Ult-3000-Se-Em-02 (Dickson 30.04.2018)

EDULABS DIDACTIC
UNIVERSAL LAB TRAINER

ULT-3000
EXPERIMENTS MANUAL
ULT-3000 Experiment Manual
(ANALOG & DIGITAL)
Table Of Contents
SECTION TITLE PAGE

Bread Board Circuit Configuration 2
PART A The Experiments of Analog Circuits
Experiments 1 : The Superposition Theorem 3
Experiments 2 : Capacitors in Voltage - Divider Networks 5
Experiments 3 : Operational Amplifier - The Inverting Amplifier 8
Experiments 4 : Operational Amplifier - The Non inverting Amplifier 10
Experiments 5 : Operational Amplifier - The Comparator 13
Experiments 6 : Operational Amplifier - The Summing Amplifier 16
Experiments 7 : The Common - Base Amplifier Structure 17
Experiments 8 : The Common - Emitter Amplifier Structure 19
Experiments 9 : The Common - Collector Amplifier Structure 22
Experiments 10 : The Op Amp Differentiator 25
Experiments 11 : The Op Amp Integrator 27
Experiments 12 : The RC Phase Shift Oscillator 30
Experiments 13 : The As table Multivibrator - 555 Timer 31
Experiments 14 : The Schmitt Trigger 33
Experiments 15 : The As table Multivibrator 35
Experiments 16 : The D/A Converter 37
Experiments 17 : The A/D Converter 39
PART B The Experiments of Digital Circuits

Experiments 1 : Fundamental Logic Gate - AND, OR, NOT 42
Experiments 2 : Fundamental Logic Gate - NAND, NOR, XOR 44
Experiments 3 : Applications of Boolean Algebra 46
Experiments 4 : De Morgan's Law (I) 48
Experiments 5 : De Morgan's Law (II) 51
Experiments 6 : Diode Resistor Logic - AND 54
Experiments 7 : Exclusive OR Using Basic Logic Gate 56
Experiments 8 : Exclusive NOR Using Basic Logic Gate 57
Experiments 9 : Demultiplexer - Using The 74138 IC 59
Experiments 10 : Synchronous Up - Counter 60
Experiments 11 : Synchronous Down - Counter 62
Experiments 12 : The Schmitt Trigger 64
Experiments 13 : Oscillator - Counter 66
WARRANTY AND STANDARD CONDITIONS OF SALE 69
EDU-LABS DIDACTIC 1 www.scienscope.com.my

Bread Board Circuit Configuration
Experiments for
ANALOG/DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
PART A
The Experiments Of
Analog Circuits
CONTENTS
Experiments 1 : The Superposition Theorem

Experiments 2 :Capacitors in Voltage - Divider Networks
Experiments 3 :Operational Amplifier - The Inverting Amplifier
Experiments 4 : Operational Amplifier - The Non inverting Amplifier
Experiments 5 : Operational Amplifier - The Comparator
Experiments 6 : Operational Amplifier - The Summing Amplifier
Experiments 7 : The Common - Base Amplifier Structure
Experiments 8 : The Common - Emitter Amplifier Structure
Experiments 9 : The Common - Collector Amplifier Structure
Experiments 10 : The Op Amp Differentiator
Experiments 11 : The Op Amp Integrator
Experiments 12 : The RC Phase Shift Oscillator
Experiments 13 : The As table Multivibrator - 555 Timer
Experiments 14 : The Schmitt Trigger
Experiments 15 : The As table Multivibrator
Experiments 16 : The D/A Converter
Experiments 17 : The A/D Converter
Experiment 1
The Superposition Theorem
Purpose:
If two or more sources are connected to a network composed of linear circuit elements, the actual voltage and
current flow in any part of the circuit can be found by the superposition method.
Required Equipment & Components:
Equipment:
1. DC Power Sources : +12V, +5V & GND (ULT-3000)
2. DVM : Digital DC Voltmeter (ULT-3000)
Component:
1. Single Core Wires
2. Carbon - Film 100Ω, ±1% 1/4 Watt x 3
Diagram of Circuit:
Fig 1-1
Procedure:
Step 1: To find the voltage drop across R3 of Fig 1-1, we can use the superposition theorem, that is
Ebd = E1 ×
(R2 // R3 ) + E × (R1 // R3 )
R1 + (R2 // R3 ) R2 + (R1 // R3 )
2
Step 2: Construct the circuit of Fig 1-1 on the breadboard of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000. Supply the
powers of 12V and 5V to E1 and E2, respectively. The components layout diagram is shown in Fig. 1-2.

Fig 1-2
Step 3: Connect DVM of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000 between point b and d, and the voltage drop across
R3 is Ebd= ____V. Next, connect DVM between point a and b, and the voltage drop across
R1 is Eab= ____V. Then, connect DVM between point C and b, and measuring the voltage drop across
R2 is Ecb= ____V.
Step 4: Calculate the voltage drop across R3 by the superposition formula mentioned above and the calculated
Ebd= ____V. Compare the measured and calculated values of voltage drop Ebd.
Result:
The measured voltage values are:
Ebd = 6.59V,
Eab = 8.41 V,
Ecb = -1.59V
and the calculated Ebd is
Ebd = 12 ×
(100 // 100) + 5 × (100 // 100) =
100 + (100 // 100 ) 100 + (100 // 100 )
The error between measured value and calculated value comes from the tolerance of resistor and DVM.
Application:
Repeat this experiment to find Ebd of Fig. 1-3.

Fig. 1-3
Experiment 2
Capacitors in Voltage - Divider Networks
Purpose:
To verify that capacitors can be used in an a-c voltage-divider network.
Required Equipments & Components :
Equipment :
1. Signal Generator Sources : 8Vpp and frequency 60Hz Sine Wave (ULT-3000)
2. Oscilloscope : Sine Wave Measurement (Optional)
Component :
1. 0.1µF (104) Mylar capacitor × 1
2. 0.01µF (103) disc capacitor × 1
3. 0.022µF (223) film capacitor × 2
4. 0.039µF (393) Mylar capacitor × 1
Diagram of Circuit:
Fig 2-1

Procedure:
Step 1: The voltage drop across C1 is E1 that can be calculated using

C2
E1 = E
C1 + C2
and the voltage drop across C2 is E2 that can be calculated using
C1
E2 = E
C1 + C2
Step 2: Construct the circuit of Fig 2-1 on the breadboard of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000. The layout
diagram is like as Fig 2-2.
Fig 2-2
Step 3: Set the Signal Generator of ULT-3000 Adjust the amplitude and frequency knobs to obtain the output of
sine wave for amplitude 8Vpp and frequency 60Hz. Then, connect the sine wave output to the circuit
between the output point “~” and ground.
Step 4: Use oscilloscope the measure the following voltages E, E1, and E2 and record the values into Fig 2-2.
Step 5: Using the formula mentioned above to calculate the values of E1, and E2, the value of E obtained in step
4. Find the sum of E1 + E2, and write down the value into Fig 2-2.
Step 6: To verify that the voltage-divider is doing its job, calculate the % error. The %error formula shows
below:
%error =
(Sum of E1 + E2 (Step 4)) − (Sum of E1 + E2 (Step 4)) × 100
(Sum of E1 + E2 (Step 4))

Record the % error into Fig 2-2.
C1=0.1µF, C2=0.01µF
E
E1
E2
E1 + E 2
% error
Fig 2-2
Step 7: Replace C1 with 0.022µF and C2 with 0.022µF. This circuit will result in an equal division of the applied
voltage.
Step 8: Repeat Step 4.
C1=0.1µF, C2=0.01µF
E
E1
E2
E1 + E 2
% error
Fig 2-3
Result:
C1=0.1µF, C2=0.01µF
E 8V
E1 0.7V
E2 7.1V
E1 + E 2 7.8V
% error 2.5%
C1=0.022µF, C2=0.022µF
E 8V
E1 3.8V
E2 3.5V
E1 + E 2 7.3V
% error 8.75%
Application:
Shut off the laboratory and replace the components of Fig. 2-1 with C1 = 0.01µF and C2 = 0.039µF. Next, repeat
Step 4, Step 5, and Step 6.

Experiment 3
Operational Amplifier - The Inverting Amplifier
Purpose:
1. To construct an inverting amplifier and demonstrate an inverting follower.
2. To verity that its gain depends on the ratio of the two resistors.

Equipment:
1. DC Power Sources : +12V, -12V , +5V, 5V & GND (ULT-3000)
Component:
1. 741 op amp × 1
2. Carbon - Film 10KΩ, ±1% 1/4 Watt × 3
3. 1KΏ Variable Resistor × 1
Diagram of Circuit:
Fig 3-1
Procedure:
Step 1: From textbook we have learned that the voltage gain of the inverting amplifier of a negative feedback op
amplifier is –Rf / Ri, where Rf is the negative feedback resistor and Ri is the input resistor.
Step 2: Construct the Circuit of Fig. 3-1 on the breadboard of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000. Connect the
“+V” to +12V and “-V” to -12V, by using your DVM of ULT-3000 to make certain of these values.
Connect point “+V” to pin 7 of 741 op amplifier, and point “-V” to pin 4. The ground of Fig 3-1
connects to point “GND” of DC Power Supply. Point A of Fig 3-1 connects to +5V of DC Power
Supply, and point B to -5V. The layout diagram is like as Fig 3-2.

Fig 3-2
Step 3: Apply 10KΩ resister to Ri and Rf respectively. Connect DVM of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000
between point C of circuit and ground. Adjust the 1KΩ pot, R1 until the voltage at point C is +5V.
Step 4: Remove DVM from point C and connect it between the output, point D, and ground. Record the output
voltage on the corresponding position of Fig 3-3.
Step 5: Continuously set the input voltage of point C to each of the values listed in Fig. 3.3. Record the
corresponding output voltage.
Vi Ri =10KΩ Ri =10KΩ Ri =20KΩ

Rf =10KΩ Rf =20KΩ Rf =10KΩ
+5V
+3V
0
-3V
-5V
Fig 3-3
Step 6: Add a 10KΩ resistor in series with Rf, and now Rf is 20KΩ. Ri is still 10KΩ.
Step 7: Set the input voltage to each of the values given in column 1 of Fig 3-3, and then record the
corresponding output voltage in the second empty column.

Step 8: Remove a 10KΩ resistor from Rf, and Rf is 10KΩ. Add a 10KΩ resistor in series with Ri, and Ri is
20KΩ.
Step 9: Adjust the input voltage according to Fig 3-3. Record the corresponding output voltage in the last
column.
Result:
Compare the results you obtained from experiment with the results you calculated with the theoretical values.
The results of this experiment we obtained are as Fig 3-4.
Vi Ri =10KΩ Ri =10KΩ Ri =20KΩ

Rf =10KΩ Rf =20KΩ Rf =10KΩ
+5V -5.4 -10 -2.7
+3V -3.1 -5.9 -1.6
0 0 0 0
-3V +3.1 +5.9 +1.6
-5V +5.4 +10 +2.7
Fig 3-4
Application:
It Ri and Rf add the same values at the same time, you will find that the error between experiment values and
theoretical values increases. This is because the resistor has a tolerance, if resistor ads, the tolerance of it will
add also.
Experiment 4
Operational Amplifier - The Noninverting Amplifier
Purpose:
1. To study the properties of a noninverting amplifier.

2. To test the voltage gain of the noniverting amplifier.
Equipment:
1. DC Power Sources : +12V, -12V , +5V, -5V & GND (ULT-3000)
Component:
1. 741 op amp × 1
Diagram of Circuit:

Fig 4-1
Procedure:
Step 1: We have learned from our textbook that the voltage gain of the no inverting amplifier is given by gain
Vo Rf
= =1+
Vi Ri
Where Ri and Rf are located like as Fig 4-1.
Step 2: Construct the components of Fig 4-1 on the breadboard of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000, and link
the connections properly.
Step 3: Make sure that the output amplitude of “+V” of DC Power Supply is +12V and “-V” is -12V. Connect
pin 7 of 741 op amp to “+V” position, and pin 4 to “-V” position. Link the point A of Fig. 4-1 to “+5V”
position, and point B to “-5V” position. The layout diagram looks like as Fig 4-2.

Fig 4-2
Step 4: Connect DVM between point C and ground, and then adjust the 1KΩ Variable Resistor to the values
listed in the first column of Fig 4-3.
Step 5: For each input voltage, measure the corresponding output voltage and record its value to second column
of Fig 4-3.
Step 6: Calculate the gain for each setting of the 1KΩ Variable Resistor, and write down the values into the last
column.
Vi Vo Gain
-5
-3
-1
0
+1
+3
+5
Fig 4-3

Result:
As we have mentioned at step 1, the gain,

Rf
1+ , was very nearly 3 from this experiment.
Ri
The gain may vary, because the resistors we used with a 10% tolerance. Compare your results with our
outcomes that is given by
Vi Vo Gain
-5 -14.1 2.82
-3 -8.7 2.9
-1 -2.8 2.8
0 0 -
+1 +2.8 2.8
+3 +8.7 2.9
+5 +14.1 2.82
Fig 4-4
Application:
Construct the circuit of Fig 4-5, and adjust the 1KΩ Variable Resistor to acquire some input voltages, and then
record the corresponding output voltages. Find if the input voltage is equal to the output voltage?
Fig 4-5
Experiment 5
Operational Amplifier - The Comparator
Purpose:
We usually need to understand whether a signal's voltage is greater or less than another value. Such a circuit is
known as voltage comparator, and an op amplifier makes a good work for voltage comparison. This experiment
will verify an op amplifier comparator.
Equipment:
1. DC Power Sources : +12V, -12V, GND (ULT-3000)
3. Signal Generator Sources : Sine Wave 10KHz output (ULT-3000)
Component:
1. 741 op amp × 1
2. IN4148 silicon diode × 2
Diagram of Circuit:
Fig 5-1
Procedure:
Step 1: The Fig 5-1 has no feedback from the output, so the op amplifier is a very-high gain amplifier with its
high gain, only a few mill volts' difference between the input pins is enough to drive the output
completely to the power-supply voltages.
Step 2: Construct the components of Fig 5-1 onto breadboard of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000, and link the
connections properly. Remember to connect pin 7 of 741 op amp to +12Vand pin 4 to -12V. The layout
diagram is as Fig 5-2.
Fig 5-2

Step 3: Connect the external triggering input of oscilloscope to the “~” position of Function Generator of
Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000. Set the Signal Generator Sources to Sine Wave 10KHz output, and
turn the frequency knob fully counter clockwise.
Step 4: Observe the input waveform at point A, using your oscilloscope.
Step 5: Then, connect the probe of scope between point B and ground to view the output waveform.
Result:
In this experiment we obtained the results shown in Fig 5-3. Note that the output goes positive the instant the
input begins to decrease below the 0-V level. Similarly, the output goes negative whenever the input begins to
increase above zero.
Fig 5-3
Application:
The circuit shown in Fig 5-4 is also an op amplifier comparator. Repeat the experiment we have performed
above and observe the output signal.
Fig 5-4

Experiment 6
Operational Amplifier - The Summing Amplifier
Purpose:
1. To demonstrate that the inverting amplifier can be added voltages.

2. To verify that the inputs can be given different weighting.
Equipment:
1. DC Power Sources : +12V, -12V , +5V, -5V & GND (ULT-3000)
3. DVM : Digital DC Voltmeter of ULT-3000
Component:
1. 741 op amp × 1
Diagram of Circuit:
Fig 6-1

Procedure:
Step 1: The output voltage of Fig 6-1 can be calculated from summing amplifier theory. That is
− Rf − Rf − Rf
VO = V A + VB + VC
R1 R2 R3
Step 2: Install the components of Fig 6-1 to the breadboard of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000, and link the
connections properly. Supply the corresponding power to Fig 6-1 that indicates it, and supply +12V
power to pin 7 and -12V power to pin 4.
Step 3: Adjust R4 to have a-1V appear at point A versus ground measured using DVM of Universal Lab Trainer
ULT-3000, adjust R5 to let a-2V appear at point B versus ground, and adjust R6, to have a-3V appear at
point C versus ground. Then, use DVM to measure the output voltage, and the magnitude is ____V.
Step 4: Adjust R4, R5, and R6 to acquire a-1V at point A, B, C, respectively. Use DVM to measure the output
voltage, and the value is ____V.
Step 5: Repeat Step 4, and to have a-2V at point A, B, C, respectively. Then, measure the output voltage and the
result is ____V.
Result:
In Step 3, we obtained the output voltage is 6V. In Step 4, we had the output value 3V. Finally, in Step 5, we've
measured the output is 6V.
Application:
To change the value of resistor R1, R2, and R3, repeat the experiment we made above, and record the results you
obtained to observe the action of the summing amplifier.
Experiment 7
The Common-Base Amplifier Structure
Purpose:
1. To investigate the DC-biasing of the CB amplifier at a selected circuit Q point.

2. To study the AC performance of the common-base structure, through measurement the value of relative
point.
Required Equipment & Components :
Equipment:
4. Oscilloscope : Sine wave Measurement (Optional)

Component:
1. 2N2222A (NPN) silicon transistor × 2
2. Carbon - Film 1.2KΩ, ±1% 1/4 Watt × 1
5. 2.2µF 50V capacitor × 2
Diagram of Circuit:
Fig 7-1
Procedure:
Step 1: Construct the circuit of Fig. 7-1 (a) on the Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000 breadboard. The RE is
1.2KΩ, RC 4.7KΩ, VEE 5V, and VCC 12V. We have selected operational point at GCB = 1/2 VCC to
allow for a maximum signal-voltage swing at the output. We have also chosen a quiescent collector
current of 1mA.
Step 2: Connect point A of Fig. 7-1 (a) to “+”position of DVM of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000, and point B
to “–” position. Write down the value of DVM display, and this value is the voltage across RE signed
VRE. VRE divided by RE gives the emitter Current IE = ____.
Step 3: Connect point D of Fig. 7-1 (a) to “+” position of DVM, and connect point C to “-” position. Record the
value you have measured, and this value is the voltage across RC Signed VRC. VRC divided by RC equals
the collector current IC = ____.
Step 4: Connect “+” position of DVM to collector of transistor of Fig 7-1 (a), and “–” position of DVM
connects to base of transistor. Record the displayed value of DVM, and this is the voltage across
collector-base signed VCB. We can measure VCB =____.
Step 5: Modify Fig 7-1 (a) by adding C1, C2, RS, RL to construct Fig. 7-1 (b) where C1, and C2 are 2µF
individual, and RS and RL are 1KΩ individual. Connect “VS” point to sine wave generator of Universal
Lab Trainer ULT-3000. Set sine wave frequency to 10 KHz.

Step 6: Connect the input of oscilloscope to the E point of Fig. 7-1 (b), and the ground of scope must be
connected to Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000 “GND” position. Adjust amplitude of sine wave in order
to have a 1-V peak-to-peak output signal.
Step 7: Use oscilloscope to measure the following signals = VS of input signal, VRS crosses RS, and VOUT = VRL
of output signal.
Step 8: According to the voltage values measured above, find the following parameters:
VRL / RL VRL
Ai = = = ___________ .
VRS / RS VR
V
Av = OUT = ________ .
VS . VRS
Ap = Ai. Av = ________ .
Result:
Due to differences encountered between transistors, and allowing for the normal tolerances associated with the
resistors and power supplies, an inaccuracy or disagreement in your measured values of about 10% is
acceptable. If disagreement greater than the following, you should recheck your layout circuit or repeat your
measurements. The following shows the results of the common-base amplifier.
IE = 1.13mA
IC = 1.12mA
VCB = 4.80V
Ai = 0.83
Av = 20
Ap = 16.6
Application:
Connect oscilloscope to output of Fig 7-1 (b), and adjust the amplitude of sine wave increasing. Observe the
varying situation of output signal, and write down the input value when output signal is distortion.
Experiment 8
The Common - Emitter Amplifier Structure
Purpose:
1. To acquire how to design and analyze the DC-biasing circuitry of the common-emitter amplifier.
2. To study the AC performance of the fixed-bias common-emitter amplifier.

Equipments :
1. DC Power Sources : 12V (ULT-3000)
Components :
2. 3MΏ Variable Resistor × 1 (3MΏ = 1MΏ × 3)
Diagram of Circuit:
Fig 8-1

Fig 8-2
Procedure:
Step 1: Lay the components of Fig 8-1 on the Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000 breadboard and connect
properly according to Fig 8-1. The resistor RC is 2.2KΩ, and supply 12V to VCC. We have selected a Q
point at VCE equal to 1/2 VCC in order to acquire a maximum signal-voltage swing by trimming RB. We
also selected a collector current of 2mA.
Step 2: Use the DVM meter of ULT Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000 to measure VRB, the voltage drop across
RB, then VRB divided by RB equals IB = ____.
Step 3: Next, use the DVM meter to measure VRC, the voltage drop across RC, and VRC divided by RC gives IC =
____.
Step 4: We can acquire the voltage drop across collector-emitter VUE by using the DVM meter of Universal Lab
Trainer ULT-3000, and VCE = ____.
Step 5: Modify present circuit of Fig. 8-1 by adding R1, RL, C1, and C2 to match the Fig 8-2. There R1,
and RL are 10KΩ individual, C1, and C2 are 2µF individual. Select sine wave 10KHz output signal of
Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000 to connect to “VS” point, the input of Fig 8-2.
Step 6: Connect the input of oscilloscope across RL to measure the output signal of circuit Fig 8-1. Adjust
amplitude of sine wave to give a 4-V peak-to-peak signal across RL.
Step 7: Using your oscilloscope, measure VRI the peak-to-peak voltage drop across R1, and VRL, the peak-to-
peak voltage drop across RL. Since RL is equal to R1, the current gain will be given by
V RL
Ai =
V R1

Step 8: Next, connect your probe of oscilloscope between point A and ground to measure VIN. Final measure the
output voltage drop VOUT across RL, and the voltage gain can be given by
VOUT
AV = = ________ .
VIN
The power gain, Ap, is the product of the voltage and current gains:
Ap = Ai ⋅ AV
Result:
Because of the variations in hFE from transistor to transistor and the different parameters in establishing the Q
point, the results we obtained for this experiment will be different from yours. The results we obtained are as
follows:
IB = 21.3µA
IC = 2.93mA
VCE = 5.01V
Ai = 17
Av = 93
Ap = 1581
If you find a difference of your result much more than this, it would be a good idea to repeat that part of
experiment, to determine the problem.
Application:
Trimming RB, you will find the different values of IC, IB, and VCE, and acquire the various circuit Q point. Due
to this, you will have many voltage and current gains. Properly adjust RB to establish the correct circuit Q point.
Experiment 9
The Common - Collector Amplifier Structure
Purpose:
1. To learn how to design and analyze the suitable DC - bias circuitry for the common - collector amplifier.
2. To study the AC performance of the fixed-bias common-collector amplifier.
Equipment:
5. Ohmmeter (Optional)

Component:
3. 2MΏ Variable Resistor × 1 (2MΏ = 1MΏ x 2)
Diagram of Circuit:
Fig 9-1
Fig 9-2

Procedure:
Step 1: Construct the circuit of Fig 9-1 on the breadboard of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000. The resistor RE
is 2.2KΩ, and supply power of 12V at VCC. We're selected a Q point at VCE equal to 5V, and an emitter
current about 2mA by adjusting RB, the 2MΩ Variable Resistor. Remove RB from breadboard, and
measure its resistance with your ohmmeter. Record this value and return RB to your circuit. You find RB
= ____.
Step 2: Use the DVM of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000 to measure the voltage drop, VRB, across RB resistor.
VRB divided by RB, and gives the value IB = ____.
Step 3: Shift DVM probe to measure the voltage drop, VRE, across RE resistor, then VRE divided by RE equals IE
= ____.
Step 4: Measure the voltage drop across collector-emitter, using your DVM, and VCE = ____.
Step 5: Modify the circuit of Fig 9-1 by adding R1, RL, C1, C2 to form the circuit of Fig 9-2 where R1 and RL are
1KΩ individual, C1, and C2 2µF individual. Select sine wave 10 KHz output signal of Universal Lab
Trainer ULT-3000 to connect to point “VS” to drive Fig. 9-2.
Step 6: Connect oscilloscope probe across RL, and adjust the amplitude of sine wave to have a 2V peak-to-peak
signal, or as close to this as your can get without distortion
Step 7: Measure the voltages drop across RL, VRL and R1, VR1, using oscilloscope.
Since R1, is equal to RL, the current gain is
VRL / RL
Ai = VRL / VR1 = __________ .
VR1 / R1
Step 8: Connect your oscilloscope probe between point A and ground, measuring VIN, then move probe across
RL to measure output voltage VRL = VOUT The voltage gain, AV, is given by
V
AV = OUT = __________ .
VIN
Then you can have the power gain, AP, by producing the voltage and current gains:
AP = Ai ⋅ AV = ________ .
Result:
It's likely that the differences of hFE from transistor to transistor and parameters in establishing the circuit Q
point will result in the outcomes obtained by us being different from yours. The results we obtained from this
experiment are as follows:
RB = 168KΩ
IB = 136.6µA
IE = 2.15mA
VCE = 5V
Ai = 40
Av = 0.93
AP = 37.2
If you have a large different result than this, repeat that part of experiment, and find the problem.
Application:
Shift in the circuit Q point will result in either saturation or cutoff distortion. Try to adjust RB to shift the Q
point, and use oscilloscope to observe the output if it is distortion.
Experiment 10
The Op Amp Differentiator
Purpose:
To demonstrate an op amplifier can be used to differentiate a signal.
Equipment:
1. DC Power Sources : +12V, -12V & GND (ULT-3000)
2. Signal Generator Sources : Square Wave 100Hz output (ULT-3000)
Component:
1. 741 op amp × 1
4. 220PF capacitor × 1
Diagram of Circuit:
Fig 10-1

Fig 10-2
Procedure:
Step 1: Figure 10-1 shows the basic op amp differentiator circuit. Write the voltage expression for this circuit.
Step 2: Construct the circuit of Fig 10-2 on the breadboard of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000. Supply ± 12V
to 741 op amp.
Step 3: Connect the square wave output of Function Generator to the point S of Fig 10-2.
Step 4: Set the square wave's frequency to 100Hz.
Step 5: Connect the external triggering input of the oscilloscope to point S. Set the scope sweep on 20µs per
division. Then, adjust the triggering control on the scope until you get a stable trace.
Step 6: Use oscilloscope to view and draw the waveform at the input, point A.
Step 7: Again, use scope to view and draw the waveform at the output, point B.
Result:
Current flows through C only when the input voltage changes. Thus,
d VIN
I =C
dt
The current through R flows only when C is charging or discharging. Thus,
VOUT = − R1
By substituting for I,
d VIN
VOUT = − R1 = − RC
dt

This is the voltage expression for Fig 10-1. Figure 10-3 shows the signals we measured at the input, point A,
and output, point B.
Fig 10-3
Application:
We can apply the output signal of this experiment to drive other oscillators or make a clock of some circuit.
Experiment 11
The Op Amp Integrator
Purpose:
To demonstrate an op amplifier can be used to integrate a signal.
Equipment:
1. DC Power Sources : +12V, -12V & GND (ULT-3000)
2. Signal Generator Sources : Square Wave 170Hz output (ULT-3000)
3. Oscilloscope : 2ms per division, Square Wave Measurement (Optional)
Component:
1. 741 op amp × 1
2. 0.1µF ceramic capacitor × 1
Diagram of Circuit:

Fig 11-1
Fig 11-2
Procedure:
Step 1: Figure 11-1 shows the basic op amp integrator circuit. Write the voltage expression for this circuit.
Step 2: Construct the circuit of Fig 11-2 on the breadboard of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000. Supply ±12V
power to the 741 op amp.
Step 3: Connect the square wave output of Function Generator to the point S of Fig 11-2.
Step 4: Set the square wave's frequency to 170Hz.
Step 5: Connect the external triggering input of the oscilloscope to point S. Set the scope sweep to 2ms per
division. Adjust the triggering control on the scope until you get a stable trace.
Step 6: Use oscilloscope to view and draw the waveform at the input, point A.
Step 7: Again, use oscilloscope to view and draw the waveform at the output, point B.

Result:
The input current in the circuit of Fig 11-1 is,
VIN
I IN =
R
The feedback current is the current that would flow into an uncharged capacitor from a voltage source.
Therefore,
d VOUT
IF = C
dt
Because,
I IN = − I F
we can write the equation as:
d VOUT V
C = − IN ,
dt R
− VIN
d VOUT = dt ,
CR
−1
d VOUT = VIN dt ,
CR
−1
VOUT = V IN dt
CR
This is the voltage expression for Fig 11-1. Figure 11-3 shows the signals we measured at the input, point A,
and output, point B.
Fig 11-3

Experiment 12
The RC Phase Shift Oscillator
Purpose:
1. To verify the formula for the frequency of the RC phase-shift oscillator.

2. To study how the values of R and C in the feedback network affect the frequency of the oscillator.
Equipment:
1. DC Power Sources : +12V, -12V, +5V & GND (ULT-3000)
2. Oscilloscope (Optional)
Component:
1. 741 op amp × 1
2. MPSA20 NPN transistor × 1
3. Carbon - Film 4.7KΩ, ±1% 1/4 Watt 1/4W × 4
8. 0.005µF (502) Ceramic Capacitor × 3
10. 100µF 35V Electrolytic Capacitor × 1
Diagram of Circuit:
Fig 12-1
Procedure:
Step 1: The frequency of the RC phase-shift oscillator is given by the formula

1
f =
2π c 6 R 2 + 4 R RC
where R = R1 = R2 = input impedance of the transistor stage; RC is the collector resistor RS and C = C1 =
C2 = C3.
Step 2: Install the circuit of Fig. 12-1 on the breadboard of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000. Connect +12V & -
12V to the correct position shown in Fig. 12-1. Connect Speaker of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000
between point A and ground
Step 3: Adjust the 100KΩ Variable Resistor so that the voltage between the collector and ground is about +5V
measured by DVM. When you have adjusted the bias of the stage, connect point B to ground. You
should be hearing the oscillator output in the speaker.
Step 4: Connect oscilloscope probe between point A and ground, and you will see the sine wave appearing on
the screen of the scope. Compute the frequency of sine wave you observed on the screen, f = ____ Hz.
Using the formula mentioned above, calculate the frequency of the oscillator. f = ____ Hz. Compare
these two frequencies acquired from different ways.
Result:
If you find that to adjust the 100KΩ Variable Resistor to acquire the voltage between the collector and ground
is about +5V impossible, try to change another transistor: Since the MPSA20 has a 0 range of 40 to 400, some
transistors won't work in this circuit. The measured frequency is 1500Hz, and the calculated frequency is
2142Hz.
Application:
Replace R1 and R2 with 10KΩ resistors. Observe the oscilloscope and compute to frequency. Compare it with
the frequency we obtained above. Was this frequency higher or lower?
Experiment 13
The Astable Multivibrator - 555 Timer
Purpose:
Use a timer 555 to study its operation, and understand the principle of astable multivibrator.
Equipment:
1. DC Power Sources : +V to 9V & GND (ULT-3000).
2. Oscilloscope : Duty Cycle Measurement (Optional).

Component:
4. 100µF 35V electrolytic capacitor × 1
5. 555 timer IC × 1
Diagram of circuit:
Fig 13-1
Procedure:
Step 1: The frequency of this astable multivibrator is determined by two time periods. The first time period (t1)
is 0.693 (RA+RB) C1, and the second time period (t2) is 0.693 (RB) C1, so the period of the frequency is
the sum of the two time delays, that is
T = t1 + t 2 = 0.693 (R A + 2 RB ) C1
The frequency is the reciprocal of the period T:
1 1.44
f = =
T (R A + 2 RB ) C1
The duty cycle, D, is t, divided by the period of the waveform (T), that is
t1 0.693(R A + RB ) C 1 R + RB
D= = × 100% = A × 100%
0.693(R A + 2 RB ) C1 R A + 2 RB

Step 2: Construct the multivibrator of Fig 13-1 on the breadboard of' Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000. Adjust
the “+V” output of DC power Supply to 9V, measuring by DVM, and connect “+V” point to +Vcc of
Fig. 13-1. Connect the output of Fig 13-1 point “Y” to 8 Bit LED Display “0”.
Step 3: The LED “0” should be flashing at a rate of about one cycle every 7 sec. Set DVM to 20V range, and
connect it across C1. Watch the DVM display; note that it changes between 1/3 VCC (3V) and 2/3 VCC
(6V). C1 is charging when the display is rising, and discharging when the display is falling.
Step 4: The LED “0” is on when C1 is charging, and off when C1 is discharging.
Step 5: Calculate the duty cycle of the vibrator by using the formula of duty cycle, and
D1 = ____ %.
Step 6: Exchange RA and RB, that is RA with a 47KΩ resistor and RB with a 2.2KΩ resistor. Observe the LED
“0”. The duty cycle is D2 = ____ %.
Result:
If the LED is not flashing, when you power on the laboratory, recheck the circuit on the breadboard. The results
will be
R A + RB 2.2 + 4n
D1 = = = 51.14%
R A + 2 RB 2.2 + 2(4n )
R A + RB 4n + 2.2
D2 = = = 95.72%
R A + 2 RB 4n + 2(2.2)
Application:
Select RA, RB, and C1 so that the frequency can be measured by the oscilloscope. Connect oscilloscope between
point “Y” and ground, and observe its output waveform. Calculate the duty cycle from the waveform you
observed, and compare it with the result you acquired from the formula for duty cycle.
Experiment 14
The Schmitt Trigger
Purpose:
To verify how a Schmitt trigger operating makes pulses with very fast rise times out of slow rise time signals
Equipment:
1. DC Power Sources : +12V & GND (ULT-3000)
2. Signal Generator Sources : 8Vpp, 1KHz (ULT-3000)

Component:
1. MPSA20 NPN silicon transistor × 2
2. 20pF (20) capacitor × 1
6. Carbon - Film 560Ω, ±1% 1/4 Watt × 1
7. 5kΏ Variable Resistor × 1
Diagram of Circuit:
Fig 13-1
Procedure:
Step 1: Construct the circuit of Fig 14-1 on the breadboard of the Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000. Supply
+12V power to the circuit. Use oscilloscope to measure the sine wave output to obtain a 8Vpp and 1
KHz sine waveform. Connect the output sine wave to point A of Fig 14-1. Connect oscilloscope probe
between point Y and ground.
Step 2: Observed the waveform you observed from the screen of oscilloscope. Note the amplitude range of the
output wave of Fig 14-1.
Result:
The input and output waveforms are:

Fig 14-1
Application:
Replace R4 with 5KΩ Variable Resistor, and turn it up and down. You may find that the width of the output
pulses is varied, and the trigger point is varied also. This is because the voltage drop across R4 is changed by
adjusting 5KΩ Variable Resistor.
Experiment 15
The Astable Multivibrator
Purpose:
1. To verify how to design a simple astable multivibrator.

2. To study the operating principles of an astable multivibrator.
Equipment:
1. DC Power Sources : +12V, -12V, & GND (ULT-3000)
2. DVM (Digital DC Voltmeter of ULT-3000)
3. Speaker : 8Ω/1W (ULT-3000)
4. Oscilloscope : Rectangular Waveform Measurement (Optional)
Component:
1. 741 op amp × 1
2. MPSA20 NPN transistor × 2
3. 100µF 25V electrolytic capacitor × 3
4. 0.1µF (104)capacitor × 1
5. Carbon - Film 100KΩ, ±1% 1/2Watt × 2
6. Carbon - Film 1KΩ, ±1% 1/2Watt × 2
Diagram of Circuit:

Fig 15-1
Procedure:
Step 1: The as table multivibrator is that it has no stable states. This type of multivibrator will continue to
oscillate at a rate determined by the values of some of its components.
Step 2: In the circuit of Fig 15-1, R1, and R2 are the collector loads for Q1 and Q2, respectively, while R2, R3, C1,
and C2 are the components that set the operating frequency. The frequency of Fig 15-1 is determined by
the charging time of the two capacitors. C1 charges through R3 and C2 charges through R2. The
frequency can be approximated by the formula:
1
f =
1.4 RC
where, R2 = R3 = R, and C1 = C2 = C.
Step 3: Construct the circuit of Fig 15-1 on the breadboard of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000. Remember
connect the proper power supply shown as Fig 15-1. Connect the point Y to the 8Ω/1W Speaker of
Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000.
Step 4: When you power on the laboratory, you should hear a tone coming out of the speaker that indicates the
oscillator working well.
Step 5: Compute the frequency of the multivibrator using the formula above, f = ____Hz.
Step 6: Q1 and Q2 is either on or off. When a transistor is off, its collector current will be essentially zero, so the
collector voltage will be the same as the applied voltage. When the transistor is on, it will be saturated,
so the collector-emitter voltage will be equal to the saturation voltage - about 0.2 to 0.3V. Connect the
DVM between point A and ground, and measure the output voltage when the Q1 is off, ____V, then, Q1
is on, ____V.

Step 7: Remove DVM from point A, and connect it to point B. Next, measure the output voltage when Q2 is off,
____V, then, Q2 is on, ____V.
Result:
If you don't hear the speaker sounding, turn the power off at once and recheck the connections of Fig 15-1 on
the breadboard. The testing results are
12V, as Q, is off
0.25V, as Q, is on
12V, as Q2 is off
0.22V, as Q2 is on
and the computed frequency is 0.0714 Hz.
Application:
Select R and C properly so that the frequency can be measured by the oscilloscope. Connect oscilloscope
between point A and ground, then you can see a rectangular waveform. Calculate the frequency you observed
from the scope and compare it with the theoretical values.
Experiment 16
The D/A Converter
Purpose:
1. To construct the concept of D/A conversion.

2. To verify that digital signal converts to analog signal.
Equipment:
1. DC Power Sources : +12V, -12V, & GND (ULT-3000)
Component:
1. 741 op amp × 1
2. Carbon - Film 1MΩ, ±1% 1/4 Watt × 2
6. 500Ώ Variable Resistor × 1
Diagram of Circuit:

Fig 16-1
Procedure:
Step 1: The D/A converter of Fig 16-1 is consisted of a summing network. Construct the circuit on the
breadboard of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000. Supply ± 12V to the op amp.
Step 2: Connect DVM between point A and B, and then turn the 500Ω Variable Resistor to acquire 1V output.
Step 3: Supply bn (n = 1 to 4) voltages listed in Fig 16-2. If bn is 1, connect it to point

A, however, if bn is o, connects it to point B. This is the digital signal input. Connect DVM between
point VOUT and ground to measure the output magnitude varied with the input signals. This is the analog
signal output.
Step 4: Record the output magnitude you obtained into Fig. 16-2.
b1 b2 b3 b4 VOUT
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1
Fig 16-2
Result:
The ideal results with no resistor tolerance could be like as Fig 16-3. If your results have large different from
Fig 16-3, recheck your circuit on the breadboard and repeat this experiment.
b1 b2 b3 b4 VOUT
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 -1
0 0 1 0 -2
0 0 1 1 -3
0 1 0 0 -4
0 1 0 1 -5
0 1 1 0 -6
0 1 1 1 -7
1 0 0 0 -8
1 0 0 1 -9
1 0 1 0 -10
1 0 1 1 -11
1 1 0 0 -12
1 1 0 1 -13
1 1 1 0 -14
1 1 1 1 -15
Fig 16-3
Application:
Design a six-bit D/A converter using a summing network, and perform the same experiment as above. Observe
the operation of' D/A converter you designed.
Experiment 17
The A/D Converter
Purpose:
In some situations to implement digital signal is more convenient, and we usually want to convert analog signal
to digital signal. This experiment verifies the operation of A/D converter.
Equipment:
1. DC Power Sources : +12V, +5V, -5V & GND (ULT-3000)
Component:
1. LM339 × 1
2. 74148 × 1

Diagram of Circuit:
Fig 17.1
Procedure:
Step 1: Construct the circuit of Fig 17-1 on the breadboard of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000. Adjust the
“+V” output of DC power Supply to +12V, and connect it to LM339. The “+5V” Supplies 74148, and
“-5V” connects to R1 end.
Step 2: Connect point A to “–V” position of DC Power Supply, and connect point B to “GND”. This is the
analog input. Next, connect b2 and b1, to 8 Bit LED Display “0” and “1” respectively. This is the digital
output.
Step 3: Turn the “-V” knob to obtain the voltage range shown in Fig 17-2. Next, use 3 State Logic Probe to test
the Logic State of V3, V2, and V1, and record their states in the Fig 17-2. Final, observe LED “0” and
“1”. If LED lights, it indicates in logic 1 state, or it is in logic 0 state. Record LED state in Fig 17-2.
VIN V1 V2 V 3- b1 b2
-3.75V to -5V
-2.5V to –3.75V
-1.25V to -2.5V
0V to -1.25V
Fig 17-2

Result:
The results we obtained from this experiment are shown in Fig. 17-3.
VIN V1 V2 V 3- b1 b2
-3.75V to - 5V 0 0 0 0 0
-2.5V to - 3.75V 1 0 0 0 1
-1.25V to - 2.5V 1 1 0 1 0
0V to - 1.25V 1 1 1 1 1
Fig 17-3
Application:
1. Replace “-V” between point A and B with sine wave, and observe the digital output.
2. Design a 4-bit A/D converter, and perform its function experiment.

PART B
The Experiments Of
Digital Circuits
CONTENTS
Experiments 1 : Fundamental Logic Gate - AND, OR, NOT

Experiments 2 : Fundamental Logic Gate - NAND, NOR, XOR
Experiments 3 : Applications of Boolean Algebra
Experiments 4 : De Morgan's Law (I)
Experiments 5 : De Morgan's Law (II)
Experiments 6 : Diode Resistor Logic - AND
Experiments 7 : Exclusive OR Using Basic Logic Gate
Experiments 8 : Exclusive NOR Using Basic Logic Gate
Experiments 9 : Demultiplexer - Using The 74138 IC
Experiments 10 : Synchronous Up - Counter
Experiments 11 : Synchronous Down - Counter
Experiments 12 : The Schmitt Trigger
Experiments 13 : Oscillator - Counter
Experiment 1
Fundamental Logic Gate - AND, OR, NOT
Purpose:
To show the input and output relationships of 2-input AND, OR, and 1-input NOT gates by constructing their
truth tables.
Equipment:
2. 8 Bit LED Display × 3 (ULT-3000)
3. Data Switch (+5V) × 2 (ULT-3000)
Component:
1. 7404 × 1
2. 7408 × 1
3. 7432 × 1
Diagram of Circuit:

Fig 1-1
Procedure:
Step 1: Construct the circuit of Fig 1-1 on the breadboard of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000. Remember each
IC's pin 14 connected to “+5V” position of DC Power Supply of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000, and
pin 7 connected to “GND” position.
Step 2: Connect point A of Fig 1-1 to Data Switches “0” of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000, and point B to
Data Switches “1”. Next, connect point Y1 to “0” position of 8 Bit LED Display, point Y2 to “1”
position, and point Y3 to “2” position. The following figure shows the layout diagram of Fig 1-1.
Fig 1-2
Step 3: Change the state of Data Switches “0” and “1” between “0” and “1” position and then observe the
condition of 8 Bit LED Display “0”, “1”, and “2”. When the LED is light, this indicates logic 1. If the
LED is dark, this is logic 0.
Step 4: Record what you have observed with either 0 or 1 into the truth table of Fig. 1-3.
A B Y1 Y2 Y3
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
Fig 1-3

Result:
If all of your procedures are connecting, your results will be like to Fig. 1-4. If not, recheck your circuit and
repeat this experiment, then determine the problem.
A B Y1 Y2 Y3
0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 0
Fig 1-4
Experiment 2
Fundamental Logic Gate - NAND, NOR, XOR
Purpose:
To demonstrate the input and output relationships of 2-input NAND, NOR, and XOR gates by constructing their
truth tables.
Equipment:

Component:
1. 7400 × 1
2. 7402 × 1
3. 7486 × 1
Diagram of Circuit:
Fig 2-1

Procedure:
Step 1: Install the components of Fig 2-1 onto the breadboard of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000, and properly
link the connections. Remember to connect IC's pin 14 to “+5V” position of DC Power Supply of
Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000, and pin 7 to “GND” position.
Step 2: Connect the Data Switches “0” and “1” to point A and B of Fig 2-1, respectively. Then, connect 8 Bit
LED Display's “0”, “1”, and “2” position to the output of point Y1, Y2, and Y3 of Fig 2-1, respectively.
The connective diagram is as Fig 2-2.
Fig 2-2
Step 3: Change Data Switches “0” and “1” between “0” and “1” position, and observe the situation of 8 Bit
LED Display “0”, “1”, and “2”. The LED is light that indicates the output is in the logic 1 condition.
When LED is dark, it indicates that the output is in the logic 0 condition.
Step 4: Record the results that you have observed into the truth table of Fig 2-3.
A B Y1 Y2 Y3
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
Fig 2-3
Result:
If you have wired everything correctly, the output of the three gates should be as follows

A B Y1 Y2 Y3
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 0
Fig 2-4
Experiment 3
Applications of Boolean Algebra
Purpose:
1. Throughout this experiment you have been investigating the rules of Boolean algebra.
2. To gain experience working with practical circuits.
3. To simplify a complex function by Boolean algebra.
Required Equipment & Component:
Equipment:
2. 3 State Logic Probe (ULT-3000)
Component:
1. 7400 × 1
2. 7402 × 2
Diagram of Circuit:
Fig 3-1
Procedure:

Fig 3-2
Step 1: According to Fig 3-1 install the circuit on your Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000. Remember pin 7
connecting to ground and pin 14 to +5V. The physical layout diagram likes as Fig 3-2.
Step 2: Connect input point “A” to Data Switches “0”, “B” point to Data Switches “1”, and output point “Y”
connects to 3 State Logic Probe “IN” position. The “GND” of 3 State Logic Probe must be properly
connected.
Step 3: Exchange both of the Data Switches “0” and “1” between “0” or “1” position, then observe the 3 State
Logic Probe's display that it will display “1” when the output is Logic “1” and “0” when the output is
logic 0.
Step 4: Fill in the results into the truth table of Fig 3-3 what you have observed upon the 3 State Logic Probe's
screen.
A B Y
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
Fig 3-3
Step 5: From the circuit, the Boolean equation for the output is:
_________________
Y=
[( A)( AB)] [( B )( AB)]
Can you tell what the circuit's function is identical to?

Result:
If the 3 State Logic Probe displayed “–”, the circuit would have some troubles. Check your layout diagram
again. If there isn't any problem, the truth table will be:
A B Y
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
Fig 3-4
The function of this circuit is identical to XOR, so we can simplify the Boolean equation
_________________
Y=
[( A)( AB)] [( B)( AB)]
into Y = AB + AB
Application:
Construct the following circuit on Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000 and verify the function is equal to XOR.
Fig 3-4
Experiment 4
De Morgan's Law (I)
Purpose:
One of De Morgan's Laws is AB = A + B. This means that the NAND gate function is identical to the OR gate
function with complement input of A and B. From this experiment, you can understand how to exchange gates
for other gates, and verify that AB is exactly identical to A + B.

Equipment:
Component:
1. 7400 × 1
2. 7404 × 1
3. 7432 × 1
Diagram of Circuit:
Fig 4-1 (a)
Fig 4-1 (b)
Procedure:
Step 1: Install the circuit shown in Fig. 4-1 (a) and Fig. 4-1 (b) on the breadboard like as Fig. 4-2.

Fig 4-2
Step 2: Connect input “A” point of Fig 4-1 (a) to Data Switches “0”, input “B” point to Data Switches “1”, and
output “Y” point to LED Display “0”. Connect input “A” point of Fig 4-1 (b) to Data Switches “2”,
input “B” point to Data Switches “3”, and output “Y” point to LED Display “1”. Refer to Fig 4-2.
Step 3: Change the position of Data Switches “0” and “1” to “0” or “1”, then identify the situation of LED
Display “0”.
Step 4: When LED lighting indicates that output is logic 1, nonlighting indicates that output is logic 0. Record
the results into the first empty column of Fig 4-3.
Sep 5: Change both of the Data Switches “2” and “3” between “0” and “1” position, and observe the condition
of LED Display “1”.
Step 6: Record the results into the final empty column of Fig 4-3.
Step 7: Compare the two output results and show if they have the same outputs.

A B Y = AB Y = A+ B
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
Fig 4-3
Result:
The output results of these two circuits will have the identical results. The truth table likes as follows:
A B Y = AB Y = A+ B
0 0 1 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
Fig 4-4
Application:
Draw a circuit of AB and verify from experiment on Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000 that the circuit of AB is
logic identical to the circuit of A + B .
Experiment 5
De Morgan's Law (II)
Purpose:
Another of De Morgan's laws is that A+B = AB. This means that the NOR gate function is equal to the AND
gate function with complement input of A and B. After finished the experiment you will learn about how to
apply the De Morgan's Law to your circuit design.
Equipment:
Component:
1. 7402 ×1
2. 7404 ×1
3. 7408 ×1
4. 7432 ×1

Diagram of Circuit:
Fig 5-1 (a)
Fig 5-1 (b)
Procedure:
Step 1: Install the circuit of Fig 5-1 (a) and Fig 5-1 (b) on the breadboard of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000
shown as Fig 5-2.
Fig 5-2

Step 2: Connect input “A” point of Fig 5-1 (a) to Data Switches “0”, input “B” point to Data Switches “1”, and
output “Y” point to LED Display “0”. Connect input “A” point of Fig 5-1 (b) to Data Switches “2”,
input “B” point to Data Switches “3”, and output “Y” point to LED Display “1”. Refer to Fig 5-2.
Step 3: Vary the position of Data Switches “0” and “1” to “0” or “1”, and observe the action of LED Display
“0”.
Step 4: LED lighting indicates that output is logic 1, or it indicates that output is logic 0. Record the results into
the third column of Fig 5-3.
Step 5: Exchange both of the Data Switches “2” and “3” between “0” and “1” position, and observe the
condition of LED Display “1”.
Step 6: Record the results into the fourth column of Fig 5-3.
Step 7: Compare the two output results and ensure that these results are the same.
A B Y = A+ B Y = AB
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
Fig 5-3
Result:
If column 3 and 4 of Fig 5-3 are not the same after you finished the test, check the circuit on the breadboard
again and make certain of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000 working well. The results as follows:
A B Y = A+ B Y = AB
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
Fig 5-4
Application:
Draw a circuit of AC + BC and show that this function is logic identical to the circuit of ( A ⋅ B) + C . Verify the
two circuits on your Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000.

Experiment 6
Diode Resistor Logic - AND
Purpose:
1. From this experiment, study a special type of diode network, the logic circuit.
2. To examine the operation of diode resistor logic AND, and determine its logical properties.
3. Derive the truth table of AND gate, and verify the validity of its logic equation.
Equipment:
2. DVM (Digital DC Voltmeter of ULT-3000)
Component:
1. 1N4148 × 3
Diagram of Circuit:
Fig 6-1
Procedure:
Step 1: Install the components of Fig 6-1 on the breadboard of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000, and link the
connection correctly.
Step 2: Connect the “+V” point of DC Power Supply to “+” point of DVM, “GND” point of DC Power Supply
to "-" point of DVM. Vary the output amplitude of “+V” to acquire +12V. Remove connection of DVM,
then connect “+V” point to V1 of Fig 6-1, and “GND” point to ground of Fig 6-1.

Step 3: Link point A, B, C of Fig, 6-1 to Data Switches “0”, “1”, “2” of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000
respectively. Connect point Y of Fig. 6-1 to 8 Bit LED Display “0” of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000.
Step 4: Change state of Data Switches “0”, “1”, and “2” between “0” or “1” position. Observe the situation of
LED Display “0”. When it is lighting, indicates logic “1”, otherwise indicates logic “0”.
Step 5: Fill in the truth table of Fig, 6-2 according to you obtained from your experiment.
A B C Y
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
Fig 6-2
Result:
After finished this experiment, the result will like as follows:
A B C Y
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1
Fig 6-3
Compare your result with above, to determine if you made anything wrong. If there is any errors, recheck the
components and circuit layout connection and repeat the measurements.
Application:
You already have the experience for uniting AND gate by using only diodes and resistors. Use the same
components and equipments as above to design an OR gate, and verify its truth table on your Universal Lab
Trainer ULT-3000 Laboratory.

Experiment 7
Exclusive OR Using Basic Logic
Purpose:
1. To understand the logic function of Exclusive OR.
2. To verify the truth table of Exclusive OR.
3. To exercise how to combine Exclusive OR using the basic logic gate.
Equipment:
Component:
1. 7404 × 1
2. 7408 × 1
3. 7432 × 1
4. 7400 × 2.
Diagram of Circuit:
Fig 7-1
Procedure:
Step 1: According to Fig 7-1 connect it on the breadboard and must supply power to IC's.
Step 2: Connect “A” to Data Switch “#0”, “B” to Data Switch “#1”, and “Y” to the “IN” of 3 State Logic Probe.
The “GND” of 3 State Logic probe must be connected properly.
Step 3: Change both of the Data Switch “#0” and “#1” between “0” and “1” Position, then observe the probe's
display.
Step 4: When you have observed the result of display, fill out the truth table in Fig, 7-2 to show the Boolean
algebra of:
XOR Y = AB + A B

A B Y
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
Fig 7-2
Result:
XOR Y = AB + A B
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Fig 7-3
Experiment 8
Exclusive NOR Using Basic Logic Gate
Purpose:
1. For understanding the logic function of Exclusive NOR.

2. This experiment is to demonstrate the input and output relationships of XNOR gate by constructing their
associated truth table.
3. From this experiment you can exercise how to design the XNOR using the basic logic gate.
Equipment:
Component:
1. 7404 × 1
2. 7408 × 1
3. 7432 × 1
4. 7400 × 2
Diagram of Circuit:

Fig 8-1
Procedure:
Step 1: Plug required IC's into the breadboard of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000, and supply the correct
power to these ICs. (Pin 14 connect to +5V and pin 7 to GND.) Perform the connection according to Fig.
8-1.
Step 2: Connect input “A” point to Data Switch “0”, input “B” point to Data Switch “1”, then connect output
“Y” point to the “IN” of 3 State Logic Probe and the “GND” of 3 State Logic Probe must be connected
properly.
Step 3: Change both of the Data Switch “0” and “1” between “0” and “1” position, then observe the display of 3
State Logic Probe.
Step 4: After observed the result of' display, fill out the truth table in Fig. 8-1 to verify the Boolean algebra of:
XNOR Y = AB + AB
A B Y
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
Fig 8-2
Result:
XNOR Y = AB + AB
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Fig 8-3
Application:
Design a circuit using only the NAND gates to function as the XNOR gate and perform the experiment on the
Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000.

Experiment 9
Demultiplexer – Using The 74138 IC
Purpose:
1. To establish the concept of demultiplexer.
2. To give you experience working with multiplexers in general.
3. To verify the basic operating principles of a 74S138 demultiplexer IC.

Equipment:
Component:
1. 74138 × 1
Diagram of Circuit:
Fig 9-1
Procedure:
Step 1: Construct the circuit of Fig 9-1 on the breadboard of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000. Connect 74138's
pin 16 to +5V, and its pin 8 to ground.
Step 2: Connect point C, B, A of Fig 9-1 to Data Switches “0”, “1”, and “2”, respectively. Then, connect from
Y0 to Y7 to 8 Bit LED Display “0” to “7”, respectively.
Step 3: First, set the three Data Switches to “0” position, and observe the seven LED's condition. If LED lights,
it indicates there has no output, otherwise if LED is dark, it indicates there has an output. Record the
output pin to Fig 9-2.
A B C Output
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
Fig 9-2
Result:
Make certain that GI is connected to +5V, and G2A and G2B connected to ground. The final results are Fig 9-3.
A B C Output
0 0 0 Y0
0 0 1 Y1
0 1 0 Y2
0 1 1 Y3
1 0 0 Y4
1 0 1 Y5
1 1 0 Y6
1 1 1 Y7
Fig 9-3
Application:
If G1 is connected to ground or other G2A or G2B is connected to +5V, it will have no output. Try these!
Experiment 10
Synchronous Up - Counter
Purpose:
This experiment is a 3-stage (modulo-8) synchronous up-counter. From filling in the truth table, you will verify
the active situation of the counter and establish the base to design synchronous up-counter.
Equipment:
2. Function Generator : Square Wave (ULT-3000)
Component:
1. 7404 × 1
2. 7408 × 1
3. 7476 × 2.
Diagram of Circuit:

Fig 10-1
Procedure:
Step1: Construct the circuit of Fig. 10-1 onto the breadboard of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000. Remember
to connect IC 7476's pin 5 to +5V, pin 13 to ground, and IC 7404 and 7408's pin 14 to +5V, pin 7 to
ground.
Step 2: Connect point W of Fig. 10-1 to +5V, point x to Data Switches “0”, and point Y to Data Switches “1”.
Next connect point QC to 8 Bit LED Display's “0” position, point QB to “1” position, and point QA to “2”
position.
Step 3: Cycle Data Switches “0” to “0” then “1” position until all LED (“0”, “1”, and “2”) dark. Leave Data
Switches “0” in the “1” position.
Step 4: Cycle Data Switches “1” to “1” then “0” position nine times, and simultaneously observe the state of 3
LEDS. It is logic 1 when LED is light, and it is logic 0 when LED is dark.
Step 5: Record the state you observed in the truth table of Fig 10-2.
Present State Next State

QC QB QA QC QB QA
0 0 0 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
Fig 10-2

Result:
If there is not any problem, the results from your experiment will be like as Fig. 10-3.

QC QB QA QC QB QA
0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0
2 0 1 0 0 1 1
3 0 1 1 1 0 0
4 1 0 0 1 0 1
5 1 0 1 1 1 0
6 1 1 0 1 1 1
7 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Fig 10-3
Application:
Remove Data Switches “1” from point Y and connect point Y to square wave of Function Generator of
Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000. Adjust square wave to proper frequency using your oscilloscope. Measure
the output waveforms of point QA, QB, and QC by oscilloscope. Plot the output waveforms down and observe
their action.
Experiment 11
Synchronous Down - Counter
Purpose:
This is a 3-stage synchronous down-counter, using J-K flip-flops. This experiment helps you understand the
behavior of synchronous down-counter by constructing the truth table.
Equipment:
2. Function Generator : Square Wave (ULT-3000)
Component:
1. 7404 × 1
2. 7408 × 1
3. 7476 × 2
4. Carbon - Film 1KΩ, ±1% 1/4 Watt × 3.
Diagram of Circuit:

Fig 11-1
Procedure :
Step 1: Install the circuit of Fig 11-1 on the breadboard of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000. Remember to
connect IC 7476's pin 5 to +5V, pin 13 to ground, and IC 7404 and 7408's pin 14 to +5V, pin 7 to
ground.
Step 2: Link point W of Fig 11-1 to +5V of DC Power Supply of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000, point X to
Data Switches “0”, and point Y to Data Switches “1”. Then, connect point QC to 8 Bit LED Display's
“0” position, point QB to “1” position, and point QA to “2” position.
Step 3: Change Data Switches “0” to “0” then “1” position till all of LED's are dark, and leave Data Switches
“0” in the “1” position.
Step 4: Exchange Data Switches “1” to “1” then “0” position nine times, and simultaneously observe the
situation of the three LED. LED is light when the output is in logic 1, and LED is dark if the output is in
logic 0.
Step 5: Record the situation what you have observed in the truth table of Fig 11-2.

QC QB QA QC QB QA
0 0 0 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
Fig 11-2
Result:
The results will have eight different states of this experiment, so this circuit is also called modulo-8 counter.
The truth table we made is as Fig 11-3.

QC QB QA QC QB QA
0 0 0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 0
2 1 1 0 1 0 1
3 1 0 1 1 0 0
4 1 0 0 0 1 1
5 0 1 1 0 1 0
6 0 1 0 0 0 1
7 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Fig 11-3
Application:
Use oscilloscope to adjust the square wave of Function Generator to have proper output waveform. Remove
Data Switches “1” from point Y and connect point Y to the square wave. Next, Use oscilloscope to measure the
output waveforms of point QA, QB, and QC. Draw the output waveform you have seen at the oscilloscope and
observe their behavior.
Experiment 12
The Schmitt Trigger
Purpose:
This experiment is just only to adjust the upper trip point, lower trip point, and hysteresis of a digital. Schmitt
trigger circuit. After finishing this experiment, you will learn the concept of how Schmitt trigger is working.
Equipment:
Component:
1. 7403 × 1.
2. 1N4148 × 1
Diagram of circuit:
Fig 12-1
Procedure:
Step 1: Construct the circuit of Fig, 12-1 on the breadboard of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000. Remember, IC
7403's pin 14 connect to +5V, and its pin 7 connect to ground.
Step 2: First, RA has a value of 1KΩ resistor, and RB to be fixed at 27KΩ, Connect output of point B to 8 Bit
LED Display “0” position.
Step 3: Set DVM to 20V range, and connect it-between point A and ground. Adjust the 1KΩ pot S0 the DVM
reads 0V.
Step 4: Turn the 1KΩ pot carefully until the LED “0” lights. Once the LED “0” is light, stop turning the 1KΩ
pot. Record the readout value of DVM which has been connected point A and ground into the UTP
column of Fig 12-2. That value is the upper trip point.
RA UPT LTP Hysteresis

1KΩ
820Ω
680Ω
620Ω
560Ω
Fig 12-2

Step 5: Adjust the 1KΩ pot to increase the input voltage, to make sure the circuit is past the UTP and in the
voltage region where the LED “0” will remain on.
Step 6: Next, slowly turn back the 1KΩ pot until the LED “0” guess off. Record the value you observed on
DVM into the LTP Column of Fig 12-2. This value is the lower trip point.
Step 7: Exchange the different values of RA listed in Fig 12-2, and repeat step 4 to Step 6 for each value of RA.
Step 8: As the LTP and LTP columns completed, compute the hysteresis values by UTP-LTP. Record these
values in the Hysteresis column of Fig 12-2.
Result:
When the resistance of RA decreases, the voltage for the UTP and LTP is increases. Your results of this
experiment may differ from ours. Our results like as Fig 12-3.
RA UPT LTP Hysteresis

1KΩ 1.4V 1.1V 0.3V
820Ω 1.7V 1.3V 0.4V
680Ω 2.2V 2.0V 0.2V
620Ω 2.7V 2.5V 0.2V
560Ω 3.3V 3.0V 0.3V
Fig 12-3
Application:
Exchange RA to be fixed at 680Ω and RB will be varied. The RB will be 2.7KΩ, 820KΩ, and 27KΩ, then repeat
the Step 4 to Step 6 and record the results. Observe the varying situation of UTP, LTP, and Hysteresis.
Experiment 13
Oscillator - Using CMOS
Purpose:
1. To practice how to create square waveform by using CMOS inverters.

2. To study the method of finding the frequency of the oscillator.
Equipment:
Component:
1. 74C04 × 1
4. 100µF 35V capacitor × 1
Diagram of Circuit:
Fig 13-1
Procedure:
Step 1: This oscillator is good low-frequency stability. The duty cycle approaches 50%. This configuration of
circuit has vibrated frequency such as
1
f =
2C (0.405 Re q + 0.693R1 )
where
R1R 2
Re q =
R1 = R 2
Step 2: Install the circuit of Fig 13-1 on the breadboard of Universal Lab Trainer ULT-3000. Remember;
connect 74C04's pin 14 to +5V, and its pin 7 to ground.
It's true that a 35V capacitor can withstand reverse polarities of less than 5V. Connect output point Y to
8 Bit LED Display “0”.
Step 3: When the circuit is oscillating, this is one pulse when LED “0” lights then darkens. Count the number of
pulses, P, that occur in 10 seconds and calculate the frequency
P
f = = _______ Hz.
10
Step 4: According to the formula of finding frequency, calculate the frequency and compare the result with that
of Step 3 above. f = ____ Hz.
Result:
Your experimental frequency should be fairly close to the calculated frequency. The difference between the two
frequencies may be due to the differences in component tolerances. The experimental frequency is 0.5 Hz that
there are 5 pulses in 10 seconds and the calculated frequency can be obtained as follows:
R1R 2 10 × 6.8
Re q = = = 4047.6Ω
R1 + R 2 10 + 6.8

1
f =
2C (0.405 Re q + 0.693R1 )
1
f = −6
2(100 × 10 )((0.405 × 4047.6) + (0.693 × 10 4 ))
5 × 103
f =
8569.28
f = 0.58Hz
Application:
The different resistance between R1 and R2 will generate distinct frequency value. Try to make R1 = R2, or R1 <
R2, and calculate the frequency value.

WARRANTY AND STANDARD CONDITIONS OF SALE
The Seller warrants to the Purchaser that any equipment manufactured by it and bearing its name plate to be free from
defects in material or workmanship, under proper and normal use and service, as follows: If, at any time within one (1)
year from the date of shipment, the Purchaser notifies the Seller that in his opinion, the equipment is defective, and returns
the equipment to the Seller’s originating factory prepaid, and the Sellers inspection finds the equipment to be defective in
material or workmanship except part like switches, knob, push button, lighting, etc. the Seller will promptly correct it
by either, at its option, repairing any defective part or material or replacing it free of charge and return shipping lowest
cost transportation prepaid by purchaser (if Purchaser requests premium transportation, Purchaser will be billed for
difference in transportation costs). If inspection by the Seller does not disclose any defect in material or workmanship, the
Seller’s regular charges will apply. This warranty shall be effective only if use and maintenance is in accordance with
Seller's instructions and written notice of a defect is given to the Seller within such period. THIS WARRANTY IS
EXCLUSIVE AND IS IN LIEU OF ANY OTHER WARRANTIES, WRITTEN, ORAL OR IMPLIED.
SPECIFICALLY, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THERE IS NO WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR
FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. The liability of the Seller shall be limited to the repair or replacement of materials or
parts as above set forth.
LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
The Seller shall not be liable for any claim or consequential or special loss or damage arising or alleged to have arisen
from any delay in delivery or malfunction or failure of the equipment. The Seller’s liability for any other loss or damage
arising out of or connected with the manufacture or use of the equipment sold, including damage due to negligence, shall
not in any event exceed the price of the equipment supplied by Seller.
GENERAL CONDITIONS
All orders are subject to acceptance by Seller at its Main Office. Stenographic and clerical errors are subject to correction.
No oral or subsequent modification or any other foregoing general provisions or of any term or condition of any order
shall be binding unless agreed to in writing by the Seller and Purchaser.
SCIENSCOPE SDN BHD reserves the right to make changes at any time, without notice, in prices, colors, materials,
specifications and models, and also to discontinue models
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EDULABS DIDACTIC

UNIVERSAL LAB TRAINER

(ANALOG & DIGITAL)

SECTION TITLE PAGE

PART B The Experiments of Digital Circuits

WARRANTY AND STANDARD CONDITIONS OF SALE 69

EDU-LABS DIDACTIC 1 www.scienscope.com.my

Bread Board Circuit Configuration

Experiments 1 : The Superposition Theorem

Required Equipment & Components:

EDU-LABS DIDACTIC 3 www.scienscope.com.my

The measured voltage values are:

and the calculated Ebd is

Repeat this experiment to find Ebd of Fig. 1-3.

EDU-LABS DIDACTIC 4 www.scienscope.com.my

To verify that capacitors can be used in an a-c voltage-divider network.

Required Equipments & Components :

EDU-LABS DIDACTIC 5 www.scienscope.com.my

Step 1: The voltage drop across C1 is E1 that can be calculated using

and the voltage drop across C2 is E2 that can be calculated using

EDU-LABS DIDACTIC 6 www.scienscope.com.my

EDU-LABS DIDACTIC 7 www.scienscope.com.my

Required Equipment & Components:

EDU-LABS DIDACTIC 8 www.scienscope.com.my

Vi Ri =10KΩ Ri =10KΩ Ri =20KΩ

EDU-LABS DIDACTIC 9 www.scienscope.com.my

Vi Ri =10KΩ Ri =10KΩ Ri =20KΩ

1. To study the properties of a noninverting amplifier.

Required Equipments & Components :

EDU-LABS DIDACTIC 10 www.scienscope.com.my

Where Ri and Rf are located like as Fig 4-1.

EDU-LABS DIDACTIC 11 www.scienscope.com.my

EDU-LABS DIDACTIC 12 www.scienscope.com.my

As we have mentioned at step 1, the gain,

Required Equipments & Components :

EDU-LABS DIDACTIC 14 www.scienscope.com.my

Step 4: Observe the input waveform at point A, using your oscilloscope.

EDU-LABS DIDACTIC 15 www.scienscope.com.my

1. To demonstrate that the inverting amplifier can be added voltages.

Required Equipment & Components:

EDU-LABS DIDACTIC 16 www.scienscope.com.my

1. To investigate the DC-biasing of the CB amplifier at a selected circuit Q point.

Required Equipment & Components :

EDU-LABS DIDACTIC 17 www.scienscope.com.my

EDU-LABS DIDACTIC 18 www.scienscope.com.my

EDU-LABS DIDACTIC 19 www.scienscope.com.my

EDU-LABS DIDACTIC 20 www.scienscope.com.my

EDU-LABS DIDACTIC 21 www.scienscope.com.my

Required Equipments & Components :

EDU-LABS DIDACTIC 22 www.scienscope.com.my

EDU-LABS DIDACTIC 23 www.scienscope.com.my

To demonstrate an op amplifier can be used to differentiate a signal.

Required Equipments & Components :

EDU-LABS DIDACTIC 25 www.scienscope.com.my

Step 4: Set the square wave's frequency to 100Hz.

The current through R flows only when C is charging or discharging. Thus,

EDU-LABS DIDACTIC 26 www.scienscope.com.my

To demonstrate an op amplifier can be used to integrate a signal.

Required Equipments & Components :

EDU-LABS DIDACTIC 27 www.scienscope.com.my

Step 4: Set the square wave's frequency to 170Hz.

EDU-LABS DIDACTIC 28 www.scienscope.com.my

The input current in the circuit of Fig 11-1 is,