Armenians

Armenians (Armenian: հայեր, romanized: hayer, [hɑˈjɛɾ]) are

an ethnic group and nation native to the Armenian highlands of Armenians
West Asia.[44][45][46] Armenians constitute the main population Հայեր Hayer
of the Republic of Armenia and constituted the main population Total population
of the unrecognized Republic of Artsakh until the Armenians of c. 8 million[1] to 11–16 million[2]
Nagorno-Karabakh were ethnically cleansed. There is a wide-
ranging diaspora of around five million people of full or partial
Armenian ancestry living outside modern Armenia. The largest
Armenian populations today exist in Russia, the United States,
France, Georgia, Iran, Germany, Ukraine, Lebanon, Brazil,
Argentina, Syria, and Turkey. The present-day Armenian
diaspora was formed mainly as a result of the Armenian
genocide with the exceptions of Iran, former Soviet states, and
Regions with significant
parts of the Levant.[47]
populations
Armenian is an Indo-European language.[45][48] It has two Armenia 2,961,514[3][4]
mutually intelligible spoken and written forms: Eastern Russia 1,182,388[5]–
Armenian, today spoken mainly in Armenia, Artsakh, Iran, and 2,900,000[6]
the former Soviet republics; and Western Armenian, used in the
historical Western Armenia and, after the Armenian genocide, United States 1,000,366[7]–
primarily in the Armenian diasporan communities. The unique 1,500,000[8]
Armenian alphabet was invented in 405 AD by Mesrop France 250,000[9]–750,000[10]
Mashtots.
Georgia 168,191[11]
Most Armenians adhere to the Armenian Apostolic Church, a ∟ Abkhazia 41,864[12]
non-Chalcedonian Christian church, which is also the world's
Azerbaijan 50-1,000
oldest national church. Christianity began to spread in Armenia
soon after Jesus' death, due to the efforts of two of his apostles, Lebanon 150,000[13]
St. Thaddeus and St. Bartholomew.[49] In the early 4th century, Iran 120,000[14]
the Kingdom of Armenia became the first state to adopt
Germany 90,000–110,000[15]
Christianity as a state religion,[50] followed by the first
pilgrimages to the Holy Land where a community established Ukraine[a] 100,000 (2001)[16]
the Armenian Quarter of Old Jerusalem.[42][51] Brazil 100,000[17][18]
Greece 80,000[19]
Etymology Argentina 70,000[20]
Turkey 60,000[21]
The earliest attestations of the exonym Armenia date around the
300,000–5,000,000
6th century BC. In his trilingual Behistun Inscription dated to
(Hidden Armenians)[22][23]
517 BC, Darius I the Great of Persia refers to Urashtu (in
Babylonian) as Armina (Old Persian: 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴) and Canada 68,855[24]
Harminuya (in Elamite). In Greek, Armenios (Αρμένιοι) is
Uzbekistan 50,000–70,000[25]
attested from about the same time, perhaps the earliest reference
being a fragment attributed to Hecataeus of Miletus Poland 40,000–
 (476 BC).[52] Xenophon, a 80,000[26][27][28]
Greek general serving in some Belgium 40,000[29]
of the Persian expeditions,
describes many aspects of Spain 40,000[30]
Armenian village life and Bulgaria 30,000[31]
hospitality in around 401 BC. Syria[b] 25,000–30,000[32][33]
Some have linked the name Kazakhstan 25,000[34]
Armenia with the Early Bronze Australia 22,526[35]
Age state of Armani
(Armanum, Armi) or the Late United 18,000–
Bronze Age state of Arme Kingdom 20,000[36][37][38]
(Shupria).[53] Armini, Urartian United Arab 8,000–10,000[39]
Hayk, the legendary founder
for "inhabitant of Arme" or Emirates
of the Armenian nation.
"Armean country", referring to
Painting by Mkrtum Netherlands 5,689[n]–8,374[m]
the region of Shupria, to the
Hovnatanian (1779–1846) (2021)[40][41]
immediate west of Lake
Van.[54] The Arme tribe of Israel and 2,000–10,000[42][43]
Urartian texts may have been the Urumu, who in the 12th Palestine
century BC attempted to invade Assyria from the north with Languages
their allies the Mushki and the Kaskians. The Urumu
apparently settled in the vicinity of Sason, lending their name to Armenian, Armenian Sign
the regions of Arme and the nearby lands of Urme and Inner Religion
Urumu.[55] The location of the older site of Armani is a matter Christianity
of debate. Some modern researchers have placed it in the same
Armenian Apostolic Church · Catholic ·
general area as Arme, near modern Samsat,[56] and have
Protestant
suggested it was populated, at least partially, by an early Indo-
European-speaking people.[57] The relationship between Armenian Native Faith
Armani and the later Arme-Shupria, if any, is undetermined. Related ethnic groups
Additionally, their connections to Armenians is inconclusive as Hemshin, Hayhurum, Lom
it is not known what languages were spoken in these regions.

It has also been speculated that the land of Ermenen (located in ^ n: by legal nationality
or near Minni), mentioned by the Egyptian pharaoh Thutmose ^ m: by nationality, naturalisation and
III in 1446 BCE, could be a reference to Armenia. descendant background

Armenians call themselves Hay (Armenian: հայ, pronounced [ˈhaj]; plural: հայեր, [haˈjɛɾ]). The name
has traditionally been derived from Hayk (Armenian: Հայկ), the legendary patriarch of the Armenians and
a great-great-grandson of Noah, who, according to Movses Khorenatsi (Moses of Khorene), defeated the
Babylonian king Bel in 2492 BC and established his nation in the Ararat region.[58] It is also further
postulated[59][60] that the name Hay comes from, or is related to, one of the two confederated, Hittite vassal
states—Hayasa-Azzi (1600–1200 BC). Ultimately, Hay may derive from the Proto Indo-European words
póti (meaning "lord" or "master")[61] or *h₂éyos/*áyos (meaning "metal").[62]
Khorenatsi wrote that the word Armenian originated from the name Armenak or Aram (the descendant of
Hayk). Khorenatsi refers to both Armenia and Armenians as Hayk‘ (Armenian: Հայք) (not to be confused
with the aforementioned patriarch, Hayk).

History

Origin

While the Armenian language is classified as an Indo-European language, its placement within the broader
Indo-European language family is a matter of debate. Until fairly recently, scholars believed Armenian to be
most closely related to Greek and Ancient Macedonian. Eric P. Hamp placed Armenian in the "Pontic Indo-
European" (also called Graeco-Armenian or Helleno-Armenian) subgroup of Indo-European languages in
his 2012 Indo-European family tree.[63] There are two possible explanations, not mutually exclusive, for a
common origin of the Armenian and Greek languages.

In Hamp's view, the homeland of the proposed Graeco-Armenian subgroup is the northeast
coast of the Black Sea and its hinterlands.[63] He assumes that they migrated from there
southeast through the Caucasus with the Armenians remaining after Batumi while the pre-
Greeks proceeded westward along the southern coast of the Black Sea.[63]
Ancient Greek historian Herodotus (writing c. 440 BCE), suggested that Armenians migrated
from Phrygia, a region that encompassed much of western and central Anatolia during the
Iron Age: "the Armenians were equipped like Phrygians, being Phrygian colonists" (7.73)
(Ἀρμένιοι δὲ κατά περ Φρύγες ἐσεσάχατο, ἐόντες Φρυγῶ ν ἄποικοι.). This statement was
interpreted by later scholars as meaning that Armenians spoke a language derived from
Phrygian, a poorly attested Indo-European language. However, this theory has been
discredited.[64][65] Ancient Greek writers believed that the Phrygians had originated in the
Balkans, in an area adjoining Macedonia, from where they had emigrated to Anatolia during
the Bronze Age collapse. This led later scholars to theorize that Armenians also originated in
the Balkans. However, an Armenian origin in the Balkans, although once widely accepted,
has been facing increased scrutiny in recent years due to discrepancies in the timeline and
lack of genetic and archeological evidence.[63][66][67] The view that Armenians are native to
the South Caucasus is supported by ancient Armenian historical accounts and legends,
which place the Ararat Plain as the cradle of Armenian culture, as well as modern genetic
research. In fact, some scholars have suggested that the Phrygians or the apparently related
Mushki people were originally from Armenia and moved westward.[68]

Some linguists tentatively conclude that Armenian, Greek (and Phrygian) and Indo-Iranian were dialectally
close to each other;[69][70][71][72][73][74] within this hypothetical dialect group, Proto-Armenian was
situated between Proto-Greek (centum subgroup) and Proto-Indo-Iranian (satem subgroup).[75] This has led
some scholars to propose a hypothetical Graeco-Armenian-Aryan clade within the Indo-European language
family from which the Armenian, Greek, Indo-Iranian, and possibly Phrygian languages all descend.[76]
According to Kim (2018), however, there is insufficient evidence for a cladistic connection between
Armenian and Greek, and common features between these two languages can be explained as a result of
contact. Contact is also the most likely explanation for morphological features shared by Armenian with
Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic languages.[77]

It has been suggested that the Bronze Age Trialeti-Vanadzor culture and sites such as the burial complexes
at Verin and Nerkin Naver are indicative of an Indo-European presence in Armenia by the end of the 3rd
millennium BCE.[78][79][80][81][82][83][67] The controversial Armenian hypothesis, put forward by some
scholars, such as Thomas Gamkrelidze and Vyacheslav V. Ivanov, proposes that the Indo-European
homeland was around the Armenian Highland.[84] This theory was partially confirmed by the research of
geneticist David Reich (et al. 2018), among others.[85][86][87] Similarly Grolle (et al. 2018) supports not
only a homeland for Armenians on the Armenian highlands, but also that the Armenian highlands are the
homeland for the "pre-proto-Indo-Europeans".[88] A large genetic study in 2022 showed that many
Armenians are "direct patrilineal descendants of the Yamnaya".[89]

Genetic studies explain Armenian diversity by several mixtures of Eurasian populations that occurred
between 3000 and 2000 BCE. But genetic signals of population mixture cease after 1200 BCE when
Bronze Age civilizations in the Eastern Mediterranean world suddenly and violently collapsed. Armenians
have since remained isolated and genetic structure within the population developed ~500 years ago when
Armenia was divided between the Ottomans and the Safavid Empire in Iran.[90][91] A genetic study (Wang
et al. 2018) supports the indigenous origin for Armenians in a region south of the Caucasus which he calls
"Greater Caucasus".[92]

In the Bronze Age, several states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia, including the Hittite Empire (at
the height of its power in the 14th century BCE), (Mitanni (South-Western historical Armenia, 1500–1300
BCE), and Hayasa-Azzi (1500–1200 BCE). Soon after Hayasa-Azzi came Arme-Shupria (1300s–1190
BCE), the Nairi Confederation (1200–900 BCE), and the Kingdom of Urartu (860–590 BCE), who
successively established their sovereignty over the Armenian Highland. Each of the aforementioned nations
and tribes participated in the ethnogenesis of the Armenian people.[93] Under Ashurbanipal (669–627
BCE), the Assyrian empire reached the Caucasus Mountains (modern Armenia, Georgia and
Azerbaijan).[94]

Luwianologist John D. Hawkins proposed that "Hai" people were possibly mentioned in the 10th century
BCE Hieroglyphic Luwian inscriptions from Carchemish.[95] A.E. Redgate later clarified that these "Hai"
people may have been Armenians.[96]

Antiquity

The first geographical entity that was called Armenia by

neighboring peoples (such as by Hecataeus of Miletus and on the
Achaemenid Behistun Inscription) was the Satrapy of Armenia,
established in the late 6th century BCE under the Orontid
(Yervanduni) dynasty within the Achaemenid Persian Empire. The
Orontids later ruled the independent Kingdom of Armenia. At its
zenith (95–65 BCE), under the imperial reign of Tigran the Great, a The Kingdom of Armenia at its
member of the Artaxiad (Artashesian) dynasty, the Kingdom of greatest extent under Tigranes the
Armenia extended from the Caucasus all the way to what is now Great (95–55 BCE)
central Turkey, Lebanon, and northern Iran.

The Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia, itself a branch of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia, was the first state to
adopt Christianity as its religion (it had formerly been adherent to Armenian paganism, which was
influenced by Zoroastrianism,[97] while later on adopting a few elements regarding identification of its
pantheon with Greco-Roman deities).[98] In the early years of the 4th century, likely 301 CE,[99] partly in
defiance of the Sassanids it seems.[100] In the late Parthian period, Armenia was a predominantly
Zoroastrian-adhering land,[97] but by the Christianisation, previously predominant Zoroastrianism and
paganism in Armenia gradually declined.[100][101] This is the period that an Armenian community was
established in Judea (modern-day Palestine-Israel), leading to the Armenian Quarter of Jerusalem.[42] Later
on, to further strengthen Armenian national identity, Mesrop Mashtots invented the Armenian alphabet, in
405 CE. This event ushered the Golden Age of Armenia, during which many foreign books and
manuscripts were translated to Armenian by Mesrop's pupils. Armenia lost its sovereignty again in 428 CE
to the rivaling Byzantine and Sassanid Persian empires, until the Muslim conquest of Persia overran also the
regions in which Armenians lived.

Middle Ages

In 885 CE the Armenians

reestablished themselves as
a sovereign kingdom under
the leadership of Ashot I of
the Bagratid Dynasty. A
considerable portion of the
Armenian nobility and
peasantry fled the
Byzantine occupation of Ptolemy, Cosmographia (1467)
The Cathedral of Ani, completed in
Bagratid Armenia in 1045,
1001
and the subsequent invasion
of the region by Seljuk Turks in 1064. They settled in large
numbers in Cilicia, an Anatolian region where Armenians were already established as a minority since
Roman times. In 1080, they founded an independent Armenian Principality then Kingdom of Cilicia, which
became the focus of Armenian nationalism. The Armenians developed close social, cultural, military, and
religious ties with nearby Crusader States,[102] but eventually succumbed to Mamluk invasions. In the next
few centuries, Djenghis Khan, Timurids, and the tribal Turkic federations of the Ak Koyunlu and the Kara
Koyunlu ruled over the Armenians.

Early modern history

From the early 16th century, both Western Armenia and Eastern Armenia fell under Iranian Safavid
rule.[103][104] Owing to the century long Turco-Iranian geo-political rivalry that would last in Western Asia,
significant parts of the region were frequently fought over between the two rivalling empires. From the mid
16th century with the Peace of Amasya, and decisively from the first half of the 17th century with the
Treaty of Zuhab until the first half of the 19th century,[105] Eastern Armenia was ruled by the successive
Iranian Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar empires, while Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule. In the
late 1820s, the parts of historic Armenia under Iranian control centering on Yerevan and Lake Sevan (all of
Eastern Armenia) were incorporated into the Russian Empire following Iran's forced ceding of the territories
after its loss in the Russo-Persian War (1826-1828) and the outcoming Treaty of Turkmenchay.[106]
Western Armenia however, remained in Ottoman hands.

Modern history

The ethnic cleansing of Armenians during the final years of the Ottoman Empire is widely considered a
genocide, resulting in an estimated 1.2 million victims.[107][108] The first wave of persecution was in the
years 1894 to 1896, the second one culminating in the events of the Armenian genocide in 1915 and 1916.
With World War I in progress, the Ottoman Empire accused the (Christian) Armenians as liable to ally with
Imperial Russia, and used it as a pretext to deal with the entire Armenian population as an enemy within
their empire.

An Armenian woman from Artvin
in national costume,
photographed by Sergey
Prokudin-Gorsky between 1909
and 1912.
Governments of the Republic of
Turkey since that time have
consistently rejected charges of
genocide, typically arguing either
that those Armenians who died
were simply in the way of a war,
or that killings of Armenians
were justified by their individual
or collective support for the
enemies of the Ottoman Empire. Persis, Parthia, Armenia. Rest
Passage of legislation in various Fenner, published in 1835.
foreign countries, condemning
the persecution of the Armenians
as genocide, has often provoked
diplomatic conflict. (See
recognition of the Armenian
genocide)

Following the breakup of the

Russian Empire in the aftermath
of World War I for a brief period,
from 1918 to 1920, Armenia was
an independent republic plagued
About 1.5 million Armenians were by socio-economic crises such as
killed during the Armenian large-scale Muslim uprisings. In
genocide in 1915–1918. Armenia, Mesopotamia,
late 1920, the communists came
Babylonia and Assyria with
to power following an invasion
Adjacent Regions, Karl von
of Armenia by the Red Army; in Spruner, published in 1865.
1922, Armenia became part of the Transcaucasian SFSR of the Soviet
Union, later on forming the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1936
to 21 September 1991). In 1991, Armenia declared independence
from the USSR and established the second Republic of Armenia. Also in 1991, the ethnic Armenian-
majority Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (later the Republic of Artsakh), declared independence from
Azerbaijan which lasted until 2023.

Geographic distribution

Armenia

Armenians are believed to have had a presence in the Armenian Highland for over 4,000 years. According
to legend, Hayk, the patriarch and founder of the Armenian nation, led Armenians to victory over Bel of
Babylon and settled in the Armenian Highland.[109] Today, with a population of 3.5 million (although more
recent estimates place the population closer to 2.9 million), they constitute an overwhelming majority in
Armenia, Armenians in the diaspora informally refer to them as Hayastantsis (Armenian:
հայաստանցի), meaning those that are from Armenia (that is, those born and raised in Armenia). They,
as well as the Armenians of Iran and Russia, speak the
Eastern dialect of the Armenian language. The country
itself is secular as a result of Soviet domination, but
most of its citizens identify themselves as Apostolic
Armenian Christian.

Diaspora
Armenian presence in the early 20th century:
While the largest Armenian diaspora populations reside
>50% 25–50% <25%
in Russia, the United States, France, and other
Armenian settlement area today.
countries, small Armenian trading and religious
communities have existed outside Armenia for
centuries. A prominent community has continued since
the 4th century in the Holy Land, and one of the
quarters of the walled Old City of Jerusalem is called
the Armenian Quarter.[42] An Armenian Catholic
monastic community of 35 founded in 1717 exists on
an island near Venice, Italy.

The region of Western Armenia was an influential part

of the Eastern Roman Empire, which was absorbed by
the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. The Armenian Armenian population by country (in thousands):
population of the Ottoman Empire is estimated to have Armenia
been between 1.5 and 2.5 million in the early 20th + 1,000,000
century.[107][110] Most of the modern Armenian + 100,000
diaspora consists of Armenians scattered throughout
+ 10,000
the world as a direct consequence of massacres and
genocide in the Ottoman Empire. However, Armenian
communities in Iran, Georgia (Tbilisi), and Syria existed since antiquity.[47] During the Middle Ages and
the centuries prior to the genocide, additional communities were formed in Greece, Bulgaria, Hungary,
Kievan Rus' and the territories of Russia, Poland, Austria, and Lebanon. There are also remnants of historic
communities in Turkey (Istanbul),[111] India, Myanmar, Thailand, Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal, Italy,
Israel-Palestine, Iraq, Romania, Serbia, Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt.

The Nagorno-Karabakh region in Azerbaijan had an absolute Armenian majority until 2023. From 1991 to
2023, the region was governed by the Armenia-backed Republic of Artsakh, a largely unrecognized
breakway state. After Azerbaijan defeated Artsakh in 2023 after decades of conflict, nearly the entire
population fled into Armenia.

Within the diasporan Armenian community, there is an unofficial classification of the different kinds of
Armenians. For example, Armenians who originate from Iran are referred to as Parskahay (Armenian:
պարսկահայ), while Armenians from Lebanon are usually referred to as Lipananahay (Armenian:
լիբանանահայ). Armenians of the Diaspora are the primary speakers of the Western dialect of the
Armenian language. This dialect has considerable differences with Eastern Armenian, but speakers of either
of the two variations can usually understand each other. Eastern Armenian in the diaspora is primarily
spoken in Iran and European countries such as Ukraine, Russia, and Georgia (where they form a majority
in the Samtskhe-Javakheti province). In diverse communities (such as in the United States and Canada)
where many different kinds of Armenians live together, there is a tendency for the different groups to cluster
together.

Culture

Religion

Before Christianity, Armenians adhered to Armenian Indo-European native religion: a type of indigenous
polytheism that pre-dated the Urartu period but which subsequently adopted several Greco-Roman and
Iranian religious characteristics.[112][113]

In 301 AD, Armenia adopted Christianity as a state religion,

becoming the first state to do so.[49] The claim is primarily based on
the fifth-century work of Agathangelos titled "The History of the
Armenians." Agathangelos witnessed at first hand the baptism of
the Armenian King Trdat III (c. 301/314 A.D.) by St. Gregory the
Illuminator.[114] Trdat III decreed Christianity was the state
religion.[115]

Armenia established a Church that still exists independently of both The Etchmiadzin Cathedral, the
the Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox churches, having become so mother church of the Armenian
in 451 AD as a result of its stance regarding the Council of Apostolic Church, was established in
Chalcedon.[49] Today this church is known as the Armenian 301 AD.
Apostolic Church, which is a part of the Oriental Orthodox
communion, not to be confused with the Eastern Orthodox
communion. During its later political eclipses, Armenia depended on the church to preserve and protect its
unique identity. The original location of the Armenian Catholicosate is Echmiadzin. However, the
continuous upheavals, which characterized the political scenes of Armenia, made the political power move
to safer places. The Church center moved as well to different locations together with the political authority.
Therefore, it eventually moved to Cilicia as the Holy See of Cilicia.[116]

Armenia has, at times, constituted a Christian "island" in a mostly

Muslim region. There are, however, a minority of ethnic Armenian
Muslims, known as Hamshenis and Crypto-Armenians, although
the former are often regarded as a distinct group or subgroup. In the
late tsarist Caucasus, individual conversions of Muslims, Yazidis,
Jews, and Assyrians into Armenian Christianity have been
documented.[117] The history of the Jews in Armenia dates back
over 2,000 years. The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia had close ties
to European Crusader States. Later on, the deteriorating situation in
Church service, Yerevan the region led the bishops of Armenia to elect a Catholicos in
Etchmiadzin, the original seat of the Catholicosate. In 1441, a new
Catholicos was elected in Etchmiadzin in the person of Kirakos
Virapetsi, while Krikor Moussapegiants preserved his title as Catholicos of Cilicia. Therefore, since 1441,
there have been two Catholicosates in the Armenian Church with equal rights and privileges, and with their
respective jurisdictions. The primacy of honor of the Catholicosate of Etchmiadzin has always been
recognized by the Catholicosate of Cilicia.[118]
While the Armenian Apostolic Church remains the most prominent
church in the Armenian community throughout the world,
Armenians (especially in the diaspora) subscribe to any number of
other Christian denominations. These include the Armenian
Catholic Church (which follows its own liturgy but recognizes the
Roman Catholic Pope), the Armenian Evangelical Church, which
started as a reformation in the Mother church but later broke away,
and the Armenian Brotherhood Church, which was born in the
Armenian Evangelical Church, but later broke apart from it. There Ancient Tatev Monastery
are other numerous Armenian churches belonging to Protestant
denominations of all kinds.

Through the ages many Armenians have collectively belonged to other faiths or Christian movements,
including the Paulicians which is a form of Gnostic and Manichaean Christianity. Paulicians sought to
restore the pure Christianity of Paul and in c.660 founded the first congregation in Kibossa, Armenia.

Another example is the Tondrakians, who flourished in medieval Armenia between the early 9th century
and 11th century. Tondrakians advocated the abolishment of the church, denied the immortality of the soul,
did not believe in an afterlife, supported property rights for peasants, and equality between men and
women.

The Orthodox Armenians or the Chalcedonian Armenians in the Byzantine Empire were called Iberians
("Georgians") or "Greeks". A notable Orthodox "Iberian" Armenian was the Byzantine General Gregory
Pakourianos. The descendants of these Orthodox and Chalcedonic Armenians are the Hayhurum of Greece
and Catholic Armenians of Georgia.

Language and literature

Armenian is a sub-branch of the Indo-European family, and with some 8 million speakers one of the
smallest surviving branches, comparable to Albanian or the somewhat more widely spoken Greek, with
which it may be connected (see Graeco-Armenian). Today, that branch has just one language – Armenian.

Five million Eastern Armenian speakers live in the Caucasus, Russia, and Iran, and approximately two to
three million people in the rest of the Armenian diaspora speak Western Armenian. According to US Census
figures, there are 300,000 Americans who speak Armenian at home. It is in fact the twentieth most
commonly spoken language in the United States, having slightly fewer speakers than Haitian Creole, and
slightly more than Navajo.

Armenian literature dates back to 400 AD, when Mesrop Mashtots first invented the Armenian alphabet.
This period of time is often viewed as the Golden Age of Armenian literature. Early Armenian literature was
written by the "father of Armenian history", Moses of Chorene, who authored The History of Armenia. The
book covers the time-frame from the formation of the Armenian people to the fifth century AD. The
nineteenth century beheld a great literary movement that was to give rise to modern Armenian literature.
This period of time, during which Armenian culture flourished, is known as the Revival period (Zartonki
sherchan). The Revivalist authors of Constantinople and Tiflis, almost identical to the Romanticists of
Europe, were interested in encouraging Armenian nationalism. Most of them adopted the newly created
Eastern or Western variants of the Armenian language depending on the targeted audience, and preferred
them over classical Armenian (grabar). This period ended after the Hamidian massacres, when Armenians
experienced turbulent times. As Armenian history of the 1920s and of the
Genocide came to be more openly discussed, writers like Paruyr Sevak,
Gevork Emin, Silva Kaputikyan and Hovhannes Shiraz began a new era of
literature.

Architecture

The first Armenian churches were built on the orders of St. Gregory the
Illuminator, and were often built on top of pagan temples, and imitated
some aspects of Armenian pre-Christian architecture.[119]

Classical and Medieval Armenian Architecture is divided into four separate

periods.
A 14th-century Armenian
illuminated manuscript
The first Armenian churches were built between the 4th and 7th century,
beginning when Armenia converted to Christianity, and ending with the
Arab invasion of Armenia. The early churches were mostly simple
basilicas, but some with side apses. By the fifth century the typical cupola
cone in the center had become widely used. By the seventh century,
centrally planned churches had been built and a more complicated niched
buttress and radiating Hrip'simé style had formed. By the time of the Arab
invasion, most of what we now know as classical Armenian architecture
had formed.

From the 9th to 11th century, Armenian architecture underwent a revival

under the patronage of the Bagratid Dynasty with a great deal of building
done in the area of Lake Van, this included both traditional styles and new
innovations. Ornately carved Armenian Khachkars were developed during
this time.[120] Many new cities and churches were built during this time,
including a new capital at Lake Van and a new Cathedral on Akdamar
Island to match. The Cathedral of Ani was also completed during this The famous Khachkar at
dynasty. It was during this time that the first major monasteries, such as Goshavank, carved in 1291
Haghpat and Haritchavank were built. This period was ended by the Seljuk by the artist Poghos
invasion.

Sports

Many types of sports are played in Armenia, among the most

popular being football, chess, boxing, basketball, ice hockey,
sambo, wrestling, weightlifting, and volleyball.[121] Since
independence, the Armenian government has been actively
rebuilding its sports program in the country.

During Soviet rule, Armenian athletes rose to prominence winning

plenty of medals and helping the USSR win the medal standings at
the Olympics on numerous occasions. The first medal won by an
Armenian children at the UN Cup
Armenian in modern Olympic history was by Hrant Shahinyan,
Chess Tournament in 2005
who won two golds and two silvers in gymnastics at the 1952
Summer Olympics in Helsinki. In football, their most successful
team was Yerevan's FC Ararat, which had claimed most of the Soviet championships in the 70s and had
also gone to post victories against professional clubs like FC Bayern Munich in the Euro cup.

Armenians have also been successful in chess, which is the most popular mind sport in Armenia. Some of
the most prominent chess players in the world are Armenian such as Tigran Petrosian, Levon Aronian and
Garry Kasparov. Armenians have also been successful in weightlifting and wrestling (Armen Nazaryan),
winning medals in each sport at the Olympics. There are also successful Armenians in football – Henrikh
Mkhitaryan, boxing – Arthur Abraham and Vic Darchinyan.

Music and dance

Armenian music is a mix of indigenous folk

music, perhaps best-represented by Djivan
Gasparyan's well-known duduk music, as well as
light pop, and extensive Christian music.

Instruments like the duduk, the dhol, the zurna

and the kanun are commonly found in Armenian
folk music. Artists such as Sayat Nova are famous
due to their influence in the development of
Armenian folk music. One of the oldest types of
Armenian music is the Armenian chant which is
the most common kind of religious music in
Armenia. Many of these chants are ancient in
origin, extending to pre-Christian times, while
others are relatively modern, including several
composed by Saint Mesrop Mashtots, the inventor
of the Armenian alphabet. While under Soviet Armenian folk musicians and traditional Armenian dance
rule, Armenian classical music composer Aram
Khatchaturian became internationally well known
for his music, for various ballets and the Sabre Dance from his composition for the ballet Gayane.

The Armenian genocide caused widespread emigration that led to the settlement of Armenians in various
countries in the world. Armenians kept to their traditions and certain diasporans rose to fame with their
music. In the post-Genocide Armenian community of the United States, the so-called "kef" style Armenian
dance music, using Armenian and Middle Eastern folk instruments (often electrified/amplified) and some
western instruments, was popular. This style preserved the folk songs and dances of Western Armenia, and
many artists also played the contemporary popular songs of Turkey and other Middle Eastern countries
from which the Armenians emigrated. Richard Hagopian is perhaps the most famous artist of the traditional
"kef" style and the Vosbikian Band was notable in the 40s and 50s for developing their own style of "kef
music" heavily influenced by the popular American Big Band Jazz of the time. Later, stemming from the
Middle Eastern Armenian diaspora and influenced by Continental European (especially French) pop music,
the Armenian pop music genre grew to fame in the 60s and 70s with artists such as Adiss Harmandian and
Harout Pamboukjian performing to the Armenian diaspora and Armenia. Also with artists such as Sirusho,
performing pop music combined with Armenian folk music in today's entertainment industry. Other
Armenian diasporans that rose to fame in classical or international music circles are world-renowned
French-Armenian singer and composer Charles Aznavour, pianist Sahan Arzruni, prominent opera sopranos
such as Hasmik Papian and more recently Isabel Bayrakdarian and Anna Kasyan. Certain Armenians
settled to sing non-Armenian tunes such as the heavy metal band System of a Down (which nonetheless
often incorporates traditional Armenian instrumentals and styling into their songs) or pop star Cher (whose
father was Armenian). Ruben Hakobyan (Ruben Sasuntsi) is a well recognized Armenian ethnographic and
patriotic folk singer who has achieved widespread national recognition due to his devotion to Armenian folk
music and exceptional talent. In the Armenian diaspora, Armenian Revolutionary Songs are popular with
the youth. These songs encourage Armenian patriotism and are generally about Armenian history and
national heroes.

Carpet weaving

Carpet-weaving is historically a major traditional profession for the

majority of Armenian women, including many Armenian families.
Prominent Karabakh carpet weavers there were men too. The oldest
extant Armenian carpet from the region, referred to as Artsakh (see
also Karabakh carpet) during the medieval era, is from the village of
Banants (near Gandzak) and dates to the early 13th century.[122]
The first time that the Armenian word for carpet, kork, was used in
historical sources was in a 1242–1243 Armenian inscription on the Armenian girls, weaving carpets in
wall of the Kaptavan Church in Artsakh.[123] Van, 1907, Ottoman Empire

Common themes and patterns found on Armenian carpets were the

depiction of dragons and eagles. They were diverse in style, rich in color and ornamental motifs, and were
even separated in categories depending on what sort of animals were depicted on them, such as artsvagorgs
(eagle-carpets), vishapagorgs (dragon-carpets) and otsagorgs (serpent-carpets).[123] The rug mentioned in
the Kaptavan inscriptions is composed of three arches, "covered with vegatative ornaments", and bears an
artistic resemblance to the illuminated manuscripts produced in Artsakh.[123]

The art of carpet weaving was in addition intimately connected to the making of curtains as evidenced in a
passage by Kirakos Gandzaketsi, a 13th-century Armenian historian from Artsakh, who praised Arzu-
Khatun, the wife of regional prince Vakhtang Khachenatsi, and her daughters for their expertise and skill in
weaving.[124]

Armenian carpets were also renowned by foreigners who traveled to Artsakh; the Arab geographer and
historian Al-Masudi noted that, among other works of art, he had never seen such carpets elsewhere in his
life.[125]

Cuisine

Khorovats, an Armenian-styled barbecue, is arguably the favorite Armenian

dish. Lavash is a very popular Armenian flat bread, and Armenian paklava
is a popular dessert made from filo dough. Other famous Armenian foods
include the kabob (a skewer of marinated roasted meat and vegetables),
various dolmas (minced lamb, or beef meat and rice wrapped in grape
leaves, cabbage leaves, or stuffed into hollowed vegetables), and pilaf, a
rice dish. Also, ghapama, a rice-stuffed pumpkin dish, and many different
salads are popular in Armenian culture. Fruits play a large part in the
Armenian diet. Apricots (Prunus armeniaca, also known as Armenian
Plum) have been grown in Armenia for centuries and have a reputation for
having an especially good flavor. Peaches are popular as well, as are

Khorovats is a favorite
Armenian dish.
grapes, figs, pomegranates, and melons. Preserves are made from many fruits, including cornelian cherries,
young walnuts, sea buckthorn, mulberries, sour cherries, and many others.

Institutions
The Armenian Apostolic Church, the world's oldest National Church
The Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU) founded in 1906 and the largest Armenian
non-profit organization in the world, with educational, cultural and humanitarian projects on
all continents
The Armenian Revolutionary Federation, founded in 1890. It is generally referred to as the
Dashnaktsutyun, which means Federation in Armenian. The ARF is the strongest worldwide
Armenian political organization and the only diasporan Armenian organization with a
significant political presence in Armenia.
Hamazkayin, an Armenian cultural and educational society founded in Cairo in 1928, and
responsible for the founding of Armenian secondary schools and institutions of higher
education in several countries
The Armenian Catholic Church, representing small communities of Armeno-Catholics in
different countries around the world, as well as important monastic and cultural institutions in
Venice and Vienna
Homenetmen, an Armenian Scouting and athletic organization founded in 1910 with a
worldwide membership of about 25,000
The Armenian Relief Society, founded in 1910

Genetics

Y-DNA

A 2012 study found that haplogroups R1b, J2, and T were the most notable haplogroups among
Armenians.[126]

MtDNA

Most notable mtDNA haplogroups among the Armenian samples are H, U, T, J, K and X while the rest of
remaining Mtdna of the Armenians are HV, I, X, W, R0 and N.[127]

Notable people

See also
Armenian diaspora
Ethnic groups in Europe
Ethnic groups in West Asia
Hayk
Hemshin peoples
Hidden Armenians
List of Armenian ethnic enclaves
 Peoples of the Caucasus
Prehistory of the Armenians

References
Notes

a. The number of Ukrainian Armenians is estimated to be far lower due to the Russian invasion
of Ukraine, as these are pre-war figures.
b. The number of Syrian Armenians is difficult to estimate due to the Syrian Civil War. Many fled
to Lebanon, Armenia, and the West respectively.

Citations

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nearly 3 million Armenians in Armenia (and 3–4 million in the Armenian Diaspora
worldwide) 'perceive' the nearly 8 million Azerbaijanis in Azerbaijan as 'Turks.' "
McGoldrick, Monica; Giordano, Joe; Garcia-Preto, Nydia, eds. (18 August 2005).
Ethnicity and Family Therapy, Third Edition (3 ed.). Guilford Press. p. 439.
ISBN 9781606237946. "The impact of such a horror on a group who presently number
approximately 6 million, worldwide, is incalculable."
Sargsyan, Gevorg; Balabanyan, Ani; Hankinson, Denzel (2006). From Crisis to Stability
in the Armenian Power Sector: Lessons Learned from Armenia's Energy Reform
Experience (https://archive.org/details/fromcrisistostab00sarg/page/18) (illustrated ed.).
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6 million diaspora represent a major source of foreign direct investment in the country."
Arthur G. Sharp (15 September 2011). The Everything Guide to the Middle East:
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Armenia was declared in 1991, nearly 4 million of the world's 6 million Armenians have
been living on the eastern edge of their Middle Eastern homeland."
2. different sources:
Von Voss, Huberta (2007). Portraits of Hope: Armenians in the Contemporary World.
New York: Berghahn Books. p. xxv. ISBN 9781845452575. "...there are some 8 million
Armenians in the world..."
Freedman, Jeri (2008). The Armenian genocide. New York: Rosen Publishing Group.
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million Armenians live in other countries of the world, including large communities in the
America and Russia."
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General

This article incorporates public domain material (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/ab

out/copyright-and-contributors/) from The World Factbook (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-fact
book/). CIA.
This article incorporates public domain material from U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets
(https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/). United States Department of State.
The categorization of Armenian churches in Los Angeles used information from Sacred
Transformation: Armenian Churches in Los Angeles (http://www.usc.edu/schools/sppd/news/
exhibits/armenian/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110629124025/http://www.usc.e
du/schools/sppd/news/exhibits/armenian/) 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine a project
of the USC School of Policy, Planning, and Development.
Some of the information about the history of the Armenians comes from the multi-volume
History of the Armenian People, Yerevan, Armenia, 1971.

Further reading
Petrosyan, Armen (2006). "Towards the Origins of the Armenian People. The Problem of
Identification of the Proto-Armenians: A Critical Review" (https://www.academia.edu/365776
4). Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies. 16: 25–66. ISSN 0747-9301 (https://www.wor
ldcat.org/issn/0747-9301).
I. M. Diakonoff, The Pre-History of the Armenian People (revised, trans. Lori Jennings),
Caravan Books, New York (1984), ISBN 978-0-88206-039-2.
 George A. Bournoutian, A History of the Armenian People, 2 vol. (1994)
Hovannisian, Richard G., ed. (September 1997), The Armenian People From Ancient to
Modern Times (https://archive.org/details/armenianpeoplefr00rich_0), vol. I – The Dynastic
Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century, New York: St. Martin's Press, ISBN 978-0-
312-10169-5
Hovannisian, Richard G., ed. (September 1997), The Armenian People From Ancient to
Modern Times , vol. II – Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the
Twentieth Century, New York: St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-10168-6
Redgate, Anne Elizabeth (1999), The Armenians (1st ed.), Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers,
ISBN 0-631-22037-2
Aleksandra Ziolkowska-Boehm, The Polish Experience through World War II: A Better Day
Has Not Come, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2013, ISBN 978-0-7391-7819-5
Russell D. Gray and Quentin D. Atkinson, "Language-tree divergence times support the
Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin", Nature, 426, 435–439 (2003)
George A. Bournoutian, A Concise History of the Armenian People (Mazda, 2003, 2004).
Ayvazyan, Hovhannes (2003). Հայ Սփյուռք հանրագիտարան [Encyclopedia of
Armenian Diaspora] (in Armenian). Vol. 1. Yerevan: Armenian Encyclopedia publishing.
ISBN 978-5-89700-020-3.
Stopka, Krzysztof (2016). Armenia Christiana: Armenian Religious Identity and the Churches
of Constantinople and Rome (4th-15th century) (https://books.google.com/books?id=eeq-DQ
AAQBAJ). Kraków: Jagiellonian University Press. ISBN 9788323395553.
Marcarian, Mônica Nalbandian (2016). "Diáspora armênia no Brasil" (https://doi.org/10.1160
6%2Fissn.2763-650X.i6p109-115). Revista de Estudos Orientais (6): 109–115.
doi:10.11606/issn.2763-650X.i6p109-115 (https://doi.org/10.11606%2Fissn.2763-650X.i6p1
09-115). - on Brazil's Armenian diaspora.

UCLA conference series proceedings

The UCLA conference series titled "Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces" is organized by the Holder of
the Armenian Educational Foundation Chair in Modern Armenian History. The conference proceedings are
edited by Richard G. Hovannisian. Published in Costa Mesa, CA, by Mazda Publishers, they are:

1. Armenian Van/Vaspurakan (2000) OCLC 44774992 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4477499

2)
2. Armenian Baghesh/Bitlis and Taron/Mush (2001) OCLC 48223061 (https://www.worldcat.or
g/oclc/48223061)
3. Armenian Tsopk/Kharpert (2002) OCLC 50478560 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50478560)
4. Armenian Karin/Erzerum (2003) OCLC 52540130 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52540130)
5. Armenian Sebastia/Sivas and Lesser Armenia (2004) OCLC 56414051 (https://www.worldca
t.org/oclc/56414051)
6. Armenian Tigranakert/Diarbekir and Edessa/Urfa (2006) OCLC 67361643 (https://www.worl
dcat.org/oclc/67361643)
7. Armenian Cilicia (2008) OCLC 185095701 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/185095701)
8. Armenian Pontus: the Trebizond-Black Sea communities (2009) OCLC 272307784 (https://w
ww.worldcat.org/oclc/272307784)

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