2.

NARRATIVE POETRY
a) Ballad
b) Metrical Tale
c) Metrical Romance
d) Epic

3. DRAMATIC POETRY
a) Dramatic Monologue
b) Character Sketch

LESSON 3: PROSE
 It is a discourse which uses sentences usually forming paragraphs to express
ideas, feelings, and actions.
 In subject matter, prose generally concentrates on the familiar and the
ordinary. A rigid dividing line in the contents of poetry and prose no longer
exists.
 Prose is mainly concerned with the ordinary, but it may deal with subjects
such as heroism, beauty, love and the nobility of spirit which usually find the
most eloquent expression in poetry.

PROSE AND POETRY SIMILARITIES

 Both can stir the emotion as well as the intellect.

 Both can convey information as well as pleasure.

POETRY PROSE
Poetry expresses a strong emotion or Prose is generally concerned with
a lofty thought in a compressed and the presentation of an idea, concept
intense utterance or point of view in a more ordinary
and leisurely manner.
The main purpose of poetry is to The main purpose of prose is to
provide pleasure and delight. furnish information, instruction or
enlightenment
The appeal of poetry is to the The appeal of prose is primarily to the
emotion and the imagination intellect
.
DIVISIONS IN PROSE
1. Fiction
2. Non-fiction

Fiction
 has been defined as a “series of imagined facts which illustrates truths
about human life.”
  It is misleading to oppose fiction to truth and to call it false or untrue.
Rather, fiction is opposed to the actual and to the historically true. It is
not contrary to the truth at all.
 Incidents that have not happened in real life, characters that may not actually
have existed, could be created by fiction to illustrate what may and can
happen, as long as the laws of probability and necessity are not violated.

PRINCIPAL TYPES OF FICTION

1. Short Story
 It is a brief, artistic form of prose fiction which is centered on a
single main incident and is intended to produce a single dominant
impression. Economy, compression and emphasis characterize the
short story.
 It has a definite time and setting. Its development occurs within a day
or two or even hours, usually at one place. Only the essentials of the
action are narrated and are so compressed as to allow a swift
movement.

2. NOVEL
 It is an extensive prose narrative. The length of a novel permits a
greater number and variety of characters, a more complicated plot, a
more elaborate use of setting, a greater complexity of them than a short
story.

Bases for classification of the novel:

1. The novelist’s vision of life
2. The writer’s choice of materials
3. The structure of the novel

THE NOVELIST’S VISION OF LIFE:

Romantic fiction

 chooses the remote in time and place, the adventurous and daring in action, the
heroic and dashing in the case of the characters.
 The interpretation of life is optimistic and usually idealistic.
 The preference is for a happy ending.

Realistic fiction
 prefers the familiar and commonplace in setting, characters who are
ordinary men and women like those whom we meet daily, though
according to theme and other features, they may rise to the level of
heroism.
 The action itself is limited to facts of daily experience which are observed
thoroughly and recorded faithfully.
 Naturalistic fiction
 is exaggerated and has extreme realism dominated by materialism,
pessimism and determinism.
 Characters are portrayed as having little or no free will, the environment is
totally hostile; men’s efforts are doomed to failure and sometimes, death.
 Observation and recording of the dismal and cruel aspects of life are carried
out with more accuracy and persistence.

THE WRITER’S CHOICE OF MATERIALS

1. The historical novel
2. The psychological novel
3. The social novel
THE STRUCTURE OF THE NOVEL
1. Panoramic novel
2. Dramatic novel

NON-FICTION
Types:

1. Essay

 it is a prose composition of moderate length, usually expository in nature,

which aims to explain or elucidate an idea, a theory, an impression, or a point
of view

2. Oration

3. Biography

4. Autobiography (Letters and Epistles, Diaries and Journals)

DRAMA

 It is a composition designed to depict the action on the stage which involves

the series of events that present some interesting faces of human life.

TWO FORMS OF DRAMA

1. Dramatic Prose - dialogue used are simple and light
2. Dramatic Poetry - dialogue used are heavy

ELEMENTS OF DRAMA
1. Plot - series of situations which characters move and tell a definite story.
 a. Major Conflict - all of its action should be resolved.

a) man vs society
b) man vs environment
c) man vs self

b. Major Climax - highest point of interest and actions cultimate.

2. Characters
a. protagonist
b. antagonist
3. Theme – central idea of the drama
4. Dialogue – action and situations

TYPES OF DRAMA
1. Comedy 6. Sentimental Comedy
2. Tragedy 7. Melodrama
3. Farce 8. Social Drama
4. Romantic Drama 9. Closet Drama
5. Fantasy

THREE MAIN CLASSIFICATION OF DRAMA

1. Realistic Drama - it presents life as it is

2. Romantic Drama - it presents life as it would be if everything were ideal.
3. Symbolism - it uses abstract ideas symbolized through the use of allegory
(personified human or animal qualities and teaches a lesson through the use of
imaginary and implied meanings)

LESSON 4: Pre-Colonial Times (BC- 1564)

 During these times, the native Filipinos used to live in villages that were
near food sources like coastal areas, river banks, and mountain sides.
 The areas where they lived were also accessible, especially by native
transportation.
 Native Filipinos also gave value to the words of the elders.
 The indigenous culture of the pre-colonial Philippines survived for so long due
to the following:

 By resistance to the colonial rule

 By isolating themselves from the strongholds of the colonial powers.

Literary History

 It is considered as the longest period in the Philippine’s literary timeline.

  It is usually referred to as The Oral Lore of the Pre-Colonial Times,
which technically describes the pre-colonial period as having tlv oral form of
literature.
 Oral literature was more than just stories to tell the young. They were the
language of those that it came from. It was the language of life of the
community that it originates from, just like the epics, because of the so-called
communal authorship that represents the whole community; beliefs, attitudes,
and emotions.
 The oral nature of this period opened possibilities that some could have been
altered.
 Content wise, the following are the usual ideas that prevail in pre-colonial oral
literature:

 Blessings  Birth
 Consequences  The Grave

 The Filipinos possessed a wealthy lyric poetry. Tagalogs had 16 species of

songs, each one deriving its particular character from the occasion for the
performance.
 According to an early Spanish chronicler: tradition is “preserved in songs
they have memorized and which they learned as children, hearing them sung
when folks rowed, worked and made merry and feasted, and mounted their
dead. In these barbaric songs were told the fabled genealogies and
vainglorious deeds of their gods.

FORMS
A. RIDDLES (Mga Bugtong)

 These are statements that contain superficial words, but they function
figuratively as metaphors, and are in the form of questions.-
 These are questions that demand deeper answers and deals with everyday
life.
 It usually has mundaœ things as answers and was used in tlv past as a form of
game in small or large gathering.

Examples :

Bisava Sominub lawiyan, (It dived,)

Baboy sa lasang, (A wild pig of the Mbowat lawitan. (It rose.)
forest,) Answer: Ragum (Needle)
Ang tunok puro lansang. (Is covered
with spikes.) Chabacano
Answer. Nangka (Jackfruit) Tagia que tagia, (You keep on slashing
it)
Meranaw
 Hende ta penetra. (But it does not
penetrate)
Answer: Agua (Water)

B. PROVERBS (Mga Salawikain)

 These are statements that are considered as wise and are usually given by
parents or elders of the community because it is believed that they are more
experienced.

Examples :

Mandaya on Virginity  Tausug on Secret Affairs

Yang ataog aw madugdug, (An egg once In lasa Iban ubo, (Love and
broken,) cough,)
Di damamauli. (Will never be the same.) Di hkatapuk. (Cannot be hidden.)

Ilocano on Guilt
Ti agutak, (He who cackles)
Isut nagñbg (Laid the egg.)

C. FOLK SONGS

 These are folk lyrics that are usually chanted.

 These usually contain ideas on aspirations, hopes, everyday life and
expressions of love for loved ones.
 It is bound by the learning of good morals.
 It is easy to understand because it is straightforward and not figurative in
nature.

Forms of Folk Songs

l. Lullabies

 these are locally known as the Hele.

 These are sung to put to sleep babies.
 The content varies, but usually, parents sing these with ideas on how hard life
is and how they hope that their child will not experience the hardships of life.

 Example: Sa Ugoy sa Duyan (Sana’y di nagmaliw ang dati kong araw

Nang munti pang bata sa piling ni nanay)

Ilocano
 Matwog, duduayya
Maturog kad tay bunga
Tay lalaki nga napigsa
Ta inton dumakkel tay bunga
Isunto aya tay mammate
Tay amon a ibaga me
Go to sleep, dear little one
Will my child please sleep,
This strong boy
So when the child grows big
He will obey
Everything that we say

2. Drinking Songs

 these are locally known as Tagay and are sung during drinking sessions.

 Tito mong bumibirit ng My Love Will See you Through ni Marco Sison
(My love will see you through When you reach for your star)

Example:
Waray
Igduholduhol ngan palakta na it nga tagay Pass now that glass of tuba,
Ayaw pagatrasar kay mabutlaw na ugmauhaw For we are tired and thirsty.
Ayaw palalapos dimdim hahadki namanla anay Don’t let it pass without taking
Ayaw man pagbigla ayaw man pagbigla a sip;
bangin ka lumnunay Don’t take too big a gulp
Sudod man it aton sumsuman sahid gud because you might
mamorot kay basi pa dugngan Everyone eat, for the fish will
Kanugon hadton iinagonon konkabuwasan be wasted
pa di na daw makakon If we do not consume it.

3. Love Songs

 to many Filipinos, these are known as the Harana. It can also be called
Courtship Songs and are used by young men to capture the heart of the girl
that they love.
 Aside from Harana Songs there are also Kundiman Songs.
 A kundiman is an art song with themes of love . It has also evolved to
include themes about patriotism and oppression by a colonizer or
dictator.
 The difference between a Harana and a Kundiman is very thin.
 Harana were sung exclusively by men.
 While the KUNDIMAN is a genre of traditional Filipino love songs.
 The lyrics of the kundiman are written in Tagalog . The melody is
characterized by a smooth, following and gentle rhythm with dramatic
intervals.
 Kundiman was the traditional means of serenade in the Philippines
and was more often sung by women.
 Example : Where did you go yesterday? I
Ivatan have asked all
Nangayan mo kakuyab? Pinangalichavus the passerby about you,
ko na imo su dimibu a panahehsan ko nimo How could you find me?
am dichu mo a dali. Madali mo yaken but in I was hidden by my father, and
vain. my mother
du chinulung da yaken da ama kani luynwa in the hollow of a bamboo; they
koy’ stopped it
du vitas nu dahurapen, as sineseng da yaken with the husk of a young
mu yunut nu maunged a niuy, as coconut;
valivaliwangen and I may ask not be opened
aku ava nu dima, as valivaliwangen with the hands, but I may be
aku nu addaw ko nimo’y mo nadichad ko a opened
lupus by love for you, my beloved.

4. Religious Songs

 are songs or chants that are usually given during exorcisms and
thanksgiving during good harvest.

Example:

 Cha’long- of the Ifugao is part of the wedding rite, involving the propitiation
of evil spiñts who might bring harm upon the couple.

5. Songs of Death

 are lamentations that contain a roll of good deeds that the dead has usually
done to immortalize his or her good image.

D. FOLK TALES (Mga Kwentong Bayan)

 Kwentong bayan ah, hindi kwentong barbero.

 These are stories of native Filipinos.
 These deal with the power of nature- personified, their submission to a
deity- usually Bathala- and how this deity is responsible for the blessings
and calamities.
 These also tackle irresponsibility, lust, stupidity, deception, and fallibility
that eventually leads to instilling good morals.

Usual Themes:

 Ceremonies needed to appease  Gods and Goddesses

the deities  heroes and Heroines
 Pre and Post apocalypse  Supernatural beings and
 Life and Death animals
 Forms of Folk Tales
1. Myths- these tackle the natural to strange occurrences of the earth and how
things were created with an aim to give an explanation to things

 a symbolic narrative, usually of unknown origin and at least partly

traditional, that ostensibly relates actual events and that is especially
associated with religious belief. It is distinguished from symbolic behaviour
(cult, ritual) and symbolic places or objects (temples, icons).
 There is Bathala for the Tagalogs and the Gueurang for the Bikolanos.
 Paradise is known as Maca, while Hell is Kasanaaan
 The Story of Bathala
 Ang Pag-aaway ng Dagat at Langit

2. Legends- through legends, the natives understood mysteries around them.

These stories usually come with a moral lesson that gives credit to
supernatural powers, supernatural occurrences, and other out-of-this-world
native imagination

 A legend in literature is a traditional story or group of stories told about a

particular person or place. Formerly the term legend meant a tale about a saint.
Some legends are the unique property of the place or person that they depict.
 The Legend of Maria Makiling (Mount Makiling of Laguna)
 The Legend of Sampaguita (Sampaguita)
 Si Juan Tamad

3. Fables- are short or brief stories that cater to the children of the native
Filipinos and are usually bound by good manners and right conduct. These
stories use animals as characters that represent a particular value or
characteristic.

 It is notably how fables are used to tell stories to children. A great example
to this are the cartoons that are the cartoons that we watched before like
Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck.
 Ang Kuneho at ang Pagong

4. Epics- are very lengthy narratives that are based on oral traditions. These
contain encounters of fighters, stereotypical princes or heroes that save a
damsel distress.

 Biag ni Lam-ang

On the basis of this brief account of pre-colonial literature, it might be

concluded tint prior to the Spanish cotilœst, Filipinos led a culture that them with the
Malays of Southeast Asil, a culture with traces of Ilkhan, Arabi:, and possibly,
Chiœse influences. It is not a secret that the Philippines has been colonized by
different countries and this is evident with their narratives in the Philippines.