16 Lab Experiments of Fluid Power Thesis

FLUID POWER EXPERIMENTS:
SIXTEEN EXPERIMENTS IK FLUID POWER
FOR AGRICULTURAL MECHANICS
by
Howard J. Martin
'I
A thaaia
submitted In partial fulfillxor.t of
tha raquiramenta for tha dagraa of Maatar of Arta
in tha Dapartwont of Induatrial Arta and Taohnology
Praano Stata Collaga
August, 1969
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author wishes to express his indebtedness to

Professor L. L. Aldrich, for both professional and
technical assistance; to Dr. W. J. Dunning,who has been
a guiding influence in the form of this report; and to

Professor R. P. N
ewcomb, for reading the manuscript and
offering valuable suggestions.
Acknowledgement is also made to Mr. Warren Atwell of
Teisinger and Son, Fresno, for technical advice on fluid
power equipment operation.

A note of appreciation is most certainly due to the
author's wife, Charlene, for her assistance in typing the
many copies of this report.
Howard J. Martin
Fresno State College
August, 1969
iv
TABLE OP CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
I. INTRODUCTION 1
Statement of the Problem 2
Importance of the Study 3
Limitations of the Study 3
Source of Data [4.
Definition of Terms I4.
II. REPORT OP THE STUDY 16

Experiment 1: Fundamental Relationships. . 17
Experiment 2: Hydraulic Jack 23

Experiment 3: Hydraulic Pump 29
Experiment I4.: Hydraulic Motor 38
Experiment 5: Hydraulic Reservoir .... i|i|.
Experiment 6: Hydrostatic Power
Transmission 50
Experiment 7*. Hydraulic Intensifier. ... 55

Experiment 8: Hydraulic Accumulator. ... 60
Experiment 9: Unloading Valve. ...... 66
Experiment 10: Sequencing 70

Experiment 11: Hydraulic Booster ..... 75
Experiment 12: Plow Divider 80
Experiment 13: Control 88
Experiment II4.: Draft Control 9k

Experiment 15: Position Control 99
V
CHAPTER PAGE
Experiment 16: Hydraulic System Trouble-

Shooting IOI4.
III. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Ill
BIBLIOGRAPHY 113
APPENDIX H5
.
vi
LIST OP TABLES
TABLE
I. Normal Hydraulic Pump Performance 33
II. Hydraulic Pump Performance with Restricted

31+
III. Hydraulic Pump Performance with Induced Foaming . 35
IV. Hydraulic Motor Performance 1+1
v. Temperature Responses in Hydraulic System .... 1+7
VI. Hydrostatic Transmission Performance 53
Flow Divider Performance Driving Unloaded Motors. 83

VII.
Flow Divider Performance with Priority Flow Load. 85
VIII.
IX. Flow Divider Performance with Surplus Flow Load . 86
X. Performance of Flow Control Valve with Constant

91
XI. Performance of Flow Control Valve with Changing

92
XII. . 103
Control Lever Setting Versus Drawbar Height . .
118
XIII.
120
XIV.
XV. Horsepower Needed for Driving a Hydraulic Pump. . 121
vii
LIST OP FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
1. Fundamental Hydraulic Relationships Experiment. . . 19

2. Hydraulic Jack Experiment 25
3. Hydraulic Pump Experiment 31
I4.. Hydraulic Motor Experiment 39

5. Hydraulic Reservoir Experiment .......... 1^5
6. Hydrostatic Power Transmission Experiment 51
7. Hydraulic Intensifier Experiment. . 56
8. Hydraulic Accumulator Experiment 62

9. Unloading Valve Experiment. 68
10. Sequencing Experiment 72
11. Hydraulic Booster Experiment 77
12. Flow Divider Experiment 82
13. Flow Control Experiment 89
II4.. Draft Control Experiment 96
15. Position Control Experiment 100
16. Hydraulic Trouble-Shooting Experiment 106
17. Standard Fluid Power Symbols 116
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
The fluid power industry has experienced greater

growth since World War II than at any other time in history.
The basic principles were already well developed before
191+0 but the pressure of defense requirements in military
equipment, especially aircraft, led to the de velopment of
lightweight hydraulic equipment. Civilian applications
were soon found in automotive and industrial construction
equipment in place of the bulky and heavy hydraulics
components formerly used. New techniques led to the
widespread use of the automati c transmission, power
steering, and more recently, automotive refrigeration air
conditioning. In the family automobile the driver needs
only to select the direction he wishes to travel o n th e
gear selector lever. The automatic transmission then
provides the proper gear ratio for the throt tle setting
and speed of trav el. Guiding the auto mobile with power
steering is a simple feat for even the very frail person,
and air conditioning helps make travel comfortable on hot
days. Similar equipment is now used in heavy trucks, trac
tors, and many types of self-propelled farm machinery.
Fluid power involves the transfer of energy through
the medium of liquid or a gas such as air. The term

2
hydraulics usually refers to the flow of water or oil
which may or may not be pressurized. The subject matter
of this study con cerns that phase of hydra ulics which refers
to oil working under pressure.
In the equipment industry most farm machines are
equipped with some hydraulic components. This modern
technology has led to a critical shortage of trained

personnel both as mechanics and as administrators. The
mechanic may learn this skill in formal training, on the
job, and through industry sponsored schools. The college
graduate finds it very demanding to learn the complexities
of this equipment due in part to the minimum number of
related courses at the college level and to his heavy work
schedule on the new job. Ke would be a greater asset to
his new employer or to himself when self-employed if he had
had formal training in principles, application, use, and
maintenance of fluid power equipment. The sixteen lab

oratory experiments developed in this study were undertaken
during the Spring Semester of 1969 at Fresno State College.
I. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Sixteen laboratory exercises in fluid power were

£ ten for a one—semester course in mechanized agriculture
at the college level. Review questions for each exercise

are included in order to make learning more meaningful to
the student.
II. IMPORTANCE OP THE STUDY
An indication of the importance of knowledge in fluid

power may be obtained by visiting a displ ay of farm
machines offered fox* sale. Greater use of t his force is
being made in nearly all machines related to agriculture.

The college graduate may be called upon to make decisions
regarding installation and care of these machines. His
best opp ortunity to learn the fundamentals and care of
hydraulic components will be as a colleg e student in con
junction with his regular studies. A course in fluid power
would serve to strengthen a curriculum in mechanized
agriculture.
III. LIMITATIONS OP THE STUDY
This study will not provide the necessary lecture

phase of a course in fluid power nor is it vocational in
nature and therefore does not provide detailed maintenance
techniques. It is intended only to develop laboratory
exercises helpful in gaining a better understanding of the
subject.
4
IV. SOURCE 0? DATA
Material for this study was collected from literature

of various farm equipment companies, technical manuals
prepared by fluid power machine manufacturers, and text
books pertinent to the subject.
V. DEFINITION OF TERMS1
Abscissa. The line or part of a line drawn

horizontally on a grap h, by which a point is located with
reference to a system of co-ordinates.
Accumulator. A container in which fluid is stored

under pressure as a source of fluid power.
Actuator. A device for converting hydraulic energy
into mechanical energy. A motor or cylinde r.
Aeration. Air in the hydraulic fluid. Excessive
aeration causes the fluid to appear milky and components

to operate erratically because of the compressibility of
the air trapped in the fluid.
Atmospheric Pressur e. Pressure on all objects in
the atmosphere because of the weight of t he surrounding
air. At sea level, about 11+.7 psi. absolute.
âsal, 1967. Most of these term s were quoted directly

from the glossary beginning on page C I.
5
Back Pressure. A pressure in series. Usually
refers to pressure existing on the disch arge side of a
load. It adds to the pressure required to m ove the load.
Baffle. A d evice, usually a plate, installed in a

reservoir to separate the pump inlet from return lines.
Breather. A device which permits air to move in

and out of a container or component to maintain atmospheric
pressure.
By-Pass. A se condary passage for fluid flow.
Cavitation. A localized gaseous condition within

a liquid stream which occurs where the pressure is
reduced to the vapor pressure.
Charge (supercharge). To fill an accumulator with
fluid under pressure.
Charge Pressure. The pressure at which replen
ishing fluid is forced into the hydraulic system (above
atmospheric pressure).
Check Valve. A valve which permits flow of fluid in
one direction only.
Circuit. The complete path of flow in a hydraulic
system including the flow-generating device.

Closed Center. The condition where pump outp ut
is not unloaded to sump in the center or neutral operating

condition.
Component. A single hydraulic unit.
Control. A device used to regulate the function

of a unit.
Cooler. A heat exchanger used to remove heat from

the hydraulic fluid.
Cylinder. A device which converts fluid power

into linear mechanical force and motion. It usually
consists of a movable element such as a piston and piston
rod, plunger rod, plunger or ram, operating within a
cylindrical bore.
Delivery. The volume of fluid discharged by a
pump in a given tim e, usually expressed in gallons per
minute (gpm).
Differential Cylinder. Any cylinder in which the
two opposed piston a reas are not equal.
Directional Valve. A valve which selectively
directs or prevents fluid flow to desired channels.
Displacement. The quantity of fluid which can pass

through a pump, motor or cylinder in a single revolution
or stroke.
Double-Ac ting; Cylinder. A cylinder in which fluid

force can be applied i n either direction.
Drain. A pas sage in, or a line from, a hydraulic

component which returns leakage fluid independently to
reservoir or to a vente d manifold.
Efficiency. The ratio of output to input.

Volumetric efficiency of a pump is the actual output in
gpm. divided by the theoretical or design output. The
overall efficiency of a hydraulic system is the out put
power divided by the input power. Efficiency is usually
expressed as a percent.
Filter. A de vice whose primary function is the
retention by a porous media of insoluble contaminants
from a fluid.
Flow Control Valve. A valve which controls t he
rate of oil flow.
Fl°w Rate. The volume, mass, or weight of a fluid
passing through any conductor per unit of time.
Fluid. A liqu id or gas.

8
Fluid pcwer. Energy transmitted and controlled
through use of a pressuri zed fluid.
Force. Any push or pull measured in units of

weight. In fluid power, total force is expressed by the
product P (force per unit area) and the area of th e surface

on which the pressure acts. F = P x A.
Four-Way Valve. A directional valve having four

flow paths.
Gallons Per Minute. (GPM.) A measure of th e

number of gallons a point in a system in one minute.
Gauge Pre ssure. A pressure scale which ignores

atmospheric pressure. Its zero point is 11).. 7 psi. absolute.
Head. The height of a column or body of fluid above
a given point expressed in linear units. Head is often

used to indicate gage pressure. Pressure is equal to the
height times the density of the fluid.
Heat. The form of energy that has the capacity to
create warmth or to increase the tempe rature of a subs tance.

Any energy that is wasted or used to overcome friction is
converted to heat. Heat is measured in calories or British
Thermal Units (BTU's). One BTU is the amount of heat

required to raise the temperature of on e pound of water one
degree Fahrenheit.
neat Sxchanp:er. A device wh ich transfers heat
through a c onducting wall from one fluid to another.
n or sepower. (HP) The power required to lift

550 pounds one foot in one second or 33,000 pounds one
foot in one minute. A horsepower is equal to 7I4.6 watts

or to 14.2,24. British Thermal Units per minute.
Hydraulic Balance. A con dition of equal opposed

hydraulic forces acting on a part in a hydraulic component.
Hydraulics. Engineering science pertaining to

liquid pressure and flow.
Hydrodynamics. The science dealing with liquids in

motion and particularly their kinetic energies.
Hydrostatics. The science of liquid pressure.
Inside Diameter. (ID.) The internal diameter of
a cylindrical object such as a pipe.
Intensifier. A device which increases the working
pressure over that delivered by a primary source.
Kinetic Energy. Energy that a substance or bod y
has by virtue of its mass (weight) and velocity.
Leverage. A gain in output force over input force

oy sacrificing the distance moved. Mechanical advantage
or force multiplication.
Lift. The height a body or column of fluid is

raised; for instance from the reservoir to the pump i nlet.
The opposite of head.
Line. A tube, pipe or hose which acts as a con

ductor of hydraulic fluid.
Linear Ac tua tor. A device for converting hydraulic

energy into linear motion—a cylinder or ram.
Manifold. A fluid c onductor which provides
multiple connection ports.
Manual Control. A control actuated by the op erator
regardless of the means of actuation. Example: Lever or

foot pedal control for directional valves.
Meter. To regulate the amount or rate of fluid
flow.
Micron. One-millionth of a meter or about
.00001}. inch.
Motor. A rotary motion device which changes
hydraulic energy into mechanical energy; a rotary
ac tuator.
Qpen Center. A condition where pump delivery
recirculates freely to sump in the center or neutral
position.
Orifice. A rest riction, the length of which is small

in respect to its cross-sectional dimensions.
Pilot Pressure. Auxiliary pressure used to actuate

or control hydraulic components.
Piston. A c ylindrically shaped part which fits

within a cylinder a nd transmits or receives motion by
means of a connecting rod.
Plunger. A cyli ndrically shaped part which has
only one diameter and is used to transmit thrust. A ram.
Port. An internal or external terminus of a
passage in a component.
Positive Displacement. A characteristic of a pump
or motor which has the inlet positively sealed from the

outlet so that fluid cannot recirculate in the component.
Power. Work per unit of time. Measured in horse
power (HP) or watts.
Precharge Pressure. The pressure of compressed gas
in an accumulator prior to the admission of liquid.

Pressure. Force per unit area; usually expressed,
in pounds per square inch (PSI.).
Pressure Drop. The reduction in pressure between

two points in a line or passage due to the energy required
to maintain flow; may be deliberate.
Pressure Line. The line carrying the fluid from

the pump outlet to the pressurized port of t he actu ator.
Pump. A d evice which converts mechanical force

and motion into hydraulic fluid power.
Ram. A single-acting cylinder with a single
diameter plunger rather than a piston and rod. The
plunger in a ram-type cylinder.
Relief Valve. A pressure operated valve which
by-passes pump delivery to t he reservoir, limiting system
pressure to a predetermined maximum value.
Reservoir. A container for storage of liqui d in
a fluid power system.
Restriction. A reduced cross-sectional area in a
line or passage which produces a pressure drop.
Return Line. A line used to carry exhaust fluid
from the actuator b ack to sump.

Reversing J a lve. A Tour-way directional valve used
to reverse a double-acting cylinder or reversible motor.
Rotary Actuator. A device for converting hydraulic

energy into rotary motion--a hydraulic motor.
Sequence. 1. The order of a series of opera tions

or movements.
2. To divert flow to accomplish a sub

sequent operation or movement.
Sequence Valve. A pressure operated valve which
diverts flow to a secondary actuator while holding pressure

on the prim ary actuator at a predetermined minimum value
after the primary actuator completes its travel.
Single Acting Cylinder. A cylinder in which
hydraulic energy can produce thrust or motion in only

one direct ion. (Can be spring or gravity returned.)
Slip. Internal leakage of hydraulic fluid.
Stroke. The length of travel of a piston or plunger.
Suction Line. The hydraulic line connecting the
pump inlet port to the reservoir or sump.
Sump. A res ervoir.

Swash -plate. A stat ionary canted plate in an
axial type piston pump which causes the pistons to re
ciprocate as the cylinder barrel rotates.
T achometer. (AC) (DC) A device which gene rates

an AC or DC signal proportional to the spee d at which it
is rotated and the p olarity of which is dependent on the
direction of rotation of the rotor.
Tank. The reservoir or sump.
Tare. Unloaded weight of a container.
Torque. A ro tary thrust. The turning effort of

a fluid motor usually expressed in inch pounds.
Unload. To release flow (usually directly to the

reservoir), to prevent pressure being imposed on the
system or portion of the system.
Unloading Valve. A valve whic h by-passes flow to
tank when a set pres sure is maintained on its pilot port.
Vacuum. The absence of pressure. A perfect
vacuum is the total absence of pressure; a partial vacuum
is some condition less than atmospheric pressure.
Measured in inches of Mercury (IN. Hg.).

Valve_. A d evice which controls fluid flow direction,
pressure, or flow rate.
/elocity. 1. Tne speed of flow through a hydraulic

line. Expressed in feet per second (fps) or inches per
second (ips).
2. The speed of a rotatin g component

measured in revolutions per minute (rpm).
Vent. An air breathing device on a fluid reservoir.
Viscosity. A measure of the internal friction or

the resistance of a flu id to flow.
Volume. 1. The size of a space or chamber i n
cubic units.
2. Loosely applied to the output o f a
pump in gallons per minute (gpm).
Work. Exerting a force through a definite distance.
Work is measured in units of force multiplied by distance;
for example, pound-feet.

CHAPTER II
REPORT OF THE STUDY
There are sixteen experiments covered in this chap ter

designed as aids for learning the theory and appl ication
of hydraulic systems. The form and procedure will be the
same for all experiments. Hydraulic circuit diagrams and
illustrations are included as part of each experiment. The
circuit diagrams are drawn with standard fluid power
symbols to help the student understand the theory involved

while becoming more familiar with the symbols. The
illustrations show how the hydraulics hardware might appear
when assembled for the experiment. This should make it
easier for the stud ent to assemble the sys tem under study.
Included with each experiment is an itemized list of

specialised equipment and materials needed as well as
set-up instructions. An orderly procedure is included to
make learning more meaningful to the student. Questions

are included at the en d of each experiment to be answered
by the stud ent and are designed to help him learn each
topic in greater depth.
/
Experiment 1: Fundamental Relationships
Mechanical force may be transmitted with levers but
it is often more convenient to do it with hydraulics.
Pascal's Law states that pressure at any one point in a
static liquid is the same in every direction and exerts

equal force on equal areas. This static liquid under
pressure can easily be transformed to mechanical force.
Problem
The objective of this experiment is to study the

effect of static pressure in a hydraulic "lever" con
structed with two interconnected hydraulic cylinders
having diameters not the same.
Equipment and Materials

Double-acting hydraulic cylinder, four inches ID.
by twelve inch stroke.
Double-acting hydraulic cylinder, one and one half
inches ID. by five inches stroke.
Load scale with a range from zero to 10,000 pounds.
A test weight of approximately 300 pounds (two
students will do). Determine the exact weigho.
Testing frame of five ton capacity.

Hydraulic pressure gauge that measures to 600 psi.
Miscellaneous hydraulic and mechanical fittings.
18
Set-up of Equipment
Figure 1 shows the circuit illustration and the

circuit diagram.
Connect a hose to the rod end port o f each of t he

cylinders. The hose connection on the clevis end ports of
the cylinders should be left open. Connect the free ends
of the hoses together with a tee, nipple, and union.
Stand both cylinders on end with the rod end up. Place
the tee with hoses attached in a can of hydraulic oil; then
move the pistons up and down simultaneously to charge them
with oil and remove all air. Leave the piston rods extended
half way.
Remove the tee and hoses from the oil can and install
the pressure gauge.

Attach the clevis end of t he larger cylinder to a
zero to 10,000 pound scale and hang in the test frame with
the piston rod attached to th e base of the tes t frame.
Increase tension on the lar ge cylinder until the small
cylinder is fully retracted. Hang the small cylinder on an
overhead support with a capacity of ao least J?00 pounds.
The weight of the piston and rod of mo st cylinders is not
normally enough to overcome friction and fall so no pressure
reading should be indicated.

19
Circuit Illustration
- 9 ;
Circuit Diagram
Figure 1. Fundamental Hydraulic Relationships Experiment /

20
Procedure
A. Measure and record the dimensions listed for the

large and small cylinders.
Small Cylinder Large Cylinder

Inside diameter
Piston rod diameter

Length of stroke
3. Record the weight of the large cylinder before a

load is applied.
pounds
Hang the test weight on the small cylinder.
p ounds
Subtract the weight of the large cylinder from the
final scale reading and record the net force on the
large cylinder.
pounds
Record system oil pressure. psi.
C. Force extension of the large cylinder until the small
cylinder is nearly retracted.

Travel of the large piston inches
Travel of the small piston inches
Hydraulic pressure while raising the weight.
21
Allow the large cylinder to retract until the small
cylinder is fully extended.
Travel of th e large piston _inches
^ravel of the small piston inches
Hydraulic pressure while lowering the weight
psi.
ti ons
Calculate the ef fective area in the rod end of each

cylinder. Area = it d^
Large cylinder in.^

Small cylinder in.
If a pull of o ne pound is applied to the small

cylinder, how many pounds of pull should the la rge
cylinder exert ?
How did the actual ratio compare with theoretical
ratio ? What caused the difference ?
How does theoretical pressure compare with actual
pressure in B ? If there is a difference, what do
you think caused it ?
In C and D the pressures were different but th e small
cylinder supported the same weight. Why did the
pressures differ ?
22
6. If the large cylinder is extended one inch in this
system, calculate how far the small cylinder should

retract. inches
rJ
Experiment 2: Hydraulic Jack
One common application of hydraulics is the hydraulic
jack. It is a complete system and utilizes principles and

components essential to motor-driven systems. Some jacks
have the pump and actuating cylinder interconnected with

hoses permitting greater versitility of application.
Problem
It is the object ive of this experiment to as semble

and study the operat ion of hydraulic components which
will function as a hydraulic jack.

Double-acting hydraulic cylinder, four inches ID.
by twelve-inch stroke.
Double-acting hydraulic cylinder, one and one half
inches ID. by five inch stroke.
Load scale with a range from zero to 10,000 pounds.
Load scales with a range from zero to sixty pounds.
A test load of approximately 1000 pounds.
Overhead hoist with a lifting capacity of 10,000

pounds.
Hydraulic pressure gauge tha t measures to 100 psi.
Two check valves.

Two shut-off valves.
Jacking frame and handle.

sceilaneous hydraulic and mechanical fittings.
21+
Set-up of Equipment
Use Figure 2 as a guide in the set-up of this

experiment.
Assemble the small cylinder in the jack ing frame, with

the handle adjusted for a four-to-one mechanical advantage.
Hook the small scale in the handle end of the jack handle.
Connect hoses and other hydraulic components as shown in

the hydraulic schematic. Leave clevis end of the l arge
cylinder unplugged. Suspend the large scales on th e over

head hoist and hang the large cylinder from the scale s.
Attach test load to the piston rod. Raise the hoist until
the large cylinder is fully extended but no load is sup
ported. Bleed all air from system before installing the
pressure gauge. The suction line of check valve CI and
return line of control valve SI should be immersed in oil
at all times during the experiment. Leave all thre e valves
open.
Procedure
A. Measure and record the dimensions listed for both
cylinders.
Small Cylinder Large Cylinder
Inside diameter _____
Piston rod diameter _____

Length of stroke
Circuit Diagram
Figure 2. Hydraulic Jacx Experiment

Record tare weight of the large cyli nder before a
load is applied. _pounds
Close valves SI and S2 and operate pump handle

until about 1000 pounds of load is supported.
Scale reading on jack handle pounds
Load pounds
Pressure reading psi
Open valve SI to release load.
Close valves SI and S3. Open valve S2 and operate

pump handle until about 1000 pounds of load is
supported.
Load pounds
Pressure reading psi
Open valves S2 and S3. Close valve SI and operate
pump handle until about 1000 pounds of load is
supported.
Load pounds
Pressure reading _P3^

2?
Questions
1. Calculate the effective area of the pump cylinder,
load cylinder, and theoretical force increase for

steps C, D, and E. Under strokes enter the
theoretical number of pump strokes required to
fully retract the load cylinder.

Area PI Area A1 Force Increase Strokes
Step C in. in.
Step D in. in.
Step E in. in.
2. Explain how pumping can occur with both valve S2

and S3 open•
3. What piston rod diameter would be needed in pump
cylinder PI to make three uniform steps of force
increase in this system ? Give answer to the
nearest one-sixteenth inch. inch
1+. What component would determine the maximum lifting
capacity of this hydraulic system ?
Why ?
5. What would be a reasonable maximum load rating for
this system ?
If the pump is given full strokes at the rate of
I4.O SPM. in Step C, how long would it take to fully

retract the load cylinder ?
Draw the schematic of a jack with a remote double-

acting load cylinder. The pump cylinder is to be
single-acting.
Experiment 3: The Hydraulic Pump
The purpose oi the hydraulic pump is to convert
rotary or reciprocating motion into hydraulic fluid flow

with a positive displacement. Some common pump types are
gear, vane, and piston, and each has advantages of applies
tion. The hydraulic system must include the pump,
reservoir, control valve, and connecting lines.
Problem
Some operating characteristics of positive displace
ment hydraulic pumps will be studied in this experiment.

Positive displacement hydraulic pump driven by a
variable speed motor.
Provision for measuring torque input to hydraulic
pump.
Hydraulic oil reservoir equal in volume to three
times the pump's output in one minute. Less reservoir
capacity is acceptable if there is some other provision
for dissipating heat.
Vacuum gauge with a scale indicating zero to thirty
inches of mercury.
Two manually operated shut—oif valves.
Hydraul'1' c flow meter capable oj . con^ro-ui...ng and
indicating circuit flow of zero to fifty gpm., zero to
5000 psi., and oil temperature.
Miscellaneous fittings to couple the hydraulic system
components together.
Set-up of Equipment
Use Figure 3 as a guide in the set-up of this

experiment.
This exercise was developed for use with a fifteen

gpm. gear-type hydraulic pump driven by an internal com
bustion engine. A smaller pump could have been used if

the reduced volume was taken into consideration.
Install a manually-operated line valve and vacuum
gauge in the line betw een the reservoir and pump. Place
a second manually operated valve in this same line but
vent it to the atmosph ere.
Connect the flowmeter to pump outlet and provide a

return line to the rese rvoir. Add oil to the reservoir
and maint ain it about three-quarters full throughout the
test.
Procedure
A. Operate the sys tem until oil temperature reaches
150° F. Moderate speed and pressure settings will
accelerate warm-up. Oil temperature should not

exceed 180° P. during the experiment.
B. Adjust power source to maximum rated speed for the

system to begin test. Use the flowmeter to control
hydraulic oil flow and pressure in steps of 100 psi

from zero to maximum attainable. Record input speed,
Circuit Diagram
Figure 3. Hydraulic Pump Experiment

32
input torque, inches vacuum on suction side of pump,
output volume, output pressure, and oil temperatu re

on Table I.
C. Repeat step 3 with a restriction in the suction line

to simulate a partially clogged line or filter in
that part of the circuit. Adjust the suction line
valve for ten inches of vacuum when there is a pump

output pressure of I4.OO psi. Record data on Table II.
D. Repeat step B with an air leak into the suction line

to simulate excess foaming of the hydraulic oil, a
low oil supply, or an air leak at the suction filter.
Adjust the vent valve for two inches of vacuum when
there is a pump output pressure of IpOO psi. Record
data on Table III.
Questions
1. What effect does an excessive restriction in the
suction line have on the system ?
In what ways can it be detected ?
2. What effect does excess air in the pump input oil
have on the sys tem ?
In what ways can it be detected ?

TABLE I
NORMAL HYDRAULIC PUMP PERFORMANCE
TORQUE VACUUM OIL OVERALL

RPM. (LB.-FT.) (IN.Hg.) GPM. PSI. TEMP. VOL. EFF. HP.IN HP.OUT EFF.
100
200
300
1*00
^00
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
TABLE II
HYDRAULIC PUMP PERFORMANCE WITH RESTRICTED SUCTION

RPM. (LB.-FT.) (IN.Hg.) GPM. PSI. TEMP. VOL. EPF. HP.IN HP.OUT EFF.
100
200
300
lj.00
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
UJ
-f-"
TABLE III
HYDRAULIC PUMP PERFORMANCE WITH INDUCED FOAMING

RPM. (LB.-FT.) (IN.Hg.) GPM. PSI. TEMP. VOL.EFF. HP.IN HP.OUT EFF.
100
200
300
i|00
500
600
700
CO
o
o
900
1000
1100
1200
vri
What effect would there be on the out put volume of
the pump if the experiment was performed at a lower
oil temperature such as 100° P. ?
Discuss this situation with the assumption that

the pump is worn excessively.
Determine the pump displacement from manufacturer's

literature. There are 231 cubic inches in one gallon.
Calculate the volumetric efficiency for steps B, C,
and D. Enter in the proper columns of Tables I, II,
and III respectively. Volumetric efficiency is
computed with the following formula.
Volumetric efficiency = Output volume x 100
Rated volume
Input horsepower to the pump may be determined by

multiplying the torque in pound-feet by RPM and
dividing by 5252. Calculate the pump input horse
power for steps B, C, and D and enter in space
provided on Tables I, II, and III respectively.
Horsepower = Torque x RPM

5252
Output horsepower from the hydraulic pump (hydraulic
horsepower) may be determined by multiplying the flow
in gpm. by the pressure in psi. and diviamg by
1711;. Calculate the ou tput horsepower for steps B,

37
C, and D and enter in space provided on Tables I,

II, and III.
Horsepower = GPM x PSI

ITO
7. Overall efficiency is a measure of output horse
power divided by input horsepower multiplied by 100.
Calculate the overall efficiency for steps 3, C,
and D and enter in space provided on Tables I, II,

and III respectively.
Efficiency = Output x 100
Input
8. Plot the data of Tables I, II, and III on graph

paper. Make one graph for each page and plot psi.
against rpm., gpm., torque, volumetric efficiency,
horsepower in, horsepower out, and overall efficiency.
Put psi. on the abscissa. Label each plot and graph
clearly.
38
Experiment I4.: The Hydraulic Motor
Construction of the hydraulic motor is usually very
similar to th8t of the hydraulic pump, and some units may
be used for either application. They are available in
gear, vane, and piston types and are usually reversible.
Problem
The torque, speed, and efficiency characteristics of

a hydraulic motor will be studied in this experiment.
Hydraulic motor equipped with a prony brake.
Tachometer with a full-scale reading of 3000 rpm.

Source of hydraulic power with sufficient oil flow
and pressure to drive the motor at its rated speed and
torque.
Hydraulic flow-meter test set capable of indicating
oil flow of zero to fifty gpm., zero to 5000 psi., and
oil tempera ture.
Set-up of Equipment
Use Figure I4. as a guide to the set—up of equ ipment
for this experiment.

Connect the flow-meter to the pump output to m easure
flow and pressure being supplied to the hydraulic motor.
Connect the hydraulic motor to the output o f the flow

meter. Spent oil from the hydraulic motor will be returned
to the reser voir.

Circuit Diagram
Figure I4.. Hydraulic Motor Experiment

Determine direction of hydraulic motor rotation to
be sure prony brake will perform properly,
ihere is no provision in this exp eriment for pro

tection from breakage to the pos itive displacement
hydraulic pump should oil flow in the system be blocked.
Be sure prony brake is released at the beginning of each
test and tightened slowly du ring the t est.
Procedure
A. Operate the system until oil temp erature reaches

150° F. Moderate pump speed and pressure settings
will accelerate warm-up. Oil temperature should
not exceed 180° F.
B. Adjust power source to maximum rated speed of pump.

Tighten clamp of prony brake to obtain to rque
readings from zero to maximum attainable in steps
of five pound-feet. Record input pressure, input
volume, output torque, and output speed of th e
hydraulic motor on Table IV. Determine and record
motor displacement.
C. Adjust power source for maximum rated speed of

pump and maintain output torq ue at ten pound-feet.
Record motor output speeds at full, three fourths,
one half, and one fourth of full speed of pump.
kl
TABLE IV
HYDRAULIC MOTOR PERFORMANCE
INPU1P OUTPUT
COMPUTED
PSI GPM HP TORQUE RPM HP RPM % SLIP
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
bo
bS
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
Pump and Motor speeds with Fixed Load
Pump RPM Motor RPM

Maximum Rated Speed
Three Fourths Rated Speed

One Half Rated Speed
tlons
Input horsepower to the hydraulic motor can be

determined if input volume and pressure are known.
Calculate the in put horsepower for each set of
readings in step B with the following formula and

enter the result in the spa ce provided in Table IV.
Horsepower = G-PM x PSI
im
Output horsepower from the hydraulic motor can be

determined from output torque and speed. Calculate
the motor output horsepower for each set of readings

in step B with the following formula and enter the
result in the space provided In Table IV.

Displacement of a hydraulic motor refers to the
theoretical volume of oil required to rotate the

motor one turn. To compute the the oretical motor
shaft speed divide the input oil volume by the

motor displacement. Calculate this speed for each
set of readings in step B with the following
formula and enter the result in the space provi ded

in Table IV.
RPM = G-PM x 231 cubic inches

Displacement gallon
Hydraulic motors normally rotate at a speed less

than indicated by calculations based on displacement.
This loss in revolutions is called slip and the

amount of loss is referred to as percent slip.
Calculate the percent slip for each set of readings
in step B with this formula and enter the result in
the space pro vided in Table IV.

Percent slip = Theoretical Speed-Actual Speed x 100
Theoretical Speed
Is the decrease in motor and pump speed proportional
in step C ?
If seven gpm. at 1000 psi. is supplied to a hydrau
lic motor with a displacement of thr ee cubic inches,
how fast will the output shaft rotate and how much
torque should it produce ?

kb
Experiment S- Hydraulic Reservoir
ihe reservoir of a hydraulic system not only serves

as a place to store oil temporarily but also helps
separate foreign matter, allows trapped air to escape,
and provides a me ans of cooling the oil.
Problem
The oil cooling capability and requirements of th e

reservoir will be studied in this experiment.
Hydraulic pump powered to provide an output of

approximately fifteen gpm.
Hydraulic motor rated for use at approximately ten
gpm. and 1000 psi.
Prony brake for use on hydraulic motor.
Tachometer with a full scale reading of 3000 rpm.
Oil reservoir with a capacity of approximately ten
gallons.
Hydraulic flow-meter test set capable of ind icating
oil flow of zero to fifty gpm., zero to 5000 psi., and
oil temperature.
Manually operated flow restriction valve.
Set-up of Equipment
Use Figure 5 as a guide when assembling equipment

The completed hydraulic system should conduct oil
Circuit Diagram
Figure 5. Hydraulic Reservoir Experiment

U6
from the reserv oir to the pump, flow-meter, hydraulic
motor, and then return to the reservoir.
Be sure hydraulic motor operates in proper direction

for use with the pr ony brake.
Procedure
A. Operate the system until oil temperature reaches

100° F. Moderate pump speed and pressure settings
will accelerate system warm-up. Oil temperature

should not exceed 180° F.
Do not block oil flow completely at any time as

damage to mechanical drive or hydraulic system
components may occur.
B. Lock prony brake so hydraulic motor will not turn.

Operate pump at rated speed and close restriction
valve enough to maintain a flow rate of ten gpm.

Record in Table V the pres sure, volume, and tempera
ture at beginning of this test and temperature at
five, ten, and fifteen minutes. Stop test at
fifteen minutes and drain the hydraulic oil.
C. Place six gallons of hydraulic oil in the reservoir
and operate system until its temperature reaches

100° F. Operate pump at rated speed and close
restriction valve enough to maintain a rate of t en

gpm. Record in Table V the pressure, volume, and
i+7
TABLE V
TEMPERATURE RESPONSES IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
PROCEDURE START 5 MIN. 10 MIN. 15 MIN.

Step B Two Gallons
Tempera ture
PSI
GPM
Step C Six Gallons
Temperature
PSI
GPM
Step D Six Gallons
Temperature
PSI
GPM
Torque
RPM —
US
temperature at beginning of test and temperature
at five, ten, and fifteen minutes. Stop test at
fifteen minutes and drain the hydraulic oil.
D. Place six gallons of hydraulic oil in the reservoir

and operate system until its temperature reac hes
100° P. Release clamp on prony brake and close
restriction valve. Operate pump at rated speed and

tighten clamp of prony bra ke enough to maintain a
flow rate of ten gpm. Record in Table V the pressure,

volume, torque, motor speed, and temperature of test.
Record temperature after five, ten, and fifteen min
utes; then stop the test.
Questions
1. Why did the oil heat faster in Step 3 than in
Step C ?
2. Why didn't the pressure drop as far in Step C as
in Step 3 ?
3. Did tripling the amount of oil in Step C reduce th e
temperature increase to one-third of that in Step B ?
Explain the re ason for this.
4. Why didn't the oil temperature go as high in Step D
as it did in Step C ?
How much horsepower is being converted to heat at
the end of test in Step D ?
What practical device could you use in the hydraulic

circuit to remove heat ?
50
experiment 6: Hydrostatic Power Transmission
Hydraulic oil flowing under pressure can be converted

to rotary mechanical motion when using a hydraulic motor.
Such motors are quite similar and frequently the same as

positive displacement hydraulic pumps.
Problem
In this experiment a fixed displacement hydraulic

pump and a fixed displacement hydraulic motor will be
assembled in a closed hydrostatic transmission system to
study the ef ficiency at which this system transmits power.

Hydraulic pump powered to provide an output of
approximately fifteen gpm.
Hydraulic motor rated for use at approximately ten
gpm. and 1000 psi.
Prony brake for use on the hydraulic motor.
Tachometer with a full-scale reading of 3000 rpm.
Oil reservoir with a capacity of approximately ten
gallons.
Set-up of Equipment
Use Figure 6 as a guide wh en assembling equipment for
this experiment.
The completed hydraulic system should conduct oil
from the reservoir to the pump, flow-meter, hydraulic

Circuit Diagram
Figure 6. Hydrostatic Power Transmission Experiment

motor, and then ret urn to the reservoir . Install the
restriction valve in a branch c ircuit connected in
parallel to the hydra ulic motor. Place two gallons of

oil in the res ervoir.
Be sure hydraulic motor operates in proper direction

for use with the prony brake.
Procedure
A. Operate the s ystem until oil temperature reaches

150° P. Moderate pump speed and pressure settings
will accelerate system warm-up. Oil temperature

should not exceed 180° P.
Do not block oil flow completely at any time as
damage to mechanical drive or hydraulic system
components may occur.
B. Adjust power source to maximum rated speed for the
system with no load to begin test. Use the prony

brake to c ontrol loading of the system for pump
input torque readings in increments of three pound-
feet from zero to maximum. Record raw data for
pump input and motor output in spaces provided on
Table VI.
TABLE VI
HYDROSTATIC TRANSMISSION PERFORMANCE
PUMP INPUT MOTOR OUTPUT OVERALL SYSTEM
LB-FT RPM HP LB-FT RPM HP EFFICIENCY

0
3
6
12
15
18
21
2k
27
30
33
u>
ti on s
Input horsepower to the pum p may be determined by

multiplying the torque in pound-feet by RPM and
dividing by 5252. Calculate the pump input horse

power for each set of readings on Table VI.

5252
Output horsepower from the hydraulic motor may be
determined in the same m anner as the input to the

pump. Calculate the motor output horsepower for
each set of readings on Table VI.
Overall system efficiency may be determined by

dividing output horsepower by input horsepower and
multiplying the product by 100. Calculate the

overall system efficiency for each set of readings
on Table VI.
Efficiency = Output x 100
Input
Plot the calcu lated results from Table VI on graph
paper. Enter input torque on the abscissa with
horsepower in, horsepower out, and overall system

efficiency on the ordinate. Label the graph clearly
55
Experiment 7: Hydraulic Intensifier
The hydraulic intensifier may be used to convert main

system pressure to a d ecreased flow at a higher pressure.
An important advantage of this de vice is that it eliminates
the need for a higher pressure pump when the volume of flow
required at a higher hydraulic pressure is quite limited.
Problem
operation of a hydraulic intensifier used in conjunction

with a cylinde r hoist.

Hydraulic pump and reservoir system with hydraulic
capacity to pr ovide approximately fifteen gpm.
Two double-acting hydraulic cylinders with four inch
ID. and eight inch stroke.
A four-way open—center tandem flow control valve.
Adjustable by-pass valve.

Hydraulic pressure gauge with a full-scale reading
of 2000 psi.
Two manual shut-off valves.
Hoist frame and load scale with a 10,000 pound
capacity.
Set-up of Equipment
Use Figure 7 as a guide to the set-up of equipment

Circuit Diagram
Figure 7. Hydraulic Intensifies Experiment

Connect the by- pass valve and control valve in the
hydraulic circuit between the pum p and reservoir. The
by-pass valve sh ould be adjusted for by-pass at 600 psi.
Hang a cylinder fr om the load scal e in the hoist frame
and attach a load in excess of 10,000 pounds to the load
cylinder rod. Connect a hydraulic hose to the clevis end
port of the outlet load cylinder and to the A port of the
control valve. Connect a hose to the B port of the control

valve and a tee p ipe fitting. Attach manual shut-off
valves M and N to the unused outlets of the tee. On valve
N attach a tee for the pressure gauge and an additional

tee for connecting with a hose to the rod end port of t he
load cylinder as well as a hose to the rod end port of th e
intensifier cylinder. Valve M should be attached to t he

clevis end port of the intensifier cylinder. A pipe
coupling will be required to connect the hose to the rod
end port of the int ensifier cylinder.
Procedure
A. Operate the sy stem until the hydraulic oil reaches
a temperature of 100° F. Close valve N and open
valve M to retract the intensifier cylinder. Close
valve M a nd with valve N open direct hydraulic
pressure out port B of the control valve. Record

the net lift exerted on the load and hydraulic
pressure.
58
lbs.
Net
Pressure psi>
Return control valve to the neutral posi tion.
B. Close valve N and with valve M open direct hydraulic

pressure o ut port B of the control valve. Record
the net lift exerted on the load and hydraulic

pressure.
Net lift lbs.
Pressure psi.
Return control valve to neutral position.
Ques tions
1. What was the increased force developed because of
action of the intensifier cylinder ?
2. Determine the theoretical travel distance of the
cylinder hoist when the intensifier extends a
full stroke.
3. Compute the initial force and intensified force of
this hoist system if the sup ply pressure was
2000 psi.
I+. What diameter piston rod would be required in the
intensifier cylinder to develop an intensified
force two t imes greater than the initial force ?

Describe the procedure for retracting the inten-
sifier cylinder.
Experiment 8: Hydraulic Accumulator
The hydraulic accumulator may be used to provide
intermittent increased flow of hydraulic oil at sy stem
pressure. One of these units will reduce the si ze of
nydraulic pump requir ed in a system when applied properly
Problem
The objective of this experiment is to study t he

effect of adding a hydraulic accumulator to a hydraulic
hoist system.

Hydraulic pump and reservoir system with hydraulic
capacity to provide approximatel y fifteen gpm.
Piston or bladder-type accumulator with a one -half
gallon rating and precharged to 600 psi.
Single-spool four-way closed-center control valve
rated at fifteen gpm. and 1000 psi.
Relief valve for a fifteen gpm. system set to by-pas
at 800 psi. May be an integral part of the con trol valve
Double-acting hydraulic cylinder with a thre e-inch
ID. cylinder and an eight-inch stroke.
Manually operated shut-Oif valve.
Hoist frame and load scale with a capacity of 10,000
pounds.
Hydraulic f l o w -meter test set capable of in dicating
oil flow to fifty gpm. and 5000 psi.
Stop watch.
61
Set-up of Equipment

-the hydraulic accumulator will be connected in the
system at the pu mp discharge and before the test set and
control valve. The manual shut-off valve will be used to
make it possible to isolate the a ccumulator. Hang the

hydraulic cylinder from the load scale. Connect hoses
between cylinder ports of the con trol valve and the
hydraulic cylinder.
Procedure
A. Operate system until the hydraulic oil warms up
to a t emperature of 100° P. Extend and retract
piston of hydraulic cylinder several times after
oil is warmed.
B. Close manual shut-off valve to accumulator and
retract piston of hydraulic cylinder. Record

time and gpm. while extending the cylinder piston.
Seconds to extend
GPM •
Record time and gpm. while retracting the cylinder
pis ton.
Seconds to retract _____
GPM
Circuit Diagram
Figure 8. Hydraulic Accumulator Experiment

63
C. Open manual shut-off valve to accumulator. Record
time and gp m. while extending the cylinder piston.
Seconds to extend
GPM
Record time and gpm. while retracting the cylinder

piston.
Seconds to retract
GPM
D. Extend the c ylinder piston and attach the load to
the piston r od. Record load weight.

Pounds of weight
Close manual shut-off to the accumulator. Record
time, psi. load weight, and gpm. while retracting
the cylinder piston.

Seconds to retract
PSI
Pounds during
retraction
GPM
Record time, psi., load weight, and gpm. while
extending the cylinder piston.

Seconds to extend
PSI
Pounds during
extension _
GPM
61+
E. Open manual shut-off valve to accumulator. Record
time, psi., load weight, and gpm. while retracting

the cylinder.pis ton.
Seconds to retract
PSI
Pounds during
re traction
GPM
Record time, psi., load weight, and gpm. while

extending the cylinder piston.
Seconds to extend
PSI
Pounds during
extension
GPM
Ques tions
1. How much less time did it take to extend and

retract the cy linder piston without a load using
the accumulator ?
Decreased time for extension _____________
Decreased time for retraction
2. What was the i ncreased gpm. for extension and
retraction without a load while using the accu-
mulator ?
GPM. increase during extension
GPM. increase during retraction

How much, less time did it take to retract and
extend the cylinder piston with a load using the
accumulator ?
Decreased time for retraction

Decreased time for extension
What was the increased gpm. for extension and

retraction with the load while using the accumulator?
GPM. increase during retraction
GPM. increase during extension
What factors affect the speed at which the hydraulic
accumulator discharges ?
Experiment 9: Unloading Valve
Hydraulic systems using an accumulator and a closed -

center control valve will cause the pump to work against
system pressure a t all times unless some means of un
loading the pump i s provided. Tractor hydraulic systems

using the clo sed-center valve with an accumulator
commonly use an unloading valve to reduce pressure on

the pump when the accumulator becomes charged.
Problem
effect of using a n unloader valve in a closed-center
hydraulic system equipped with an accumulator.

Operational closed-center hydraulic system with
hydraulic capacity to provide approximately fifteen gpm.
Piston or bladder-type accumulator with a one-half
gallon rating and precharged to 500 psi.
Hydraulic unloader valve for a fifteen gpm. system
and set to open at 800 psi.
Double-acting hydraulic cylinder with a three-inch
diameter cylinder and an eight-inch stroke.
Check valve.
S topwa tch.
Hoist frame and load scale with a capacity of
10,000 pounds.
Hydraulic f l o w -meter t e s t set capable of indicating
oil flow to fifty gpm. and 5000 psi.
Use Figure 9 es a guide fo r the set-up of equi pment
in t his experiment.
Connect the unloading valve to the outlet of th e

hydraulic pump and inlet of the check valve. The check
valve outlet shou ld be connected to the accumulator,
pilot connection of unloading valve, and flow-meter.
The outlet of the flow-meter should then be connected

to th e control valve input. Connect cylinder ports o f
the control valve to the ports of the hydraulic cylinder,
Piping should be provided between the reservoir and tank
outlets of both the unloaaer valve and control valve.
Procedure
A. Operate the system until the hydraulic o il reaches
a temperature of 100° P. Extend and retract the
cylinder piston several times after oil is warmed.
B. Cycle cylinder piston rapidly about six times.

Record the gp m., pressure, and time required to
extend the piston on the l inal cycxe.

GPM PSI Seconds
•
Retract the piston and allow time for the accumulate
to charge. Record the gpm., pressure, and time
required while extending the piston once.

G?M __PSI Seconds
68
Circuit Diagram
Figure 9. Unloading Valve Experiment

69
D. Allow the accumulator to become charged and then
shut off trie hydraulic pump. Record the number of
times the cy linder piston can be cycled while

discharging the accumulator.
Ques ti on s
1. What was the increase in gpm. in step C over step B ?
2. Why didn't the piston extend instantly in step C ?
3. Did the ac cumulator maintain a constant pressu re in
step C ?
I4.. What would the effect on this system be if the
accumulator was precharged to 800 psi. ?
5. What would the effect on this system be if the
accumulator had no precharge pressure ?
6. Describe the function of the check valve in this
system.
7. Whet difficulty might be encountered in starting a

tractor with a "live" closed-center hydraulic system
on an extremely cold morning ?

Experiment 10: Sequencing
Farm machines involving a harvesting process may be
required to p erform a series of functions repeatedly in a
predetermined order, e.g., certain fresh vegetable con
tainers must be closed and held while a fastening device
is attached. A hydraulic system utilizing a sequencing

circuit would work well for this purpose.
Problem
The objective of this experiment is to assemble and

study the oper ation of a hydraulic sequencing system that
will simulate a clamping action before providing hydraulic
power to a secondary function.

Hydraulic pump adjustable relief valve, reservoir,
zero to 1000 psi. pressure gauge, and open-center tandem-
flow system with capacity to provide approximately fifteen
gpm.
Two double-acting hydraulic cylinders two inches or
more ID.
Adjustable sequence valve with a flow rating of
fifteen gpm.
Spring-loaded check valve.
Two check valves without spring loading.
Two hoist frames and load scales of 10,000 pound
capacity.
71
Set-up of Equipment
Use Figure 10 as a guide to the set-up of equipmen t

Connect port A of the con trol valve to the outlet
of unloaded check valve 3, the input of the sequence valve ,
and the rod e nd port of cylinder 1. Some types of sequence
valves use a separate pilot control port and it too should
be connected to cylinder port A. Connect port B of t he
control valve to the inlet end of the spring-loaded check
valve 5, the outlet end of an unloaded check valve item 1+,
and the clevis-end port of cylinder 2. Connect the rod
end port of cylinder 2 to the outlet port of the sequence
valve and the inlet of check valve 3. Connect the free
ends of check valves and 5 together and to the clevis
end port of cylinder 1.

Hang the load scales and hydraulic cylinders from the
hoists with the p iston rods anchored at the bottom.

Adjust the system pressure relief valve for by-pass
at 800 psi.
Procedure
A. Operate the system until the hydraulic oil reaches
a temperature of 100° F. Extend end retract cylinder
pistons several times after oil is warmed. When
system is warmed-up, extend both piston rods
comple tely.
Circuit Diagram
Figure 10. Sequencing Experiment

73
B. Direct oil flow out port A of control valve and
adjust sequence valve to sequence at 200 psi.

Record pounds force on cylinder 1.
Continue oil flow out po rt A until the main pressure

relief valve by—passes at 800 psi. Record pounds
force on cylinder 2.
C. Direct oil out port B of control valve until both

cylinder pistons are fully extended.
D. Begin retraction sequence of both cylinder pistons
and adjust sequence valve for 700 psi. Record
force on cylinder 1.
Continue sequence until the main pressure relief valve
by-passes at 800 psi. Record force on cylinder 2.
Questions
1. What regulated the force on cylinder 1 ?
2. What regulated the force on cylinder 2 ?
3. Does the sequence valve adjustment affect the total
force on cylinder 2 ?
U. What change in the system would be necessary if
cylinder 1 began extending just before cylinder
2 was fully extended ?

What would be th e effect on t he system if check
valves I4. and 5 of Figure 10 were interchanged ?
What would be the effect on t he system if check

valves U. and 5 of Figure 10 were interchanged ?
Consider the eff ects on both retraction and
extension of cy linder piston.
Experiment 11: Hydraulic 3ooster
Hydraulic power booster systems are widely used as

power steering units, hydraulic lifts, and remotely
controllec tillage tools. Typically these systems require
a very small control force and are capable of exerting
several thousand pounds of productive effort. This force
is used to simplify the task of moving heavy loads.
Problem
The objective of this experiment is to assemble and
observe the action of a hydraulic servo system that is
manually controlled and self-neutralizing.

Operational hydraulic pump, relief valve adjusted to
bypass at 1000 psi., reservoir, and zero to 1000 psi.
pressure gauge in a system capable of developing ap
proximately fifteen gpm.
Open-center tandem-flow control valve. Relief valve
may be integral w ith control valve and set to by-pass at
800 psi.
Double-acting hydraulic cylinder.
Load scale with a full scale reading of k0 pounds.
Load scale with a full scale reading of 10,000 pounds
Hoist frame of 10,000 pound capacity.
Load of approximately 750° pounas.

76
Set-up of Equipment

Attach the control valve body directly to the
hydraulic cylinder so that the control handle will be
moved in a dire ction parallel to the piston rod. Connect
hoses to ports A and B of the control valve and to ports
of the hydraulic cylinder in a manner that will cause the
piston to retract when the control handle is moved toward
the rod end of the cylinder.
Use hoses to connect the pump output to the control
valve and between the control valve and reservoir.
Hang the p iston rod from the load scale in the hoist
frame. Attach the clevis end of the cylinder to the

load. Raise the load scale until the piston rod is fully
extended and no slack exists in the linkage.
Procedure
a temperature of 100° P. Extend and retract the
cylinder piston several times after the oil xs

warmed. Leave the pis ton in the extended position.
B. Attach the small load scale to the control valve
handle and pull up on it far enough and fast

enough to open the valve fully in that direction.
—>
<—
Circuit Diagram
Figure 11. Hydraulic Booster Experiment

Record tension read on small load scale
Record tension read on large load scale
Hold the load scale stationary and allow cylinder
with the co ntrol valve body to rise until it
neutralizes hydraulic flow.
Record the le ast time it takes to fully retract
and extend the cylinder piston. _______________
tlons
Force multiplication is equal to the load weight
in pounds divided by the tension in pounds exerted
on the con trol valve handle. What force multipli
cation was obtained with this system ?
List three changes that could be made to increase
the multiplication of forces.
c/io-nt-pd for use as a power-

. If this system were adapted
, . what WOuld the following components
steering unit, what weuxv>
be attached to ?
a. Piston rod __ — -
b. Cylinder clevis
c. Control handle
If the centering springs of the control valve were
removed, how would it affect the "feel" of this
system ?
Experiment 12: Plow Divider
The flow divider valve is a special type of flow-
control valve that gives priority of flow to one of tw o
circuits, or it may be a type t hat sends the same ratio
of flow to two circuits as the input volume is changed.
The priority-type of flow-divider is commonly used where
one pump supplies two separate hydraulic circuits
simultaneously.
Problem
The objective of this experiment is to assemble
and study the op eration of a hydraulic system with a

priority ty pe flow dividing valve feeding two separate
hydraulic motor c ircuits.

ad iu° table relief valve,
Operational hydraulic P^P* of. developing approx-
snd reservoir in a system Co.
imately fifteen gpm.
^ test set capable of indicating
Hydraulic flow-meter
oil flow to fifty gpm. and 5000 ps
• •/, r . designed for a priority
Priority-type fl°Vinout of at least fifteen gpm.
flow of five gpm. end an P f .
r„rs with minimum ratings of ten
Two hydraulic motors
gpm. and 1000 psi. ^ ^sos;Le
Two hydraulic pressure g
readings of 200 0 psi. ^ hydrauli0 motor.
Prcny brahe for use ^ fittings.
Miscellaneous hydra
81
Set-up of Equipment
Use figure 12 as a guide to the set-up of equipment for

this experiment.
Connect the output of the hydraulic pump to both
the pressure re lief valve and through the flow-meter to
the input of the flow divider. The priority flow output
of t he flow divider is to be coupled to a hydraulic motor.

The surplus flow from the flow divider is used to drive
the other hydr aulic motor. Connect the discharge side of
both motors to the reservoir. Assemble the prony brake
on th e hydraulic motor using the priority flow.

Install a pressure gauge on each output of the flow
divider.
Procedure
a te mperature of 100° P. 3e sure both hydraulic
motors reach this temperature.
B. Adjust pump speed for an output of one gpm. Record

on Table VII the pump o utput pressure, pressure and
speed of the motor connected to priority output of
flow divider, and also the pressure and speed o f
the hydraulic motor using the surplus output of th e
flow divider. Increase the pump output in incre-

ments of one gpm. and record observed data on Table
VII.
Circuit Diagram
Figure 12. Flow Divider Experiment

83
TABLE VII
FLOW DIVIDER PERFORMANCE DRIVING UNLOADED MOTORS
PUMP PRIORITY MOTOR SURPLUS MOTOR

GPM PSI PSI RPM PSI RPM
k
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Ik
15
81+
C. Repeat step B with a load of ten pound-feet on the
hydraulic motor connected to the priori ty output
of the flo w divider. Record data on Table VIII.
D. Assemble the prony brake on the hydraulic motor
using the surplus flow. Adjust torque on this
motor to ten pound-feet while repeating step B.

Record data on Table IX.
Questions
1. What is the pump volume when surplus flow from the
flow divider begins ? Answer the question for each
step performed.
Step B
Step C
Step D
2. Determine the average differential pressure
between input and priority output of the flow
divider for each step performed.

Step B ___
Step C
Step D
3. Determine the average differential pressure
between input and surplus output of the flow
divider for each step performed.

85
TABLE VIII
FLOW DIVIDER PERFORMANCE WITH PRIORITY FLOW LOAD

GPM PSI PSI RPM TORQUE PSI RPM
1
k
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
111
15
86
TABLE IX
FLOW DIVIDER PERFORMANCE WITH SURPLUS FLOW LOAD
GPM PSI PSI RPM PSI RPM TORQUE
1 •
3
1+
5
6 -
7
8
• 1
9
10
11
12
13
11+
~~Sf
Step B
Step C
Step D
Is there a significant drop in priority motor speed
when a load is applied to it ?
What happens to the pr iority motor speed when a load
is applied to the surplus motor ?

Experiment 13: Flow Control
Flow control valves may have a fixed orifice or may

be pressure-compensated. Those using a fixed orifice vary
in i low with the s quare root of the pressure drop across
them. Pressure—compensated valves provide a constant flow

by adjusting automatically to pressure changes.
Problem
Performance of a pressure-compensated flow-control
valve will be observed in this experiment.
Operational hydraulic pump, adjustable relief valve

set at 800 psi., and reservoir in a hydraulic system
capable of dev eloping approximately fifteen gpm.
Hydraulic flow-meter test set capable of indicating
oil flow to fifty gpm and 5000 psi.
P r e s s u r e -compensated flow control valve adjustable
between zero and fifteen gpm. output.
Two hydraulic motors with minimum ratings of fifteen
gpm. and 1000 psi.
Two hydraulic pressure gauges with a minimum racing
of 2000 psi.
Prony brake for use on a hydraulic motor.
Set-up of Equipment
Use Figure 13 as a guide for the set-up of equipment
in this experiment.
89
Circuit Diagram
Figure 13. Flow Control Experiment

Connect the output of the h ydraulic pump to both the
pressure relief v alve and through the flow meter to input

of the flow con trol valve. Both outputs of the flow
control are coupled to pressure gauges and hydraulic
motors. Connect the discharge side of both motors to the
reservoir. Attach the prony brake to the motor on the

pressure-compensated output of the flow control.
Procedure

a te mperature of 100° F. Both hydraulic motors
should reach this temperature.
B. Adjust pum p speed for an output of fifteen gpm. and
flow control lever to zero per cent of output.

Record on Ta ble X the p ump output pressure, pressure
and speed of the motor connected to the controlled
flow of the valve, and also record the pressure and
speed of the hydraulic motor using the surplus out
put of the flow control valve. Increase the con-

trolled o utput of the valve in 10 per cent increments
to 100 per cent and record observed data on Table X.
C. Adjust the pump speed for an output of one gpm. and
the flow control lever to 20 per cent of controlled

output. Apply a load of ten p ound-feet with the prony
brake. Record data called for on Table XI.

91
TABLE X
PERFORMANCE OF FLOW CONTROL VALVE WITH CONSTANT INPUT
—
PUMP CONTROLLED OUTPUT SURPLUS OUTPUT
PSI PSI RPM % PSI RPM
0
10
20
30
i+o
50
60
70
80
90
100
92
TABLE XI
PERFORMANCE OF FLOW CONTROL VALVE WITH CHANGING INPUT
PUMP CONTROLLED OUTPUT SURPLUS OUTPUT
GPM PSI PSI RPM % PSI RPM
k
5
6
7
8
9
10
93
tions
Determine the average differential pressure between
input and pressure-compensated output of the flow
control valve for steps B and C.
Step B
Step C
Is there a significant drop In motor speed when
there is a load applied to it in step C ?
What would be the effect on the speed of the

controlled hydraulic motor if the pump output volume
varied between six and fifteen gpm.?

Experiment 11+: Draft Control
Tractor hydraulic systems which control the depth

of integrally mounted implements usually respond to
changes in the am ount of pull by varying the implement
depth. This is often accomplished by inserting draft
sensitive springs and linkage in the lower hitching arms

of t he conventional three-point hitch.
Problem
operation of a dr aft-sensing tractor hydraulic system.

Tractor with rear-mounted hydraulic lift arms con
trolled by an integral hydraulic system and draft control
mechanism.
Drawbar for attachment to tractor hydraulic lift arms
Hydraulic pressure gauge with a full-scale reading of

1000 psi.
Load scale with a measurement range from zero to
10,000 pounds.
Anchor point capable of withstanding a vertical lift
of 10,000 pounds.
Anchor point capable of withstanding a horizontal
pull of 10,000 pounds.
Three chains ten feet long capable of withstanding a
10,000 pound load.
Portable hoist capable of withstanding a 10,000
pound load.
Miscellaneous pip© fittings.
95
Set-up of Equipment
Use Figure 11+ as a guide for the set-up of equipment

in this experiment.
Attach drawbar to tractor hydraulic lift arms and
adjust lift arms so they are parallel to the ground level.
Connect load scale, chain, and portable hoist to hori
zontal anchoring point in such a manner that the drawbar
is centered over the vertical lift anchor point. Join
this anchor point and the dr awbar with a cha in. Lock
tractor brakes securely. Connect the pressure gauge in
the hydraulic line to the pr essure end of the lift cylinder.
Procedure
A. Start tractor and allow it to run until the
hydraulic system reaches normal operating temper
ature. Lower and raise drawbar several times to
warm oil i n hydraulic lift cylinder.
B. Place draft control lever of tractor in the position
for least draft. Observe and record hydraulic

pressure to lift cylinder for horizontal pull on
the dra wbar from zero to 5000 pounds.
Pounds pull Pressure in psi.
1000
2000
Circuit Diagram
Figure Draft Control Experiment

97
3000
Uooo
5000 ___
C. Place draft control lever of tractor in the medium
draft position. Observe and record hydraulic
pressure to lift cylinder for horizontal pull on
the drawbar from zero to 5000 pounds.

1000
2000 -
3000 _________
UOOO _____
5000
D. Repeat step 3 with the draft control lever in the
maximum draft position.

0 —
1000 — —-—•
2000
3000 —
I4.OOO —
5000
6000
7000
Questions
1. Which position of the draft control lever gives

the greatest lifting tendency ?
2. Which position of the draft control lever allows
the greatest amount of draft before lifting effort

is applied ?
3. Name two signal sources of the control valve in

the draft control system.
I;. Compute the amount of lift in pounds on the draw
bar from the maximum pressure recorded in step B.
5. From the a nswer to the previous question, determine
how much weight was transferred from the front to
the rear wheels of the tractor.

99
Experiment 1$: Position Control
A hydraulic system common to most wheel tractors is
known as the pos ition control system. The control lever
settings represent a direct ratio of depth of ground
engaging tools mou nted on the tractor hydraulic lift arms.
Problem
performance of the position control hydraulic system on
a farm tractor.

Tractor with "ar-rnounted hydraulic lift ar^ and^
drawbar controlled by an integral hydraulic a
control system.
,_ a .-j f-v o full™scale reading
Hydraulic pressure gauge with
of 1000 psi.
Load scale with a measurement range of aero to
10,000 pounds.
. u Aohlfi of withstanding a vertical l^ft
Anchor point capabl
of 10,000 pounds.
Sfih-im of Eauioraent
for the set-up of equipment
Use Figure l£ as a guid
in this experiment.
•ah drawbar directly over the
Position tractor with orawoa
,ao1 brakes. Connect the pi
anchor and look the « oylinders.
... llne leading to the in )
gauge in the hydraul ^^ ôle numbers.
Mark a number soele from aero
100
Circuit Diagram
Figure 15. Position Control Bxperinent

101
adjacent to the position control lever with zero re
presenting the position of the drawbar at its lowest

position.
Procedure
A. Start the tractor and allow it to run until the
hydraulic system reaches normal operating temper
ature. Lower and raise drawbar several times to
warm the oil in the hydraulic lift cylinder.
Attach the load scale between the drawbar and anchor.
B. Move pos ition control lever to raise the drawbar
until all slack is removed in the load scale linkage

but no load is applied. Record the control lever
setting. Move the con trol lever
an additional full interval in the direction for

raising the drawbar. Record the control lever
setting and load scale reading.

Control Lever . Load Scale
Continue moving the control lever in the same
direction until no further increase in load scale
reading occurs. Record the control lever setting
and load scale reading.

Load Scale ___________
Control Lever
102
C. Remove the load scale from the tractor and anchor.
Move the c ontrol lever to zero on its scale and
record that and the dr awbar height in Table XII.

Repeat this for each full interval on the control lever
scale.
Questions
1. Does the position control lever have to be in the
full-up position to develop maximum lift on the
drawbar ? Explain your answer.
2. Assume th at an implement was mounted on the lift

arms and t he tractor shut off with the implement
lowered to the ground. What danger exists if the
position control lever is in the full-up position
when the tractor is next started ^
^Mcrht on the front wheels

3. Compute the decrease in weig
* lift- of t he drawbar was obtained in
when maximum lift ox
step 3.
,.n of position control lever
It. Is there a uniform ratio of posit
movement and drawbar height ?

103
TABLE XII
CONTROL LEVER SETTING VERSUS DRAWBAR HEIGHT
Control Lever Position Drawbar Height
~~ 5
6
7
8
10
101}.
Experiment 16: Hydraulic System Trouble Shooting
Tractor hydraulic systems are required to perform
in extreme conditions of te mperature, dirt, and care yet
are expected to operate properly. With normal maintenance
procedures these systems do their work well and are long-
lasting. Components are certain to fail after extended
use and th e machine must be repaired. Hydraulic systems
appear complex, so much time can be saved if operating
principles of the basic components are understood and a
methodical approach to trouble-shooting is used to isolate
the malfunction .
Problem
This experiment is a systematic approach to trouble
shooting an open-center type of hydraulic system common
to many farm tractors and to most labor-saving farm
machines.
Tractor or other farm ™£ ine tandem-flow 'hydraulic
hydraulic lines in an °P®n~^£aUlic cylinder attached

system with double-acting hydraulic *
to a load. ~
aflu*e wit h a full-scale reading of
Hydraulic pressure gaug
3000 psi.
,-i. valve with sufficient
Manually operated t#
capacity for the system under
Miscellaneous pipe fittings.
105
Set-up of Equipment
Use Figure 16 as a guide for the set-up of equipment
in this experiment.
Disconnect the hydraulic line from the discharge
side o f th e pu mp and install the pressure gauge and
needle valve in the system. Adjust the needle valve to
full-open posit ion before starting the tes t to prevent
damage to th e pump.
Procedure
A. Check hydraulic reservoir and bring oil to proper
level if necessary. Operate system at its rated

speed until oil temperature is between 120° F. and
150° F. Record maximum operating pressure from
the op erator's manual. •
B. Slowly load the system with the needle valve until
the pre ssure gauge registers the proper maximum
operating pressure.
Does the p ump develop full pressur
tu0 oil in the reservoir ?
Does foam appear on th
_ -i a. nri heard in th©

Bestride a n y unusual vibrations felt
pump or the lines connected to it.
actuators from the control valve

C. Disconnect any actua the
f and plug these ports. Adj
cylinder ports and pj-u^
Circuit Diagram
- nr Trouble -Shooting Experiment
Figure 16. Hydraulic Trouox
107
needle valve to its full-open position. Maintain
engine at rated speed and move the control valve to
a normal actuation position forcing the relief valve

to function. The relief valve should give an audible
sound while it is by-passing oil. Is this sound

heard ? Stop the pump en d with careful
regard for oil temperature and exterior dirt dis
assemble t he relief valve.

Is the relief spring broken or deformed ? __ _
Are relief valve surfaces pitted or deformed ?
Do related parts of the valve move freely 1

Are all or ifices and oil passages free of dirt 1
n « r valve replacing any damaged

Reassemble relief vai
R.ftll the oil reservoir if necessary and
gaskets. Refill tne
until system temperature is between
operate pu mp unti 7
120° F. and 1$0° F. Adjust the reli
re registers the p roper operating
the pres sure gauge r g
pressure.
. 1 vaive for apparent leaks. If
D. Inspect the control should
. bv the control spool the
oil leaks out by tn
be replaced. operation and self-

v ^ valve for smooth op
Test the control ing springs if necessary.
centering. Repl*"
108
Remove the pressure gauge and needle valve from
the pump dis charge line and reconnect the discharge
line according to manufacturer's specifications.
Remove the plugs from the cylinder ports of the
control valve. Install the pressure gauge and

needle v alve between the control valve and reservoir.
Check to be sure needle valve is full open before

starting pump to prevent damage to the system. Refill
the oil res ervoir if necessary and operate pump until
system te mperature is between 120° F. and 150° *•
Slowly close needle valve until the pressure gauge
registers maximum operating pressure. Watch for

excess leakage out o f the open ports. Some leaking
is acceptable but combined leakage from the two
open ports should not exceed two per cent of the
rated pump volume. Excess leakage is usually
overcome by replacing the valve.
Remove the pressure gauge and needle valve from the

« and reconnect the
control valve discharg
to manufacturer's speci-
discharge line accord g
T tail the needle valve in the cylinder
fications. Install t
pressure from the cylinder
line that will be under press
• both cylinder lines to the control
load and connect botn J .fci n
s1fl valve to full-open position,
valve. Adjust the needle
.r if necessary and operate
Refill the oil reservo
system until oil temperature in cylinder is between
120° P. and 150° P.
Apply hydraulic pressure to raise the cylinder load

to the limit of cylinder travel. Return control
valve to hold position and close the needle valve

The cylinder should hold the load without lowering
excessively. If the cylinder doesn't hold the load

up it is an indication that oil is leaking past the
cylinder piston.
Does the cylinder hold the load up ? ________________
Open the needle valve and disconnect the unpres-
surized cylinder line. Move the control valve to
the "rai se" position and hold it there, forcing the
relief valve to by-pass oil for one minute before
returning the control valve to the "hold" position.

Was there excess leakage through the cylinder ?
Lower the cylinder load and remove the needle valve
before reconnecting both cylinder hoses to the

control valve. Raise and lower the cylinder load
until any air in the system is removed. Shut off

the pum p and refill the oil reservoir if necessary.
110
Questions
1. Discuss the possible causes of foam on the oil in

step B.
2. List two indications of relative pump displacement

during this experiment.
3. Discuss the relative noise levels of the various

relief valve designs.
I;. Is there a substitute for the pressure gauge when
adjusting the relief valve ?
5. Why would the hydraulic system be subject to damage
if the needle valve was closed in step D ?
6. How would the test i n step E differ if two load
cylinders were connected in parallel ?

CHAPTER III
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Hydraulic power is an important part of man's labor-

saving machinery. Each year new applications of this
force are se en in machines of all types. Farmers and
farm equipment dealers are continuously challenged with

the increasing complexity of new developments. New
methods of teaching hydraulics are needed.
Sixteen experiments were written as part of this
study for use by the agricu ltural student in college to

make his lecture study of fluid power more meaningful.
This series of experiments began with fundamental rela
tionships in fluid power, developed applications of these
principles, and culminated in a procedure for trouble

shooting a typical tractor hydraulic system. An illus
tration and hydraulic schematic were included with the
description of each experiment to simplify its set-up
and operation.
The experiments developed as part of this study were
performed and found to be workable. The careful selection

of experiments made it possible to study several different,
principles of hydraulics with a minimum amount of equipment.
Components used in hydraulic circuits tend to be costly

and can be diffic ult to obtain in schools operating on a
limited budget. If the experiments described are to be
used, the cur rent cost of obtaining the equipment and
materials listed should be determined. Many of the te st;
described can be performed on farm machines and tractors
having the proper hydraulic circuits. It is frequently
possible to borrow essential hydraulic components from
idle farm machines to further reduce expensive purchases
These must be located well in advance to assure a smooth
running program.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
llil.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Altland, George. Practical Hydraulics. Troy: Vickers

Division of Sperry Rand Corporation, 1968. 35 PP.
Basal^, Paul R., Jr. Mobil Hydraulics Manual. Trov:
Vickers Mobil Hydraulics Division of Sperry Rand
Corporation, 1967. 175 PP.
Fluid Powef. Handbook and Directory. Cleveland:

Industrial Publishing Co., 1969. 320 PP.
Hedges, Charles S. Industrial Fluid Power Text. Vol. I.
Dallas: Womack Machine Supply Co., 1965. ' 166 PP.
Hedges, Charles S. Industrial Fluid Power Text. Vol. II.
Dallas: Womack Machine Supply Co., 1956. II4.3 PP.
Hydraulic Power. Laboratory Manual of Basic Hydraulics.
Decatur: Vega Enterprises. Fourth Edition 1966.
106 PP.
Hydraulic Power Transmission. Engineering Bulletin

No. HP-221. Chicago: American Oil Company, 1965.
56 PP.
Indus trial Hydraulics Manual. Manual No. 935100. Troy:
Vickers Division of Sperry Rand Corporation. 1965.
178 PP.
Pease, Dudley A. Basic Fluid Power. Englewood Cliffs:
Prentice-Hall, Inc.7î?st Edition 1967. 333 PP.
Stewart, Harry L. and John M. Storer, Fluid Power.
Indianapolis: Howard W. Sams & Co., IncT,First
Edition 1968. 508 PP.
Tractor Hydraulics. Teaching Reference UGAPD. ^ Athens:
American Association for Agricultural Engineering
and Vocational Agriculture. hS PP.
APPENDIX
116
•' ? " n >.!!!E F i i r ' n i m

CYLINDER. - SINGLE I
LINE, WORKING ACTING
CYLINDER - DOUBLE
LINE, PILOT
ACTING
1 i
DIFFERENTIAL
UNE, DRAIN
-A
4-—4
I
T
CONNECTOR •
V ALV ES
LINE, FLEXIBLE
w
LINES JOINING CHECK
LINES PASSING
-
t
ON-OFF (MANUAL
SHUT-OFF)
DIRECTION OF FLOW
•
LINE TO RESERVOIR
ABOVE FLUID LEVEL
BELOW FLUID LEVEL

1
1 1
PRESSURE RELIEF 4 ?
PRESSURE REDUCING
w[
LINE TO VENTED
MANIFOLD -£ FLOW CONTROL,
ADJUSTABLE -
NON- COMPENSATED
r-
PLUG OR PLUGGED
CONNECTION — FLOW CONTROL,
ADJUSTABLE
(TEMPERATURE
AND PRESSURE
>!3
RESTRICTION, FIXED COMPENSATED)
r±-
RESTRICTION, VARIABLE TWO POSITION
TWO CONNECTION
4 1
P UM PS TWO POSITION
41/
1X /
SINGLE, FIXED
DISPLACEMENT 0
THREE CONNECTION
4
SINGLE, VARIABLE
DISPLACEMENT 0
TWO POSITION
FOUR CONNECTION l IX
ACTUATORS
THREE POSITION
FOUR CONNECTION 1!
MOTOR, FIXED 1 TWO POSITION
~|i-tlx
DISPLACEMENT
REVERSIBLE Q
T
IN TRANSITION
MOTOR, FIXED VALVES CAPABLE OF

DISPLACEMENT
NON-REVERSIBLE 0 INFINITE POSITIONING
(HORIZONTAL BARS
INDICATE INFINITE
II III IlX
MOTOR, VARIABLE POSITIONING ABILITY)
DISPLACEMENT,
• #
REVERSIBLE
Figure 17. Standard fluid power symbols.

117
ME T HO DS OF OP ER ATIO N MISCELLANEOUS
SPRING
\M
t
ROTATING SHAFT
MANUAL
ENCLOSURE
PUSH BUTTON RESERVOIR

o=c
A
VENTED
PUSH-PULL LEVER
PRESSURIZED
PEDAL OR TREADLE
A PRESSURE GAUGE
©
MECHANICAL
at ELECTRIC MOTOR
ACCUMULATOR, SPRING
LOADED
DETENT
ACCUMULATOR,
GAS CHARGED
PRESSURE COMPENSATED
X.
SOLENOID, SINGLE
WINDING
AA HEATER
-A
A
COOLER
REVERSING MOTOR
(A
TEMPERATURE
PILOT PRESSURE CONTROLLER
REMOTE SUPPLY
FILTER, STRAINER
INTERNAL SUPPLY
Figure 17. Standard fluid power symbols (continued).

TABLE XIII*
VALVE CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION DESCRIPTION
Two-way Permits total of two possible paths of flow in two
Path of extreme spool positions.
flow type
Four-way Permits total of four possible paths of flow in two
extreme spool positions.
Manually Hand lever used to shift spool.
operated
Pilot Hydraulic pressure used to shift spool.

operated
Control type
Solenoid Solenoid action used to shift spool.
operated
Solenoid Solenoid action used to shift integral pilot spool

controlled, which directs pilot flow to shift main spool.
Pilot
operated
Two Spool has two extreme positions.
position
Position type
Three Spool has two extreme positions plus one intermediate
position or "center" position of dwell.
"Vickers, 1965 Adapted from the tabl e on p age 125«

TA3LE XIII (continued)
CLASSIFICATION DESCRIPTION
Spring Spring action automatically returns spool to normal

offset offset position as soon as shifter force is released.
(Always a two position valve.)
Spring type No Spool not spring loaded; moved only by shifter force
spring and remains where shifted (may be two or three
position type, but three position typ e uses detents).
Spring Spring action automatically returns spool to center

centered position as soon as shifter force is released.
(Always a three po sition valve.)
Open All ports are interconnected when spool is centered.
center
Closed All ports are blocked when spool is centered.

Spool type center
Tandem Interconnects both pressure and ta nk ports while
center centered spool blocks both cylinder ports.
TABLE XIV
USEFUL FORMULAE
C\J
Area of a circl e A
li
Volume of a cyl inder V = A x L
Force of a hydraulic cylinder F = P x A
Hydraulic horsepower HP = gpm x psi
ink
Horsepower in a rotating shaft HP = Torque x rpm
5252
Hydraulic pump or
motor displacement Displacement = cubic inches
revolution
Volume in gpm = displacement x rpm
231
Efficiency = actual output x 100
theoretical output
rv>
o
TABLE XV*
HORSEPOWER NEEDED FOR DRIVING A HYDRAULIC PUMP
300 Uoo 500 750 1000 1250 1500 2000

GPM PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI
.21 .28
00
CO
.35 .52 .70 1.05 l.ko
.
1
2 •U3 .56 .70 1.01; 1.1;0 1.76 2.10 2.80
3 .63 .81; 1.05 1.56 2.10 2.61; 3.15 U.20

CO
-=±
k 1.12 I.I4.O 2.08 2.80 3.52 !;•20 5.60
•
5 1.05 I.I4.0 1.75 2.60 3.50 1;.l+o 5.25 7.00
6 1.26 1.68 2.10 3.12 1;.20 5.28 6.30 8.L.0
7 l.lt-7 1.96 2.U5 3.61; I;.90 6.16 7.35 9.80
8 1.68 2.21; 2.80 I;.l6 5.60 7.01; 8.k0 11.2
9 1.86 2.k8 3.10 H.65 6.18 7.73 9.28 12.k
10 2.10 2.80 3.50 5.20 7.00 8.80 10.5 lk.o
12 2.52 3.36 U.20 6.21; 8.1;0 10.5 12.6 16.8
15 3.15 I4..2O 5.25 7.80 10.5 13.2 15.7 21.0
'Hedges, 1965. Taken from the ta ble on page 126.

16 Lab Experiments of Fluid Power Thesis

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FLUID POWER EXPERIMENTS:

SIXTEEN EXPERIMENTS IK FLUID POWER

FOR AGRICULTURAL MECHANICS

submitted In partial fulfillxor.t of

tha raquiramenta for tha dagraa of Maatar of Arta

in tha Dapartwont of Induatrial Arta and Taohnology

Praano Stata Collaga

The author wishes to express his indebtedness to

technical assistance; to Dr. W. J. Dunning,who has been

a guiding influence in the form of this report; and to

offering valuable suggestions.

Acknowledgement is also made to Mr. Warren Atwell of

Teisinger and Son, Fresno, for technical advice on fluid

power equipment operation.

author's wife, Charlene, for her assistance in typing the

many copies of this report.

Fresno State College

Statement of the Problem 2

Importance of the Study 3

Limitations of the Study 3

Source of Data [4.

Definition of Terms I4.

II. REPORT OP THE STUDY 16

Experiment 2: Hydraulic Jack 23

Experiment 7*. Hydraulic Intensifier. ... 55

Experiment 9: Unloading Valve. ...... 66

Experiment 10: Sequencing 70

Experiment 12: Plow Divider 80

Experiment 13: Control 88

Experiment II4.: Draft Control 9k

Experiment 16: Hydraulic System Trouble-

III. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Ill

I. Normal Hydraulic Pump Performance 33

II. Hydraulic Pump Performance with Restricted

III. Hydraulic Pump Performance with Induced Foaming . 35

IV. Hydraulic Motor Performance 1+1

v. Temperature Responses in Hydraulic System .... 1+7

VI. Hydrostatic Transmission Performance 53

Flow Divider Performance Driving Unloaded Motors. 83

X. Performance of Flow Control Valve with Constant

XI. Performance of Flow Control Valve with Changing

1. Fundamental Hydraulic Relationships Experiment. . . 19

I4.. Hydraulic Motor Experiment 39

8. Hydraulic Accumulator Experiment 62

The fluid power industry has experienced greater

the medium of liquid or a gas such as air. The term

which may or may not be pressurized. The subject matter

In the equipment industry most farm machines are

equipped with some hydraulic components. This modern

technology has led to a critical shortage of trained

maintenance of fluid power equipment. The sixteen lab­

I. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Sixteen laboratory exercises in fluid power were

at the college level. Review questions for each exercise

An indication of the importance of knowledge in fluid

being made in nearly all machines related to agriculture.

would serve to strengthen a curriculum in mechanized

III. LIMITATIONS OP THE STUDY

This study will not provide the necessary lecture

Material for this study was collected from literature

Abscissa. The line or part of a line drawn

reference to a system of co-ordinates.

Accumulator. A container in which fluid is stored

Actuator. A device for converting hydraulic energy

maintenance of fluid power equipment. The sixteen lab

Charge Pressure. The pressure at which replen