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私 人 和 公 务 信 函 -- 概 述
书信是日常生活中常用的文体,是用以交涉事宜、传达信息、交流思想、联络感情、增进
了 解 的 重 要 工 具 。 书 信 一 般 可 分 为 商 务 信 件 或 公 函 ( Business Letter or Official
Correspondence)和私人信件(Private Letter)两大类。值得注意的是,英语书信的写法
与 汉 语 书 信 有 一 些 明 显 区 别 , 应 特 别 加 以 区 分 。
英语书信通常包括下面几个组成部分:信端、信内地址、称呼、正文、结束语、签名、附件、
再 启 等 。 下 面 我 们 将 逐 个 进 行 介 绍 。
关 于 发 信 日 期 的 写 法 , 应 注 意 以 下 几 点 :
① 年 份 应 完 全 写 出 , 不 能 简 写 。
② 月 份 要 用 英 文 名 称 , 不 要 用 数 字 代 替 。
③月份名称多用公认的缩写式。但 May, June, July, 因为较短,不可缩写。
④ 写日期时,可用基数词 1,2,3,4,5,……28,29,30,31 等,也可用序数词
lst, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, …… 28th, 29th, 30th, 31lst 等。但最好用基数
词 , 简 单 明 了 。
日 期 可 有 下 列 几 种 写 法 :
① Oct. 20, 2004
② 10 May., 2004
③ 3rd June, 2004
④ Sept. 16th, 2004
其 中 , ① 最 为 通 用 。
3. 称 呼 ( Salutation )
给 外 国 人 写 英 文 信 时 , 称 呼 用 语 要 注 意 以 下 几 点 :
① 对没有头衔的男性一般称呼 Mr. 。Mr. 用在姓氏之前或姓氏和名字之前,不可只用
在名字之前,例如对的称呼,应该是:Mr. 或 Mr. White, 不可是:Mr. Phil。若称呼多个
男性,则在姓名前用 Mr. 的复数形式 Messrs. 。对一般以人名为名称的公司和企业常用这
种 称 呼 , 例 如 : Messrs. Black and Brothers 布 莱 克 兄 弟 公 司 。
② 对女性一般称呼 Mrs., Madam 或 Miss。Mrs.用在已婚女子的丈夫的姓氏之前,
或姓氏和名字之前,一般不用在名字前 Madame 此词可以单独使用或加在丈夫的姓名之前
Mrs. 没有复数形式。若称呼多个女性,则在姓名前用 Mme. 的复数形式 Mmes. 而对以女子
名字为名称的公司、企业可用 Mesdames 称呼。 Miss 多用于未婚女子,此词可缩写为 Ms
, 用 于 姓 氏 之 前 或 姓 氏 和 名 字 之 前 , 一 般 不 用 于 名 字 之 前 。
③ 对收信人的称呼,也可用头衔或职位的名称,不分性别。例如 Professor (缩写为
Prof.),Doctor (缩写为 Dr.), General (缩写为 Gen.) 。这些称呼都放在姓氏之前
或 姓 氏 和 名 字 之 前 , 如 Prof. ( Phil ) White 等 。
④ 对外公函中对收信人的称呼,可用 Gentlemen (而不是 Gentleman),Dear Sir
(s)和 My dear Sir(s)等。Gentlemen 之前不能加 Dear, 后面也不能带姓名。用 Sirs 时,
前面常用 Dear 一词,但也可单独用 Sir。若收信人是妇女,则无论已婚或未婚,都可单独
使 用 Madam 或 其 复 数 Mesdames 。
⑤ 对外国高级官员的称呼,如国家元首、政府首脑、部长、大使、公使和特使等,可用
( Dear ) Sir , ( Dear ) Mr. Chairman , ( Dear ) Mr. Premier , ( My dear ) Mr.
Ambassador , Your Excellency ( 复 数 为 Excellencies ) 。
⑥ 对君主制国家的国王和皇帝等男性君主,可以 Sir 称呼,对女王、女皇和皇后等女
性君主,可用 Madam 称呼。有时也用 Your Majesty 称呼以表示。客气和尊敬 Your
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5. 结 束 语 ( Complimentary Close )
结束语是写信人表示自己对收信人的一种谦称,只占一行,低于正文一二行,从信纸
的中间或偏右的地方开始写。第一个词的开头字母要大写,末尾用逗号。结束语视写信人与
收 信 人 的 关 系 而 定 。
私 人 和 公 务 信 函 -- 常 用 句 式
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成龙 成凤 网 http://www.clcf.com.cn/ 国内 首家 专门 教授 快速 、轻 松、 高效 记忆 英语 单词 的专 业网 站
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常 用 的 起 首 语 有 :
1 ) Thank you for your letter dated Dec.22,1969.
2)Many thanks for your letter of Sept.5 , 1997.
3)A thousand thanks for your kind letter of June 5,1997.
4)Your kind letter of November 22th arrived this morning.
5)Your letter which arrived this morning gave me great comfort.
6)In reply to your letter dated 4th July,I want to say…
7)Thank you very much for your letter of August 2 and the gift you sent me on
Christmas Eve.
8)What a treat to receive your kind letter of May 5th!
9)It is always a thrill to see your nice handwriting.
10)First of all I must thank you for your kind assistance and high attention to
me .
11)With great delight I learn from your letter of this Sunday that …
14)I am very much pleased to inform you that my visit to your country has been
approved.
15)I wish to apply for teaching position you are offering.
16)I am too excited and delighted at your good news.
17)I am very obliged to ;you for your warm congratulations.…
常 用 的 结 束 语 有 :
1 ) Awaiting your good news,
2)Looking forward to your early reply,
3)Hoping to hear from you soon,
4)We await your good news.
5)I hope to hear from you very soon.
6)We look forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.
7)I look forward to our next meeting there in Los Angeles.
8)Your early reply will be highly appreciated.
9)Any other particulars wanted we shall be pleased to send you.
10)The help you give me is sincerely valued.
11)I hope everything will be well with you .
12)Please let us know if you want more information.
13)I hope you always enjoy yourself.
14)I wish you very success in the coming year.
15)Please remember me to your family.
16)With best regards to your family.
17)All the best.
18)With love and good wishes.
私 人 和 公 务 信 函 -- 分 类 举 例 -- 私 人 介 绍 信
例 1
Directions: One of your classmates and friends Li Fang will go to a university
in New York to study for several months. Please write a letter to an American
friend in New York and introduce Li Fang to him/ her.You should write about 100
words and do not need to write the address.
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成龙 成凤 网 http://www.clcf.com.cn/ 国内 首家 专门 教授 快速 、轻 松、 高效 记忆 英语 单词 的专 业网 站
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Kind regards
Very affectionately,
×××
例 2
Dear Tony,
This letter will introduce my best friend Mary Brown of whom you’ve often
heard me mention. She is going to be in Washington D. C. next month to lecture.
I want very much to have her meet you there.
And this seems like an excellent chance for you to meet each other. I think
both of you will have a lot in common. So far as I know, you both are
interested in modern literature. Once you meet her, you will really enjoy her
company. Any kindness to her will be duly appreciated by me.
Yours affectionately,
×××
例 1
Directions: You have just received a letter from a company, which replied
your application for a job and asked you to go to the interview on August 30.
Please write a reply which is about 100 words and you do not need to write the
address.
Thank you for your reply of August 20 about my application for a position.
It came to hand this morning as a pleasant surprise. I am glad to tell you that
I will attend the interview at the time you set for the morning of August 30. I
will bring along full details of my testimonials as you suggested.
I would like to introduce myself to the company and hope to be a member of
it. I would certainly spare no effort to acquit myself to your satisfaction.
Yours respectfully,
×××
私 人 和 公 务 信 函 -- 分 类 举 例 -- 推 荐 信
(Letters of Recommendation)
例 1
Best regards,
Sincerely yours,
×××
例 2
He says you are satisfied with his presentation at the interview and
require recommendation to be attached to his exceptional academic performance
in the college.
Your sincerely,
×××
例 3
Dear Sirs,
Now, He has graduated from the institute and hopes to study further abroad,
which will benefit his future employment prospect and may help fulfil his
desire.
Yours sincerely×××
*take delight in 表 示 很 乐 于 ( 做 某 事 ) 。
例 4
To Professor Zhang,
Mr. Wang is a gifted young man. He has devoted his heart to his study and
research. Not only has he obtained A’s in all major subject areas, but he has
also published several articles in the school journal, illustrating his
originality and his deep understanding of science. For his competence, he is
respected by everyone who knows him.
Yours cordially,
×××
* 推荐信经常使用一些褒奖的形容词来描述被推荐人。以下是一些常用的描述品行和能
力 的 词 语 , 供 大 家 参 考 : bright, clever, capable, gifted, talented,
ingenious, outstanding, prominent, diligent, assiduous, industrious,
conscientious, hardworking, humorous, good-humored, cooperative, compromising,
competent, original, innovative, ambitious, creative, original, innovative,
inventive, imaginative, firm, persistent, persevering, resourceful, kind-
hearted, generous, honest, helpful, cheerful, considerate, devoted, dedicated,
committed, promising, far beyond the average person 等。以上各词应根据语意选择,
但 不 要 过 于 堆 砌 。
私 人 和 公 务 信 函 -- 分 类 举 例 -- 祝 贺 信
( Letters of Congratulation )
例 1
Dear Ming,
We are very happy to know that you have successfully passed the college
entrance examination this year and have been admitted into Peking University.
Allow us to give our most sincere congratulations on this exciting occasion.
You have all along been working hard at your professional studies, and you
are excellent in most subjects. Your success shows that only hard work can
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We take this opportunity to express our best wishes to you. Wish you
greater achievements in your college education.
Yours cordially,
×××
*对朋友高考胜利的祝贺信应包括对其所付出努力的肯定,对其成绩的祝贺和对未来的
祝 福 。
例 2
Directions:Your friend Steven and Jenny have just had a new baby boy.
Please write a letter of about 100 words to congratulate them.You do not need
to write the address.
Dear Jenny:
How happy you must be to have a beautiful new baby boy.The happiness in my
heart is just the same with you. Now you’ve experienced the joy that only a
new mother knows as her baby is put into her arms for the first time.
I am sure that the little stranger must look like his father and some years
later he will be a smart fellow.
May the years ahead be filled with good health and good fortune for you and
Steven and your little What’s-his-name.Best wishes to all of you!
×××
* 庆 贺 孩 子 出 生 的 信 一 般 都 写 给 孩 子 的 母 亲
例 3
Dear Zhanghong:
How time flies! Here you are graduating from Cambridge University and
planning to find a job in a computer cooperation in the United States.
Congratulations on the job well done while at university and good luck to
you during your new career. <BR>
I wish you success in all your undertakings and hope you’ll find your
career a source of great joy and happiness.
Any time when you come back home,I wish you would come to my place.Then,we
may recall our high school life.Everything will be well with you —I believe.
Sincerely yours,
×××
例 4
Dear Bill,
I got the news from Mike that you have received a Doctorate in literature
from Tsinghua University. I congratulate you for this. To have reached this
milestone in your scholarship at a young age is really great. It means, I
believe, years of assiduous study and hard work on your part. And it is an
achievement you can be well proud of. As your best friend, I hope you can reach
higher level in your study and do more contribution to the society. My best
wishes to you!
Sincerely, ×××
* 朋友年轻有为,获得博士学位,应该祝贺。正如信中所说,这一成就是“多年来刻苦
学习和努力工作的结果”(years of assiduous study and hard work)。英文有一句成语:
No sweet no sweat. 世 界 上 不 劳 有 获 的 事 情 是 没 有 的 。
例 5
scholarship in Tsinghua University. You should write about 100 words and do not
need to write the address.
Dear Jiang,
I take great pleasure in sending congratulations to you on your winning the
scholarship to the Tsinghua University of American literature.
While I’m not a little surprised, I’m all happy to get the good news. I
know you have got excellent marks for all the courses you took. It is great to
know that you have achieved the goal you set for yourself. It is an award that
you richly deserve. I’m really proud of you.
Warmest congratulations.
Cordially yours,
×××
例 6
Directions: You have just found an article about your friend Jim’s success
in research on Jinghua newspaper. Write a letter to him to congratulate him.
You should write about 100 words and do not need to write the address.
Dear Jim,
We are very happy to learn from today’s Jinghua newspaper the great news
of your success — A paper on Teaching Theory. You can’t image how pleased we
are.
Yours cordially,
×××
对 某 人 某 事 的 认 同 和 肯 定 。
私 人 和 公 务 信 函 -- 分 类 举 例 -- 求 助 信
例 1
Directions: You want to study further for a Master’s degree and you are
preparing for the entrance exam. Since you have difficulty in English, you
should write a letter around 100 words to ask for help from your good friend
Fang.You do not need to write the address.
Dear Fang,
I am sorry that I have to ask a favour of you, with the hope that you will
be kind to help me.
I have been longing to apply for the entrance examination for MA candidates
for a long time because I want to pursue advanced studies.Unfortunately I find
myself far from the required standard, especially my very poor English. At this
moment, the personal friendship leads me to approach you with the request,
whether you can manage to give me some constructive guidance. I promise to be a
diligent student. If you agree, I will come to your house once a week at a time
most convenient to you.
Thank you very much for your kind help on many occasions in the past.
×××
*Thank you very much for your kind help on many occasions in the past.
多 次 承 你 帮 忙 , 不 胜 感 激 !
例 2
Directions: Suppose you are a senior majored in physics and plan to study
further abroad. Please write a letter of about 100 words to professor Li and
ask him to write a reference for you to a U. S. university.You do not need to
write the address.
As a senior, I face the choice between hunting for a job and continuing to
study. I prefer to apply for a chance to pursue a Master’s degree abroad.
I have taken required English exams and got excellent scores. What’s more,
I have finished my personal statement, which is attached to this letter. I’m
now writing to ask if you can write a reference for me, which will greatly
facilitate my admission into a U.S. university.
Your Student,
×××
<BR> *在请求别人写推荐信时应写明自己的目的和打算,并为对方提供相关信息。
例 3
Yours sincerely,
×××
* 出国留学需要有人经济担保。如果是到美国留学,那么你的美国友人要填写一份担保
书 ( affidavit of support ) , 保 证 你 在 美 国 学 习 期 间 的 学 费 和 生 活 费 用 。
例 4
Directions:You are preparing to ask for some help from your teacher,write a
letter that:
Dear Ms Wang,
I make bold to write this letter to ask you to do me a favour. I have tried
to translate several short chinese stories into English for a part-time job. As
it is the first time for me to do a translation work, I think there must be
many errors and awkward expressions of Chinese English for my lack of
experiences. I sincerely hope that you would read over my manuscripts and
correct my mistakes and sociolisms. Also could you please give me some other
suggestions on my translation work.
×××
私 人 和 公 务 信 函 -- 分 类 举 例 -- 求 职 信
求 职 信 的 内 容 一 般 包 括 以 下 部 分 :
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成龙 成凤 网 http://www.clcf.com.cn/ 国内 首家 专门 教授 快速 、轻 松、 高效 记忆 英语 单词 的专 业网 站
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1 ) 写 信 的 缘 由 ;
2)个人情况简介,例如;年龄、性别、文化程度、工作经历、工作技能、个人专长等;
3 ) 推 荐 人 或 证 明 人 姓 名 以 供 录 用 方 查 询 ;
4)约定面试时间。通常随求职信附上个人简历和两三封推荐信。
例 1
1) an introduction of yourself.
You should write 100 words or so, you don’t need to write the address.
Dear Sirs,
In the past four academic years, I have proved myself to be a straight A
student, awarded a succession of scholarships. My English is particularly good
and German happens to be my second foreign language, which will live up to the
requirements set by a wholly-owned foreign company like yours.
yours sincerely,
×××
例 2
You should write about 100 words and don’t need to write the address.
Dear sirs,
My main purpose is just to put into practice what I have learned from
the classroom in the past few years and to learn about my own ability in
practical work. Remuneration is not yet taken into consideration.
Yours respectfully,
×××
例 3
I should be most obliged to you if you would send me your catalogue and
necessary application forms at your earliest convenience.
Yours sincerely,
×××
*这是一封本科毕业生写给研究生导师的信,把它归入求职信是因为二者在写法上基本
上 是 一 致 的 。
例 4
NAME×××
TELEPHONE 86—010—××××××
SEX MaleHEIGHT175 cm
MARITAL STATUSNO
NAME OF SPOUSENO
EDUCATIONMaster
DURATION OF STUDIES2001.9~2003.7
MAJOREnglish
EMPLOYED FROM2003.7TO2004.7
POSITION HELDsecretary
*工作申请表一般包括申请人最基本的信息且言简意赅,多用省略句。
例 5
Dear Sirs,
Sincerely,
×××
*求职信的末尾可写上如果不予聘用,可将本人纳入备选档案。
例 6
Dear Sirs,
Sincerely,
×××
* 此 文 指 出 了 在 最 优 选 择 之 外 提 供 其 它 选 择 的 表 达 法 。
例 7
Directions: You are preparing for a application because you want to get a
position in a company. Please write the letter in about 100 words. You don’t
need to write the address.
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I have learned from the newspapers that you are employing an administrative
secretary. I am very interested in this position.
Yours sincerely,
×××
*你申请某公司的职位,一定要对这家公司有一定的了解,尤其要注意它所提出的各项
要求。例如,公司对英语和电脑有所要求,写信人就说自己已经通过大学英语四级和六级,
并且熟悉电脑。最后还附上简历。这样写法对求职是十分有利的。
例 8
Directions: You are applying for the post of programmer in a company. Your
letter should include:
You should write no less than 100 words and don’t need to write the
address.
Dear Sir/Madam,
Please refer to the enclosed resume for the technical details of my past
duties. I would be available for an interview at your convenience. Thank you
for your attention to this application.
×××
(Letters of Invitation)
例 1
You should write no less than 100 words and don’t need to write the
address.
Dear Li Ying,
Haven’t seen you for a long time. How have you been? I am missing you all
the time. As the weather is splendid now, Jack、 Lucy and I have made a plan to
go out to the countryside by bike. Each of us may take food for the picnic,
which we will have at the hillside. The countryside must be very lovely, with
grass and trees growing flourishingly, flowers full bloom and bright sunshine.
We can enjoy the scenery to our hearts’ content, at the same time and take
some pictures as a memory . It is possible for us to meet at the bus stop 8 a.
m. I am sure we will have a good time. Do come and join us.
Yours always,
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成龙 成凤 网 http://www.clcf.com.cn/ 国内 首家 专门 教授 快速 、轻 松、 高效 记忆 英语 单词 的专 业网 站
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×××
*. 邀友交游时的语言可以比较轻松、简单而不用太正式,例如一些简单的问候“How
have you been?” 和 邀 请 语 句 “ Do come”
例 2
We know that you are an expert on literature. As students in English major,
we want to know some details about literature. We should be very grateful if
you could give a talk on “American Literature” to students of the English
Department on Saturday, April 19. If this subject does not suit you, any other
similar topic would be welcome as well.
Sincerely yours,
×××
* 本文是邀请外国专家做讲座的邀请函。信的言辞应表示诚意,如“我殷切期盼”(to
look forward eagerly to the opportunity),还要表示尊重,如“从您的阅历和智慧中
受 益 ” ( to benefit from your experience and wisdom ) . <BR>
例 3
The number of the words is no less than 100 words and you don’t need to
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Dear Mr Sze,
The 20th Taiwan Chinese Calligraphy Competition, organized by the Good Hope
Association and Modern Trade Ltd., will accept entries from 3 March to 15 April
2004
1.Aim:
To help raise the standard of Chinese calligraphy among primary and middle
school students, and to arouse their interest in traditional Chinese culture.
2.Contestants:
Yours sincerely.
×××
Chairperson
例 4
It should be no less than 100 words and don’t need write the address.
Fiona:
I will go to a food party at Karen Yius place together with colleagues of
the Accounts Department at 4:00 p.m. this Sunday to celebrate the fourteenth
anniversary of his marriage. Everybody is expected to bring a dish and a bottle
of wine of his or her own. If you feel interested, please join us at the main
entrance of Pioneer Plaza at 3:00 p.m. sharp that day, and don’t forget your
dish and wine. We do hope you come and are expecting to see you then.
Sincerely yours,
×××
* 邀请信语言应简明真诚,形式通常有正式和非正式两种形式。本文是同事之间的邀请,
并 且 参 加 的 是 家 庭 聚 会 , 所 以 用 非 正 式 形 式 即 可 。
私 人 和 公 务 信 函 -- 分 类 举 例 -- 感 谢 信
( Letters of Thankness )
例
Directions:Your friend Jenny gave you a hand when you were in depression
because of your mother’s death. Write a letter to express your thankness.
The address is not necessary and it should be no less than 100 words.
Dear Jenny,
I do not need to tell you how greatly I appreciate all you have done for me
these days and how grateful I am for the comfort and understanding you gave me
when I needed them so desperately.
No one knows better than you how important my mother meant to me and what
an aching void my life has become without her. But I am trying to take your
advice and I hope that returning to my work next week will help heal the
sorrow
I really do not know what I would have been without you. Thank you again
for everything you have done for me!
Affectionately,
×××
改革开放以来,出国留学的热潮一直有增无减。对于一个渴望出国深造的人来说,写封
好 的 求 学 信 , 至 关 重 要 。
总的来说,第一封求学信不要过长,只需写明自己的姓名、职业、学历、专业、入学时间
以及通讯地址即可。待所申请的学校复函后,再按要求寄去所需材料,例如:简历、成绩单、
学位证明、推荐信、经济担保书、健康证明、外语考试成绩等。
例
You should write about 100 words and don’t need to write address.
Dear Mr Smiths,
I have two letters of recommendation for me. One of them is from an English
Professor, which proves that my English has reached an advanced level. The
other is from an economics professor, which certificates that I am good in the
field of economics and business management. Both of the letters will be mailed
directly to you.
My GMAT score is 2160. I haven’t received my TOFEL score yet. But I will
send it to you as soon as I know.
Best Wishes
Yours sincerely,
×××
(Letters of Request)
例
Directions: You are about to write an application for you want to get a
rise of your salary. Please express your reasons clearly in about 100 words.
Dear Manager,
I make bold to write this letter to you. One year ago I joined your firm as
an apprentice, receiving $ 500 per month during the period of training. Now I
became a full-time clerk afterwards for a few days, but my salary has remained
the same. As the cost of living is rising, would you consider an increase of my
salary? I will not wonder too much but the same as other clerks in our firm. I
pledge myself to continue to serve the firm to the best of my ability .
Many thanks
Yours faithfully,
×××
( Letters of Regards )
例
Directions:You are going to send a letter to your friend for the new year.
Please write it in about 100 words and do not need to write the address.
As a new year comes across the corner, it gives us great pleasure to say
how much we have appreciated working with you over the past twelve months. It
was a good memory for me which I always kept in my mind. Would you be the same
with me? Last year was a wonderful year and we both got many benefits and
progress from each other. I sincerely hope that our pleasant business
relationship will continue for years to come.
Our staff here join me in wishing you a very Merry Christmas and a Happy
and Prosperous New Year.
Yours sincerely,
×××
* 生意人在新年来临之际相互祝愿,主要关心的当然是“继续保持业务关系”( to
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便条也是书信的一种形式。它的特点是内容简短,主要有临时性的询问、留言、通知、要
求等。跟正规书信相比,便条的语言比较口头化,比如要通知某事只需这样开头:Just a
line to tell you that ...而无须像正规书信那样 This is to inform you that ...开
头。另外,在便条中常出现省略现象,例如:“key to back door is under mat.”或者
“key to back door under mat .”(后门钥匙在垫子下面)代之以“The key to the back
door is under the mat.” 。
结束时也无需结尾礼词,只需写上写便条者姓名。如果是关系比较近的人,则只需写上
姓 或 名 。
便条的日期通常写在右上角。一般只写上星期几或者星期几上午或下午,也可写上午、
下午的具体时刻。日常应用中,写上几月几日的也很普遍。但一般不写年份,因为便条的内
容多半是当日或近日内要办的事情。写便条时,不得事先准备,因此无固定格式,大多用手
写 。
便 笺 ( 便 条 ) 和 短 信 -- 注 意 事 项
1. 词 句 简 洁 , 尽 量 避 免 应 酬 语 和 各 种 敬 词
2. 切 忌 内 容 空 洞 、 言 不 达 意 。
便 笺 ( 便 条 ) 和 短 信 -- 分 类 举 例 -- 请 假
例 1
Directions:You are about to write a Business Leave Note of about 100 words.
Please describe these information clearly.
Class 4, Grade 3
Aug. 22nd
To Department Office
Secretary Li,
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I’m sorry to apply for ten day’s leave from the Aug. 23rd to sept, 3rd
instant. As I have to leave with the time is urgent. My father now in the
hospital is badly ill. I have to go to see him and take care of him for a few
days. You know I’m the only child in my family. Of course I will show you the
telegram about my fathers illness which is recieved from my mother to support
my application.
Yours respectfully
×××
例 2
July 5th
My sister called me last night, and she said that my father is dangerously
ill. I beg to apply for seven days’ leave of absence from 16th to 21st
instant, in order that I can see my beloved father.
Sincerely yours,
×××
便 笺 ( 便 条 ) 和 短 信 -- 分 类 举 例 -- 约 请
(Invitation)
例
Sunday
Dear Alice,
Here is a piece of good news for you. The Russian National Ballet Troupe,
which is now on a visit in Beijing, will give a performance in the Beijing
Grand Theater tomorrow evening. I am sure that you will be happy to watch it.
Here I leave you an admission card. The performance will begin at seven
o’clock sharp. I will wait for you at the theater entrance. Please let me know
whether you are prevented from coming or not.
×××
* 约朋友一起去看戏,可是朋友不在家,只好留下票子和一张便条,但又怕朋友来不
了,所以在便条最后特地写上“如果你来不了,告诉我一声”( Please let me know
whether you are prevented from coming)此文的 wait for 也可以用 expect 代替。
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便 笺 ( 便 条 ) 和 短 信 -- 分 类 举 例 -- 道 歉
( Apology )
人非圣贤,孰能无过。在社会交往中,人们常常会出现一些疏忽、过失等。如果发生此类
事情,就会给对方带来麻烦和不便。为了避免误解,不影响感情,在这种情况下,应写信给
对 方 予 以 解 释 , 以 请 求 谅 解 。
此类信要写得及时,态度要诚恳,用词需谦逊。一般在信一开始就向对方表示歉意或内
疚 , 然 后 说 明 原 因 并 提 出 补 救 的 办 法 。
例 1
Directions: You have missed a date of your friend, now you have to write a
letter for appologization in about 100 words.
May 20th
Dear Lily,
I am sorry I missed seeing you yesterday. I know that you must have been
disappointed. I also feel worried and anxious in my heart. The fact is that my
manager at the last moment asked me to prepare a urgent plan while I could not
get to a phone to call you and yesterday I have worked late until about 8:30 p.
m. I am terribly sorry.
However, I would like to ask you out this weekend to make up for yesterday.
Please give me a chance and I am waiting for your reply.
×××
例 2
Directions: You have received a invitation from your friend, but you have
already had some guests in your house. Please express the reason you
can’t go clearly in about 100 words.
6.April
Dear Lucy,
I hope you know how sorry I am not to be with you this Saturday. Should I
make a visit to you in my other spare time?
×××
* 自己家里有客人,自然不方便再接受别人邀请去做客所以可以明正言顺的表示拒绝
或可另约时间。英文要强调谓语动词,可以加上助动词,例如:
例 3
Directions: You are already have a date with your friend but suddenly have
another thing to do and you have to tell your friend that you can’t go.
Express your reason clearly in about 100 words.
Dear Jane,
I am sorry to tell you that I won’t be able to come this afternoon because
I have to go to the airport at 2:00 p. m. to meet an overseas visitor from
Australia. I really have kept our datd in my mind all these days, however, I
received my boss’ e-mail this morning, he asked me to go to the airport to
meet one of his friends from abroad, it’s suddenly and urgent and I must go.
Please forgive me. Would you please ring me up to make another time?
Many thanks.
×××
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(Borrowing)
例
Directions:You are going to write a note for borrowing sth. please deseribe
these information clearly.
Tuesday
I wonder if I could borrow your electronic dictionary for a few days. Now I
am translating some important articles. There are many new words which I have
to look up the dictionary usually. I just have a paper dictionary but of course
it’s not as convenient as the electronic one, which has a bad effect upon my
velocity of my translating. So I think your electonic dictionary is more
suitable for me to complete my work. I promise that I must be very careful of
your dictionary and make no damage done on it. Thank you very much!
Yours ever
×××
*字典是我们日常生活中常用的学习工具,但是千万不能直接从字面上认为“查字典”
就 是 “ check the dictionary” , 而 应 该 用 “ look up” 这 个 固 定 短 语 来 表 达 。
便 笺 ( 便 条 ) 和 短 信 -- 分 类 举 例 -- 回 复 友 人 问 侯
例
Jan.8th.
Dear Jenny,
Thanks for your letter of sympthy I received the day before yesterday. The
operation on my leg was a wonderful success. You know I had been suffering a
lot from my leg since my childhood. The operation removed the cause of trouble.
It is quite worth having the operation. I am daily recovering from my illness.
I’m confident I will soon be in the office again after proper treatment. Thank
you for kind wishes.
×××
备 忘 录 -- 概 述
备忘录是一种录以备忘的公文。在公文函件中,它的等级是比较低的,主要用来提醒、
督促对方,或就某个问题提出自己的意见或看法。在业务上,它一般用来补充正式文件的不
足。它的内容可以分为以下几项:
书 端 ( Heading ) ;
称 呼 (Salutation) ;
事 因 (Subject) ;
正 文 ( Body ) ;
结 束 语 ( Complimentary Close ) ;
署 名 ( Signature ) 。
备 忘 录 -- 注 意 事 项
书端部分包括发文机关的名称、地址、发文日期,有的还包括电报挂号、电传号、电话号
码等。许多机关有自己特制的信笺,在写书端时,其格式和标点符号的使用与一般信件的相
同。收文人(或收文单位)的姓名、头衔、地址一项写在左上角编号处的下面,其格式与书信
的 写 法 相 同 。
“事因”一项目前采用得较少。它可放在称呼语之前,也可放在其后,前面可加 Re 或
Docket, Subject。如果此项写在称呼语之前,多从左边的顶格写起;若放在称呼语之后,
一般写在信笺正中。它多采用不完整的句子,只需很少几个词,甚至一个词,目的在于使收
文 人 对 文 中 的 主 要 内 容 一 目 了 然 , 便 于 及 时 处 理 。
正 文 、 结 束 语 和 署 名 等 项 与 一 般 信 件 的 格 式 相 同 。
备 忘 录 -- 举 例
例 1
MEMO
August 16,2004
From: Li Ming
Subject:Telephone
Dear Sir,
I would like to remind you that we are in want of a telephone for each
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We need a telephone to get and send message, which is important for us.
Though most of us have mobile phones and e-mail address, a telephone in the
dormitory is after all the most convenient and cheapest tool of communication.
I hope that you will pay attention to this problem and solve it as soon as
possible.
Regards.
Yours ,
Li Ming
*“remind” 一词用法比较多,可以在后面直接接人或宾格,如“提醒我”译为
please remind me.如果提醒某人某事则用 remind somebody of something ,也可以在后
面加从句,即“remind sb that”,remind 还有一个意思为“使想起”同样用 remind…
of… 的 结 构 , 应 注 意 与 提 醒 某 事 区 分 。
例 2
MEMO
August 12,2004
Subject:Microscope
Dear Sir,
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
*这是一封备忘录,在写备忘录的时侯,一定要注意它的格式,尤其要在开头写清楚是
谁写给谁来备忘的,用 From: To:两个单词即可。文中的“badly”是“非常的,迫切的”
意思。短语“in order to”同下句的“so that”意思是一样的即:为了,目的是。不同的
是前者后接动词原型而后者常跟目的状语从句 ,类似的短语还有“in order that”,用法
与 “ so that” 相 同 。
例 3
3)some suggestions
In response to your request for one year of paid education leave to take a
degree in English literature, I have to inform you that we cannot authorize
this leave.
I am aware of your great interest in literature, and I would like to point
out that you could gain advantage to apply for leave without pay.
If you need another information on the above, do not hesitate to keep touch
with me at any time.
P. Steels
* 首先要注意本篇备忘录的格式很标准。然后注意这个备忘录的个别词的用法,譬如:
be aware of 注意到、当心的意思,point out 指出,request for 要求,in response to
反 馈 。
例 4
This is further to your memo dated March. 20, 2004, in which you proposed
that employees adopt the “punch-in” system.
I fully agree with you that we must increase productivity. As far as your
proposal that if the “punch-in” system is adopted, we would have a tighter
control over the employees is concerned. However, I don’t think so. I
personally think that, to accomplish this, we should give the employees more
incentives to work faster. I feel that if we ( the supervisors) could meet with
you , we could discuss different possiblilities to create such incentiveness.
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Tony Party
* 此 篇 是 对 一 篇 备 忘 录 的 回 复 。 生 产 主 管 认 为 实 行 打 孔 考 勤 制 度 ( “ punch-
in”system),有利于增加生产效率。但督察却不这样认为。他认为“ should give the
employees more incentives to work faster” 。
例 5
The board of directors approved the idea for anew Fitness Center at its
meeting yesterday.
Work on the Fitness Center will begin right now and should be completed
within 90 days. An employee representative from each division will be appointed
to determine the type of equipment and programs that will be made available.
We are happy to be able to provide a facility that will contribute to the
physical fitness of all our employees. Your representative on the task force
will contact you soon for your suggestions about activities and equipment.
Brian Aponte
* 这是一篇关于公司修建健身中心的备忘录。备忘录中说健身中心工作马上开始而且
“completed within 90 days”。而且希望各部门代表与主办部门联系,征求关于活动和设
备 的 意 见 。
相 关 链 接
@@@备忘录--概述 备忘录是一种录以备忘的公文。在公文函件中,它的等级是比较低的,主
要用来提醒、督促对方,或就某个问题提出自己的意见或看法。在业务上,它一般用来补充
正式文件的不足。它的内容可以分为以下几项:书端(Heading); 收文人的姓名、头衔、地
址(Addressee’s Name, Title, Address);称呼(Salutation);事因(Subject);正文
(Body) ;结束语(Complimentary Close);署名(Signature)。 @@@备忘录--注意事
项 书端部分包括发文机关的名称、地址、发文日期,有的还包括电报挂号、电传号、电话号码
等。许多机关有自己特制的信笺,在写书端时,其格式和标点符号的使用与一般信件的相同。
收文人(或收文单位)的姓名、头衔、地址一项写在左上角编号处的下面,其格式与书信的
写法相同。称呼从左边顶格写起,对一般机关、团体的负责人一般用 Dear Sir, 对政府官
员可用 Sir。“事因”一项目前采用得较少。它可放在称呼语之前,也可放在其后,前面可
加 Re 或 Docket, Subject。如果此项写在称呼语之前,多从左边的顶格写起;若放在称呼
语之后,一般写在信笺正中。它多采用不完整的句子,只需很少几个词,甚至一个词,目的
在于使收文人对文中的主要内容一目了然,便于及时处理。正文、结束语和署名等项式同。@
@@备忘录 -- 举例 例 1 Directions: Write a memorandum of about 100 words to the
student service department and ask them to fix a telephone for each dormitory.
MEMO August 16,2004 To:The leader of student service department From: Li Ming
Subject:Telephone Dear Sir, I would like to remind you that we are in want of a
telephone for each dormitory. As a university student, we need to cope with the
daily increasing communications with teachers, friends and people outside the
campus. We need a telephone to get and send message, which is important for us.
Though most of us have mobile phones and e-mail address, a telephone in the
dormitory is after all the most convenient and cheapest tool of communication.
I hope that you will pay attention to this problem and solve it as soon as
possible. Regards. Yours, Li Ming *“remind”一词用法比较多,可以在后面直接接
人或宾格,如“提醒我”译为 please remind me.如果提醒某人某事则用 remind somebody
of something ,也可以在后面加从句,即“remind sb that”,remind 还有一个意思为“
使想起”同样用 remind…of…的结构,应注意与提醒某事区分。 例 2 Directions:You are
supposed to write a Memorandom of about 100 words to the leader of the supply
section to borrow one more microscope for your biological experiment. It should
include: 1) Why you need the microscope. 2) When you need it. MEMO August
12,2004 To: Mr. Gates, leader of the supply section From:Li Ming of the
biological laboratory Subject:Microscope Dear Sir, I’m a student of biology
department and we are badly in need of an extra microscope in order to improve
our experimental work. Our experiment will start on Friday, so please issue a
microscope to us as soon as possible so that we can prepare better for the
experiment. With kind regards. Yours sincerely, Li Ming *这是一封备忘录,在写备
忘录的时侯,一定要注意它的格式,尤其要在开头写清楚是谁写给谁来备忘的,用 From:
To:两个单词即可。文中的“badly”是“非常的,迫切的”意思。短语“in order to”同
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下句的“so that”意思是一样的即:为了,目的是。不同的是前者后接动词原型而后者常
跟目的状语从句 ,类似的短语还有“in order that”,用法与“so that”相同。 例 3
Directions: If you are the teacher of the students’ Counseloris office: P:
steelpes, and you have received a letter for requesting for paid education
leave from a student. Write him a memo to reply him including details: 1) The
result of his requirement. 2) The reason for rejecting. 3)some suggestions You
should write about 100 words. To: Records Section From: P/ Steelpes, Career
Planning Subject: Request for Paid Education Leave Date: May 22, 2004 In
response to your request for one year of paid education leave to take a degree
in English literature, I have to inform you that we cannot authorize this
leave. While we appreciate your desire to improve your knowledge, we feel that
English literature is not directly related to your present position and to the
goals of this organization. I am aware of your great interest in literature,
and I would like to point out that you could gain advantage to apply for leave
without pay. If you need another information on the above, do not hesitate to
keep touch with me at any time. P. Steels * 首先要注意本篇备忘录的格式很标准。然
后注意这个备忘录的个别词的用法,譬如:be aware of 注意到、当心的意思,point out
指 出 ,request for 要 求 , in response to 反 馈 。 例 4 Directions: You are a
supervisor of a big company. The chief of operations wants to adopt the“punch-
in”system to increase productivity. Write a memo to talk about this: 1) Does
the “punch-in”system benefit the company? 2) If the company doesn’t adopt
it, what else can we do to increase productivity. You should write about 100
words. To. David Green, Chief of Operations From: Tony. Party , Supervisor
Subject: Comments on the “Punch-in” System Date: March. 22, 2004 This is
further to your memo dated March. 20, 2004, in which you proposed that
employees adopt the “punch-in” system. I fully agree with you that we must
increase productivity. As far as your proposal that if the “punch-in” system
is adopted, we would have a tighter control over the employees is concerned.
However, I don’t think so. I personally think that, to accomplish this, we
should give the employees more incentives to work faster. I feel that if we
( the supervisors) could meet with you , we could discuss different
possiblilities to create such incentiveness. Your consideration of this
suggestion would be appreciated. Tony Party * 此篇是对一篇备忘录的回复。生产主管
认为实行打孔考勤制度(“punch-in”system),有利于增加生产效率。但督察却不这样认
为。他认为“should give the employees more incentives to work faster” 。 例 5
Directions: You are a manager of administration office naming Vera. M.
Bradford. The board of directors have decided to anew the Fitness Center. Write
a memo to tell all the employees that: 1) How long will this project be last
for? 2) Welcome the employees to provide suggestions. You should write about
100 words. To: Every Employees From: Brian Aponte Date: November 18, 2004
Subject: Fitness Center The board of directors approved the idea for anew
Fitness Center at its meeting yesterday. Work on the Fitness Center will begin
right now and should be completed within 90 days. An employee representative
from each division will be appointed to determine the type of equipment and
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文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。美国人称摘要为“Abstract”,而英国人
则 喜 欢 称 其 为 “ Summary” 。
通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数,包括摘要部分不超过 1 万字。而对文章摘要部
分的字数要求则更少。因此,写摘要时,应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。论文摘要
的 重 点 应 放 在 所 研 究 的 成 果 和 结 论 上 。
科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要,这样可以节省读者的时间,使他们不
必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。书籍摘要,一般放在封二或封三;论文和学术报
告的摘要,一般放在正文前面。摘要应做到简明扼要,切题,能独立成文,使读者能准确地
了解书籍的要义。写摘要时,最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句,文长一般不超过 200 个词。
摘要分陈述性的(Descriptive)和资料性的(Informational)两类。陈述性摘要只陈
述书籍或文章的主题,不介绍内容。资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外,还应介绍文章的要点和
各 个 要 点 的 主 要 内 容 。
它 可 以 包 括 三 个 组 成 部 分
① 点 明 主 题 , 解 析 文 章 或 书 籍 的 目 的 或 意 图 ;
② 介 绍 主 要 内 容 , 使 读 者 迅 速 了 解 文 章 或 书 籍 的 概 貌 ;
③ 提 出 结 论 或 建 议 , 以 供 读 者 参 考 。
摘 要 -- 常 见 句 型
常 见 的 摘 要 句 型 有 :
破 题 用 语 , 一 般 有 :
discusses,describes,summarizes,examines)something……
结 论 和 建 议 , 一 般 有 以 下 几 种 写 法 :
③ It is suggested that…….
摘 要 -- 分 类 举 例
1)陈述型论文摘要。陈述型论文摘要(Descriptive Abstract)一般只说明论文的主
题 是 什 么 , 多 半 不 介 绍 内 容 。
例 1
ABSTRACT
例 2
ABSTRACT
The effect of price limit on the stock return,volatility and the structural
change is analyzed through a generalized autoregressive conditional
heterscedasticity(GARCH)model.The interaction between stock returns and its
volatility is permitted in each price limit regime.While the stock return does
not go up when the price limit goes down from 5%to 7%.The stock volatility,on
the other hand,is substantially different across three regimes. The higher the
price limit,the larger is the volatility.In end the GARCH model does not suffer
from the structural change when price limits change.
例 3
ABSTRACT
例 4
ABSTRACT
This paper uses pooled cross-section and time series data.When the adjusted
data is used,we find that B/M has explanatory power to stock returns for the
new-issue category;C/F for the internal financing category.
例 5
by G.M.Gladwell
例 6
ABSTRACT
例 7
ABSTRACT
2)信息型论文摘要。信息型论文摘要(Informational Abstract)与陈述型论文摘要
相比,略有不同。它除了介绍论文的主题外,还应介绍论文的主要观点以及各观点部分的核
心内容。这种形式实际中相对少见。显然,这种形式的摘要较陈述型摘要长得多。例如:
例 1
ABSTRACT
例 2
ABSTRACT
例 3
ABSTRACT
Dear Mr.President:
Li HongJun
例 2
Ref:0091963
Ⅱ .Academic exchange
[ signature ]
*.这是一份工作报告,这类报告应注意言之有序,无论是说一件事的始未,或多项事
的情况,都必须有条不紊,思路清晰,并且言之有据,引用的数据要准确,事实的真相要客
观地陈述。例 3Directions:A ship accident took place in Chang Jiang.Please unite
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2)the results
To:Li Ming
From:Liu Hua
Date:April.9,1999
Yesterday evening two boats collided in thick fog in Chang Jiang not far
from Wu Han.One was a cargo ship carrying lumber,apparently on its way to Chang
Jiang.The other was a National ferry on its regular run from Jiu Jiang to Wu
Han.
A spokesman for the port authorities said that a committee would be set up
to determine the cause of the collision.
*这是一份非正式报告,有几点必须注意:开头就交待清楚写报告书的目的。详细阐述
调 查 经 过 , 尽 量 做 到 客 观 公 正 。
简 历 -- 概 述
现代社会,人们在实现自我推销时,外语能力成了一项不容忽视的条件。因而,一份简
洁,明了、富有说服力的英文简历会帮助你实现自我推销的目的。
简历是就业时不可缺少的材料。它不是对自己的经历以及经验的一一列举,而是列出主
要的且密切相关的材料。例如:经验、业绩、能力、性格等等,然后将这些相关信息用简洁有
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力的文字表达出来。写简历时,应身临其境地设想是推销员,并把自己当作产品推销。简历
是人们寻求职业的重要手段,也是争取就业机会的第一关,因此,它必须写得出色,以便
吸 引 雇 主 。 通 常 一 份 成 功 的 简 历 要 遵 循 下 列 准 则 :
1 ) 展 现 自 己 的 优 势 和 特 长 ;
2 ) 提 供 能 吸 引 雇 主 的 信 息 ;
3 ) 曾 经 取 得 过 的 成 绩 ;
4 ) 附 上 具 有 说 服 力 的 证 明 材 料 、 证 明 人 和 推 荐 信 。
5 ) 格 式 美 观 , 长 度 适 中 ;
6 ) 用 词 妥 贴 , 语 言 简 洁 而 不 失 重 点 。
简 历 -- 举 例
例 1
2) experience
3) personal information
RESUME
LI MING
E-MAIL ADDRESS:Liming@sohu.com
EDUCATION:Fudan University1999-present
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Major in law
2001-present
Sex:male
Marital Status:unmarried
Health:good
REFERENCES:Zhuang zhong
Fudan University
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Law professor
*这份简历是仿照美式的,第一个项目就是“求职意向”(objective),开门见山,一目
了然。请注意“学历”(Education)和“工作经历”(Experience),英文必须先写近的,
后写远的,与中文恰好相反。西方强调个人特长,所以简历中最好提一下自己的特长
(special skills)简历末尾给出推荐人证明你的英文和专业水平。推荐人应有一定的身份。
例 2
1) your objective
2) work experience
3) Educational Background
4) personal information
RESUME
Work Experience:
June 2001Receptionist
● Telephone communication
● greeted clients
● manage correspondence
Educational Background:
July 1994
例 3
1)job objective
2)education background
3)skills
Li Tao
Tel:53688226 Email:Litao@sina.com.cn
×× University, shanghai
Computer-aided
Architectural Design
AutoCAD
*这是一份毕业生求职简历。它着重突出了自己已学课程(courses)和个人的技能
(special skills)文中 B.S. in architecture,是建筑学士学位缩写。值得指出的是对在
校生来说,平时的实习工作经历能为你的简历增分不少。因此该学生也介绍了与所求职位有
着 相 似 工 作 要 求 的 summer work.
例 4
RESUME
Tony Brown
Centerville, La.
Working Experience
Center, La.
* 个人简历不要太繁琐,一般一张纸就够了,本范例着重介绍了自己的工作经历以及
取得的成就。如果是应届毕业生的简历,就会相对简单一些,由于没有什么工作经历,因此
强调一下自己的已学课程就可以了。不同的简历侧重点不同,要区别对待。