RCHEF I k Y,

L011,
. .k .1
.i .22-
JLIIC)UUUW!W4q'
f /k' al a L--
(1969), vol. 38, per( 3, pp. 499-511 T I s I II 199
nûrratThitain DO(UMEPflIE ecrniscne nogescnoc

Scattering of surface waves by rectangu?ar

obstacles in waters of finite depth
By CHIA NG C. ME! AND JARED L. BLACK
Hydrodynamics Laoratorv, Department of Civil Engineering,
Massacthusetts i ristitti e of riechf101ogy

(Received 11 October 1968 and in revise(1 form 4 March 1969)

Th scattering of infinitesimal surface waves normally incident on a rectangular

obs tacle in a channel of finite depth is considered. A variational formulation is
use rl as the basis of numerical computations. Scattering propert.ies for bottom
andL surface obstacles of various proportions, including thin barriers and surface
docks, are presented. Comparison with experimental and theoretical results by
oth investigators is also made.

1. Entroduction
¶'he scattering of water waves l)y large obstacles has been well known for the
mal;hematical difficulties encountered within the framework of linearized poten -
tial theory. While some general features (such as symmetry relations, bounds)
regt Lrding the reflexion or transmission properties have been studied previously
(Kreisel 1949), explicit calculations have been successful only in a few limiting
cas s. Most of the known exact solutions are in waters of infinite depth for
veri ical thin barriers(l)eari 1945; Ursell 1947), semi-immersed circular cylinders
(Dean & Ursehl 1959), or a Step shelf (Newman i965a). Furthermore, the only
exa et solution for a continuously varying depth is that of Roseau (1952) for
a s ecial bottom profile. Barakat (I 968) has recently given numerical solutions
for symmetrical cylinders with rounded corners fixed in the free surface.
Ii i the case of finite water (lepill some approximate solutions have been found
for I ong waves (Kajiura I 961; Ogilvie 1960), for long bottom obstacles (Newman
i 96L sb), and for low bottom ol)StaelCS (Kreisel 1949; Mci 1967). Stoker (1957,
p. 4 34) dealt with the problem of a surface dock with zero submergence in long
way es. While these studies point out many interesting qualitative features of
the wave scattering, their approximations also severely limit the quantitative
usef 'ulness of the results.
F or engineering PIIFi)OSCS it is of interest to obtain results valid for the whole
way elengtli spectrum, finite water depth, and finite obstacle dimensions. rThe
effe t of various geometrical proportloils can best be understood by investigating
rect angular obstacles in a channel of finite depth. This class of problems has
clos e analogues in electromagnetic wave guides with a thick inductive window,
for sliieh a variational method of solution is most effective.t Miles (1967) recently
t Theoretical attempts by sttaightforward1- joining eigenfunetion expansions at
junc ion surfaces have been unsuccessful. hi-cause of poor convergence in numerical womk
(Tak ano 1960).
32-2
r .500 (J. G. Mci and J. L. Black
applied the variational method to a stej shelf and achieved remarkably good
results, as compared with the numerical solution by Newman (1 965a), for the far
field with only a cru(Ie approximation on the near field. In this paper the same
formulation is adopted and numerical results for both surface (semi-immersed)
and bottom obstacles of various projoitions (figures I(a), (b)) are presented.
Only the normal incidence of simple harmonic waves on two-dimensional
obstacles is treated here. Available experimental, as well as theoretical, data aré
collected for comparison.

2. General formulation
In this paper explicit calculations will be done for an obstacle fixed either on
the bottoni (case I) or in the free surface (case II), see figure 1, although the com-
bined problem of a thick barrier having a submerged gap can be similarly treated.
\Vitli the usual assumptions of a perfect fluid and small amplitudes the velocity
potential, (l)(x, y, t) = y(x, y) &" , (2.1)
satisfies tlìe following conditions:
V2ç = 0, x,y in fluid; (2.2)

j__O9=O U=U)/(J 1H < : (1)

(2.3)
kIxI >1: (II)'

y=h, >L(Ç]}; y=Ii, xi <1: (i)and(I1); (2.4)

(

=°
h <y < li: (l)) (2.5)
Dx '
1x1 = i,
H<y<0: (11)

In addition we impose the radiation condition that there are both left- and right-
going waves at X -but only right-going waves at x
As is usual in problems of wave-guide discontinuities it is convenient to split the
i)oterltial into a symmetric and an antisymmetric part
= with ç(x,y) = ç.(x,y), ¿,.,(x,y) = ç1(x,y) (2.6)
stich that the analysis can be restricted to x < O only. Physically s() corre-
sponds to the scattering of two waves incident from x and x towards -
a symmetrical obstacle, with equal amplitude and equal (opposite) phase. The
symmetrical case has also been studied by Miles (1967). Since the energy flux

E()
= _J
p]
across the plane X = O is

dy
J{bi( )b()] dy, l)( )= or

Dl4
and since (0, y, 1) (0, y, t) = 0,

it follows that ß,. = E1 = O at x = 0.

Thus the reflexion coeflicient is of unit magnitude in either case;
lI = lIAI = 1. (2.7)
 caiierinq of urfae waves 501
owever, it is the phase difTerenees between the complex reflexion coefficients
J and RA that contri hufe to (lie non-trivial character of the resultant scattering.
Ñ)ecifically, the total reflexion and transmission coefficients are
I? 'I e°u = ,(J?+R4), (2.8)
T TI =

(a)

-
I ncdcnt Trjnsinittcd

Rellected Ii

(I,)
J"IcuuE 1. DefluitI ion ski ¡1 i. (a) Siulanerged o1)st.aclo. (b) Surface øbtaeIe.

When the complex coefficients R and R4 are represented by unit vectors in

a phasor diagram, one can deduce the following known results (Kreisel 1949):
IRI+V11I2= i,
(2.9)
R.T = 0.
The phase angles 0/? and 0, djffer by i; however, their respective values depend
on the quadrants in which the vectors R, and R4 lie.

3. Case I. Bottom obstacle

(a) The anhiRyn?me/r,c pail and the variational form ulalion
Although the variational formulation to be employed is a standard 1iiocehiie in
wave-guide problems (Collin 1960) and has also been demonstrated by Miles
(1967, 1968) for byclrodynamical problems, we shall outline it bere for the. sake
of convenience.
502 G. C. Mci (111(1 .1. L. lilac/C
The potent ial for dif1rent regions will be expressed by appropriate eigen-
f utictioli CXJ ansioiis; for cxi licitness we separate the propagating mode from the
evanescent modes
'i) = b1[ + r4 eiIc +t)]f + b,, 1q,,(XI)f (x< I, h<y<0) (3.la)
=JJ1l'siiiA..v+'b',,l',sin1iQ,,x (j2j<l, ll<y<0); (3.lb)

wiicre J1() = .,I2(h + r-' sinhl2kh)H cosh kU+h);

(3.2)
J,(y) = .j2(h sin2q,k) cosq,,(y+h) (n = 2. 3, ...);
and L. q aie tue real positive roots of the following equations:
k tanli Ich = o-, q,, tan qh = - o- (n = 2, 3, .. .). (3.3)

It eau be readily shown that {fJ form an orthonorinal set over the interval
- h < y < 0). For the shallow region the quantities 1', K, and Qn are defined
sinmilamly by replaeingf1, k, and q,, above vit1i k changed to II. We note that the
reflexion coefficient is given by
11., = r (3.4)

(ontii,uitv of ç., at x = - i reqUires that

i + r4)f + b,,f,, = - li 1F1 sin Ki B,, J', sinh Q,l. (3.5)

Contiiiuitv of the horizontal velocity at z = 1 requires that

U,1(y) - ilcb1(1 - r4)j1 +

co
2
lJ<y<0);
= B1 KF1 eos Kl + B,, Q,,J, cosh Ql,
=0 (h<y<--II). (3.6)

When the orthonormnal conditions are used the coefficients b, B can be expressed
as integrals of U,, and f, F from (3.6); substitution into (3.5) yields the following
ititegral equation for L(y):
(0 (.0
S4f1 I Ufdy' = J-Il
I UG4(y/y')dy', (3.7)
J-Il
where S'4 (I + r.,) (ik)-' (1 - r1)', (3.8)

U4(y'), etc. (3.9)

11(1 G4(y/y') =
2
jf/q,,+ -1J'F+
2
(3.10)

Multiplying both sides of (3.7) by U4 and integrating vitli respect to y froni

II to 0, we obtain finally
O ¡II 2

= U1 (x'4(ij/y') U' dy d!/' U., f dy (3.11)

-Il -II
 caI/ïq of snrface waves 503
t is easy to show that, in he form (3.1 1), S, is stationary with respect lo
(lepefldent variations of L, 1',. By virtue of (3.8), ?S is oi,viously related to
he reflexion characteristics. \Ve shalt lust assume a fònn fòr (L, with many
parameters {ur}; t1e 'l)cst va hies fr 'r} will then be chosen by invoking the
fact that 8 is stationary.

(h) CaT,i1atíon of Ñ
We follow the steps explained in Cofl iii (I 900, p. 352) and expand U4 in terms of
eigenfunctions .i.(y),
= U;.J.(?J), (3.I
with tIie coefficients u,.yet unknown. Substituting (3.12) into (3.11) and invoking
the conditions
=O (r =
a set of homogeneous equations for Vr results. For non-trivial solutions the vanish-
ing of the coefficient determinant (J! x JI) finally yields an expression for

/ .qj
i

= I Uil. (/ / A A
(pj)
\ li, Is Ir
J)
Is
¡
pp
UL
II Is pp
(3.13)
'. ir is

ro
where 1
J - Ji
fFd/ (/Isin2q/)_(íJ_o._1sin2QrI)_I
x f(q1, + Qm) Fsm (q h. + Q11, JI) - sin q(h - il)]
+(q11Q,5)[sin(q5h--Q,,,1J)_sinq5,(h_I1)]}, (3.14)
arid

=
co
tinJ'7 co
tul1hQ i
1r1s 1,2, 3 ,...,JI).
'n2 " 2 1)
(n,
8nr'n.s

(3.15)
In order not to repeat (3.14) for Pi,,, and 1, we mention that q should he
replaced by ik for n i, and Q,,, by iK for m = 1.
Thus the problem reduces to the numerical evaluation of the determinant.s
where each term is ColllpOse(1 of inliiìite series. Computational aspects are
discussed in § 6.
(c) The s,ìiì metric part
Excpt for those indicated hielow, most of the relations in § 3(a) and 3(h) remain
applicable with tile mere ellange of subscripts from ( ), to ( ). The potential
for the shallow region should be changed to
co

= B1F1eosKx+BFcoshQx (ki <i, II<y<O). (3.16)

 (J. C. Mei and J. L. Black
Formulas replacing (3.10) an(1 (3.15) are
cot Kl coth Q
G5.(y/y') J'F' (3.17)

i
' 'l"fl
.
2
¡n
eotkl8
r- jr 1,
n
,
2
,ì
Qn
cotiiQl8
nr ne (3.18)

4. Case II. Surface obstacles

The tillience from the ease ut botte in obstacles arises solely from the different
iindarv conditions in the region xf < i. Without introducing new iìotatioris,
shall only identify those formulas in § 3 that iìeed liIo(hihcations and give the
Irespon(hn( replacements:

= B1Fx + lJI" sinh QnX, (4.1) for (3.Ib)

Ix < i, k.

= B,JcoshQnx,
h<y< Iij' (4.2) for (:1.16)

where = D1, F = (2/D)i cus Q,(1+h), (4.3)

Q,, = (n I)n/D, D hII. (4.4)

TIme functions 1J form tiìc complete orthonormal set appropriate for the
boundary conditions (2.4) (case II). In ç we have omitted a constant terni
J3 F1 vlmieli is immaterial to the flow field. rflle limits of integration iii formulas
correspondimig to (3.7), (3. [1), and (3. 14) are now from - h to II. Furthermore
we have
G(y/y') = (4.5) for (3.10)
2 J,, 2

= (4.6) for (3.17)

2 q ¿n
.n, J)nr P n t'uihQ i (4.7) for (3.15)
(j = +i8jròj,,+ : nrò'n.,
2 n 9 ¿n
= Vn rpnr¡Jn. cothm
' i i
r ò',, I
(4.8) for (3.18)
L q
where {Jn} are given by (3.2) as before. Because of the changes in {j the modified
fòrms of arc:
P,,1 = (2/D)i (lt ' sin2 qh) sin q4D (4.9 a)
q
sifl q,,D
and = 2( I ) [I)(h ' sin2 qh)]i
Q;n
(4.9 b)

5. Limiting cases .
(a) J hut barru'ì'. ,fu tie dept/i
For a barrier of zero thickness, fixed either on t he bottonì or in the free surface,
the symmetric part., , corrcspon(ls to a vertical cliff extending for the entire
depth of the fluid, and the reflexion coefficient, R. must be 1. This result also
 Scattering of surface waves 505
flows from the general formulas of the preceding sections. Taking the bottom
bstacics, for instance, for small i, q1 behaves like l_l while all other g (r or
s 1) remain finite; thus U' and tini /?. = 1, as is evident from (3.18) and.
with ( ) changed to ( ), (3.13) and (3.14). The limit of 1- O is easily taken for
the antisymmetric part. 'l'ue representation for U4(y) by (3.12) is still a useful
one, although {1i} is now merely one of many ortlìonormal sets that may be
a(lopted.
infinite water dept/i, arbitrary thickness
(b)
As h - cc, the cigenvalue spectrum in the zone lxi > i for bottom obstacle con-
tains a discrete value (Ic = o-, propagating) and a continuons part (O < q < cc,
evanescent). The corresponding eigenfunetions are (Miles 1967)
f1C) = /(2o-) e'', (5.!)
fC) [2/n(q2 + o)] (q cos qy + o-sin (Jy),
which are orthonormal in the following sense:
o o
fdy = I, f,fdy = 0, f f(y,q)f(y,q')dy = 6(qq'). (5.2)
Jo f
The series involving f, in (3.10) and (3.17) must be changed to integral forni
hence drj,., tan
GAl = c +[ Qnhl (5.3)
Osi Jo q L - cot J I I Leoth Qlj Q
The variatonal expressions for S or are then obtained by substituting (5.3)
into (3.11).
Although the general representation of U4 or L by (3.12) can be used, in view
of Miles' (1967) success, in the ease of a semi-infinite shelf, by using only the
first term (the plane wave approximation), we record the corresponding approxi-
mation below
[SA] (K2v2)2e2 1 q[qsinqH+o-cosqfJj2
q
Lsi - 4o-3
(1
kJo (q2+ K)2
[tan
+
I Ltj1]i (H+o-1sinh2KH)l. J
(5.4)

The integral above has been evaluated ¡n terms of tabulated functions by

Miles (1967).
For surface obstacles, as h-* cc, D = h ii
-> c.c also and the eigenvalue
spectrum Q, becomes continuous. The limiting expressions for (ì and ( can
be similarly written; however, a convenient and suitable trial function for
U4(q) or U4(j) has not been found by the authors. The formulas will therefore
be omitted.

6. Aspects of numerical computation

For all cases of Imite water depth. the numerical work involves the summation
of an infinite series for each q.. and the evaluation of determinants. From (3.3)
and (3.14) it can be seen that, for large n, q,,h (n i)i and flr q1; hence
 (]. Alci and ,J. L. BlacL
n for given r and s, and the series for q converges reasonably fast.
I low-ever, owing to the factor (q - Q) 11 a large (although finite) 'ir
is possible. As an estimate we take n and r to be large, then q Q,. if
u rh/lI. (6.1)
Therefòre, the series cuinot be truncated until beyond this threshold value.
It also indicates that, as h/Il increases, ixiore terms must be summed to assue
accuracy. Although these qualitative observations aie itiade with respect to the
bottom obstacles, tue conclusions ai-e truc foi surfice obstacles as well.
Numerical tests were made to check the convergence of the results by varying
the number of terms summed in each q,.,. and the number of ternis used to ap-
pioxiinìte U(y) (equal to the order of det.erwiiìaiits). LTsing 5 termst for U(y)
and 5h/1I + 15 ternis in the series (based on (6.1)) we obtain an accuracy within
one per cent if h/Il 10 for bottonì obstacles, and ifh/ll G f» surface obstacles.
rllìe slower convergence in the latter cuse may be expected because the leading
ternis in the assumed expansioll for (f(y) become increasingly unsuitable for
large h/Il. All computations were donc on an i BM 1130 computer.
For bottoni obstacles and infinite h/Il calculations ere donc only with a one-
term (plane wave) approximation according to (5.4). Evidence of good accuracy
is provided by comparing withì Dean's (1945) exact solution for a thin barrier.
Presuniably, an even better approximation for Dean's case would be
U(y) (fJ2_ì/2)
whichi would give tue scattering coefficients iii i-niis of modified Bessel and
Struve funeti(.)ns.

7. Results and discussions

(a) Bottoth obstacles (figures 2. 3, 4, 5)
As in Newman (I 965b), the prornineiìt feature is the oscillatory nature of the
reflexion cocflicicnts resulting from the interaction between the two ends of
the obstacle (figure 2). r1lme oscillation increases with the obstacle length. We
remark that the scattering of a semi-infinite shelf studied by Newman (1964 a)
and Miles (1967) cannot be obtained by taking the limit l from our treatment,
since, froni the standpoint of an initial-value problem, their problem corresponds
to letting I - before letting t -* co whereas our formulation assumes the inverse.
In ligure 2 only the phase shift of the transmitted wave, O, is plotted: that of the
reflected wave °R can be obtained through the following iclation:
= O+( l)Nir, for k1 < k < kN+j, (7.1)

where k (iV = 1, 2, 3, ...) refer to the successive nodes of the reflexion coefficient
(excluding k = 0). The sudden changes in O can be explained by imagining
a phiasor diagram with the unit vectors R5 and R1 issuing from the origin.
\Vlìeiì the relative phase 1A O changes from less than mr to greater than
iii similar electromagnetic wave-guide pi-obleilLs, a two-term approximation gives an
accuracy within a few per cent (Colhiii 1960, p.359).
 &atterinq of surface waves :507

-- A mp s1op
21//I

k,! i'i
Rl -
il
fi

0 ¡ -4

___X\
SI '!
0 02 ft6 IO 1.2 14 16
4H
Fieuiu 2. Reflexion coefficient ami I rallslnissicin phaie anglo for a submerged obstacle,
4/11=2: .1/iI = 0;----_,//Jf= 2;---,l/H 4; 1/11= (L

O (12 04 (Jo 08 10 2 14 16
4/If

'tcnmi 3. Reflexi,,, coefficient, for a slIlmerged obstacle. For / II = 443. h/li = 278:
-, theory; O, Jolas' experiment. For i/Il = 443, h/Fl : - - -, theory;
- - -, Newman's approximation.
 C. Mci and .1. L. Black

1/11=0

1/11=0
1/11=25

(J2 ((.4 OS 14
Lii
.F'1GuIu 4. J(ellexiozi and trarLsinission cfliciexit fn siibixicrged obstacles. For i/H = 25,
h/li = 5: 0, Dick's experiment, , theomv. J'or 1/H = O, h/H = 5: , Dick's expon-
ment, , tliory.

or

ici!
FIGJJRE 5. Reflexion coefficient and transmission pliaso anglo fòr a sulimergcxl thin plato.
-, Dean's exact solution for h - co; , Ogilvie's long wave approximation.
 &atiering of surface waves 509
i(Rs+RA) changes its sense by ir and hence °fl°T varies from - ir to
ir in principal value. Since /?j = O at O. O ir these discontinuous changes
occur at the nodes.
Comparison with Jobs' (1960) experiment and Newman's (1965b) corre-
sponding approximate theory is made in ligure 3. Newman's calculation was
(lone Ofl the, basis of h - while in I he exl)erinlents h is finite. Hence two curves
j, T
/
/7/1= O

O
1l1=
I'O

o
/
o
/ /
06 /
/ 1111= I
/ /
i
/
i
04
/

O ft2 04 06 08 10 14
kil
FIGURE 6. Reflexion coefficient arid reflexion phase angle for a surface ohtac1c:
theory for h/il = 2, 1/H = 0, 1, 3, a; - - -, Ur.sell's exact solution for h/H -
1/H = 0; ----, theory for h/H = O, i/H = 1. o, Kincaid's (19GO) experiment for
h/H = 617, i/H =

are calculated from the present theory. For h - our values are based on the
plane wave approximation arid the agreement with Newman is good for long
and very short wavelengths, but rather crude for intermediate values. Tt should
be remarked that, to use Newman's approach for finite h, the explicit knowledge
of the semi-infinite shelf with finite h is needed, which is not yet available, see
Mites (1967).
Recent experiments by Dick (196S) are plotted against our theory in figure 4.
For the obstacle with finite length (i/Il = 25) higher harmonics are recorded
on the transmission side and the experimental values of TI are not easy to define;
direct comparison with the present theory is therefore not made here.
For submerged plate barriers (figure 5) it may be noted that the plane-wave
510 C. C. Mci and J. L. Black
approximation. (5.4), compares quite favourably with Dean's exact solution.
Ogilvie's (1960) long wave approximation is also included and the agreement with
the j)reseut theory is excellent.

--
-----
----
----
-----
zz
''-z
//
///
/2
,, /
,1/

I I

O.: 04 06 05 10 12 14 16 18
Id
Fiuuiu 7. Reflexion coefficient and reflexion phase angle for a finito clock:
h/I = 1; - - -, h/I = 3; - - - - h/I = 5; , Stoker's shallow water result.

(b) Sw jtce obstacles (figures 6 and 7)

The effect of varying obstacle length is shown in figure 6 while the case of finite
dock of zero draught is shown in figure 7. We find it convenient to plot the modified
phase shift O O - 2/cl instead of 0; physically tito former amounts to measur-
ing the phase angles with respect to the incoming edge x = - i. In all cases,
= O,+ iii. For a finite dock in a vater of infinite depth Ilolford (1964) lias
obtained analytically O = +O(1/Icl), which scents to diflèr from the standing-
wave solution (hence O = 0) of Friedrichs & Lewv (1949, equations (39), (40),
. 146) for a semi-infinite dock. Our calculated results indicate the tendency of
- O for large /1. Stoker's (1957. p 434) formula based on linear long wave
approximation is also plotted in figure 7. For i/li = i it can be seen that Stoker's
result is surprisingly good for practically all values of frl.
In conclusion, the variational approach greatly facilitates the calculation of
scattering properties of rectangular obstacles, of which only limiting cases have
bcoiì treated heretofore.
This research lias been carried out with the sponsorship of the Office of Naval
Research, U.S. Navy, under Contract no. Nonr-1841 (59). The authors are
indebted to a refèree whose comments led to some revisiong of case II.
 caIierinq of surface waves 511

REFERENCES
ARAKAT, R. 1968 'rho interaction of surfiee \vaves with fixed semi-immersed cylinders
having symmetric cross-sect ions. 'l'o published in .1. A p7)1. Sci. 11es.
COLLIN, R. E. 1960 Field Theory if Guided ll'ares. New York: McÇraw-HiIl.
DuAN, R. C. & tTItsiLr, F. i95) Interaction of n. fixed semi-immersed circular cylinder
with a train of surfieo waves. ¡!yo'rody mies Laboratory Tech. Rep. o. 37. il/essa-
chusel-ts Institnie of Technology.
DEAN, 'W. R. 1945 On tito reflexion of surface wavcs by a submerged platie harrier.
Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 41, 231.
l)tc. T. M. 1968 Ori solid and permeable submerged breakwaters. Civil Eniog Rep.
no. 59, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario.
FRIEDRICHS, K. O. & Liwy, II. 1948 The (lock problem. Comm. Pure Appi. Mat/i. 1, 135
Hou'onn, R. L. 1964 Short surface aves in flic presence of finito dock, I and II. Proc.
Camb. Phil. Soc. 60, 957.
JOLAS, P. 19(;0 Passage (le la houle sur im seuil. houille Blanche, 15. 148.
KAJIUBA, K. 1961 On the partial reflexion of water waves passing ove-r a bottom of
variable deptil. I.U.G.G. h!onograph, 24. 206.
KINCAID, G. A. 1960 Effects of riatinal period upon the characteristics of a moored
floating breakwater. M.I.T. B.S. Thesis, Dept. of Civil and Sanitary Engng.
KREISEL, H. 1949 Surfaco waves. Qnart. Áppl. Math. 7, 21.
MEX, C. C. j 967 On tite weak reflexion of periodic water waves over bottom obstacles.
M.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Tech. Rep. no. 108. (To ho published in 1. Enqnq
Mec/i. Division. Proc. ASCE.)
Mlr.Es, J. W. 1967 Surface-wave scattering matrix for a shelf. J. Fluid Mech. 28, 7515.
MiLus, J. W. 1968 Lee waves in a stratified flow. Part T. Thin barrier. .1. Finid JlIech.
32, 549.
NEWMAN, J. N. 1965a Propagation of water waves over an infinite step. .1. Flu-id Mec/i.
23. 399.
NEWMAN, J. N. 1965h Propagation of water waves past long two-dimensional obstacles.
J. Fluid Mec/i. 23, 23.
OrnLviE, T. F. 1960 Propagation of waves over an obstacle in water of finito depth.
Inst. Engng 11es. Rep. 82-14, Un jeers-it y (J California.
RosEAu, M. 1952 Contribution la thíorie iles ondes liquids de gravité eri profondeur
variable. Pubi. Sci, et Tech, du Ministire de l'A ir, 275.
STOKER, J. J. 1957 Water TVares. New York: Tnterscience.
TAKANO, K. 1960 Effects d'un obstacle pai'allílipipdicime sur la propagation do la houle.
Houille Bianche, 15, 247.
URSELL, F. 1947 The effect of a. fixed vertical barrier on surface waves in deep water.
Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 43, :174.