers 95-98 Matter 41-43 13. Atoms 43-48 || 10. Biomolecules 99-104 14, Nuclel 48-53 |! 44. Chemistry in Every Day Life 105-106 15.SemiConductor Electronics 53-59 16. Communication System 60 || 12. Organic Chemistry 107-120 —— SKPAST TRACK) IPE PHYSICSDistinguish between transverse and longi- tudinal waves, In transverse waves, the direction of vibration of each particle is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave, In a longitudinal wave, the direction of vibra- tion of each particle is parallel to the direction of wave propagation, 2, Using dimensional analysis obtain an expre- ssion for the speed of transverse waves in a stretched string. A. The speed of sound wave in a stretched string depends on tension in string (T) and linear density (q) . DF of T= MLT* ML" and V = LT" =PT?*=aTlp=v? Using dimensional analysis obtain an expression for the speed of sound waves in a medium, ‘A. Speed of sound in a medium depends on bulk modulus B and density of medium(p) K=ML*T? ; p=ML? Where K is Proportionality constant 4, What is the phase difference between the incident and reflected waves when the wave is reflected by.a rigid boundary? ‘A. The reflection of the waves takes place at the fixed (rigid) end with the phase reversed by 7. G 3, What do you understand by the terms ‘node! and ‘antinode' ? 'A. Zoro displacemerit positions are nodes max displacement positions are antinodes. 6. What is the distance between a node and an antinode ? A, The distance between node and the next antinode is a 7. What does a wave represent? ‘A. Wave is a disturbance that transport energy from one point to another without disturbing particles of the medium from theit mean positions. Obtain an expression for the wave velocity in terms of wavelength (j,) and frequency (n) 9. What is the principle of super position? ‘A, When two or more waves are acting sirmulta- neously on the particle of the medium, the resultant displacement is equal to the algebraic sum of individual displacements of all the waves. You =Yi + Ya +¥a to tYe 10. Mention the applications of Doppler effect? ‘A. 1) It is used in SONAR 2) It is used in RADAR 3) It is used to determine the speed of automobiles 4) Its used to determine the speed of rotation of earth, 11, Under what conditions will a wave be reflected? A. A progressive wave will get reflected when the medium ends abriptly at any point, Waves will get partially reflected if there is a change in the density or rigidity of the medium, 12, What is ‘Doppler effect’ ? Give an example. A.. The phenomena of apparent change in frequency of sound heard by the observer due to relative motion between the source and observer is called Doppler effect. Ex: When a train is approaching to a stationary observer frequency of sound appear to increase. O| FAST TRACK IPE for Sti Chaitanya Sr. StudentsSr PHYSICS }S>- 1, What are beats? Wheti do they occur? Explain their use, if any A, When two sound waves of nearly equal frequen- cies moving in the same direction interfere, waxingand waning of sounds are heard at regular intervals of time, This phenomenon is called beats. Let us consider two sound waves of nearly same frequencies n, andn, (n, > n,) travelling in the medium in the same diredtion.If these two waves meet at a point in the same phase Qwaxing} the intensity of sound at that point is maximum. But if they meet in opposite phase the intensity of sound becomes minimum (Waning). . This phenomenon of waxing and waning of sound is called beats. ‘The number of waxings (or) wanings in one second is called beat frequency Beat frequency n=n,~ 7, Uses of Beats i) Beats are used in detecting dangerous gases in mines. : ii) Beats are used to produce special effects in cinematography iii) The phenomenon of beats can be: used to determine an unknown frequency of a note. 2. What do you understand by resonance? How would you use resonance to determine the velocity of sound in air? ‘A. When the frequency of external periodic force acting on the body is equal to the natural frequency of that body, the body vibrates with maximum amplitude. This phenomenon is called resonance. Experiment : —— Lb —— > an oan FAST TRACK IPE for Sti Chaitanya Sr. Students When natural frequency of air column coin- cides with the frequency of vibrating tuning fork, the air column would be in resonance with the tuning fork. Such an air column is called resonating air column, When the tuning fork is vibrated on the air column then the first sound is heard at a length of air column /, =2./4 and the second sound is heard at the’ Jength of the air column is 1, =34/4. We observe that /, = 31, Ll, = 3R/4-24=212 a= 2-4) ‘The velocity of sound in air is determined from equation Y=). .V=2n(l;-) ['n’ is called frequency of tuning fork] 3. What is ‘Doppler effect’ ? Give illustrative examples? The phenomena of apparent change in freque- ney of sound heard by the observer due to relative motion between the source and observer is called Doppler effect. Ex: 1) When a whistling train is approaching a station, for a peroson standing on the plat- form, the frequency of sound appear to increase because the train is in relative motion with respect to observer -{] 2) When the whistling train is receding away a station the frequency of whistle appear to decrease for the stationary observer 1, Explain the formation of stationary waves in stretched strings and hence deduce the laws of transverse waves in stretched strings. A. Stationary wave : When two progressive waves of same amplitude and frequency travelling along the same straight line in opposite direction superimposed, a stationary wave is formed. ————Formation of Stationary wave : A string is fixed between two rigid supports. It is excited Perpendicular to its length to generate transverse waves which travel in opposite directions from Point of excitation. These transverse waves get reflected at rigid supports and overlap on.each other the and produce stationary waves. ‘Theory : Let Y, = A sin (kx = wt) and Y, = A sin (kx +t) are the displacements of incident and reflected waves from rigid supports. According to principle of superposition resultant displacement y = y, + y, Y=Asin &x- ot) +Asin (kx + ot) Y=A [Gin Gx — @1) + sin kx + OD] From sin (A +B) + sin (A—B) = 2 sin A cos B Y= 2A sin kx cos ot —_—— / +, ?OOSSSho loopno.T <2 3 a, OS ‘The resultant Amplitude = 2A sin kx at positions nodes are formed ae x24 3 A 1 08 34 5A, -antinodes, are formed Consider a string of length / stretched between two rigid supports P and Q. it may vibrate in form of one (or) more number of loops with velocity, ir Rh The distance between adjacent nodes is >. So that in string fixed at both ends there must be integral number ‘P’ of half wavelengths, ie?) where P = 1, 2, But y=n) and V 4 = [from equation (1) & (2)] _do{ Sr. PHYSICS p [t From the equation" ae Jaws of Transverse wave obtained. I Law : The fundamental frequency of a ae ting string is inversely proportional to the lengt of the string nec! (7p areconstant) ; nl = constant L Il Law : The fundamental frequency of a vibra- ting string is directly proportional to the square root of tension neVF (gt areconstant) II Law :The fundamental frequencyof a vibra- ting string is inversely proportional square. root of linear density. 1 NET @ Tare constant) ; n/a = Constant Explain the formation stationary waves in an air column enclosed in open pipe. Derive the equations for the frequencies of the harmonics Produced. Harmonies : ‘The frequencies which are integral multiples of fundamental frequency are Harmonics. Overtones : The Frequencies higher than the fundamental frequency are known as overtones Ylindrical tube having an air column. If both ends of the tube are ad it: is known as an open organ Pipe. . i) Be Sst harmonic or the fundamental should at Teast have an antinode at each end, with a: ween them. Therefore,‘Sr. PHYSICS ii) The second harmonic (or) first overtone will have two nodes and three antinodes as shown in figure. ' iii) Similarly the third harmonic or second overtone will have three nodes and four antinodes are shown in the figure and if A, is wave length. a, = 3n, .... G) Therefore from eq (1), (2), (3) The fundamental frequency and the next harmonics are in ratio A233 3. How are the stationary waves formed in a closed pipe ? Explain the various modes of vibrations in a closed pipe and establish the relation between their frequencies. ‘A. An organ pipe is a cylindrical tube having an air column. If one end is closed and the other is open, It is known as a closed organ pipe. At closed end always « node and at open end an antinode will generate, Harmonies in Closed Pipes : {) The first harmonic in a closed pipe should have a node at the closed end and an antinode fat the open end, then the length of the pipe an a <_— — — ii) The next possible harmonic with two nodes and two antinodes it is the third harmonic, then the length of the pipe The frequency of the third harmonic (or) first v overtone is given by 1 nye om] [from equation (1)] fy = 3M, see (2) iii) Similarly the next overtone in the closed pipe is only the fifth harmonic. It will have three antinodes and three nodes. Then the length of the pipe an an FAST TRACK IPE for SH Ghallanya Sr. Students > ——— i Fi, +D-- _ Ra ee vii) Minimam Deviation + As the angle of incidence is increased gradually, it is found experimentally that the angle of deviation Acereases till it reaches a minimum value and then it increases. This least value of deviation is called angle of minimum deviation denoted by §- viii) The graph between the angle of incidence (i) and the angle of deviation (D) is as shown in Fig. When D decreases the two angles i, and i, become closer to each other and at the angle of minimum deviation, the ix) By Snell's law of refraction, the refractive index of the material of the prism is sing _sing_ sini Sing sing snr Ciciel and 1,=1=0) .(A+8 vin( A*8 SJ sin® 2 It is called prism formula. b)As the lightray is travelling from denser to rarer medium sin90° sin4s? sinr sini 1-2 ot =V2=1414 Bete Draw a neat labelled diagram of a compound microscope and explain its working. Derive an expression for its magnification. a) Description : i) It consists of two converging lenses. The lens near the object is called objective and the «is called eyepiece. These 1s near the cyé . bis tion on their are placed at some separa common principal axis. of small aperture and of h and the eyepiece is of and of larger focal fitted at the ends of a ii) The objective is small focal lengt larger aperture Jength.The lenses are metal tube. iii) The distance of the object from the objective can be adjusted by means of a rock and pinion arrangement. b) Working : 1) The object OF to be magnified is placed just outside the principal focus of the objective so that its real image is formed on the other side of objective. ii) The image forms beyond 2Fy where Fy is the focal length of the objective. The image is real, inverted and magnified. It is denoted by I, G). iii) The image due to the objective acts as the object for the eyepiece. The position of the eyepiece is so adjusted to form the final image at the near point. iv) The final image is virtual, inverted and magnified. It is represented by 1G. i) magnifying power of compound microscope [m=my xm, i) Yo it) + u ‘o| FAST TRACK IPE for Sti Ghaltanya Sr. Students|Sr PHYSICS >— iii) To find m, : The magnifying power of the eyepiece is the same as the magnifying power of the simple microscope as the eyepiece behaves like a simplé microscope. an{ie2) where f, is the focal length of the eyepiece. iv) To find m : Substituting my and m, in equation - (1) we get magnifying power of the compound microscope as Q) v) Image at nearer-point when the object is very close to the principal focus Fy of the objective, the image due to the objective becomes very close to the eyepiece. u=-fyandv=L where L is the separa objective and eyepiece or the length of the microscope. The expression for m then becomes n between the vi) Final image at infinity : If the final image forms at infinity, the magnifying pov the compound microscope is given by voD uf, m LD (4) fofe Negative sign in Eqs. 3 and 4 indicates that the final image is inverted, ©) Ultra violet light has small wave length compare to visible light. Hence it has small focal length. Therefore magnification increasses for Ultra 1 Violet light. Since ma FAST-TRACK IPE for Stl Chaitanya Sr. Students > cp! 3. WAVE OPTICS ih r Questions : _1, What is polarization of light? The property of light due to which. it acquires one-sidedness with regard to direction of vibration of electiic field vectors is called polarization of light. The ordinary ight called unpolarised light becomes plane polarized when it passes through a Polaroid. 2. What is Malus law ? ‘A. When a completely plane-polarised light beam is incident on an analyser, the intensity of the emergent light varies as the square of the cosine of the angle between the planes of transmission of the analyser and polarizer. This is known as Malus law. 1 =[, cos’ @ 1 is the intensity of light emerging from the analyser. I, is the intensity of the incident-plane polarized light. 3. Explain Brewster’s law. A. When unpolarized light is incident on a transparent reflecting surface at polarizing angle, then the reflected light is completely plane polarized and the reflected and refracted light are perpendicular to each other, H=tanO,, where 8, is angle of polarization. 4. What is Fresnel distance ? A. The distance of the screen from the slit, so that spreading of light due to diffraction from the centre of screen is just equal to size of the slit is called Fresnel distance (Z,) 2 Fresnel distance is given by Z, T Where a = size of the aperture and 9,= wave length of parallel beam of light used. Short Answer Questions : 1. Explain Doppler effect in light. Distinguish between red shift and blue shift. A. The Doppler effect in light : i) When any source emitting light (like sun, moon, star, atom ete.) is approaching orbe Feeeding away from the observer then the frequency or wavelength of light appears to be changing to the observer. The ‘apparent change in frequency or wavelength of light __ iS called Doppler effect in light, 4i) Blue Shift : When the distance between the source and the observer to decreasing (i.e. the source is approaching the observer) then the frequency of light appears to be increa- sing or wavelength appears to be decreasing spectrum gets displaced towards blue end, hence it is known as blue shift. iii) Red Shift : When the distance between the light source and the observer is increasing (ie. the source is receding away from the observer) then the frequency of light appears to be decreasing or the wavelength of light appears to be increasing to the observer. Therefore, the spectral line gets displaced towards red end, hence it is known as the red shift. a) Ak= Ve tye tYen ere 98 Ch here A >d % fp tere nt 0,), then no light is refracted, and the entire incident light is reflected into the same denser medium. This phenomenon is known as the total internal reflection, Total Internal Reflection on the basis of Huygens principle : Consider refraction of a plane wave at a rarer medium. So V, > V,. Similar manner, Construct a refracted wave front as shown in Fig. Now angle of refraction is greater than the angle of incidence. :Refracted A wae front ritical angle, Tis i, then r= 90°, sin IEi> i, The ray tums back into the medium 1. Hence it is called total intemal reflection How do you determin of your eye? T=, the resolving power The resolving power of your eye can be estima: ted with a simple experiment, as showin in figure Tins All black stripes should be of equal width, while the width of intermediate white stripes should increase as you from left to right, Paste the pattem on a wall atthe height of your eye and watch the pattern preferable with one eye. By moving away or closer to the wall, all she black stripes to the left of ths stripe would merge into one another and wouldn’t distin-guishable, On the other hand the black stripes to the right of this would be more and more clearly visible, Note the width ‘d’ of the white stripe which Separates the two regions and measure the distance ‘D’ of the wall from your eye. # Resolution of your eye = + For normal eye 1 or } aT Gis : AND FIELDS. Very Short Answer Questions : 1, What is meant by the statement charge ig quantized ? A. The charge on any body is equal to an integral multiple of the electron charge. 'e' Q= 4 ne where ‘n' is an integer. No body is said to have fractional value of ig, Hence charge is said to be quantised, 2. Repulsion is the sure test of charging than attraction. Why ? A. If a positively charged body is brought near a negatively charged body or uncharged body there exists a force of attraction, So attraction is due to oppositely charged bod body, Ifa positively charged body is brought near a Positively charged body there exists a force of repulsion. Thus repulsion is sure test of electrification, ly or uncharged How many electrons consititute Ie of charge? From charges is quantized q = ne given that q = Icoulomb 2 1 = 9x1.6x10-8 1 7 16 x 107} 1 10” 16 * n= 0.625x10" n= 6.25x10"* electrons 4. What happens to the weight of a body when it is charged positively 2 When a body is positively charged, some cleetrons are removed from the body. So, the mass of the body slightly decreases and hence its weight slighily decreases, FAST TRACK IPE for Sri haltanya Sr. Students| 6| Sr. PHYSICS By iSt. PHYSICS o> 5. The electric lines of force do not intersect, Why? A. No two electric lines of force intersect cach other. If they do intersect at any point, at that Point the electric field should have two different directions, which is not possible.Hence two electric line of force cannot intersect. State Gauss’s law in electrostatics, eo The total electric flux through any closed surface 1 is equal to > times the net charge enclosed by the surface. Heree, is the permittivity of free space. Mathematically the Gauss's law or Gauss’s theorem can be stated as $e. & Here q is the total charge enclosed by the surface S. §' denotes that the surface should be a closed surface enclosing a certain volume inside which the total charge is q. 7. What happens to the force between two charges if the distance between them is (a) halved (b) doubled? 1 A. From Coulomb's law as F cto a) As distance halved, force quadruples. b) As distance doubled, force becomes one fourth. Short Answer Questions 1, State and explain coulomb's inverse square Jaw in electricity A. Statement : The electrostatic force of attraction (or) repulsion between two point sized station- ary electric charges is directly proportional to product of their charges and inversly propor- tional to square of distance between them and acts along the line joining them. Explanation : Let Q, & Q, are the charges seperated by a distance ‘r', then electrostalic force between them is given by {a —1——, oy pK 204 t The value of k is K=—— ane, where eis permitivity of free spaced if two charges are kept in medium 4ne r where € is permitivity of medium. Derive an expression for the intensity due to | a point charge Intensity of Electric field : It is defined as the force experienced per unit positive test charge F Placed at that point inthe field B= Intensity if electric field due to point charge: Consider a positive charge is placed at point A. ‘Imagine a test charge Q, at point P . Which is at a distance 'd’ from point 'A’, The force on test charge is Fo: 2 ane, Q—__0 A——d—Pp - Intensity of electric field at point P is E=— 2% pat 2 4 Fee, a? 8 along the foree expeiencéd by the test charge Q, Derive the equation for couple acting on a electric dipole in uniform electric field. Consider an electric dipole consisting charges +q and -q and of length 2a placed in uniform electric field Emaking an angle @ with it, FAST TRACK IPE for Sti Chaltanya Sr. Students fey 40— oe ‘Sr. PHYSICS Its dipole moment P = (q) (2a) There is a force qE on charge 4q and -qE on charge -q. The net force on dipole is zero, But the forces acts at different points of the dipole, So these forces form a couple. Magnitude of Torque = Either force x perpendicular of distance between two forces T= (GE) x2asin8; t=(gx2a)Esind t= PEsin@ The direction of % is perpendicu- lar to both Band g ; =PXE Derive an expression for the intensity of the electric field at a point on the axial line of an electric dipole. Consider an electric dipole consisting charges ~4 and q, seperated by a distance 2a. Let p be a Point on the axial line of a dipole at a distance * from centre of dipole as shown in figure Electric field due to charge -q at P is a towards left Electric field due to charge +q at P is E+q= =a , Brana @maje towards right Resultant electric field at point P is Ss +ay—(r-a) Eau = oe a ne ear e ga areas Bust Fe, =F 4 ear 4ne, (F -a'y ee we Gre, FP -a if accer then ‘a' is neglisible ‘The direction of £ is in the direction of dipole moment 5. Derive an expression for the initensity of the lectric field at a point on the equitorial plane of an electric dipole. A. Consider an eléctric dipole consisting of charge ~ and +q seperated by a distance 2a let P be a Point on the equitorial line at a distance r from centre as shown in figure. Electric field at point P due to +q charge 1 q ars (+a) Miected along BP electric field at point P due to -q charge £,-__4 4ne, (r° +a°) directed along PA if E, and E,, ate divided into components, FAST TRACK IPE for Sri Chaitanya Sr. Students|ve Sr. PHYSICS Ei eae SOS ORO ea arora a ‘There vertical components cancel out, Horizan- tial components added up. ‘The total electric field on equitorial line is opposite to B. E,, =(E.,cos0+E,, cos) ane, ve sign indicates that g P are opposite to each other 6. State Gauss's law importance . A. Statement : The total electric flux through any 1 closed surface is equal to = times the net charge electrostatics and its enclosed by the surface 4 Mathematically $Eds= eo q is total charge enclosed by the surface Importance = 1. To find the electric intensity due to various bodies due to charge distributions. 2. It is applicable for stationary and moving charges also. 3. Applicable for any closed surface shape and sine, Then E, = Ipl, > (2) Dividing the above two equations 1 Ey hy Using the above formula, the emf’s of two given cells is compared, Te REG Very Short Answer Questions A 4. FAST TRACK IPE for Stl Chaltanya Sr. Students Can there electric potential at a point with zero electric intensity? Give an example. Yes, Inside charged hollow spherical condu- ctor : Can there be electric intensity at a point with zero potential? Give one example. Yes, a point on the equatorial line of an electric dipole. What are meant by equipotential surfaces ‘Any surface that has same electric potential at every point on it is called an equipotential surface. The surface of a charged conductor is an equipotential surface. Why is the electic field always at right angles to the equipotential surface ? Explain, > Eipotentia! surface If the field were not normal to the equipotential surface, it would have a non-zero component along the surface. So to move a test charge against this component, a work would have to be done. but there is no potential difference between any two points on an equipotential surface and consequently no work is required to move a test charge on the surface. Hence the electire field must be normal to the equipotential surface at every point. ‘Three capacitors of capacitances 1pF,2uF and 3F are connected in parallel. (a) What is the ratio of charges ? . (b) What is the ratio of potential differences? In parallel combination potential difference ‘V" is constant Q=CV -.Qac(a)ratio of charges QQ :Q\= QQ :Q, % *(OYratio of potential differences, Vivi: Vyethit Three capacitors of capacitances 1HF,2}IF and 3AF are connected series. (a) What is the ratio of charges ? () What is the ratio of potential differences ? In series combination charge remains constant (@) ratio of charges =Q:Q):Q,=ttet 1 ) Q=CV or Cad OQ a ratio of potential differences. VyiVy\y= ViiVy¥y V,2Vq:Vy=6:3:2 ‘What happens to the capacitance of a parallel Place capacitor if the area of its plates is doubled? A Capacitance of parallel capacitor c-a as Ca, area‘doubles, capacitance also doubles. for the potential at a distance from a point charge Consider a positive point charge 'q' is placed at a point O. E be the electric field due to the charge. Let 'A’ be the point at a distance 'x’ from 0. dx 4 <> o—_____+ + O=—r1—>p BA <— x—___+ Electric field due to +q at point 'A' is p= 4 ane, If a charge q, is placed at a point point ‘A’ the force between two charges q and q, is =! 44 a Gee Hons Of _ ef SPITS] .¢ moved towards +4 from A va mr anes aginst let Hd ‘The work done in moving the charge do=-Fds Le.-ve sign force and displace! in direction] ; ‘The total amount of workdone in test charge fromeoto point p is ment are opposite moving the lq ney 2, Derive an expression for the potential energy of an electric’ dipole placed in a uniform electric field? ‘A. Consider an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field E with its dipole moment p makes an angle with field, Two forces on two charges creats couple will be ‘t= qEx2asind=PEsind If the dipole is rotated through a small angle d@ against the torquie acting on it, then small work done is w=td dw= PEsin@d The total work done in rotating the dipole from angle 6,108, with the direction of field wef d= | Pesinedd 4 \ = Pe sin (6d8 = PE|-cos0]* FAST TRACK (PE for ti Chaltanya Sr, Students ———St. PHYSICS: i w= PE(cos®, ~c0s0,) This work done is stored as potential energy of dipole u= PE eos, —cos0, | Derive an expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate eapacitor? ‘Two plates of same area (A) are seperated by a sinall distance (d) i.e, considered as a parallel plate capacitor. The space between the plates is filled with vaccum (or) air Let 'q’ is charge on each plate ois surface charge density on cither plate maw A . The electric field between the plates is uniform and its magnitude is given by E=—. a. &' pee =-4 ¥ 7 Eog eam for uniform electric field the potential difference between the plates is given by.V = Ed where K is relative permitivity of medium Explain series combination of capacitors. Derive the formula for equivalent capacitance in each combination, In series combination second plate of first capacitor is connected to first plate of see capacitor and second plate of second capcitor is connected to first plate of third capacitor and so on first plate of first capacitor and second plate of last capacitor is connected to opposite terminals of battery. Let c,,c,,c, are three capacitors connected in series. In series combination charge remains constant, potential in series combination, FAST TRACK IPE for Sti Chaltanya Sr. Students Explain parallel combination of capacitors. Derive the formula for equivalent capacitance. If the first plates of all the capacitors connected to common terminal and second plates of all capacitor connected to common terminal and these terminals are connected to opposite terminals of battery. Let ¢,c,.¢, are three capacitors connected in parallel as shown in figure 2.44 Qc 2416 In parallel combination potential on each and every plate same. But charge varies from plate to plate. Total cahrge of the combination Q=QtQtHQ ButQ=CV, Q=GV, Q=CY, Q= CV=CV+CV4CV C=C HQC, Derive an expression for the energy stored in a capacitor. Consider an uncharged capacitor of capacitance “C’ and its initial charge will be zero and potential difference is zero. Now, it is connected across a battery for charging then the final > eee — > —— harge is no Se ically i-€. centres of Potential difference across the capacitor be N’ Aand final charge on the eapacitor be 'Q' + Average potential difference Hence work done to move the charge Q is ¥ wrd= FQ This work done is stored as electrostatic Vv potential energy ‘U', ue We know Q=CV, _ Uetev? = & 2 PEIN 96 «x Energy stored in a capacitor: 2G 2C ‘Three capacitors of capacitances 2pF, 3pF and 4pF are connected in parallel, a) What is the total capacitance of the combi- nation? b) Determine the charge on each capacitors, if the combination is connected to a 100 ¥ supply. a) Total capacitance of the parallel combination is given by C=C, +C,+C,;24344=99F ) Charge q, at C, = CV = 2 x 100 = 200 pC Charge q, at C, is C,V = 3 x 100 = 300 pC Charge q, at C, is C,V = 4 x 100 = 400 pC Explain behaviour of dielectrics in an electric field. =. I> => I> Ic> Ga SD I> => a= => > ae I> Sa =D SQ 2 Sa Ga ees ee ee fed a L as distributed symimetr es do nol coincide of electric field. ic substances. charge is trically i.e., centres of rite sy charges coincide even , ative cf sitive and neg mie i the absence of electric field. jelectric substances are n non-polar dielectric n 3. When mtn external field £, in each iced in the direction of the field the ee ge in the opposite centre of negative char direction . 4, Each molecule is said to get polarised, Let the magnitude of external electric field be E,, ‘As the molecules are polarized in an electric field then surface charge will develop on each molecule and these induced charges are in opposite direction to the applied field. 6. ‘These induced charges will develop electric field E, in opposite direction. 7. Resultant electric field in the dielectric E=E,-E, 8. Due to charge polarization, intensity of electric field in a dielectric reduces. Ey 9. The value of actual intensity E So capacity increases by K times. Long Answer Questions 1. Derive an expression for the energy stored in a capacitor. What is the energy stored when the space between the plates is filled with a dielectric (a) With charging battery disconnected ? (b) With charging battery connected in the circuit ? (2006, 2007-MAY) A. 1) Consider an uncharged capacitor of capaci- {ance °C’. The potential of the plates will be initially zero. If the condenser is connected across a battery with potential difference V across its terminals, the condenser starts charging. The final potential difference across [ae FAST TRACK IPE for St Ghaltanya Sr, Studentsplates will aso be V. 1 Q is the charge on the condenser Q = CV, i) In the process of charging, for any additional charge to be placed on the plates of the conden- set, Work need fo he done against the potential V existing on the plates, iii) The amount of work done to place an additional charge ‘dq’ on the condenser is given by aW = vig. The total work done in charging the condenser to 'Q is given by we faw= fray F a ved Bur Y= v=] Qaq=| 2] 2S fda [eI 2C This work done is stored in the form of electric field then “+. The energy stored in a condenser U is ven by US given by U=36 Itcan also be written as (-.Q=CV) Loy? 2 1 = ov Effect of dielectric on energy stored : i) When the charging battery is disconnected from the circuil.Let a capacitor of capacity C, be charged by using a battery. Let the charge be Q. The potential difference between the plates of the capacitor is V,, The charge on the capacitor Q = C, V, Energy stored in the capacitor is given by 2 Weak Carrer After charging, the battery is disconnected and a dielectric slab of constant K is introduced between the plates, Now the capacity of the capacitor = K C, FAST TRACK IPE for Sti Chaltanya Sr. Students a ha ‘The charge on the capacitor remains same=Q ‘The potential difference across the capacitor U=96= Ag = kl2c, ‘The energy stored is reduced by a factor K times of original value ii) When the charging battery is not disconnected in the circuit. Let a capacitor is charged by connecting to a battery, The capacity of the capacitor is C, and potential is Energy stored in the capacitor is given by Now without disconnecting the battery, a dielectric slab of constant K is introduced between the plates. The capacity increases to C=KC, ‘The battery maintains the same potential V=" The energy stored bocomes 1 =teve U=.7¢V l =GKGVe ‘The energy stored in the capacitor increases by K times of original value aa> a eee nd marked on a carbon 9 The Sequenc of te Red, silver. What is ity RT aL One resistor are Red, Vers Short Answer Questions: resistance and toleran : : wage sumber A. Red indicates tes wot, =22%100 1. Define mean free path of electron in a i) Resistance = 2 ce = 10% conductor 2 ji) For silver, toleran A. The average distance travelled by a free electron between two successive collision in a metallic Conductor is called ‘mean free path’. 2. State ohm’s law and write its mathematical form ? Red Red Red _ Silver A. Ohm's law: At constant temperature, the electric Current flows through a conductor is propor- aa tional to the potential difference across its 8. Write the colour code of a carbon resistor of ends. Vay, V = IR resistance 23 kilo ohms. _& Where ‘R’ known as electrical resistance of the A. Colour code of carbon resistor of resistance conductor, 23kQ. Resistance =23x10°Q, Define resistivity or specific resistance ? 2 — Red, 3 Orange, 10°—> Orange A. Resistance offered by one meter length of wire ce 2 Resistance = (2.2x10°+10%)ohm » Orange having area of one square meter, “ RA 3 7 > Uni hm - meter Dimensional formula : (M'L*T4-] 4. Define temperature coefficient of resistance. red A. “Temperature coefficient of resistance is defined * Orange as the ratio of change in resistance of a condu- Colour code of carbon resistor is Red, orange, tor to its original resistance per 1°C rise in its orange, temperature (or) 9. Whats the colour code for a resistor of resise Temperature coefficent of resistance (u)is tance 3500 with 8% tolerance defined as the fractional change in resistance Given resistance (R) = 3500 AR er unit change in temperature Iga 5. Why is manganin used for making standard resistors ? A. For magnanin wire, temperature coefficient of iter 10°» vo i resistance (a)is very less. So change in resis- mnuliplir!0"— violet, 3 Orange, 5» Green tance of the manganin wire with temperature is tolerance 5% — Gold almost negligible. So it is used to prepare colour code = Orange, Green, Violet, and Gold, standard resistors. 10. ‘Two wires of equal length, made of copper 6. Why are liouse hold appliances connected in and manganin have same resistance. which parallel ? Wire is thicker ? A. The potential difference (voltage) across each A. Resistance R=2! : “appliance is same as that of applied voltage, f A+ Resistance R=", 1 and R are given as same, one of the appliance is fused, the remaining $9 aA manganin is thicker, because resistivity appliances will work. () of manganin is more than that of copper. 2.-——__* Fra Tey‘Sr. PHYSICS 11. A light bulb is rated at 100W for a 200V supply. Find the resistance of the bulb. 16. A battery of emf 10V and internal resistance 30. is connected to a resistor. If the current in the circuit is 0.5A, what is the resistance of A. P= 100W, V = 220V, 2 een the resistor ? What is the terminal voltage of Pa = Re— a = gga the battery when the circuit is closed ? ee es ren men A B= 10¥,r=30,1=05A .. The balance point in meter bridge experimen mee ie is obtained at 30cm from the left. If the right La bee eae ee gap contains 3.5Q ,what is the resistance in the left gap? 4 =5.—— , AL 00-5 Given that /, = 30 cm,§ =3.50. E 35x a8 35x sisa Rer NO go Terminal voltage of battery 13, If the balancing point in a meter-bridge from V=E-Ir=10-05x3=85V the left is 60cm, compare the resistances in 47, Three identical resistors are connected in the left and right gaps of meter bridge. parallel and total resistance of the circuit is A. Let R,, R,be the resistances in the left and right V3. Find the value of each resistance. sap of the meter bridge, then ‘A. Three equal resistors, each of resistance is ‘x” RL 0h 463.150 conriected in parallel, the effective resistance Ry bh 40 i ee a is R/3. Then the value of resistance is 14. A potentiometer wire is 5m long and a Ri potential difference of 6V is maintained between its ends. Find the emf of a cell which a balances against length of 180cm of the ¥ potentiometer wire. A. 1, = 5m, E,= 6V; I, = 180m = 1.8m Ry E, = 2.16 volt. Ina potentiometer arrangement, a cell of emf 1.25V gives a balance point at 35.0cm length of the wire. If the cell is replaced by another cell and the balance point shifts to 63.0cm. What is the emf of the second cell ? 15. 63cm 63. 35 E,= 1.25V; |, = 35em, Eh L stad p28 x2=125x x 4 4 u 4 = 2.25V. A wire of resistance ‘4R’ is bent in the form of a circle. What is the effective resistance between the ends of the diameter 7 If a wire of resistance ‘AR’ is bent in the form a circle. The resistance of upper and lower part’s becomes 2R,.2R respectively. They are in parallel ie R, =R, = 2R AL FAST TRACK IPE for Sti Chaltanya Sr. Studentsomen R aR Hest ale Rp ROR Re Rp=RQ 19. Under what Conditions is the current through the mixed grouping of cells maximum? Th mixed grouping of cells, curent is maximum ‘when extemal resistance (R) is equal to the total intemal resistance of the battery (2) AL m A. It is because any electrical device can be tumed OF OF off without affecting the operation of other devices, 21. Write the colour code of a carbon resistor of Fesistance 350mQ 10%, A. R=350% 1099 + 10% = 35 x 1020 « 10% Colour coding Orange, Green, Silver, Silver 22. If a wire is stretch length without los resistivity of the wis A. It remains same, ed to double its original 'S of mass, how will the ire be influenced ? of the material er Questions : 1. State kirchoft’s law for an electrical network using these laws deduce the condition for balancing in a wheatstone bridge 2 A. 8) kirchoff’s current law (or) frst law : “The sum of electric currents flowing into a Junction is equal to sum of electric currents Hlowing out of same junction”. (or) “The algebraic sum of all electric currents ‘meeting at any junction of an electrical network is zero.” because it depends on nature. 1s i \y h s From kirchoff’s current Jaw Lath, , ieee Lye. This is based on ‘lav of Da sharge’. conservation of cl b)kirchoff’s voltage law (KVL) or loop ; theorem: “In any closed circuit the algebraic sum of the potentical differences is equal to zero”. Mathematically £v=0 This law is based on ‘aw of conservation of energy’ From the figure shown using kirchoff's voltage law We get E- IRI -1R2-1R3=0 E is—4 RARER, sail Wheatstone’s bridge: Wheat stone’s bridge network is connected as shown below[SR PHYSICS op 1) Applying kirchoff's I"aw, at junction Cisi tho, (WD. at junction *D'iy +i, iy ->, (2) 2) Applying kirchoff's 1M law for the closed mesh ACDA, ~iP~iG 4i,R =0-9 (3) For the closed mesh CBDC, ~i0+i,8 45,6 = 04) 3) When no current passes through the galyno- meter i, = 0, the bridge is said to be balaced. +i, 0, the above four equations become, This is the principle of wheat stone's bridge. State the working principle of potentiometer explain with the help of circuit diagram. How the emf of two primary cells are compared by using the potentiometer. Principle of potentiometer :“It works on the principle that the potential difference across any part of a uniform wire is directly proportional to the length, when a constant current flows through the wire.” V=Ip!,Val Let ‘V’ be the potential difference across the wire of length ‘R’ resistance “A’ be uniform area of cross-section ‘Tbe the current passing through the wire then according to ohms law V = IR ‘ . But R=p— ut R=ps Where ‘p’ = resistivity of the wire V=KI (or) Val provided A,p& I are constants. ‘This is called “Principle of potentiometer’. comparisen of emf’s of two cells using potentiometer. i) The primary circuit consists of a cell of emf ‘E’ internal resistance ‘r’ connected inseries to a key “K’ and rheostat (R,) ii) The secondary circuit consists of two cells emf ‘E,’ and ‘E,’ two plug keys K, and K,, a galvanometer (G) and jockey ‘S” are conne- cted as show in figure. iii) First, the plug keys K and K, are closed. The position of jockey is adjusted on the potentio- meter wire and balance point is obtained at 1. Then E, = 191, > (1) iv)Now plug key K, is opened and plug keys K and K, are closed. The position of jockey is adjusted on the potentiometer wire and balance point is obtained at J, ‘Then E, = 1p, > 2) Dividing the above two equations 7 4 Using the above formula, the emf’s of two given cells is compared 3. State the working principle of potentiometer explain with the help of circuit diagram. How the potentiometer is used, to determine the internal resistance of the primary cell. A. Principle of potentiometer : “It works on the principle that the potential difference across any part of a uniform wire is directly proportional to the length, when a constant current flows through the wire.” V = Ip, Val Let *V’ be the potential difference across the wire of length FAST TRACK IPE for Stl Chaltanya Sr. Students b> {29 |SRY resistance ‘A’ be uniform area of cross-section ST be the current passing through the wiTe Bot R=p-L Where ‘p= resistivity of the wire By yy Bex =Kl (or) Val provided A.p & I are constants. This is called ‘Principle of potentiometer’. Determination of internal resistance of a cell: 3) The primary circuit consists of a cell of emf E" internal resistance ‘r' connected inseries to 2 key ‘K’ and rheostat (R) ii) The secondary circuit consisting a cell of emf & 2nd internal resistance ‘r' connected in series with 2 galvanometer(G) and Jockey A resistance box and a plug key ‘K,’ are connected across the cell as shown in figure. ‘The plug key °K’ is closed, and “K,’ is opend. The position of jockey is adjusted on potentiometer wire and balance point is obtained ‘I,’ Then E, =Ip/, > (1) iv) Now, both plug keys °K’ and ‘K,_’ are closed. Let ‘R’ be resistance choosen in resistance bor. If *V’ is terminal potential difference of the cell and the position of jockey is adjusted on potentiometer wire and balance point is obtained |, velph 32 Dividing equation oa Ah, oy avs 4. Sol. pot V= IRE are 5 te Wer) (a) - Act] 4 7 . Thus internal resistance of cell is determined. ‘Three resi of resistance 10Q are connected parallel. Calculate the effective bination. istors each C resistance of the com! 11,11 PROBLEMS Three resistors 2! \Q.and 5Q are combi- ned in parallel. What is the total resistance of the combination ? Given, R, =20,R,=4Qand R3 = Resultant resistance in prarllel 1 _10+5+4_19 20 20 209 19 [= FAST TRACK IPE for Srihaltanya Sr. Students,TS St. PHYSICS | Very Short An: 1. A FAST TRACK IPE for Sti Chaitanya Sr. Students 7, MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM sswer Quest What is the importance of oersted's experi- ment ? When current flows through a conductor mag- netic field will produce around it, Direction of filed depends on direction of current A circular coil of radius 'r' having N turns What is its magnetic carries a current ' moment? Magnetic moment M area d= nr? : M= the force on a conductor of length 'I" fi(nr*) What carrying current ‘i’ when it is situated in a magnetic field of induction B ? When it is maximum? What is the force on a charged particle of a charge strength q moving with velocity 'V' in uniform magnetic field of induction B? When is it maximum ? F=Bav sind If 9=90° Bqv Distinguish between ammeter and voltmeter Ammeter : 1) Iris used to measure current, 2) To convert galvanometer into ammeter, a low resistance is connected in parallel to galva- nometer. 3) In a circuit, ammeter must be connected in series, 4) Resistance of an ideal ammeter is zero, Voltmeter : 1) Iis used to measure potential difference. 2) To convert galvanometer into voltmeter, a high resistance is to be connected in series 3) In a circuit voltmeter must be connected in parallel 4) Resistance of an ideal voltmeter infinity. A. AL -do How do you convert « moving coll galvanom- eter into an ammeter 7 Galvanometer can be converted into ammeter by connecting a small resistance parallel to it How do you convert a moving coil glavano- meter into a voltmeter ? Galvanometer can be converted into voltmeter by connecting high resistance in series. What is the principal of the moving coil galvonometer? Current carrying coil behaves as a magnetic shell and it experiences torque in the magnetic field. Hence it rotates. ‘Short Answer Questions 1 A. uw A. State and explain Biot savart law. ‘The magnetic induction field strength at a point due to a current carrying element is i t Pee directly proportional to current ‘i’ dBoi —> (1) directly proportional to length of the element ‘dl’ ie dBadl > 2) directly proportional to sine of angle between the current carrying element and the line join- ing the mid point of element dBa.sind > (3) and is inversly proportional to the square of the distance between the point and element 34 apailsin® anor’ State and prove ampere's law ? Statement : The line intregral of the intensity of magnetic induction field around any closed path is equal t0 Jp times the net current enclosed by thispath, ic $B. $a]of St. PHYSIC) eee dilfereney Let a closed plane curve encloses currents i {cand iy through the conductors as shawn in fons ty i : @. oe)" On gipii wae 1,® - currents down wand ave @i,.¢ ~ craurents upward -ve The net current through conduetor is i inhi ti, The magnetic induction along the closed path is fBdi=ngi 3. A current of 104 passes through two very long wires held parallel to each other and separated by a distance of 1m. What is the force per unit lenght between them ? aS 7 4nx107 x10x10 ~2exL =2x 105Nim OA r= Im Ma ii nr 4. What are the basic components of a cyclotron? Mention its uses ? Cyclotron is a device used to accelearate positively charged particles like protons and Geutrons ete. Cyclotron mainly consists of }) Two hollow D-shaped metalic chombars D, and D,, ii) High frequency oscillator iii) Song electromagnet iv) Vaccumne chamber Maa in spats econ ae 6. “

————____ Rc b, > The magnetic moment is given by, M=niA‘= ni(nr?) = 100X3.2x3.4x10 Long Answer Questions : 1. Deduce an expression for the force on a current carrying conductor placed in a ‘megnetic ficld. Derive on expression for the force per unit length between two parallel current carrying conductors? A. Flemings left hand rule: Stretch the left hand such that the thumb, the forefinger and the middle finger are mutually parpendicular to each other. If fore finger indicates the direction of magnetic field, the middle finger current direction then the thumb indicates direction of force on the conductor. The force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field: 10Am? 1) consider a straight wire of length 'T of cross sectional area A and carrying a current ‘i’ placed in a uniform magnetic field induction ‘B’ as shown in fig, F EE OF £0 @ 2) Due to.the potential difference, electrons move with drift velocity. 'v, 3) We know that the force 'f acting on charge ‘q' in the magnetic field of induction B is f= qV,B sind 0) 4) If'n' is no of free eletrons per unit volume of the conductor, the current in it is —- (2) 5) The total force F acting on ‘nlA’ no of elec- trons in length of conductor is F = (nA) f=nlA. qV,Bsind Feng VA (IBsin6) [i F=iiBsind i=ngyA ngV,A] Force between two parllel conductors carry- ing current : 1) Consider two long parallel conductors I & If of length { carrying current j,i, separated by a distance r. 2) The magnetic indiction field strength due to conductor I at distance ‘ris 3) conductor Il is in 'B,'. So the force on F,=i1B, (towards first conductor) 4) The magnetic induction due to conductor IT at a distance 'r is Yo ir a4 mr? ® 5) Conductor 1 F, =i\[B) (towards secound conductor) ® s in B,. So the force on it is = Ho fe, A mmr 1> (4) 2. Obtain an expression for the torque on a loop placed in a uniform magnetic field. Describe the construction and working of moving coil galvanometer. ‘A. a) Torque on a current loop or coil in a uniform magnetic field : 1) Let a rectangular current loop ABCD of length AB = CD = and breadth AD = BC=b and carrying current 'i’ be suspended in a uniform magnetic field of strength 'B'. 2) Let the normal to the plane of the coil making an angle ‘g' with the field direction. 3) Forces i(bxB) on arms AD and BC act in opposite direction along vertical axis of suspension xy and hence cancel. 4) Force on arms AB and DC are ilB act at the middle points ‘P' and "Q' as shown in fig form a couple’of arm PR= PQsiné=bsind FAST TRACK IPE for Sti Chaitanya Sr. Students yn