GROUP 2

Period of Enlightenment
Historical Background
A brief uprising of 200 Filipino troops and workers at the Cavite arsenal, which became
the excuse for Spanish repression of the embryonic Philippine nationalist movement.
Ironically, the harsh reaction of the Spanish authorities served ultimately to promote the
nationalist cause.

On February 17, 1872, the three martyred Priests, Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose
Apolonio Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, better known for the acronym GOMBURZA,
were executed by garrote by the Spaniards in Bagumbayan in connection with the 1872
Cavite Mutiny.

Propaganda Movement
The martyrdom of the three priests apparently helped to inspire the organization of the
Propaganda Movement, which aimed to seek reforms and inform Spain of the abuses of
its colonial government.

The objectives of this movement were to seek reforms and changes like the following:
1. To get equal treatment for the Filipinos and the Spaniards under the law.
2. To make the Philippines a colony of Spain.
3. To restore Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes.
4. To Filipinize the parishes.
5. To give the Filipinos freedom of speech, of the press, assembly and for redress of
grievances.

Highlights of Propaganda Movement

There were three principal leaders of the Propaganda movement. The prominent
members included:
José Rizal, Graciano López Jaena, Mariano Ponce, and Marcelo H. del Pilar.

DR. JOSE P. RIZAL

June 19, 1861 - December 30, 1896
 Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Alonzo y Realonda, Calamba, Laguna.
 He studied at the Ateneo de Manila, started medicine at UST and finished at the
Universidad Central of Madrid. He also studied at the University of Berlin, Leipzig
and Heidelberg.
 His pen-name was Laong Laan and Dimasalang.

His Books and Writings

1. NOLI ME TANGERE. (Touch Me Not)
 This was the novel that gave spirit to the propaganda movement and paved the
way to the revolution against Spain.
 In this book, he courageously exposed the evils in the Spanish-run
government in the Philippines.
2. EL FILIBUSTERISMO (The Reign of Greed)
  This is a sequel to the Noli Me Tangere.
 While the Noli exposed the evils in society, the El Filibusterismo exposed
those in the government and in the church.
 It was written in dedication of the three martyred priests namely Mariano
Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora popularly known as GOMBURZA.
3. MI ULTIMO ADIOS (My Last Farewell)
 A poem by Dr. Jose Rizal, penned just hours before he was executed.
Translated in English
My idolized Country, for whom I most gravely pine,
Dear Philippines, to my last goodbye, oh, harken
There I leave all: my parents, loves of mine,
I’ll go where there are no slaves, tyrants or hangmen
Where faith does not kill and where God alone does reign.

Farewell, parents, brothers, beloved by me,

Friends of my childhood, in the home distressed;
Give thanks that now I rest from the wearisome day;
Farewell, sweet stranger, my friend, who brightened my way;
Farewell, to all I love. To die is to rest.

4. SOBRE LA INDOLENCIA DE LOS FILIPINOS (On the Indolence of

the Filipinos).
 An essay on the so-called Filipino indolence and an evaluation of the reasons
for such allegations.
 Rizal’s response to the accusation of Indio or Malay indolence.
5. FILIPINAS DENTRO DE CIEN AÑOS (The Philippines within a
Century)
 An essay predicting the increasing influence of the US in the Philippines and
the decreasing interest of Europe here
6. A LA JUVENTUD FILIPINA (To the Filipino Youth)
 A poem Rizal dedicated to the Filipino youth studying at UST.
7. EL CONSEJO DE LES DIOSES (The Council of the Gods)
 An allegorical play manifesting admiration for Cervantes.
8. JUNTO AL PASIG (Beside the Pasig River).
 Written by Rizal when he was 14 years of age.
 One-act play/ zarzuela for the velada – a gala variety program during the
principal feast days.
 It was staged in Ateneo De Manila on Dec 8 1880 on the occasion of the
celebration of the Feast Day of the Immaculate Conception.
9. ME PIDEN VERSOS (You asked Me for Verses); 1882
and A LAS FLORES DE HEIDELBERG (To the Flowers of Heidelberg).
 Two poems manifesting Rizal’s unusual depth of emotion.
 (Me Piden Versos)- reflects Rizal’s longing for his native land, the
Philippines.
  (A Las Flores)- flowers of Heidelberg as his symbol of his love for his
motherland.
10. NOTAS A LA OBRA SUCESOS DE LAS FILIPINAS FOR EL DR.
ANTONIO DE MORGA (Notes on Philippine Events by Dr. Antonio de
Morga): 1889
 Who was Dr. Antonio Morga?
 a soldier and a lawyer
 was born in 1559 in Spain, 38 years after Magellan was killed
 He served the Captaincy-General of the Philippines.
 Jose Rizal considered it an invaluable historical source because it was the
earliest written by a layman.
 Rizal’s friend and indefatigable pen pal, Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt, once
suggested that he write a Philippine history book, but Rizal felt he neither had
the time nor the energy, much less a wide knowledge of our past, so the next
best thing was to annotate Morga’s Sucesos.
11. P. JACINTO: MEMORIAS DE UN ESTUDIANTE DE MANILA (P.
Jacinto: Memoirs of a Student of Manila) 1882
 Diary of Rizal when he was studying in Manila.
12. DIARIO DE VIAJE DE NORTE AMERICA (Diary of a Voyage to
North America)
 Rizal’s experiences and observations in every place he travelled in the USA.

Marcelo H. Del Pilar

August 30, 1850 – July 4, 1896

 He was born at Cupang, San Nicolas, Bulacan on August 30,1850

 He is popularly known for his pen name of; Plaridel, Pupdoh, Piping Dilat,
Dolores Manapat
 He established the Diariong Tagalog in 1882 with the help of Don Francisco Calvo
 He was assisted by Fr. Serrano Laktaw published a different Cathecism and
Passion Book wherein they made fun of the priest
 He replaced Graciano Lopez Jaena as editor of La Solidaridad
 He died July 4,1896 due to tuberculosis in Spain.

Notable Works
1. Kaiingat kayo (Be Careful)
 A humorous and sarcastic dig in answer to Fr. Jose Rodriquez in the novel
Noliof Rizal, published in Barcelona in 1888. He used Dolores Manapatas pen
name here.
2. Dasalan at Tocsohan(Prayer and Jokes)
 Similar to a catechism but sarcastically done against the parish priest,
published in Barcelona in 1888
3. Ang cadaquilaan ng Dios (God’s Goodness)
 Published in Barcelona, it was also like a catechism sarcastically aimed
against parish priests but also contains a philosophy of the power and
intelligence of God and an appreciation for and love for nature.
4. Sagot sa Espanya sa hikbi ng Pilipinas(Answer to Spain on the Plea of
the Filipinos)
 a poem pleading for change from Spain but that Spain is already old and weak
to grant any aid to the PH.
5.La Soberania En Pilipinas ( Sovereignty in the PH)
 this shows the injustices of the friars to the Filipinos

Graciano Lopez Jaena

December 18, 1856 – January 20, 1896
 He was born on December 18, 1856 and died on January 20, 1896 in Barcelona,
Spain at the age of 39.
 He is Filipino journalist, orator, reformist, and national hero who is well known for
his newspaper, La Solidaridad.
 Philippine historians regard López Jaena, along with Marcelo H. del Pilar and José
Rizal, as the triumvirate of Filipino propagandists.

Notable Works
1. La Solidaridad (The Solidarity) (1888)
 a newspaper that played a significant part in the propaganda movement that
helped lead to the Philippine Revolution.
 was established to increase Spanish awareness of the needs of its colony, the
Philippines, and to propagate a closer relationship between the Philippines
and Spain. La Solidaridad urged reforms in both religion and government in
the Philippines, and it served as the voice of what became known as the
Propaganda Movement.
Some literary works of Jaena
 Fray Botod (1874)
 La Hija Del Fraile
 Everything is Hambug
 Talumpating pagunita kay Kolumbus
 Sa mga Filipino

Antonio Luna
Antonio Narciso Luna de San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta
October 29, 1866 – June 5, 1899
 He wrote for La Solidaridad under the pen name “Taga-Ilog” and also managed
the paper La Independencia.
 He became famous for bravery, unusual style of fighting, and strict discipline.
 At the age of 31, he was shot dead on June 5, 1899 in Cabanatuan City in an attack
led by a disgruntled Filipino Sergeant.
 He was a victim of political intrigues. There were fears he would use the army to
attain the presidency. He stood loyally by the side of his soldiers, exhorting them
to a fierce love of country with his declaration:

“I will defend (my country) until I exhaust the last recourse for the cause of my
country ... this complying with the oath to my flag ... If they kill me, wrap me in a
Filipino flag with all the clothes with which I was dressed and bury me in the ground ....
I will die willingly for my country without thereby looking for death”

Notable Works
1. Impressiones
 Back then, He published Impressiones, a satirical observation of Spanish
customs and idiosyncracies. This drew severe criticism from Celso Mir Deas of
the Spanish publication El Pueblo Soberano . Provoked by the tirades of
Deas,Luna sought and found him in Barcelona.
2. Noche Buena (Christmas Eve).
 It pictured true Filipino life.
3. Se Devierten (How They Diverted Themselves).
 A dig at a dance of the Spaniards where the people were very crowded.
4. La Tertulia Filipina (A Filipino Conference Or Feast).
 Depicts a Filipino custom which he believed was much better than the Spanish.
5. Por Madrid (For Madrid).
 A denouncement of Spaniards who claim that the Philippines is a colony of
Spain but who think of Filipinos as foreigners when it comes to collecting taxes
for stamps.
6. La Casa De Huepedes (The Landlady’s House).
 Depicts a landlady who looks for boarders not for money but in order to get a
husband for her child.

Mariano Ponce
Mariano Ponce y Collantes
March 23, 1863 – May 23, 1918

 He is a Filipino physician, writer and active member of the Propaganda Movement.

 In Spain, he was among the founders of La Solidaridad and Asociacion Hispano-
Filipino.
 Among his significant works was Efemerides Filipinas, a column on historical
events in the Philippines which appeared in La Oceania Española (1892–1893) and
El Ideal (1911–1912).
 He wrote Ang Wika at Lahi (1917), a discussion on the importance of a national
language.
 He also served as Bulacan's representative to the Philippine Assembly fron 1909 to
1912.
 Mariano Ponce, together with Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Graciano
Lopez Jaena, formed and led the Propaganda Movement in order to fight for
reforms
 He became an editor in chief, biographer and researcher of the Propaganda
Movement.
 He Used Tikbalang, Kalipulako, and Naning as pen names.

Notable Works
1. Mga Alamat Ng Bulacan (Legend Of Bulacan):
 Contains legends, and folklores of his native town.
2. Pagpugot Kay Longinos (The Beheading Of Longinus):
 A play shown at the plaza of Malolos, Bulacan.
3. Sobre Filipinos (About The Filipinos)
 Contains Idealism For The The Freedom Of The Country
4. Ang Mga Pilipino Sa Indio-Tsina (The Filipinos In Indo-China)

Pedro Paterno
Pedro Alejandro Paterno y De Vera
(February 27, 1857 – April 26, 1911)

 Paterno finished BachillerenArtes at Ateneo de Manila and gained fame with his
conclusion.
 At the age of 14, he was sent to study in Spain, where he spent the next 11 years at
the University of Salamanca and then the Central University of Madrid (now the
ComplutenseUniversity of Madrid).
 He was a scholar, researcher and novelist of the Propaganda Movement
 He joined the Confraternity of Masons and the AsociacionHispano-Pilipino in
order to further the aims of the Movement.
 His intervention on behalf of the Spanish led to the singing of the Pact of Biak na
Bato on December 14, 1897.
 He was the first Filipino writer who escaped censorship of the press during the last
day of the Spanish colonization.

Notable Works 7, 1857

1. NINAY
 The first social novel in Spanish by a Filipino. Ninay marked the beginning of
the awakening of national consciousness among the Filipino intelligentsia.
Being a "largely cultural" novel, the narrative provides a "folkloristic tour" of
the distinctive culture of the Philippines.

2. A MI MADRE (To My Mother)

 Shows the importance of a mother especially in the home.

3. SAMPAGUITA Y POESIAS VARIAS (Sampaguitas and Varied Poems)

  A collection of his poems that are religious, filial, and about love. The lead
poem was La Cruz, meaning "The Cross".

Jose Ma. Panganiban

Jose Maria Panganiban Y Enverga
(February 1, 1863 – August 19, 1890)
 One of the main writers and contributors of La Solidaridad.
 Hid his identity behind his pen name JOMAPA and J.M.P.
 He was a member of a number of movements for the country.
 He was also known as a Filipino propagandist, linguist, and essayist.

Notable Works
1. ANG LUPANG TINUBUAN (My Native Land)

2. ANG AKING BUHAY (My Life)

3. SU PLANO DE ESTUDIO (Your Study Plan)

4. EL PENSAMIENTO (The Thinking)

C. Period of Active Revolution (1896-1898)

Historical Background
 Filipino nationalists revolted against the Spanish rule.
 The roots of the Philippine revolution began with the building of the Suez Canal in
1869.
 The Filipinos did not get the reforms demanded by the propagandists.
 Literature contained mostly accusations against the government and was meant to
arouse the people to unite and to prepare for independence.
D. Highlight of Active Revolution
The noted leaders of this period were: Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and
Apolinario Mabini.

Andres Bonifacio
Andres Bonifacio y de Castro
November 30, 2863 – May 10, 1897

 Father of Filipino Democracy

 Leader of the Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng
Bayan (KKK)
 He loved to read which aroused his revolutionary spirit were the Noli and the Fili
of Rizal.
 He joined the La Liga Filipina in 1892
 He is better known as the great Revolutionary rather than a writer but he also wrote
things which paved the way for the revolution.
 Notable Works of Andres Bonifacio
1. Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog (What the Tagalogs Should Know)
· tripartite view of Philippine history (Liwanag, Dilim, Liwanag)
 Pre-Spanish Period (Liwanag)
 Spanish Period (Dilim)
 “The light of truth” or New Period (Liwanag)
2. “Ang Dekalogo ng Katipunan”
1. Ibigin mo ang Diyos ng buong puso.
2. Laging isaisip na ang tunay na pag-ibig sa Diyos ay ang pag-ibig sa bayan at
sa kapwa tao.
3. Ikintal mo sa puso na ang tunay na karangalan at kaligayahan ay natatamo sa
iyong pagkamatay sa pakikilaban sa ngalan ng iyong bayan.
4. Ang lahat ng mabubuti mong hangarin ay makakamtan kung ikaw ay
mahinahon, matiyaga, makatwiran, may pag-asa sa iyong gawain.
5. Pangalagaang katulad ng iyong karangalan ang mga kautusan at mga hangarin
ng K.K.K.
6. Katungkulan mong iligtas ang buhay na nasa panganib sa pagpupumilit na
matupad ang isang marangal na hangarin kahit mapilitang ihandog mo ang
sariling buhay at yaman.
7. Bayaang ang ating sariling pag-uugali at pangingilos sa pagtupad ng ating
tungkulin ay maging uliran ng iba.
8. Bahaginan mo ng iyong yaman ang bawat dukha at taong kulangpalad sa loob
ng iyong makakaya.
9. Ang pagsusumikap at pagpipilit na kumita ng ikakabuhay ay nagpapahayag
ang tunay na pagmamahal sa sarili, sa asawa, anak, kapatid at kababayan.
10. May parusa sa bawat salarin at taksil, at gantimpala sa lahat ng mabuting
gawa. Panaligang ang mga puntahin ng K.K.K. ay kaloob ng Diyos at ang
hangarin hinggil sa iyong bayan ay hangarin din ng Diyos.
2. Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Obligations of Our
Countrymen)
 An outline of obligations just like the 10 commandments of God.
 also called as “Dekalogo ng Katipunan”
 decalogue means ‘The Ten Commandments’
3. Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuan Lupa (Love of One’s Native Land)
 A poem with a title similar to that of Marcelo H. del Pilar.
 probably the best known of all Katipunan texts
 published in Kalayaan in March 1896 above the initials “A. I. B.”
 'Agapito Bagumbayan' connotes something like “the new nation is here, and
ready.”
4. Huling Paalam (Last Farewell)
 A translation of Mi Ultimo Adios of Rizal in Tagalog.
 From the original 14-stanza poem, Bonifacio transformed the poem into 28
stanzas
  It highlighted Rizal’s sacrifice for the sake of the nation.
 The translation is now entitled “Ang Huling Pahimakas ni Dr. Jose Rizal.
EMILIO JACINTO
Emilio Jacinto y Dizon
(Dec. 15, 1875 - Apr. 16, 1988)

“Maitim man o maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng tao'y magkakapantay;

mangyayaring ang isa'y hihigtan sa dunong, sa yaman, sa ganda; ngunit di mahihigtan
sa pagkatao.” - Emilio Jacinto, Kartilya ng Katipunan
 He is called the Brains of the Katipunan
 Used the alias “Pingkian” “Dimas-ilaw” and “Ka llyong”
 In his short life, Jacinto helped to lead the fight for Filipino independence from
Spain.
Notable Works
KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN (A primer book on the Katipunan)
 Written on 1982
 Consisted of “teachings” of the Katipunan
 It served as the guidebook for new members of the organization, which laid
out the group's rules and principles.
Katipunan has 14 teachings:
1. A life that is not decided to a noble and divine cause is like a tree without a
shade, if not, a poisonous weed.
2. To do good for personal gain and not for its own sake is not virtue.
3. It is rational to be charitable and love one’s fellow creature, and to adjust one’s
conduct, acts and words to what is in itself reasonable.
4. Whether our skin be black or white, we are all born equal: superiority in
knowledge, wealth and beauty are to be understood, but not superiority by
nature.
5. The honorable man prefers honor to personal gain; the scoundrel, gain to honor.
6. To the honorable man, his word is sacred.
7. Do not waste thy time: wealth can be recovered but not time lost.
8. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor before the law or in the field.
9. The prudent man is sparing in words and faithful in keeping secrets
10. On the thorny path of life, man is the guide of woman and the children, and if
the guide leads to the precipice, those whom he guides will also go there.
11. Thou must not look upon woman as a mere plaything, but as a faithful
companion who will share with thee the penalties of life; her (physical)
weakness will increase thy interest in her and she will remind thee of the mother
who bore thee and reared thee.
12. What thou dost not desire done unto thy wife, children, brothers and sisters, that
do not unto the wife, children, brothers and sisters of thy neighbor.
13. Man is not worth more because he is a king, because his nose is aquiline, and his
color white, not because he is a *priest, a servant of God, nor because of the
high prerogative that he enjoys upon earth, but he is worth most who is a man of
proven and real value, who does good, keeps his words, is worthy and honest; he
 who does not oppress nor consent to being oppressed, he who loves and
cherishes his fatherland, though he be born in the wilderness and know no
tongue but his own.
14. When these rules of conduct shall be known to all, the longed-for sun of Liberty
shall rise brilliant over this most unhappy portion of the globe and its rays shall
diffuse everlasting joy among the confederated brethren of the same rays, the
lives of those who have gone before, the fatigues and the well-paid sufferings
will remain. If he who desires to enter (the Katipunan) has informed himself of
all this and believes he will be able to perform what will be his duties, he may
fill out the application for admission.

LIWANAG AT DILIM (Light and Darkness).

 A collection of essays on different subjects like freedom, work, faith,
government, love of country.
 Detailed the political philosophy of the Katipunan as a movement and an
organization
Long essay divided into 9 parts:
1. Anak ng Bayan 6. Pag-Ibig
2. Ang Ningning at ang Liwanag 7. Ang Bayan at ang mga Pinuno
3. Ako’y Umaasa 8. Ang Maling Pananampalataya
4. Kalayaan 9. Ang Gumawa
5. Ang Tao ay Magkakapantay
An excerpt from Emilio Aguinaldo’s Liwanag at Dilim:
“Lisanin na natin ang pag-uugaling dinadala ang dating pani-niwala na ang mga
Pinuno ay panginoon ng Bayan at magaling ang kaginhawahan ng lahat ay siya nilang
tungkol upang huwag nilang makalimutan.

Kaya nga’t ang alinmang kapangyarihan upang maging tunay at matwid ay sa Bayan
lamang at sa kanyang mga tunay na Pinakakatawan dapat na manggaling.

Sa madaling salita, di dapat nating kilalanin ang pagkatao ng mga Pinuno na mataas
kaysa madla. Ang pagsunod at pagkilala sa kanila ay dahil sa kapangyarihang
ipinagkaloob ng Bayan, sumakatwid, ang kabuuan ng mga kapangyarihan ng bawat
isa.”

A LA PATRIA (To The Fatherland)

 a patriotic piece inspired by "Mi Ultimo Adios" (My Last Farewell) written by
Dr. Jose Rizal
An excerpt from A La Patria:
Hail! oh my native country! more than aught I adore thee,
Whom with so many treasures lavish Nature has blessed;
Eden where flowers more fragrant bloom than in other gardens,
Where with more beautiful colors, rising, the dawn paints the heavens,
And where the poet, enraptured, sees what he elsewhere but dreamt.

Apolinario Mabini
Apolinario Mabini y Maranan
 (Jul. 23, 1864 - May 13, 1903)
“Ang tunay na makabayan ay ang tumutupad ng pagbubuti ng kaniyang mga kapwa,
gaano mang ka-aba ang kaniyang katungkulan” - Apolinario Mabini
 Apolinario Mabini is known in literature and history as the Sublime Paralytic and
the Brains of the Revolution.
 He became the right-hand of Emilio Aguinaldo when the latter founded his
Republic in Malolos.
 His contributions to literature were writing on government society, philosophy and
politics.
Notable Works
EL VERDADERO DECALOGO (The True Decalogue or Ten Commandments).
 This was his masterpiece and his aim here was to propagate the spirit of
nationalism.
 The True Decalogue by Apolinario Mabini presents his ten commandments
which focuses on God and on the country.
 The Decalogue speaks of kinds of love which are advanced as values, namely,
(1) Love of God, (2) Love of one’s dignity or honor, (3) Love of one’s
country.
1. Love God and your honor over all things: God as the source of all truth, all justice
and all activity; your honor the only power that obliges you to be truthful, just and
industrious.
2. Worship God in the form that in your conscience God speaks to you, reproaching
you for your misdeeds and applauding you for your good deeds.
3. Develop the special talents that God has given you, working and studying
according to your capabilities, never straying from the path of good and justice, in
order to achieve your own perfection, and by this mean you will contribute to the
progress of humanity: thus you will accomplish the mission that God himself has
given you in this life, and achieve this, you will have honor, and having honor, you
will be glorifying God.
4. Love your country after God and your honor, and more than you love yourself,
because your country is the only paradise that God has given you in this life, the
only patrimony of your race, the only inheritance from your ancestors, and the only
future of your descendants, because of your country you have life, love and
interest; happiness, honor and God.
5. Strive for the happiness of your own country before your own, making her the
reigning influence for reason, justice and work; if your country is happy, you and
your family will also be happy.
6. Strive for the indepence of your country, because you alone can have a real interest
in her aggrandizement and ennoblement, since her independence will mean your
own freedom, her aggrandizement your own perfection, and her ennoblement your
own glory and immortality.
7. In your country, do not recognize the authority of any person who has not been
elected by you and your compatriots, because all authority comes from God, and as
God speaks to the conscience of each individual, the person chosen and proclaimed
by the consciences of all the individuals of a whole town is the only one that can
exercise real authority.
8. Strive that your country be constituted as a republic, and never as a monarchy: a
monarchy empowers one or several families and lays the foundation for a dynasty;
 a republic ennobles and dignifies a country based on reason, it is great because of
its freedom, and is made prosperous and brilliant by dint of work.
9. Love your neighbor as you love yourself, because God has imposed on him and on
you the obligation to help one another, and has dictated that he does not do unto
you what he does not want you to do unto him; but if your neighbor is remiss in
this sacred duty and makes an attempt on your life, your freedom and your
properties, then you should destroy him and crush him, because the supreme law of
self preservation must prevail.
10. Always look on your countryman as more than a neighbor: you will find in him a
friend, a brother and at least the companion to whom you are tied by only one
destiny, by the same happiness and sorrows, and by the same aspirations and
interests.
EL DESAROLLO Y CAIDA DE LA REPUBLICA FILIPINO (The Rise
and Fall of the Philippine Republic)
 Consists topics explaining the rise and fall of the Republic of the Philippine
SA BAYANG PILIPINO (To the Filipino Nation)
 A translation oh his work “El Pueblo Filipino”
EL SIMIL DE ALEJANDRO (The Resemblance of Alejandro)
 Mabini was thrown to Guam because this particular piece tackled and
attacked the American government.

Jose Palma
Jose Palma y Velasquez
(June 3, 1876 - Feb. 12 - 1903)
 Jose Palma became popular because of his Himno Nacional Filipino (The Philippine
National Anthem) which was set to music by Julian Felipe.

Notable Works
HIMNO NACIONAL FILIPINO (The Philippine National Anthem)
Lupang pinipintuho Ang tinanglawan ng tagumpay,
Anak ng Araw ng Silangan Ay di makikitang pagdimlan
Ang apoy niyang naglilingas kailanman
Ay tumitibok sa iyo. Ng mga bituin mo’t ng iyong araw.
Bayan ng mga Pag-ibig Lupa ng ligaya, ng liwanag at mga
Duyan ng kabayanihan pag-ibig
Ang manloloob Sa kanlungan mo’y kay-tamis
ay di makayuyurak sa iyo kailanman. mabuhay;
Sa bughaw mong langit, sa mga ulap Ikinaluluwalhati ng iyong mga anak,
mo, Na kapat inapi ko’y mamatay dahil sa
Sa iyong mga bundok at sa dagat mo, iyo.
kumikinang at tumitibok ang tulain Aside from the National Anthem, here
Nang itinatangi mong kalayaan. are his other works:
Ang watawat mong sa mga
paghahamok
DE MI JARDIN (In My Garden). A poem expressing one’s longings for his
sweetheart.
Humihingi ka ng mga sampaguita…
Di Kita bibigyan,
Dahil ng puputulin ko na sa mga sanga’y
Nanginig ang aking kamay at ang dibdib ko’y
Nanikip dahil sa awa
Ayoko magdusa ang mga bulaklak na iyan,
Gaya ng pagdurusa ng puso kong malayo sa iyo,
Ayokong sa sandaling hawakan ng aking kamay,
Iya’y malanta at mamatay

NEWSPAPERS DURING THE REVOLUTION

 In the effort of the Revolutionists to spread to the world their longings for their
country, many newspapers were put up during the Revolutionary period. They
were:

1. EL HERALDO DE LA REVOLUCION
 The official newspaper of the First Philippine Republic.
2. LA INDEPENDENCIA (Independence).
 Edited by Antonio Luna and whose aim was for Philippine Independence.
3. LA REPUBLICA PILIPINA (The Philippine Republic)
 Established by Pedro Paterno in 1898.
 It was an independent and nationalist newspaper which first appeared on
September 15, 1898 and was published in Mandaluyong.
4. LA LIBERTAD (Liberty).
 Edited by Clemente Zulueta.
 La Libertad was established in June 20, 1898 shortly after the Philippine
independence was declared.
 GROUP 3

NATIONALISTS LITERATURE
 "Ang hindi marunong magmahal sa sariling wika ay higit pa sa hayop at
malansang isda." -Jose Rizal
 "Insurrection is the last remedy, especially when the people have acquired the
belief that peaceful means to secure the remedies for evils prove futile." -Marcelo
H. Del Pilar
 "No one is above the law. Not even the president." -Antonio Luna
 "Aling pag ibig pa ang hihigit kaya sa pagkadalisay at pagkadakila, gaya ng pag
ibig sa sariling lupa. Aling pagibig pa? Wala na nga, wala." -Andres Bonifacio
 "Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawang-gawa, ang pagibig sa kapwa at ang
isukat ang bawat kilos, gawa't pangungusap sa talagang katwiran." -Emilio Jacinto

Nationalists Literature
 The opening of Philippine ports to foreign commerce, the transition to an export
economy, and the establishment of regular maritime routes between the Philippines
and Spain brought social and economic changes in the Philippines.
 More affluent families who benefited from the economic development of the
Philippines during the late 19th century sent their children to Spain and Europe to
take advantage of the educational opportunities offered to them by the liberalized
Spanish colonial policy at that time.
 Ilustrados constituted the Filipino educated class during the Spanish colonial
period in the late 19th century.
 In 1892 Rizal returned home and formed the La Liga Filipina.
 The foundation of La Solidaridad on February 15, 1885.
 Jose Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Marcelo H. del Pilar, etc. were able to voice out
their sentiments.
 The organization La Solidaridad was created in Spain on December 13, 1888.
 One of the most prolific contributors is Ferdinand Blumentritt.

Characteristics of Nationalists Literature;

 Planted seeds of Nationalism in Filipinos

 Language shifted from Spanish to Tagalog
 Addressed the masses instead of “Intelligentsia"
LITERARY FORMS OF NATIONALISTS LITERATURE (19TH
CENTURY)
A. PROPAGANDA LITERATURE
 In literature, writers use propaganda as a literary technique to manipulate public
opinion for or against one idea or another.

A. Political Essay: A political essay deals with political or governmental issues.

B. Political Novel: A novel with a political narrative, or concerned with politics or

political themes.

Political Essays Political Novels

 Diariong Tagalog  Noli Me Tangere (1887)
(1882)  El Filibusterismo (1891)
 La Solidaridad
(1888)

B. REVOLUTIONARY LITERATURE

 Revolutionary Literature are exposes that sparked revolution and resistance in the
hearts of Filipinos.

A. Political Essay: An essay based on politics or a political situation.

B. Political Poetry: It is a poetry that is related to activism, protest, and social

concern.

Political Essays Political Poetry

Ang Kalayaan (late 1800s) True Decalogue (1898)
Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas
Liwanag at Dilim

NOTABLE WRITERS AND THEIR NOTABLE WORKS IN

PHILIPPINE LITERATURE (19TH CENTURY)

José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda

 was born on June 19, 1861 and died on December 30, 1896.
 He is considered as the national hero (pambansang bayani) of the Philippines.
 An ophthalmologist by profession, Rizal became a writer and a key member of the
Filipino Propaganda Movement, which advocated political reforms for the colony
under Spain
 The charismatic Rizal quickly became a leading light of the Propaganda Movement
 Works: La Solidaridad and La Liga Filipina
 Some of Rizal’s Notable works:

Noli Me Tangere El Filibusterismo

 A political novel
 A romantic novel  A work of the head
 A book of the heart  A book of thought
 A book of feeling  It contains bitterness, color,
 It has freshness, color, humor,  humor and hatred, pain, violence
lightness and wit.  intelligence and sorrow
 Contains 38 chapters
 Contains 64 chapters

Graciano Lopez Jaena

 He was born in Jaro, Iloilo in the Captaincy General of the Philippines in the
Spanish Empire on December 18, 1856.
 Was a Filipino journalist, orator, reformist, and national hero who is well known
for his newspaper, La Solidaridad and perhaps the best-known editor of it.

Some of Jaena’s Notable works:

 LA HIJA DEL FRAILE (The Child of the Friar) and EVERYTING IS HAMBUG
(Everything is mere show).
 SA MGA PILIPINO
 HONOR EN PILIPINAS (Honor in the Philippines).
 PAG-ALIS SA BUWIS SA PILIPINAS (Abolition of Taxes in the Philippines)
 INSTITUCION NG PILIPINAS (Sufferings of the Philippines).

Antonio Luna
 General Antonio Luna (29 October 1866 – 5 June 1899) was a Filipino army
general, who fought in the Philippine–American War.
 Was a soldier, chemist, musician, war strategist, journalist, pharmacist, and hot-
headed general.

Some of Luna’s Notable works: Taga-Ilog (Pen Name)

 NOCHE BUENA (Christmas Eve)

 SE DEVIERTEN (How They Diverted Themselves).
 LA TERTULIA FILIPINA (A Filipino Conference or Feast).
 Marcelo H. Del Pilar
 known by his pen name Pláridel, was a Filipino writer, lawyer, journalist, and
freemason.
 Del Pilar, along with José Rizal and Graciano López Jaena, became known as the
leaders of the Reform Movement in Spain.
 He founded the Diariong Tagalog, a newspaper which published the nationalistic
sentiments of the Filipinos.
 For his 150 essays and 66 editorials mostly published in La Solidaridad and
different anti-friar pamphlets, Marcelo H. del Pilar is widely considered as the
“Father of Philippine Journalism”

Some of Del Pilar’s Notable works:

 Caiigat Kayo (Be as Slippery as an Eel)
 Dasalan at Tuksohan (Prayers and Mockeries)
 Kadakilaan ng Diyos (The Greatness of God)
 La Frailocracia Filipinas (Frailocracy in the Philippines)

Pedro Paterno
 was a Filipino politician infamous for being a turncoat.
 He was also a poet and a novelist.
 He tried to establish some newspaper like "La Patria", "El Libera", "Soberanía
Nacional" and "Asamblea Filipina". This also became outlets where Filipinos were
able to publish their works in Spanish.

Some of Paterno’s Notable works:

 Ninay
 First Filipino collection of poems, “Sampaguitas y Poesias Varias” (Jasmines
and Poems)
 El Cristianismo en la Antigua Civilization tagalog (Christianity in the Ancient
Tagalog)

Isabelo de los Reyes

(July 7, 1864-October 10, 1938)

 also known as Don Belong, was a prominent Filipino politician, writer, and labor
activist in the 19th and 20th centuries.
 He is known as the "Father of the Philippine Labor Movement", the "Father of
Filipino Socialism", and the "Father of Philippine Folklore."
 Some of Don Belongs’s Notable works:

 He founded the first vernacular newspaper- “El Ilocano”

 first labor newspaper in the Philippines- “La Redencion del Obrero” (The
Redemption of the laborer)
 El Folk-lore Filipino

As a result of a political and social events of the period, the arts — literature, theater,
music, dance, architecture, and painting — provided effective channels for the
expression of the Filipino culture.

Filipinos from 1870 to 1930s was a period when Filipino musicians from different
social and economic environments reached a common consciousness of a music as an
artform and as a distinct form of human expression.

 Colegio Beaterio
 The Colegio Español
 de Señoritas (Maceda 1979)
 Sociedad Musical Filipino
 de Sta. Cecilia (Santiago 1957)

Julio Nakpil
He composed the;
 Haring Bayang Katagalugan (Tagalog Republic) / Marangal na Dalit ng
Katagalugan / Salve Patria (“Hail, Fatherland”) in March 1903.

Julian Felipe
He composed the;

 Marcha Nacional Filipina

 Moteti el Santesisim
 Sintos y Floras Rogodones
 Amorita Danza

The Filipino music that has emerged during this period reflects the ideological
aspirations of the nineteenth-century Filipino musical artists, as well as our present
assessment of the symbolic impact of an expressive culture that is uniquely Filipino.
 GROUP 4
First Filipino Writers in English
PAZ MARQUEZBENITEZ
 Born on March 3, 1894 in Lucena City, Quezon Died on November 10, 1983
 Authored the First Filipino modern English Language.
 Belonged to the first generation of Filipinos trained in the American education
system.
 Made a mark in Philippine literature. Became known as a writer because of her
short story Dead Star (1925)
 Work: Dead Stars

ANGELA MANALANGGLORIA
 Died on August 19, 1995 Born on August 24, 1907 in Guagua, Pampanga
 Belong to the first generation of Female students at the University of the
Philippines.
 Angela Manalang-Gloria Poems (1940) was the first and only pre-war anthology of
poetry in English by a Filipino Woman.
 Her work prized social significance and moral values.
 Works: The Complete Poems of Angela Manalang Gloria

ESTRELLA D. ALFON
 Born on July 18, 1917 in Cebu Died on December 28, 1983.
 Was well-known as a storywriter, playwright and journalist,
 She wrote almost exclusively in English She became the first and only female
member of the Veronicans (a group of writers in the 1930s led by Francisco
Arceuana and H.R. Ocampo)
 One of the most undervalued writers in the history of Philippine literature in
English.
 Was also named as the most prolific Filipina writer prior to World War II.
 Work: Star

EDITH L. TIEMPO
 Born on April 22, 1919 in San Nicolas , Bayombong , Nueva Viscaya Died on
August 21, 2011
 She was known as a poet, fictionist, teacher and literary critic.
 She has a degree in Education from Silliman University in Dumaguete City which
she finished in 1947.
 She was also known as one of the finest Filipino writers in English. She has
established the Silliman National Writers Workshop where it produced some of the
Philippines’ best writers to promote the value of literature and creative writing in
the Philippines
 Work: The Builder
NICK JOAQUIN
 Born on May 4,1917 in Paco, Manila Died on April 29, 2004
 Nicomedes “Onching” M. Joaquin has a pen name Quijano de Manila.
 He was known as a Filipino novelist, poet, playwright, essayist, and biographer
whose works present the diverse heritage of the Filipino people.
 Considered as one of the most distinguished Filipino writers in English.
 He was named as the national artist for literature in 1976.
 He wrote his works in English. “The novel The Woman Who Had Two Navels”
(1961)
 Work: The Woman who had two navels

Zoilo Galang
 Born on July 27, 1895 died in 1959
 Born in Bacolor, Pampanga
 Author of the First Philippine Novel written in English.
 Credited as one of the pioneering Filipino writers who worked with the English
language.
 He wrote the novel A Child of Sorrow (1921).
 He dedicated his career to education and the arts.

Carlos P. Bulosan
 Born on November 24, 1913, and died on September 11, 1956
 Born in the village of Mangusmana in the Philippines He was known as a novelist,
poet, and activist.
 He became a central figure in Filipino American history
 The first Pilipino who published a novel in English while in the US.
 He is best known for his novel, "America Is in the Heart, " published in 1946

Rodolfo Dato
 Born on April 17, 1899 and died on October 11,1955.
 Born in Baao, Camarines Sur. He was a Filipino lawyer, editor, and Educator. “
 Filipino Poetry” was his book published in 1924.
 First anthologies of Filipino Poets.
 Regarded as the first published work to acknowledge the Filipino talents in English
poetry.
 GROUP 5
Kapampangan Literature
PAMPANGA
 Pampanga is a province in the Philippines' northwestern region. Kapampangan is
the language spoken in the area. The adoption of the metaphor “amanung sisuan”
(the "language [they] sucked" instead of "mother tongue") to characterize the
language is supported by the Kapampangan verbal artists' self-reliant and healthy
culture.
 The name was derived from the native Kapampangan words "pangpang ilog"
meaning "riverside" where the early Malayan settlements were concentrated along
the Rio Grande de la Pampanga
 Pampanga is bordered by the provinces of Bataan and Zambales to the west, Tarlac
and Nueva Ecija to the north, and Bulacan to the southeast. Pampanga also lies on
the northern shore of Manila Bay.
 Pampanga comprises 19 municipalities and three cities (one highly urbanized and
two component).

KAPAMPANGAN
The Kapampangan language is characterized by a loud, forceful, and
emphatic tone. Starting with their folk literature, the Kapampangan’s orally based
thought and expression had the following characteristics: agonistically tuned;
traditionalist; close to the human life world; participatory and empathetic rather than
objectively distanced; homeostatic; and situational rather than abstract.

Kapampangan Literature

 Pampango is another name for Kapampangan, which is a predicate beginning

language like the rest of the Philippines' languages. An astrogation language
spoken by a group of ethnic people in the Philippines' northern province of Luzon.

 The extremely rhythmic oral patterns of their folklore thrilled the people's oldest
civilization. Their kasebyan (proverbs) and bugtong (riddles).

 Kulitan or sulat Kapampangan is what they called Kapampangan’s written script.

Kapampangan literature took on a hybrid form that came to be an incitement for the
movement of the province’s literary history. Mariano Proceso Pabalan Byron, a
Kapampangan poet, was the first to domesticate the form and content of the zarzuela, a
Spanish literary genre. He, together with other writers such as Crisostomo Soto,
established a zarzuela tradition and produced masterpieces.
 Introduction of the Zarzuela in Pampanga
The Spanish zarzuela, a musical theater genre with alternating sung and
spoken text, created a most significant impact. It started to flourish in Pampanga in the
nineteenth century. When Alejandro Cubero’s troupe visited San Fernando Pampanga to
introduce the zarzuela circa 1882, there was the “kindling of the youthful imagination”
(Javillonar1961:40) of writers like Juan Crisostomo Soto

The golden age of Kapampangan literature was spurred, in a sense, when

zarzuela was localized in the province. A passionate theatrical group of writers,
matchless in their talent, pursued their zarzuela writing career: the great triumvirate
Mariano Proceso Pabalan Byron, Juan Crisostomo Soto and Felix Galura became
prolific and famous.

Kapampangan Popular Zarszuela

Ing Managpi
By: MarianoProceso Pabalan Byron

Alang Dios!
By: Juan Crisostomo Soto

Crusifijong Pilak
By: Jose Gallardo

Anselmo Jorge Fajardo

 Father of Kapampangan Literature. Author of the first and longest metrical
romance in any Philippine language.

Jose M. Gallardo
 Wrote over 200 poems, 26 plays and zarzuelas, six novels and dozens of short
story. His best known work is Crucifijo ng Pilak which was staged more than 100
times between 1956 and 1972.

Juan Crisostomo Soto

 A pampango Poet, dramatist and newspaperman. He wrote numerous lyrical
poems, historical dramas and humorous plays.

Aurelio Tolentino
 A poet and journalist who wrote and directed the anti-imperialist play Kahapon,
Ngayon at Bukas which led to his arrest in 1903.
 Famous literary works in Pampanga
JUAN CRISOSTOMO SOTO AND THE PAMPANGAN DRAMA
by Juan S. Aguas. 1963

THE PAMPANGANS: Colonial Society in a Philippine Province.

By John A. Larkin. 1972, University of California Press-Berkely

KAPAMPANGAN LITERATURE: A Historical Survey and Antholog,

by Edna Zapanta-Manlapaz. 1981, Ateneo de Manila.

THE NEPOMUCENOS OF ANGELES CITY AND THEIR RELATIVES

by Marco D. Nepomuceno. 1987. Published by the author.

COMFORT WOMAN, Slave of Destiny.

By Maria Rosa Henson. 1996. Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism.

A SHAFT OF LIFE,
by Rafaelita Hilario-Soriano. Printon Press. Q.C. 1996.

Significance:
Kapampangan was home to a flourishing civilization. Even yet, natural disasters such as
floods, volcano eruptions, and other events continue to test their compassion and
bravery.

They remained strong, and today only their customs, history, and writings serve as
reminders of the past.

Kapampangan Literature
(from Ma’am Lei)

The Pampangan: Their Early Culture

 The Pampangans may have evolved as a race with its peculiar language as early as
300 BC and may have migrated to Pampanga in the early Christian era, yet their
recognized leader from the Madjapahit Empire, Prince Balagtas, settled in
Pampanga between 1335 to 1385.
 The arrival of Prince Balagtas to Pampanga to expand his empire, not to escape
from any type of persecution, bespeaks of a visionary, ambitious, and courageous
nature. These traits will characterize most Pampangans today, especially the
Pampangan writers.
 When the Spaniards reached Manila in May 1571, they found Moslem
communities in Bangkusay and even in Pampanga.
 The Spaniards, inaugurating Pampanga as a province in 1571, found it not only
beautiful but rich, well-populated and having surfeit of rice, chickens and swine,
and also a good number of water buffaloes or carabaos, deer wild boars, goats,
 cotton, wax, honey, and palms. Being very well provided with all its needs, it is
safe to assume that Pampanga did not have poverty.
 What impoverished the Filipinos during those time was the increasingly repressive
polos and taxes imposed by the Spanish colonizers.
 The Pampangans were described as a “Race intelligent, noble, inured to the war
and loyal.” The proof included:
 The first Filipino who was admitted to the Society of Jesus in Rome in 1593
was a Pampangan, Martin Sancho.
 Prior to the founding of Sto. Tomas College (UST) in Manila in 1611, the
Augustinian Colegio de Artes y Gramaticas was established in Lubao.
 The Spaniards in Pampanga used both the sword and the cross.

Kapampangan Literature
 One of the interesting traits of the Kapampangan elders is being good narrators.
This was needed to hold the attention of the imaginative young ones who always
demanded new and longer adventures of Sinukwan’s Kingdom.
 Sinukwan has now become not only the chief character of a cycle of legends but
also a matrix for almost all forms of literature.
Folk Songs and Folk Verses for All Occasions
1. Basulto
 It is a kind of composition that contains vague, metaphorical or allusive words
familiar to herdsmen pasturing their carabaos, cows, and goats. In addition, the
unbelievable, the unusual and paradoxical are the main characteristics of the
basulto.
 Examples: Tinanam Kung Kamantigi, Karin Pu Kekami, Puntung
Biabas, Inyang Malati Ku

2. Goso
 It has a definite moral message and slow tempo, characteristics that can easily
differentiate it from the other forms of folksongs. It is sung to the
accompaniment of violins, guitars and tambourines on the eve of All Saints Day
by youth groups going form house to house.
 Today, only guitars are used for accompaniment.

3. Pamuri
 It is a variant of the Kampangan love song, derived from buri which means like.
 Examples: Atsing Neneng
Aruy! Katimyas na Nitang Dalaga

4. Pang-obra
 It is a song in praise of labor.
  Example: Deting Tatanam Pale Bye Ning Kasamak

5. Paninta
 It comes from the word sinta.
 Examples:
Eku pa Kelingwan
Ing Dalumdum ning Bengi
Atin Cu Pung Singsing
6. Karagatan
 It is an ancient poetic and literary game performed during the wakes based on
the loss of a ring belonging to a princess in mid-sea. The King makes the suitors
of the princess look for the ring by reciting argumentative poetry with the other
suitors. Whoever becomes the champion in a poetic debate is supposed to have
successfully retrieved the ring and so becomes the winner of the hand of the
princess.
 The questions are usually based on the Bible.

7. Duplo
 This is of Spanish origin. It means a poetical game amounting to a contest in
both powers of expression and general cultural knowledge covering world
history, philosophy, religion, mythology, sociology, and the like, stringing all
these in a slender narrative line. The Dupleros, or the participating poets,
hold debates during the wakes or literary occasions.

8. Sapatya
 This is another form of poetical joust; this time the verse is sung and the
participants dance to the beat of the castanets. Their informal debate is
improvised, a fact which delights the audience.

9. Diparan
 These are folkloric aphorisms or proverbs which embody well-known truths or
common facts ascertained by experience or observation
 Examples:

Mangari ka sana ya kabud ing marungis

King pale daragul Ing matas at mataluktuk
potang mamunga ne Masaldak ya pangabaldug
sari king kalabung Ing asung makabaluktut
lalu yang paybaba butul man e makapulut
durungdung king gabun. King pamagsalitang dakal
Belatan mung dangalan lalto ing kabalatungan.
ing pamagparangalan Ninu mang taung bugasuk
Nung ninung mapamunis parati yang mitutuktuk.
 Malapit eka sa bina ba rang e gawan mistula
karing matas a upaya ing puri mu ampon damla.
GROUP 6
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN EASTERN VISAYAS
EASTERN VISAYAS
Eastern Visayas is also known as Region VIII, is composed of three main islands
namely Samar, Biliran and Leyte. These islands are compromised of the six provinces
namely Samar, Northern Samar, Eastern Samar, Biliran, and Leyte, and Southern Leyte.
The literature of Eastern Visayas is more popularly known as Waray literature.

Regional capital of Eastern Visayas: TACLOBAN CITY

 Tacloban is the busiest and most progressive city and coastal highly urbanized city
in the Eastern Visayas region (Region VIII) and the capital of the province of
Leyte.
 Tacloban enjoys a stunning view of the Cancabato Bay that, even during overcast,
doesn't disappoint. The water surrounding Tacloban's stillness and serenity is so
peaceful that it almost seems unreal. You can also walk the San Juanico bridge
connecting Leyte and Samar

SAN JUANICO BRIDGE

 The San Juanico Bridge, is an archshaped truss bridge and is the longest bridge in
the Philippines. The bridge is considered by the government as a main tourist
destination of the Tacloban. The San Juanico Bridge also serves as an important
role for both the tourism and economies of the islands of Samar and Leyte by
linking them.

Eastern Visayas has become a favorite destination of tourists and investors because of
its abundant economic resources, natural beauty and improved transportation and
telecommunication facilities. It is also known for its abundant deposit of metallic and
nonmetallic minerals. Eastern Visayas has an agriculture-based economy being the top
produces of abaca and the third largest coconutgrowing region in the country.

FESTIVALS IN EASTERN VISAYAS

 Fiesta del Sr. Sto.  Karatong Festival

 Manaragat Festival of Catbalogan  Leyte Gulf Landings
 Buyogan Festival Commemorations
 Padul-ong Festival of Borongan  OkTuba Festival
 Lawig Festival

MAJOR SOURCES OF LIVELIHOOD OF THE PEOPLE

  Mining  Beverage manufacturing
 Farming  Home industries
 Fishing  Tourism

Aside from rice, the region also produces sugar, coconut, banana, fruits, root crops, and
vegetables.

LANGUAGES:

 WARAY-WARAY- lingua franca of EasternVisayas.

 CEBUANO- second most widely used language in Region VIII. Colloquially
known as “KANA”
 ABAKNON- a unique dialect spoken in Capul island.
 BAYBAYON- used in Baybay City, Leyte.
 KINABALIAN- used in municipality of San Juan, Northern Leyte.

ETHNIC GROUPS:

 WARAY  CEBUANO
 SAMARENOS  BILIRANON
 LEYTENOS  TICAONON
 BANTOANAN

THE EASTERN VISAYAS LITERATURE FROM THE PAST TO THE

PRESENT

THE PAST
The literature of Eastern Visayas is more popular known as Waray literature. Waray
literature caught the attention of German priests who managed a local university in
Tacloban City, which paved way to collecting, recording, and documenting literary
works together with scholars and researchers.

 FRANCIS PEDRO CHIRINO- He is a Jesuit historian who said that the

Bisayans had verses about the creation of the world, paradise, the deluge and
other invisible things which they sang while doing mundane activities such as
sailing, tilling the fields, feasting, and even mourning the dead.
 FRANCISCO IGNACIO ALCINA- He is Jesuit historian who
documented the poetic forms of Waray literature in as early as 1668 which
collected literary works.
Literary Works: Cabungao and Bubu Nga Ginbuna, Daragangan, Ambahan,
Bical, Balac, Diibtang, Candu, Titigoon, Sasumaton, Sareta, Luwa, Canogan,
Awit, SIday.
Some literary forms had undergone reinvention during the Spanish and American
colonization:

 Theater tradition had gained its popularity in place. These had been incorporated
to the performance of poetry, rituals, and mimetic dances. The joys and activities
of the ancient Waray are reflected and expressed through dancing.
 AMORAL- Balac became popular with the term amoral, a term derived from
the word “amor,” during the Spanish colonization.
 Balac- had retained its form even its name had changed according to the
languages of the colonizers.
 ISMAYLING After amoral, balac was renamed ismayling, a term derived from
the English word “smile,” during the American occupation.
 Comedia and zarzuela are plays that were introduced by the Spaniards and were
popularized and performed during fiestas up to 1930s.
 These were later on replaced by operettas as introduced by the Americans.
 Sinulog a dramatization of the Moro Raids of the coasts of Samar in the 18th
century and how the Spanish priests and Warays repulsed these raids

THE PRESENT
After the colonization of Spaniards and Americans, only siday, susumaton, and titigoon
are the ancient Waray literary works that survived up to the present time.

Luwa, siday, awit – oral forms of literature that are present in the modern time.

Notable Writers of Eastern Visayas

1. MARTIN ABELLANA (1904–1989)- He was a Filipino Visayan writer and a
teacher by profession. In the years 1956 to 1958, he was president of the LUDABI,
a group of writers in Cebuano. His novels are characterized by a concern for the
working class. Abellana is one of the Cebuano writers featured by National Artist
Resil Mojares in his 1975 book “Cebuano Literature.

Literary Works

 Novels  Basuni sa Katingala

 Kaulit sa Kalipay  Awit sa Gugma
 Ang Kalayo sa Sulad  Kinabuhi
 Tulisok sa Tanlag

1. “LuDaBi "
 Name of Cebuano writers organization, abbreviation of Lubas sa Dagang
Bisaya, The elite of Visayan literature.
2. ILLUMINDO LUCENTE
  member of the Sanghiran san Binisaya ha Samar ug Leyte
 considered by many as the greatest writer in the Waray language.
 most famous work is the poem An Iroy nga Tuna (The Motherland)
3. FRANCISCO ALVARADO
 a noted playwright of zarzuela in LineyteSamarnon (Waray)
 member and literary luminary of the Sanghiran san Binisaya
 his famous work was the Hihaga

Literary Works:

 Poetry Panhayhay hin  Kagab-ihn, 1925

Bungotohanon An Marol, 1925  Nihaga, 1930
 Kaadlawon, 1925  Pilipinas, 1931

4. CASIANO TRINCHERA
 one of the authors in the period 1900 to the late fifties who wrote the finest
Waray poems, particularly satirical poetry
 was a member of Sanghiran san Binisaya in 1909.
 famous work was Guinkasal Hin “Casamiento”
5. EDUARDO MAKABENTA
 was also member of the Sanghiran san Binisaya in 1909.
 Together with trinchera and lucente, he was one of the authors in the period
1900 to the late fifties who wrote the finest Waray poems.
 His famous work was Despedida kay Kirikay
6. PEDRO ACERDEN- A Filipino zarzuela playwright who writes in the waray
language
7. NORBERTO ROMUALDEZ (Father Of The Law On The National
Language)- a Filipino writer, politician, jurist and statesman. Writings, Linguistics,
Bisayan Grammar.
Literary Works:
 Drama,
 An Pagtabang ni San Miguel,
 An Anak han Manaraggot
 An Pagtabang ni San Miguel (The Aid of Saint Michael)
 An Anak han Manaranggot (The Tuba Gatherer's Child)
 Philippine Legal and Business Forms Annotated (1933) co-
authored with Enrique P. Custodio
8. ONOFRE ABELLANOSA- was a Filipino Visayan writer of short stories and
plays.
Known Works
 Ang Kagabhion (short story), published in Bisaya, 1946.
  Floriki (play), 1930.
 Gahom sa Latigo (play), 1965
9. RAMON D. ABELLANOSA- a Filipino Visayan political journalist, minor
politician, businessman, and writer. He was best known for his plays. He was the
son of Baldomero Abellanosa and brother of Onofre.
10. VICTORINA ABELLANOSA- was a noted Cebuano dramatist.
Plays (mostly zarzuelas): Ninoy, Marti, King Solomon
11. AUGURIO ABETO- was an essayist in Hiligaynon during the Golden Age of
Hiligaynon Literature. He was also a Municipal President (modern equivalent to
Mayor) during 1940s.  He is the composer of the Visayan song, Dalawidaw . The
popular Visayan song, Dandansoy as claimed by Negros was actually a
composition from Culasi, Antique based on 3 references: CCP Encyclopedia for
Art; Philippine Progressive Music Book in 1960s and Philippine Music Horizons
Book, published in 1920s until 50s.
12. RUPERTO ALAURA- Ruperto Alaura is a Cebuano writer. He was a
LUDABI prize winner in 1961, the same organization that Martin Abellana was in
as well.
Literary Works: Short Stories
 Usa ka Hataas nga Gabii (A Long Night), published in Bisaya Magasin in
1961.
 Mga Pugas nga Bulawan (Seeds of Gold), published in Bag-ong Suga.
 Ang Damgo (The Dream), published in Silaw. Sukod (Measure), published
in Bag-ong Suga
13. ERLINDA K. ALBURO- is a prolific contemporary Cebuano language
scholar and promoter of the language.
Literary Works:
 On Cebuano Folklore, by Erlinda KintanarAlburo. 2016[5]
 Bisayangdako: Writing Cebuano Culture and Arts. 2015

The flourishing economy of the region and the appearance of local publication starting
in 1900 with the publication of An Kaadlawon, the first Waray newspaper that saw the
flourishing poetry in Waray.

 Eco de Samar y Leyte- long running magazine in the 1900’s published articles
in literary works in Spanish, Waray and English
 An Lantawanprinted religious and occasional poetry.
 Sanghiran San Binisaya 1909- writers as well as the illustrados in the
community banded together for the purpose of cultivating the Waray
language.

In the 70’s up to the present, poetry sent to the radio stations were written mostly by
local folks, farmers, housewives, and students. Fictions in Waray did not flourish
because it lacks a venue for publication.