Mathematics Applications and Interpretation Paper 3 TZ2 HL

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Mathematics: applications and interpretation
Higher level
Paper 3
9 May 2023
Zone A afternoon Zone B morning Zone C afternoon
1 hour
Instructions to candidates
y Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.
y A graphic display calculator is required for this paper.
y Answer all the questions in the answer booklet provided.
y Unless otherwise stated in the question, all numerical answers should be given exactly or
correct to three significant figures.
y A clean copy of the mathematics: applications and interpretation formula booklet is
required for this paper.
y The maximum mark for this examination paper is [55 marks].
2223 – 7213
6 pages © International Baccalaureate Organization 2023
–2– 2223 – 7213
Answer both questions in the answer booklet provided. Please start each question on a new page.
Full marks are not necessarily awarded for a correct answer with no working. Answers must be
supported by working and/or explanations. Solutions found from a graphic display calculator should be
supported by suitable working. For example, if graphs are used to find a solution, you should sketch
these as part of your answer. Where an answer is incorrect, some marks may be given for a correct
method, provided this is shown by written working. You are therefore advised to show all working.
1. [Maximum mark: 26]
This question considers the optimal route between two points, separated by several
regions where different speeds are possible.
Huw lives in a house, H, and he attends a school, S, where H and S are marked on the
following diagram. The school is situated 1.2 km south and 4 km east of Huw’s house.
There is a boundary [MN], going from west to east, 0.4 km south of his house. The land
north of [MN] is a field over which Huw runs at 15 kilometres per hour (km h-1). The land
south of [MN] is rough ground over which Huw walks at 5 km h-1. The two regions are
shown in the following diagram.
diagram not to scale

H North
0.4 km Field (15 km h-1)
M N
0.8 km Rough ground (5 km h-1)
S
4 km
(a) Huw travels in a straight line from H to S. Calculate the time that Huw takes to
complete this journey. Give your answer correct to the nearest minute. [6]
(b) Huw realizes that his journey time could be reduced by taking a less direct route.
He therefore defines a point P on [MN] that is x km east of M. Huw decides to run
from H to P and then walk from P to S. Let T ( x ) represent the time, in hours, taken
by Huw to complete the journey along this route.
0.42 " x 2 " 3 0.82 " (4 # x) 2

(i) Show that T ( x) ! . [3]
15
(ii) Sketch the graph of y = T ( x ) . [2]
(This question continues on the following page)

–3– 2223 – 7213
(Question 1 continued)
(iii) Hence determine the value of x that minimizes T ( x ) . [1]
(iv) Find by how much Huw’s journey time is reduced when he takes this optimal
route, compared to travelling in a straight line from H to S. Give your answer
correct to the nearest minute. [2]
(c) (i) Determine an expression for the derivative T ′( x ) . [3]
(ii) Hence show that T ( x ) is minimized when
x 3(4 # x)
" . [1]
0.16 ! x 2 0.64 ! (4 # x) 2
(iii) For the optimal route, verify that the equation in part (c)(ii) satisfies the
following result:
ˆ
cos HPM speed over field
= . [2]
ˆ
cosSPN speed over rough ground
(d) The owner of the rough ground converts the southern quarter into a field over
which Huw can run at 15 km h-1. The following diagram shows the optimal route,
HJKS, in this new situation. You are given that [HJ] is parallel to [KS].

H North
J
M N
0.6 km Rough ground (5 km h-1)
K
S
4 km
Using a similar result to that given in part (c)(iii), at the point J, determine MJ. [6]
Turn over
–4– 2223 – 7213
This question considers the analysis of several datasets of examination marks using a
variety of standard procedures and also an unfamiliar statistical test.
A class of eight students sits two examinations, one in French and one in German.
The marks in these examinations are given in Table 1.
Table 1
Student French mark German mark
S1 42 39
S2 65 66
S3 82 71
S4 50 53
S5 48 32
S6 73 59
S7 34 40
S8 59 56
The maximum mark in both examinations is the same.
You may assume that these data are a random sample from a bivariate normal distribution
with mean µF for the French examination, mean µG for the German examination and
Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient ρ .
Before the examinations were sat, the Head of Languages, Pierre, decided to investigate
whether there would be significant evidence of a difference between µF and µG . He decided
to analyse the data using a two-tailed paired t-test with significance level 5 %.
(a) Explain briefly
(i) why he chose to use a t-test and not a z-test; [1]
(ii) why he chose to use a two-tailed test and not a one-tailed test. [1]
(b) (i) State suitable hypotheses for the t-test. [1]
(ii) Find the p-value for this test. [2]
(iii) The p-value is a probability. State the event for which it gives the probability. [1]
(iv) State, giving a reason, what conclusion Pierre should reach. [2]

–5– 2223 – 7213
(c) Pierre believes that students who score well in one language examination tend to score
well in the other language examination. He therefore decides to carry out a test at the
5 % significance level to investigate whether there is a positive correlation between the
French examination marks and the German examination marks.
(i) State appropriate hypotheses in terms of ρ . [1]
(ii) Perform a suitable test and state the p-value. State, in context, the conclusion
that Pierre should reach, giving a reason. [4]
(d) There are actually two more students in this particular class, Paul and Sue. Paul sat
the French examination, but he was unable to sit the German examination. Sue sat
the German examination, but she was unable to sit the French examination.
(i) Paul’s mark in the French examination was 58. Use the data in Table 1 to
predict the mark that Paul would have obtained in his German examination. [3]
(ii) Based on her mark in the German examination, Sue’s mark in the French
examination was predicted to be 71. Find the mark she obtained in the
German examination. [2]
Six students sit examinations in mathematics and history and their marks are shown
in Table 2. The Vice Principal, Angela, decides to investigate whether there is any
association between the marks obtained in these two subjects.
Table 2
Student Mathematics mark ( x ) History mark ( y )
P1 53 41
P2 76 70
P3 50 62
P4 65 47
P5 61 66
P6 84 50
Turn over
–6– 2223 – 7213
Angela is informed that the maximum mark in each subject is 100.
Angela believes that the data might not be normally distributed, so she investigates
what suitable tests are available which do not assume the data is normally distributed.
She decides to use an unfamiliar test based on a statistic called Kendall’s t .
Consider n bivariate observations ( xi , yi ) , i = 1 , 2 , …n , such that there are no

equal x-values and no equal y-values. Any pair of distinct bivariate observations
( xi , yi ) and ( xj , yj ) is said to be concordant if ( xi - xj )( yi - yj ) > 0 and discordant
n(n -1)
if (xi - xj )(yi - yj ) < 0 . For n bivariate observations, there are distinct pairs.
2
2(C - D)
Kendall’s t is defined as where C and D denote respectively the number of
n(n - 1)
concordant pairs and discordant pairs.
(e) (i) Show that the value of Kendall’s t always lies in the interval [-1 , +1] . [1]
(ii) For students P1 and P2 , show that their pair is concordant. [1]
(iii) Show that the value of Kendall’s t for the mathematics and history data is 0.2. [4]
(f) Angela decided to use this statistic in a two-tailed test at the 10 % significance level.
The critical region for her test is ! " 0.733 .
(i) State, in words, her null and alternative hypotheses. [1]
(ii) State the conclusion that Angela should reach. Give a reason for your answer. [2]
Angela now finds that the history marks are actually out of 120. The history teacher advises
Angela to scale the history marks so that they are out of 100 and then redo the calculations
for the value of t .
(g) State, with a reason, whether you agree with the advice given by the history teacher. [2]
References:

criminal offense.
license/.
Higher level
Paper 2
9 May 2023
2 hours
2223 – 7212
–2– 2223 – 7212
Answer all questions in the answer booklet provided. Please start each question on a new page.
supported by working and/or explanations. Solutions found from a graphic display calculator should
be supported by suitable working. For example, if graphs are used to find a solution, you should sketch
The diagram shows points in a park viewed from above, at a specific moment in time.
The distance between two trees, at points A and B, is 6.36 m.
Odette is playing football in the park and is standing at point O, such that OA = 25.9 m
and OÂB = 125 .

A 6.36 B
125
25.9
(a) Calculate the area of triangle AOB. [3]

–3– 2223 – 7212
Odette’s friend, Khemil, is standing at point K such that he is 12 m from A and KÂB = 45 .

A 6.36 B
45
25.9 12
(b) Calculate Khemil’s distance from B. [3]
XY is a semicircular path in the park with centre A, such that KÂY = 45 . Khemil is standing
on the path and Odette’s football is at point X. This is shown in the diagram below.

X A Y
45
12
The length KX = 22.2 m , KÔX = 53.8 and OK̂ X = 51.1 .
(c) Find whether Odette or Khemil is closer to the football. [4]
Khemil runs along the semicircular path to pick up the football.
(d) Calculate the distance that Khemil runs. [3]
Turn over
–4– 2223 – 7212
A scientist is conducting an experiment on the growth of a certain species of bacteria.
The population of the bacteria, P , can be modelled by the function
P (t) = 1200 × k t , t ≥ 0 ,
where t is the number of hours since the experiment began, and k is a positive constant.
(a) (i) Write down the value of P (0) .
(ii) Interpret what this value means in this context. [2]
3 hours after the experiment began, the population of the bacteria is 18 750.
(b) Find the value of k . [2]
(c) Find the population of the bacteria 1 hour and 30 minutes after the experiment began. [2]
The scientist conducts a second experiment with a different species of bacteria.

The population of this bacteria, S , can be modelled by the function
S (t) = 5000 × 1.65t , t ≥ 0 ,
where t is the number of hours since both experiments began.
(d) Find the value of t when the two populations of bacteria are equal. [2]
It takes 2 hours and m minutes for the number of bacteria in the second experiment to
reach 19 000.
(e) Find the value of m , giving your answer as an integer value. [4]
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–5– 2223 – 7212
A particular park consists of a rectangular garden, of area A m2, and a concrete path
surrounding it. The park has a total area of 1200 m2.
The width of the path at the north and south side of the park is 2 m.
The width of the path at the west and east side of the park is 1.5 m.
The length of the park (along the north and south sides) is x metres, 3 < x < 300 .
3600
(a) Show that A ! 1212 " 4 x " . [5]
x
(b) Find the possible dimensions of the park if the area of the garden is 800 m2. [4]
dA
(c) Find an expression for . [3]
dx
(d) Use your answer from part (c) to find the value of x that will maximize the area of
the garden. [2]
(e) Find the maximum possible area of the garden. [2]
Turn over
–6– 2223 – 7212
The following graph shows five cities of the USA connected by weighted edges representing
the cheapest direct flights in dollars ($) between cities.
Seattle
66
79
58 82 Chicago New York City
68
41
30 39
Los Angeles
55
Dallas
(a) Explain why the graph can be described as “connected”, but not “complete”. [2]
(b) Find a minimum spanning tree for the graph using Kruskal’s algorithm.
State clearly the order in which your edges are added, and draw the tree obtained. [3]
(c) Using only the edges obtained in your answer to part (b), find an upper bound for the
travelling salesman problem. [2]
Ronald lives in New York City and wishes to fly to each of the other cities, before finally
returning to New York City. After some research, he finds that there exists a direct flight
between Los Angeles and Dallas costing $ 26. He updates the graph to show this.
(d) By using the nearest neighbour algorithm and starting at Los Angeles, determine a
better upper bound than that found in part (c).
State clearly the order in which you are adding the vertices. [3]

–7– 2223 – 7212
(e) (i) By deleting the vertex which represents Chicago, use the deleted vertex
algorithm to determine a lower bound for the travelling salesman problem.
(ii) Similarly, by instead deleting the vertex which represents Seattle, determine
another lower bound. [5]
(f) Hence, using your previous answers, write down your best inequality for the least
expensive tour Ronald could take. Let the variable C represent the total cost,
in dollars, for the tour. [2]
(g) Write down a tour that is strictly greater than your lower bound and strictly less than
your upper bound. [2]
Turn over
–8– 2223 – 7212
The three countries of Belgium, Germany and The Netherlands meet at a single point
called Vaalserberg.
To support future transport planning, a 10 km circle was drawn around Vaalserberg on a map.
A study was carried out over five years to determine what percentage of people living in
each of these countries (within the 10 km circular region) either stayed in their own country
or moved to another country within the circle.
From this study, the following movements were observed during the five years.
y From Belgium, 5 % moved to Germany, and 0.5 % moved to The Netherlands.
y From Germany, 2 % moved to The Netherlands, and 1.5 % moved to Belgium.
y From The Netherlands, 3 % moved to Germany, and 2 % moved to Belgium.
All additional population changes within the circular region may be ignored.
(a) Represent the above information in a transition matrix T . [3]
At the end of the study, the population of the Belgian side was 26 000, the population of the
German side was 240 000, and the population of The Netherlands side was 50 000.
(b) By using T , find the expected population of the German side of Vaalserberg 30 years
after the end of the study. [4]
For matrix T there exists a steady state vector
" u1 %
$ '
u ! $ u2 ' ,
$u '
# 3&
where u1 , u2 and u3 are the proportions of the total population on the Belgian side,
the German side and The Netherlands side respectively.
The steady state vector u may be found by solving a system of equations.
(c) (i) Determine these equations that are to be solved.
(ii) By solving your system of equations, find u . [3]
(d) Use your answer to part (c)(ii) to determine the long-term expected population of
the German side. [2]
(e) Suggest two reasons why your answer to part (d) is not likely to be accurate.
You may comment on both the model and the situation in context. [2]
–9– 2223 – 7212
The gardener in a local park suggested that the number of snails found in the park can be
modelled by a Poisson distribution.
(a) Suggest two observations that the gardener may have made that led him to suggest
this model. [2]
Now assume that the model is valid and that the mean number of snails per m2 is 0.2.
The gardener inspects, at random, a 12 m2 area of the park.
(b) Find the probability that the gardener finds exactly four snails. [3]
(c) Find the probability that the gardener finds fewer than three snails. [2]
(d) Find the probability that, in three consecutive inspections, the gardener finds at least
one snail per inspection. [3]
Following heavy rain overnight, the gardener wished to determine whether the number of
snails found in a random 12 m2 area of the park had increased.
(e) State the hypotheses for the test. [2]
(f) Find the critical region for the test at the 1 % significance level. [3]
(g) Given that the mean number of snails per m2 has actually risen to 0.75, find the
probability that the gardener makes a Type II error. [3]
Turn over
– 10 – 2223 – 7212
A biologist suggests that the rates of change of the population of fruit flies (after time t ≥ 0 )
in a particular ecosystem are given by the following equations, where x is the population of
male fruit flies and y is the population of female fruit flies.
dx
! "4 x # 6 y
dt
dy
! 9x " y
dt
" !4 6 %
(a) Find the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of the matrix $ '. [6]
# 9 !1&
(b) Hence write down the general solution of the system, giving your answer in the
! x$
form # & ' Ap1e)1t ( Bp2e)2t , where A , B , l1 , l2 (l2 > l1) are scalar constants
" y%
and p1 , p2 are vector constants. [2]
Initially x = 500 and y = 125 .
(c) Determine the value of A and the value of B . [2]
(d) State the long-term ratio of male fruit flies to female fruit flies. [1]
dy
(e) Find the value of at time t = 0 . [3]
dx
(f) Sketch the trajectory, on the phase portrait, for the population growth of the fruit flies. [4]
References:

criminal offense.
license/.
Higher level
Paper 1
8 May 2023

Candidate session number
2 hours
y Write your session number in the boxes above.
y Answer all questions.
y Answers must be written within the answer boxes provided.
2223 – 7211
24EP01
–2– 2223 – 7211
Please do not write on this page.
Answers written on this page

will not be marked.
24EP02
–3– 2223 – 7211
Answers must be written within the answer boxes provided. Full marks are not necessarily awarded
for a correct answer with no working. Answers must be supported by working and/or explanations.
Solutions found from a graphic display calculator should be supported by suitable working. For example,
if graphs are used to find a solution, you should sketch these as part of your answer. Where an answer
is incorrect, some marks may be given for a correct method, provided this is shown by written working.
You are therefore advised to show all working.
A player throws a basketball. The height of the basketball is modelled by
h (t) = -4.75t 2 + 8.75t + 1.5 , t ≥ 0 ,
where h is the height of the basketball above the ground, in metres, and t is the time,
in seconds, after it was thrown.
(a) Find how long it takes for the basketball to reach its maximum height. [2]
(b) Assuming that no player catches the basketball, find how long it would take for the
basketball to hit the ground. [2]
Another player catches the basketball when it is at a height of 1.2 metres.
(c) Find the value of t when this player catches the basketball. [2]
(d) Write down one limitation of using h (t) to model the height of the basketball. [1]
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24EP03
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A company that owns many restaurants wants to determine if there are differences in the
quality of the food cooked for three different meals: breakfast, lunch and dinner.
Their quality assurance team randomly selects 500 items of food to inspect. The quality
of this food is classified as perfect, satisfactory, or poor. The data is summarized in the
following table.
Quality
Perfect Satisfactory Poor Total
Breakfast 101 124 7 232

Meal Lunch 68 81 5 154
Dinner 35 69 10 114
Total 204 274 22 500
A χ 2 test at the 5 % significance level is carried out to determine if there is significant

evidence of a difference in the quality of the food cooked for the three meals.
The critical value for this test is 9.488.
The hypotheses for this test are:

H0: The quality of the food and the type of meal are independent.
H1: The quality of the food and the type of meal are not independent.
(a) Find the χ 2 statistic. [2]
(b) State, with justification, the conclusion for this test. [2]
24EP04
–5– 2223 – 7211
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24EP05
–6– 2223 – 7211
The following Venn diagram shows two independent events, R and S . The values in the
diagram represent probabilities.
R S
x 0.2 0.6
(a) Find the value of x . [3]
(b) Find the value of y . [2]
(c) Find P ( R′ S ′) . [2]
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24EP06
–7– 2223 – 7211
Angel has $ 520 in his savings account. Angel considers investing the money for 5 years with
a bank. The bank offers an annual interest rate of 1.2 % compounded quarterly.
(a) Calculate the amount of money Angel would have at the end of 5 years with the bank.
Give your answer correct to two decimal places. [3]
Instead of investing the money, Angel decides to buy a phone that costs $ 520. At the end of
5 years, the phone will have a value of $ 30. It may be assumed that the depreciation rate per
year is constant.
(b) Calculate the annual depreciation rate of the phone. [3]
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24EP07
–8– 2223 – 7211
The lengths of the seeds from a particular mango tree are approximated by a normal
distribution with a mean of 4 cm and a standard deviation of 0.25 cm.
A seed from this mango tree is chosen at random.
(a) Calculate the probability that the length of the seed is less than 3.7 cm. [2]
It is known that 30 % of the seeds have a length greater than k cm.
(b) Find the value of k . [2]
For a seed of length d cm , chosen at random, P (4 - m < d < 4 + m) = 0.6 .
(c) Find the value of m . [2]
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24EP08
–9– 2223 – 7211
Ruhi buys a scoop of ice cream in the shape of a sphere with a radius of 3.4 cm. The ice
1
cream is served in a cone, and it may be assumed that of the volume of the ice cream is
5
inside the cone. This is shown in the following diagram.
3.4
(a) Calculate the volume of ice cream that is not inside the cone. [3]
The cone has a slant height of 11 cm and a radius of 3 cm.
The outside of the cone is covered with chocolate.
(b) Calculate the surface area of the cone that is covered with chocolate. Give your answer
correct to the nearest cm2. [2]
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24EP09
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Akar starts a new job in Australia and needs to travel daily from Wollongong to Sydney
and back. He travels to work for 28 consecutive days and therefore makes 56 single journeys.
Akar makes all journeys by bus.
The probability that he is successful in getting a seat on the bus for any single journey is 0.86.
(a) Determine the expected number of these 56 journeys for which Akar gets a seat
on the bus. [1]
(b) Find the probability that Akar gets a seat on at least 50 journeys during these 28 days. [3]
The probability that Akar gets a seat on at most n journeys is at least 0.25.
(c) Find the smallest possible value of n . [2]
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24EP10
– 11 – 2223 – 7211
The following directed, unweighted, graph shows a simplified road network on an island,
connecting five small villages marked A to E.
E B
A
C
(a) Construct the adjacency matrix M for this network. [3]
Beatriz the bus driver starts at village E and drives to seven villages, such that the seventh
village is A.
(b) (i) Determine how many possible routes Beatriz could have taken, to travel from
E to A.
(ii) Describe one possible route taken by Beatriz, by listing the villages visited
in order. [4]
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24EP11
– 12 – 2223 – 7211
At a running club, Sung-Jin conducts a test to determine if there is any association between
an athlete’s age and their best time taken to run 100 m. Eight athletes are chosen at random,
and their details are shown below.
Athlete A B C D E F G H
Age (years) 13 17 22 18 19 25 11 36
Time (seconds) 13.4 14.6 13.4 12.9 12.0 11.8 17.0 13.1
Sung-Jin decides to calculate the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient for his set of data.
(a) Complete the table of ranks. [2]
Athlete A B C D E F G H
Age rank 3
Time rank 1
(b) Calculate the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, rs . [2]
(c) Interpret this value of rs in the context of the question. [1]
(d) Suggest a mathematical reason why Sung-Jin may have decided not to use Pearson’s
product-moment correlation coefficient with his data from the original table. [1]
(e) (i) Find the coefficient of determination for the data from the original table.
(ii) Interpret this value in the context of the question. [3]
24EP12
– 13 – 2223 – 7211
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24EP13
– 14 – 2223 – 7211
A chocolate company plans to produce chocolate bars with special flavours. They survey 246
people to determine if there is any particular preference for one of the flavours.
The table below shows the information collected.
Hot chilli Almond crunch Spiced Chai Ginger’n’lime
75 59 46 66
A χ 2 goodness of fit test at the 5 % significance level is carried out on the data.
The critical value for the test is 7.82.
(a) State the null and alternative hypotheses for this test. [2]
(b) Perform the test and give your conclusion in context. [4]
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24EP14
– 15 – 2223 – 7211
Two AC (alternating current) electrical sources of equal frequencies are combined.
The voltage of the first source is modelled by the equation V = 30 sin (t + 60 ) .
The voltage of the second source is modelled by the equation V = 60 sin (t + 10 ) .
(a) Determine the maximum voltage of the combined sources. [2]
(b) Using your graphic display calculator, find a suitable equation for the combined voltages,
giving your answer in the form V = V0 sin (at + b) , where a , b and V0 are constants,
a > 0 and 0 ≤ b < 180 . [4]
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24EP15
– 16 – 2223 – 7211
A spherical balloon is being inflated such that its volume is increasing at a rate of 15 cm3 s-1.
(a) Find the radius of the balloon when its volume is 288 p cm3. [2]
(b) Hence or otherwise, find the rate of change of the radius at this instant. [3]
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24EP16
– 17 – 2223 – 7211
"3 1% # "4 1 &

The matrices P ! $ ' and Q ! % ( represent two transformations.
#0 2& $ 1 3'
A triangle T is transformed by P , and this image is then transformed by Q to form a

new triangle, T ′ .
(a) Find the single matrix that represents the transformation T ′ → T , which will undo the
transformation described above. [4]
The area of T ′ is 273 cm2.
(b) Using your answer to part (a), or otherwise, determine the area of T . [3]
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24EP17
– 18 – 2223 – 7211
In this question, i denotes a unit vector due east, and j denotes a unit vector due north.
Two ships, A and B, are each moving with constant velocities.
The position vector of ship A, at time t hours, is given as rA = (1 + 2t) i + (3 - 3t) j .
The position vector of ship B, at time t hours, is given as rB = (-2 + 4t) i + (-4 + t) j .
(a) Find the bearing on which ship A is sailing. [3]
(b) Find the value of t when ship B is directly south of ship A. [2]
(c) Find the value of t when ship B is directly south-east of ship A. [3]
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24EP18
– 19 – 2223 – 7211
A random sample of eight packets of Apollo coffee granules are selected from a supermarket shelf.
The weights of the coffee granules present in each packet are as follows:
222 g 226 g 221 g 228 g 227 g 225 g 222 g 223 g
(a) (i) Find an unbiased estimate for the mean weight of coffee granules in a packet of
Apollo coffee.
(ii) Calculate a 95 % confidence interval for the population mean. Give your answer
to four significant figures. [3]
(b) State one assumption you have made in order for your interval to be valid. [1]
(c) The label of each packet has a description which includes the phrase: “contains 226 g
of coffee granules”.
Using your answer to part (a)(ii), briefly comment on the claim on the label. [2]
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24EP19
– 20 – 2223 – 7211
x
The following diagram shows parts of the curves of y = cos x and y = .
2
P is the point of intersection of the two curves.
y
P
0.5
0 x
0 0.5 1
(a) Use your graphic display calculator to find the coordinates of P. [2]
The shaded region is rotated 360 about the y-axis to form a volume of revolution V .
(b) Express V as the sum of two definite integrals. [5]
(c) Hence find the value of V . [2]
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24EP20
– 21 – 2223 – 7211
Consider the differential equation
dy x
"x 2
! 1# $
dx 2 y % 2
, for x ≥ 0 , y ≥ 1 ,
where y = 1 when x = 0 .
(a) Explain why Euler’s method cannot be used to find an approximate value for y
when x = 0.1 . [1]
ln # x 2 " 1$
(b) By solving the differential equation, show that y ! 1 " . [4]
2
(c) Hence deduce the value of y when x = 0.1 . [1]
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References:
24EP21

will not be marked.
24EP22

will not be marked.
24EP23

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24EP24
criminal offense.
license/.
Higher level
Paper 3
9 May 2023
1 hour
2223 – 7208
–2– 2223 – 7208
Blank page
–3– 2223 – 7208
Answer both questions in the answer booklet provided. Please start each question on a new page.
supported by working and/or explanations. Solutions found from a graphic display calculator should be
supported by suitable working. For example, if graphs are used to find a solution, you should sketch
In this question you will use a historic method of calculating the cost of a barrel of
wine to determine which shape of barrel gives the best value for money.
In Austria in the 17th century, one method for measuring the volume of a barrel of wine, and
hence determining its cost, was by inserting a straight stick into a hole in the side, as shown
in the following diagram, and measuring the length SD. The longer the length, the greater the
cost to the customer.
Let SD be d metres and the cost be C gulden (the local currency at the time). When the
length of SD was 0.5 metres, the cost was 0.80 gulden.
(a) Given that C was directly proportional to d , find an equation for C in terms of d . [3]
A particular barrel of wine cost 0.96 gulden.
(b) Show that d = 0.6 . [1]
Turn over
–4– 2223 – 7208
This method of determining the cost was noticed by a mathematician, Kepler, who decided to
try to calculate the dimensions of a barrel which would give the maximum volume of wine for
a given length SD.
Initially he modelled the barrel as a cylinder, with S at the midpoint of one side. He took the
length of the cylinder as 2h metres and its radius as r metres, as shown in the following
diagram of the cross-section.

S
r
d
D
2h
(c) Find an expression for r 2 in terms of d and h . [3]
Let the volume of this barrel be V m3 .
% 2
(d) Show that V !
2
# d h " h3 $ .
[2]
The remainder of this question considers the shape of barrel that gives the best value
when d = 0.6 .
(e) (i) Use the formula from part (d) to find the volume of this barrel when h = 0.4 . [2]
dV
(ii) Use differentiation to show that h = 0.12 when = 0. [3]
dh
(iii) Given that this value of h maximizes the volume, find the largest possible volume
of this barrel. [2]

–5– 2223 – 7208
Kepler then considered a non-cylindrical barrel whose base and lid are circles with radius
0.2 m and whose length is 0.8 m.
He modelled the curved surface of this barrel by rotating a quadratic curve, ASB, with
equation y = ax2 + bx + c , 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.8 , about the x-axis. The origin of the coordinate
system is at the centre of one of the circular faces as shown in the following diagram.
S is at the vertex of the quadratic curve and SD = 0.6 .
0.3
S
A B
0.2
0.1 0.6
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 x
−0.1
−0.2
D
Kepler wished to find out if his barrel would give him more wine than any cylindrical barrel
with d = 0.6 .
The coordinates of A and B are (0 , 0.2) and (0.8 , 0.2) respectively.
(f) Find the equation of the quadratic curve, ASB. [6]
(g) Show that the volume of this barrel is greater than the maximum volume of any
cylindrical barrel with d = 0.6 . [3]
(h) State one assumption, not already given, that has been made in using these models
to find the shape of the barrel that gives the best value. [1]
Turn over
–6– 2223 – 7208
In this question you will use vector methods to determine whether aircraft are obeying
air traffic regulations.
The base of an air traffic control tower at an airport is taken as the origin of a coordinate
system. An aircraft’s position is given by the coordinates ( x , y , z ), where x and y are
respectively the aircraft’s displacement east and north of the tower, and z is the vertical
displacement of the aircraft above the base of the tower. All displacements are measured
in kilometres.
At 12:00 two aircraft, A and B, are at the points P (100 , −82 , 10.7) and Q (215 , −197 , 10.7)
respectively.
(a) Find the distance between the two aircraft at 12:00. [2]
The two aircraft are flying along the same straight line (flight path), with B behind A.
" !640 %
$ '
They both have the same constant velocity of $ 640 ' kilometres per hour.
$ 0 '
# &
(b) Find the speed of both aircraft. [2]
Air traffic regulations state that if two aircraft are on the same flight path then they must
always maintain at least a 10 minute gap between them. If at any time two aircraft are
too close they are said to be “in conflict”.
(c) Find the length of time it takes B to reach point P from point Q, and hence state
whether the two aircraft are in conflict. [3]
(d) Write down, rA , the position vector of A, t hours after 12:00. [1]
If two aircraft are not on the same flight path, air traffic regulations state:
When the vertical distance between the two aircraft is less than 300 m the aircraft must be
more than 10 km apart.
When the vertical distance between the two aircraft is at least 300 m there are no restrictions.
The air traffic controller notices an aircraft, C, flying on a different flight path but close to A.
The position of C, t hours after 12:00, is given by
# "400 & # "140 &

% ( % (
rC ! % "41 ( ) t % 604 ( .
% 9.1 ( % 2 (
$ ' $ '

–7– 2223 – 7208
(e) (i) Find the two values of t at which the distance between A and C is 10 km. [5]
It is given that the distance between A and C is less than 10 km, only between these
two values of t .
(ii) Determine whether the two aircraft, A and C, will break the air traffic regulations
if they continue with their current velocities. Justify your answer. [5]
A new coordinate system, ( x , y ), is defined with an origin R at a point 2 km directly above

the air traffic control tower. When an aircraft is flying in the horizontal plane containing R, the
values of x and y represent its displacement, in km, east and north of point R respectively.
A fourth aircraft, D, is flying at a constant height of 2 km near the airport while waiting for
permission to land. Its position at time t is given by
! # 6.4 cos (38t ) &

RD " % (.
$ 6.4 sin (38t ) '
(f) Describe the path followed by D. [3]
Around the same time a small aircraft, E, is flying at the same height as D and along the line
with vector equation
! # 20 & # *1&
RE " % ( ) + % ( .
$ 10 ' $1'
# "1&
(g) Let b ! % (.
$1'
(i) Find RE i b in terms of l . [2]
(ii) Hence find the value of l for which the distance from R to the line is minimum. [2]
(iii) Find this minimum distance. [2]
(iv) Show that D and E will not break the air traffic regulations for any value of t . [2]
References:

criminal offense.
license/.
Higher level
Paper 1
8 May 2023

Candidate session number
2 hours
y Write your session number in the boxes above.
y Answer all questions.
y Answers must be written within the answer boxes provided.
2223 – 7206
24EP01
–2– 2223 – 7206

will not be marked.
24EP02
–3– 2223 – 7206
Answers must be written within the answer boxes provided. Full marks are not necessarily awarded
for a correct answer with no working. Answers must be supported by working and/or explanations.
Solutions found from a graphic display calculator should be supported by suitable working. For example,
if graphs are used to find a solution, you should sketch these as part of your answer. Where an answer
is incorrect, some marks may be given for a correct method, provided this is shown by written working.
You are therefore advised to show all working.
On 1 January 2022, Mina deposited $ 1000 into a bank account with an annual interest rate
of 4 % , compounded monthly. At the end of January, and the end of every month after that,
she deposits $ 100 into the same account.
(a) Calculate the amount of money in her account at the start of 2024. Give your answer to
two decimal places. [3]
(b) Find how many complete months, counted from 1 January 2022, it will take for Mina to
have more than $ 5000 in her account. [2]
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24EP03
–4– 2223 – 7206
Carys believes that, on a memory retention test, the mean score of bilingual people (mb) will
be higher than the mean score of monolingual people (mm). Carys gave a memory retention
test to a random sample of students in her class. The results are shown in the two tables.
Scores
Bilingual 100 94 100 90 100 94 98 98 98 98
Scores
Monolingual 97 92 88 98 88 94 100 100
Carys performs a one-tailed t-test at a 5 % level of significance. It is assumed that the

scores are normally distributed and the samples have equal variances.
(a) State the null and alternative hypotheses. [2]
(b) Calculate the p-value for this test. [2]
(c) State the conclusion of the test in the context of the question. Justify your answer. [2]
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24EP04
–5– 2223 – 7206
Three towns have positions A (35, 26) , B (11, 24) , and C (28, 7) according to the coordinate
system shown where distances are measured in miles.
Dominique’s farm is located at the position D (24, 19) .
y
30
A
25 B
20 D
15
10
C
5
0 x
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
(a) Find AD . [2]
On a particular day, the mean temperatures recorded in each of towns A , B and C

are 34 °C , 29 °C and 30 °C respectively.
(b) Use nearest neighbour interpolation to estimate the temperature at Dominique’s farm
on that particular day. [3]
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24EP05
–6– 2223 – 7206
The cross section of a scale model of a hill is modelled by the following graph.
y
10
8
6
4
2
0 x
0 10 20 30 40
The heights of the model are measured at horizontal intervals and are given in the table.
Horizontal distance, x cm 0 10 20 30 40
Vertical distance, y cm 0 3 8 9 0
(a) Use the trapezoidal rule with h = 10 to find an approximation for the cross-sectional
area of the model. [2]
It is given that the equation of the curve is y = 0.04x2 - 0.001x3 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 40 .
(b) (i) Write down an integral to find the exact cross-sectional area.
(ii) Calculate the value of the cross-sectional area to two decimal places. [4]
(c) Find the percentage error in the area found using the trapezoidal rule. [2]
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24EP06
–7– 2223 – 7206
A boat travels 8 km on a bearing of 315° and then a further 6 km on a bearing of 045° .

Find the bearing on which the boat should travel to return directly to the starting point.
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24EP07
–8– 2223 – 7206
In a baseball game, Sakura is the batter standing beside home plate. The ball is thrown
towards home plate along a path that can be modelled by the following function.
y = -0.045x + 2
In this model, x is the horizontal distance of the ball from the point the ball is thrown and y is
the vertical height of the ball above the ground. Both measured in metres.
The outcome of the throw is called a strike if the height of the ball is between 0.53 m
and 1.24 m at some point while it travels over home plate. The length of home plate is 0.43 m .
path
of ba
ll
ground home plate
0.43
When the ball reaches the front of home plate, the height of the ball above the ground is
1.25 m. The height of the ball changes by a metres as the ball travels over the length of
home plate.
(a) (i) Find the value of a .
(ii) Justify why this throw is a strike. [4]
On the next throw, Sakura hits the ball towards a wall that is 5 metres high. The horizontal
distance of the wall from the point where the ball was hit is 96 metres. The path of the ball
after it is hit can be modelled by the function h (d ) .
h (d ) = -0.01d 2 + 1.04d + 0.66 , for h , d > 0
In this model, h is the height of the ball above the ground and d is the horizontal distance of
the ball from the point where it was hit. Both h and d are measured in metres.
(b) Determine whether the ball will go over the wall. Justify your answer. [3]
24EP08
–9– 2223 – 7206
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24EP09
– 10 – 2223 – 7206
A triangular cover is positioned over a walled garden to provide shade. It is anchored at

points A and C , located at the top of a 2 m wall, and at a point B , located at the top of
a 1 m vertical pole fixed to a top corner of the wall.
The three edges of the cover can be represented by the vectors

#0& #7& $7'
!
% ( ! % ( !
& )
AB " % 6 ( , AC " % 3 ( and BC " & #3 ) , where distances are measured in metres.
%1( %0( & #1 )
$ ' $ ' % (
B pole
A C
! !
(a) Calculate the vector product AB " AC . [2]
(b) Hence find the area of the triangular cover. [2]
The point X on [AC] is such that [BX] is perpendicular to [AC] .
(c) Use your answer to part (b) to find the distance BX . [3]
(d) Find the angle the cover makes with the horizontal plane. [2]
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24EP10
– 11 – 2223 – 7206
The random variables (X, Y ) follow a bivariate normal distribution with product-moment
correlation coefficient r . The values of six random observations of (X, Y ) are shown in the table.
x 6.3 4.1 5.6 9.2 7.8 8.2

y 9.2 4.9 8.9 10.3 8.9 9.8
(a) State null and alternative hypotheses which could be used to test whether there is a
linear correlation between X and Y . [2]
(b) Determine the value of
(i) the product-moment correlation coefficient, r , of the sample.
(ii) the corresponding p-value. [3]
(c) State whether your result from part (b)(ii) indicates there is sufficient evidence to claim
that, at the 5 % significance level, X and Y are not linearly correlated.
Give a reason for your answer. [2]
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24EP11
– 12 – 2223 – 7206

will not be marked.
24EP12
– 13 – 2223 – 7206
On a specific day, the speed of cars as they pass a speed camera can be modelled by a
normal distribution with a mean of 67.3 km h-1 .
A speed of 75.7 km h-1 is two standard deviations from the mean.
(a) Find the standard deviation for the speed of the cars. [2]
It is found that 82 % of cars on this road travel at speeds between p km h-1 and q km h-1 ,
where p < q . This interval includes cars travelling at a speed of 74 km h-1 .
(b) Show that the region of the normal distribution between p and q is not symmetrical
about the mean. [3]
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24EP13
– 14 – 2223 – 7206
A decorative hook can be modelled by the curve with equation y = f (x) . The graph
of y = f (x) is shown and consists of a line segment from (0, 0) to (3, 3) and two sections
formed by quadratic curves.
y
4
(3, 3)
2
(6, 2)
(–2, 0)
0 x
-2 2 4 6
-1
(a) Write down the equation of the line segment for 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 . [1]
The quadratic curve, with endpoints (-2, 0) and (0, 0) , has the same gradient at (0, 0) as
the line segment.
(b) Find the equation of the curve between (-2, 0) and (0, 0) . [3]
The second quadratic curve, with endpoints (3, 3) and (6, 2) , has the same gradient
at (3, 3) as the line segment.
(c) Find the equation of this curve. [4]
(d) Write down f as a piecewise function. [1]
24EP14
– 15 – 2223 – 7206
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24EP15
– 16 – 2223 – 7206
A shop sells oranges and lemons. The weights of the oranges are assumed to be normally
distributed with mean 205 grams and standard deviation 5 grams. The weights of the lemons
are assumed to be normally distributed with mean 105 grams and standard deviation 3 grams.
Nelia selects 1 orange and 2 lemons at random and independent of each other. Calculate
the probability that the weight of her orange exceeds the combined weight of her lemons.
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24EP16
– 17 – 2223 – 7206
Two AC (alternating current) electrical sources with the same frequencies are combined. The
voltages from these sources can be expressed as V1 = 6 sin (at + 30°) and V2 = 6 sin (at + 90°) .
The combined total voltage can be expressed in the form V1 + V2 = V sin (at + q °) .
Determine the value of V and the value of q .
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24EP17
– 18 – 2223 – 7206
The displacement, x (cm), of the end of a spring, at time t (seconds), is given by
d2 x dx
! 2 ! 10 x " 0 .
dt 2
dt
dx
At t = 0 , x = 0.75 and =0.
dt
Use Euler’s method, with a step length 0.1 seconds, to estimate the value of x when t = 0.5 .
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24EP18
– 19 – 2223 – 7206
Petra examines two quantities, x and y , and plots data points on a log-log graph.
40
20
10
5 x
1 2 3 4 5
She observes that on this graph the data points follow a perfect straight line. Given that
the line passes through the points (2, 13.1951) and (4, 34.822) , find the equation of the
relationship connecting x and y . Your final answer should not include logarithms.
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Turn over
24EP19
– 20 – 2223 – 7206
The solid shown is formed by rotating the hexagon with vertices (2, 1) , (0, 1) , (0, 5) , (2, 5) ,
(4, 4) and (4, 2) about the y-axis.
Solid Hexagon
y
5
0 x
0 1 2 3 4
Find the volume of this solid.
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24EP20
– 21 – 2223 – 7206
The relationship between the intensity, I , of a light source and the distance, d , from the light
k
source can be modelled by I = .
d2
Pablo measures the intensity of a light source at different distances. The data collected is
shown in the table.
d (m) 1 2 5
I (lm) 42 11 1.5
Pablo finds the sum of square residuals in the form 1.0641k 2 - 89.62k + c .
(a) Find the exact value of c . [4]
k
(b) Hence find the least squares regression curve of the form I = . [2]
d2
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Turn over
24EP21
– 22 – 2223 – 7206
An airplane, P , is flying at a constant altitude of 3000 m at a speed of 250 m s-1 . Its path
passes over a tracking station, S , at ground level. Let Q be the point 3000 m directly above
the tracking station.
At a particular time, T , as the airplane is flying towards Q , the angle of elevation, q , of the
airplane from S is increasing at a rate of 0.075 radians per second. The distance from Q
to P is given by x .
P x Q
path of airplane
3000
θ
ground level
S
dx 10 000
(a) Use related rates to show that, at time T , "# . [2]
d! 3
(b) Find x (q ) , x as a function of q . [1]
dx
(c) Find an expression for in terms of sin q . [3]
dq
(d) Hence find the horizontal distance from the station to the plane at time T . [3]
24EP22
– 23 – 2223 – 7206
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References:
24EP23

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24EP24

Mathematics Applications and Interpretation Paper 3 TZ2 HL

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© International Baccalaureate Organization 202

© Organisation du Baccalauréat International 202

© Organización del Bachillerato Internacional, 202

Zone A afternoon Zone B morning Zone C afternoon

1. [Maximum mark: 26]

diagram not to scale

0.4 km Field (15 km h-1)

0.8 km Rough ground (5 km h-1)

0.42 " x 2 " 3 0.82 " (4 # x) 2

(This question continues on the following page)

(iii) Hence determine the value of x that minimizes T ( x ) . [1]

(c) (i) Determine an expression for the derivative T ′( x ) . [3]

(ii) Hence show that T ( x ) is minimized when

diagram not to scale

0.4 km Field (15 km h-1)

0.6 km Rough ground (5 km h-1)

2. [Maximum mark: 29]

The marks in these examinations are given in Table 1.

Student French mark German mark

The maximum mark in both examinations is the same.

(a) Explain briefly

(i) why he chose to use a t-test and not a z-test; [1]

(b) (i) State suitable hypotheses for the t-test. [1]

(ii) Find the p-value for this test. [2]

(This question continues on the following page)

(i) State appropriate hypotheses in terms of ρ . [1]

Student Mathematics mark ( x ) History mark ( y )

(This question continues on the following page)

Angela is informed that the maximum mark in each subject is 100.

Consider n bivariate observations ( xi , yi ) , i = 1 , 2 , …n , such that there are no

(i) State, in words, her null and alternative hypotheses. [1]

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2023

© Organisation du Baccalauréat International 202

© Organización del Bachillerato Internacional, 202

Zone A afternoon Zone B morning Zone C afternoon

1. [Maximum mark: 13]

The distance between two trees, at points A and B, is 6.36 m.

diagram not to scale

(a) Calculate the area of triangle AOB. [3]

(This question continues on the following page)

diagram not to scale

(b) Calculate Khemil’s distance from B. [3]

diagram not to scale

The length KX = 22.2 m , KÔX = 53.8 and OK̂ X = 51.1 .

(c) Find whether Odette or Khemil is closer to the football. [4]

Khemil runs along the semicircular path to pick up the football.

(d) Calculate the distance that Khemil runs. [3]

2. [Maximum mark: 12]

A scientist is conducting an experiment on the growth of a certain species of bacteria.

The population of the bacteria, P , can be modelled by the function

(a) (i) Write down the value of P (0) .

(ii) Interpret what this value means in this context. [2]

(b) Find the value of k . [2]

The scientist conducts a second experiment with a different species of bacteria.

S (t) = 5000 × 1.65t , t ≥ 0 ,

where t is the number of hours since both experiments began.

3. [Maximum mark: 16]

diagram not to scale

(e) Find the maximum possible area of the garden. [2]

4. [Maximum mark: 19]

(This question continues on the following page)

5. [Maximum mark: 14]

(a) Represent the above information in a transition matrix T . [3]

For matrix T there exists a steady state vector