LANGUAGE AND LEARNING IN THE DIGITAL AGE Lange on Lenin Dil Angi es Pl Get ad locsor ‘lets Hae en th he ae nee yt geal ed, ces ae {rev gage lenin fe pod “They pe hte se of ngage i ara sy ny me sol in debs shat gst, Le he eter nears of weg 0 Piglet op" enance hepowen ofl lana ‘Ganda de we wt carer il tnsorntns of nase sod nth como as roving ca eo choolng dele ‘Sens With th ates crwth ae incragy ‘Sewn war eo nes eal m,n serie way flaring Gee td Hoe caplet ay inch hve race mea of eg cn be face fea padi change in hong. “Tis tan enpging scoale rnd both Fr vdergradte ad grade seen dor eh in npn gs, late, ela cone James Pal Geese Mary Lou Flo ese Profane often Sais avon Sate Uses USA Het member fhe Naso Acide of Esnctonand se f me boks cing the beveling A aon 1 Dasureda (Rotdg,ede, 2011) and compro eH Dizune Aas Rowe. 23). ‘lanbeth R Hayes Pro Engi Aion Sete Uni SA, ee aLANGUAGE AND LEARNING IN THE DIGITAL AGE James Paul Gee and Elisabeth R. Hayesexpe For Natiha 2007-2010 TEES sacar tag om i at a ee eterna on Saree Epigraph to EM, Fosters 1910 novel Hows End pete Ong Sintjeaede eva ore beinencelee enone areas Sige Beit saal nme iceeege seen tered ir cmp sa a SRT SEAT ene ter they gmt ee gent nd i agit to setiimacitenteeat dae ee SPCONTENTS, 0 2 Incodton Language Litesey Language and intention [New kinds f people and reationships [iteay and inerpreson School School an pasionate ainiy paces Pay and eheory cning Caption, and experie “The return ofthe amateur andthe new epi Words, images and experiences “ s a ” ®13: Thre cil formations 14 Maldeakng ders. andcommonaliy Inder a 12 ws 155, 1 INTRODUCTION Ina id ke Lega and Lenin he Dil Ath wor ngage seems es ‘end ha he worl” We ae righty impreed by oor new digi oo “The ein pour aze new fm corpuon nage ee 0 ol od mune prin poms long gen Hower we i grat he ev nd polis ga mad aes ce pei hee per ad Fotis we di th sry fon nguage and wren npuse ‘igi nea stan inten hybrid af he propre of rl lng of wen ngage OB ng esaces Ba epee found pe oy edo notte seu bec ich pron in china corns ‘on sey charge Lier es ec but permanente Ke aes nd wie and it harder change ples of paper or books apse down Browghachinofpeple ‘When dil mea cary ngage ngage canbe nec xp in 1 chat oom, va te main. oon Tr fed, ut ao perme eco Seve rand wide, bur an be ged een more ily ad hy Hn + fomorw ech wer hr chance medi expen we We i ave _iBtaoianInpge"powere op" or ean he per of on BOBS. Redes may yet dpa med cry v0 much ore dan gang Bt language el sn as ays re untae ound, wor gs ceed in the min and gers ted conten il of bec, sounds tos nd od cer or corer eewen a extook ora newpaper Gm the 1950 and ‘Sey wil chow tn todo extol a evga hav many mote mageACILS (veo) them (Lemke 1999, Boh extooksandnewspepen. a fe lefty on fe nae heey ae aecompmed by Yr orig vdeo. [Malskig noes ere od npotnepbenmenon toy Maling ‘deal "gal genet much ced Howere on ange at stheys demanded mula In psig we hate poy anton, a we wl ‘onto tpi f hing Te ane ro fey Banga aering by Out ‘ton The lat hare who oud oot ik ied ut og go ood ‘Denne ras Nopethlenndsy malting eid moe thn vere te iyo Eaow hom whe tnd whee oul Becoming poet. ‘Digi eda a clan sya fa engunge debe ng) ote 2 aris dey sete Boman Wren anguage nova ee deer pm [Ee lnguage We can tardy unde «der yen if edo ot ode wearer nw Whe we muy en aie dg me nd wren Engg by alg hem dlery mn ety we dono mck ing Car, stuck pies and nk ae every Ses aman bar ey Havers ‘he word pd aa bigs ot vo a ba “This bok about np fe dg gS et soot eguage Or angie gio hut om evo, Gad (ependingon Jur poo ew ews gio ue ety Brtyone bain ey see dds Sec socal sunset seques xiebngas (Choma 1986; Pinker 1999) Fatheror every hana Uo» pose (ale) and conte & sete when amino ngsge (or Sn pa fo tat mate, (alsa bood ot ngater thy Set ssa protien with ie city nay cles cme pu tat the pote atid ote Peoples "ight peak The powe at hemes op othe ofc ypoepecon for the cle King len sd shane cme pode the offal a pore ‘peck cals Eeyay pope Became wen peesh wo ly conser Cimon ne) see en Cpe Thy meinen oo Byte Mie pin th Wes. iy ws through ence it gat hi fing” Lowey 193) wih Kgs nd bos a thee. Aighs and es {elo them iowed by nd mere sd depp ado the ce yen he puso, penn Tas ns cn mach Sour who fad he ‘thor wo send w pak the wth nd who dd han waft ‘ort tar sbout who seal nen whom Peasy the Bo ened ‘Reoce ee and sok ural one “ing ceed ne calengeouahory andaack new How fc gel ‘Wen someone pas ot tory can ely ei and each hit pesoa tsi poer Bat when someone wrinson awl balan oF pee of pe, they en be snooty ca be sy bythe ine tbe toner ra wit they we |perbecme infnieylrger sine ne Book cold be moe ly pom Ive chip and dari wm many moe people But ery wa fed seer ral wok wayne rin palates Tne se ofbth ngoriten trap an preted ook edn was ‘poder ined oth e-toc ad he pone | ‘Cour (Gn 179, 187) When oun ike Seen seed nen era ‘ening nthe inte en eng was encore oar al olde the [Bland caus vied oreo eae ta vane a eat "ered" (Gobanon 197) a mdr oie ven en eating bse say ene ‘wring pnd ach more si dee ecru May peopl tary ‘otter wel te ana Pining howe od pute See ‘om he begiing opie cons war ould oclly pied (cen {lb wih sortie Ones, very ope wee tee mame (ead) and ot pesae fr crane pula), Digi neti aan ofr am pro fre e letng everyone be rode a wel a commen With dil tea pope cn fen ps o- al tors ad ose fo pode thet ow mea browldge rodacs, Seer, and tems They cates dete te produce wes They fn maken moval de iio cope Wit he "pobasca” or > tig nto sous Tough the lero even peopl coc oeted “rain or notin” Bd any oer ead ca be _gobe snd guy topes Pope without fl ede cin eae te wh, (one dem sed opt wt thm fo race Keg ae Since we knew te, with both or! gine and Eye iyo he owed pace ad ot ur comme war cra, and pls, ‘hough nen with tales, wean peta foes wil aie em the ie tf ere productos an pcaaon te dig mei ae let Dig ‘ei eae eaugh atch sage hve cont wl ke ot ily ce, ‘en othe power orca we best ar i ee equy wi nt wi oot guy hg pole rl fw not ju he wh want il omer er the everest fiw nd the sy to ie (ewe it 1 bigenough router none or anton cough fr een be en [Noteseyone cin pte sine sadence nd te wh do wl gina fd power Soi guy sod uth har ceely nt denned by temas ‘tho ge big sence, sas opower “The save poten se in ven edema om wth igi mei, ocr ty uence can be gl Ina se wher everone can psi and pale de wise wold Gin mince sce people pn Tei, hugh, thks hw big be pote unc ithe de (camel ererone with compute eves, be Gries cooneion Shee even sl ne tpn peopl whe Al nd ighnid sigan ence, hough nt ms oe Eveone who lve making Sh eds eof non pit can Sd exch ther ard the Word aod oop together "peopl ie" people with a shed psn” (at thes do aoe | ondentnd). Bee thy fe soe among tore who tought they mee od, & ppeor mari > iy gina cence tal, ven if ot ma oe in many pet nod and wo be eocurged an appaoed Toy, people with re ets ot Sxmedy tcanes ean find ed gt oppor om fhe, Young ppl an sn ‘ese ti a ton fc ee odd Th end wo par “ik popped hon br hyo Jon cree they a wang (Helo oft td adore hang eden a, "Ba hea foetal dow wo the by people foxes hte se interes or mn crass do he rambo fou Pope ‘Snopes oven polar sd te oe so ade pol {el ews, communicng only with ote who shat pasion vas, nd ‘ews The ny become as wodd whee eee can prdace wd 1 acce, “ererone” Gc st ple rl sun bat nck ups "ding the ow the” Egy Ge opr in wok ‘hen ome pple ive baer estan the oe gous whos nes or oe et ee sad ce ney "Ta dee the policing rope 6 Te Ltert sd he heel pole lad pits the Ure Str andor er counsel in party the [otha ei gop ter ht cll cee cute wha ey ent Shy in they aly ber) her re many naan where poole ork {ieee group fe wed te Ire sod sca eda cgi nee bbe cs, wee hing Goo akg people im deer emt "be sen bw he eon wl ploy ou Berean she nent ei may “Eten alued-den gop and he oppor peopl cae Gr ge ‘aise more pontneouly than ee bere, ‘Wee hope and ae Hope dat dey a commons wel pode sion and consumption can Gal Bd + bpp) tinge Ft contol ove seryny proces il be reseed, groups wil pier thd pol, ominon ee at pubes fot atonal sd global) wll ede or ‘esome dominated ely bythe ecologic ele “The son crcl pine we nan fo make bee seer bea thiol in uns. es pope cy fr people o write ook oy arm apect of ig meds fol me the lnern, videogame td ft) ba oF ‘ig cor clare ot endingring our cian fe. among MADY oxi, ‘Baueine 2008 oe Cae 2010 Thee oes who tik har ipl nda se asc fo empl thy think ne jas by ing oor len compte ‘he lnececwe cull de the ip in col peoomnce between Se rh ad ‘he poor (ote Soo 2010 (No eshalogy Boks von, compat, eo game of he Intent ly ot apap god rbd mar or ped Such colo at ee nly inser fon when when nd why sey pte te Tey hve ot isn den cone a an They an be fo fx god eI. A computer ennsced othe Inert nde Band f+ cd wich pod mening i en ce freeing lay tot be ee curses Thee se, then ‘oe dur who had who doen ve mening 9 eA) a “Fee sine i ur oct and of hngunge ome wl we "The New examen Jobe 1) sp" he eponing wa be Worn he ‘Word wor with Goda he Wort mat Gad” For amas ne nord wat {poken Ont hngge oa origin gi Wine ngage came slong mach ee Digs me les Fo ceri pepl eat he beth wth wich _pese withthe pio the ou and te lngge ey spe wih he nig aman Write gigs oe tht bet lowing tt al 0d ie soving he grovel of itn emp sation: Dig em newt apne cestngs vice dean vel tod ep mong eryay 3p” sna or goog an il challenge the pone oper emp an ina What ‘el hppen? Only he fae wi2 LANGUAGE ‘Whats language? “The word “nguge” cn mean ie things One way ee hk bout Inman a mcking no de We cn ik fara ulin ou od i str weary i ere ngage atv enoenan (Chek 1990. "We can ao iw ngage someting aly pret in the woo praetor nd wring ahs guage Tm eee ‘Aterately we can view lng at fol onresions sel by 4 poop of pone shou hw tm communis (Duet 199). Thi rahe Ue Fou socalilnedonccofruotandwhie the uerin pope bas inl book what sor prt aoa be tht hey owed by opi when thy ply he game “Srenure the somenons fsgon ogg ently ina ale book | ny te Soe bool bw gre ow thei sho ik peopl soa {Due ort som) el wh bons week oder how people eal do {Cite doo ro book fest a ow “The comentario peng soc Hai & Han 1989) They ae oii the ene tech on then Be by ov ote ool (ough wi ome vari. ‘angoge ce be viewed a copie mario sc it of ou ll of hese tnt a th ne ine Lange ao something hbk nd {iu ecal anpinge ee oblong a dida—eo be someting we {nein dave wna eee oe eed by oc conentons ‘eyonourndda con! Anda amy what noone ee as eet idtebre My aeguge, ny wry a communcting eens obey owe. et omume slr inance“Blve cme decry mets Tena” and probably thi ‘herb rw) Ble by ayo ie “Ae wae a ny bgsge (Engi thre ng ee Tare 00 he scene Many oe have el i bef me elo ich eae conen= ‘iow ter hae led many wore aed pris I edo rea tee Thnwhen dBi own decry meaplps on Toye allowed 3 [Gamat pee has he Engh pes ae og owed bjt Vb ‘Sijno.areone wenden by saetnce he igus Noun Chomsky (095715 one we (aking mach he ne ose ping © ake with on seannce people cn tly Sve! hing): "Cren ses ee ou ‘ben aes etence hugh decry epi ety oe bo ter bund th pe a 51 is Coop ‘he pone ngage de ey ead whether Low to ot. ake cry igang st comcunal mace Gen which wel be, bow ae ‘Ze ool tHe tho and al och of shout ov aque le Babsn 1931, 1986, (Oral and wetten language “We of dsingish anong “onl lng “wren Inna od ange” [es hats oahu and wen guage We can vem ee ee. (Sage trang thc man, se ngage fhe bee” sunt ea0sunzl” inthe nguge of ater or horns ngage oat oa ong bere it ws writen. Onl ngage ined ance he de of bang Weer aginge ws oecied ch moe ‘Serco gem 3000800 ean ago (Sumpna 190), aod was Tern oly ya ow feet cles (Goody 1985, 98, "A! human pope he ol lnguage Noel aur hie hao ve hy have wren fangange, Or! ngage var aguas Gt nd pinay frm Disgusting betwen on nd ween ngage nd icing boating Simin ee rina aecay oie the atic ares of ach ‘who or what made language? ‘We know dat ol invent cores oft consol wich why wt he “Thy ako ape f change tem concolor ort ‘Remon in te ule pole ae godt barb tome nc npg © os bal eter of he pecs No group of Ramat ge anpchr a coro decid wha the comenon or als) of langue ‘Sidhe Frhermor al humane good ot ring the st ngage and‘ ‘nw ay bngung ince wesley oly aha Be argage (Chomsky 1956; Pnke 199. "A hom ngage shite Suc Sign properics (Chomsky 1957, 1986 conti 198; Ginsberg 97} They ve vowel il Cosrans ard abies.© teouce “They all ve noun, wet sentence, ad ates gery They lave “eign ptena make Inge lorgr etn y embod one Pare orate nanohey ri" nk ne Myles ht Sue cae "Beto waned Je net bleed chan our stool ‘oul oom no) Language cn a em uesons make otemens, an gv ‘dey ews hyd he things ae sr income rec. Thea et ep guge utero ut ope he TEshighly ly nr haan ngs dewopd om on ori ngage (vrs long pr fein, iene onan vps peal ar the woud nd mune only with cich ok his orga gape changed a ie ‘rn irene ao Tha pi the grey abun ging at ‘mec and ht won een ibe fn 0 ary ne ied Oa angge eed cpu i Buran Benge song wath the owes of ‘an clr We dono row wht ely ager of bans engage wor, sce chee en ex opr” ngage eA amas guns ‘complex ie nguge plenty ates wh ey se oto complex ‘moat dan hve spoken by crwth ery (Gee 2004 Per 1939. Bring eee bile roc tien a aman see ngage + ore rae propery fs arity Te fora of ng thy age eck (a har ermarl” (Ge 2009. A verre iy aga the em of hey” wh thy paki pec ‘or exper ofan sre Ean exper peak een any othe angoagt then thy oe ang org pes Popes wermclc se oangange mae by eto the verse fem of Eagle feet in Silo pars te aun or og dere oc {poup Hever eerone vermin eualy comple snd egealy Engh (oe wntever ange thine cgi. Ince cor pep nd i tpi tig for pect pce purges Tay a ei 1 the ngs o eet done Tho reso language we the gramraed ‘owes wemcavie bape vee tnt eejone at ‘roe (ve eee Bars verre) Sn farcnmple gins cue wan engin gous oo me sore Thay ve (uly) Sgn erin ceremony ernmness cs| {Sehr Thoy uy a Ss changes 0 tne ng thy ean we shu ngune fr he ita they we te een emrronmene, nd ice They cme 4igas nga” ora ral ngage” wae fons Inge for lo mgs popes Leer in tory. pape Gx pp cls cet aeons and evenly) oe cet number f vane fbi They hue changed he asc ngap co eapage in ngage aries fr test enc, wed ine enieeting, pe desig nie andor td many other ne "Toran op ngage deol copy in hurr ster ia) io “heconse ofan elsion dea tests easy ets nw siti of ng rs arom Chien aque enc ny ‘har ngage pr ofthe pce feng ohne is ee 2) Communes They ae el good hee he pce poy conta by Siig apa or agus ng py pec ohana Al (den eer he ear pein ne fling Hee gangs fr ‘arpner, me ony aod win mee arin ng are. ral language Ins ook we wil evenly apa i digi mei a power, ‘oven ingore of ngage but "eve po nhc hngugs. Digi ‘mela "power op" pine and expo bile ngage tea ba ode) {Gr ngage ale o es power a ht way yar dg GE ‘Str human cles he say oe ne the arid linge ‘Burtsimporantaow os nk, abot what ee age Lapgage are it speek (onLangin). Onl ngage ngage oa topiary fom eis rl lngg ta evolved inthe man ce, (Gal lingage se ng tne no ong enough elon 0 mera “Wain i ot Weng i ly set ineton (Goody 1986188) ch Clue tori wee “ole” in the ete tha they ad no wg ‘The are sll mon eles dep ‘Tor mat of hmar hse ot ngage snd or eo-Bce comm sce wise people were corpo wth ech eer ue sede, Bu ik {Sout what hppencd when tomas iveced he weaclgy of io eoig, ‘Now he ol wed cold be ted communion sccm ine nd pce whe People nr nat ce > fc or > prone They could eve en te cee Voie of did pono, Phony owed people oka rapond aa dace ho ot thy ‘weed dy ceca eagh computer (ins game Hke i face ‘Srinath he Skype) slow people oak then a te abe ne oem or lage grup thou ring psa co-pren w ddvide> tie cht ne et ne frm oo-pesece aa dance I lool ngs ‘i penty canted nd enpowned in coparion "Gee Ge open Sich tehosoged cans orl ngage, while coy ar enhancers ‘sd epomemen tome ets do ile ase We wl hat al techno log canger aoe bot aod lame A penon con peak on 3 ups bat ‘we cnnot peak to th pero, They cannot be lenge nd they cnn Tek A cope propery ofice-o-Bce commision has belo Phoes xe ina ued eve sidered wie cat nme the ding nd ne “hosimene dts inporanto Bee tbe communionOf ours we hie no gen up fce ofc ps el comms snd weal ap a Hee: Nlonetiln, ew r f eahtoopaly ekaned omnia do charge te -ealogy” of ch fceto-iceco-peent bal communion, Foe empl mcy pepe end mor tne tlnsw pope Som sro he wo wave ca Skype and cht woth they do ing © heir neighbors in cette opt eal comix, Inthe ne chpe ne wl dam he ae af rl ngage a me depth ‘Thaw wl sue Ut “ol ta appropiate wd bee The so human ingge (ch bear the balla of langage orig deen opr ht ese not pken Weal i with gue none nd not ay (ous king guage i somewhat ke mena sing Sing one The spatial basis of meaning in language and thinking Actangage cole ia has bi wt wees cor esl proper? ‘The vgs otagg so nginthe put nt we how esto Rong bout ‘hen Bly humm wore hunter nd gtr Suey when ngage Ba aman dir Bcrto- Gee common sd tk bow ed no 1d hing pal proet soma the (Lon elope om the seams "ey get) There and-now pec oflgnge and alas hs bee She ey undston fama age Eady bes mi i ct aund the ee king boot metaphor the emotions masz or lik tho ofthe alent in se ety to adopts wel-knowe phate fom Thoma Habe, as “ny, ba and thor Ove neeton were facut on sev Exly gang oe erly ‘ws wed ony communis bout cance mate nthe er and no Sot Tad mare "Thu an intl func of language was wo alow human beings lk aout coer hing inthe bread pow whe being ceo ce with others [Goma war probaly an port acomparsmene of ngage hs pune a ical tod) Lt lth the Spl Prope of Langage A core pope sf inpuge we for fceo-ee communication boat concrete tng ‘AS lunging cole thera eat ws enired by hua ee, ‘hs origin Spal Property eeu ore povetlin an tring oy Homan lerdal sat bac mene dg dey do by ing boot them they ee hing in pace ad tine fel tough ngs bee ethnic ae pracy ences pin th ee nd now a fe we, ough mecpbor (Andon 197; Lata 1987: Lak & Jbmen 1980; yo 1977). People so abot arching athe wer conte cs pope fen engage thik ak 1987) People nek nd cough move ook ‘be concen oe sbct arouse Foi example when "Us ny eam aking stout phe ing in pce When ay" omy mint lat ying oe ny ln of thought or" lot the deson” Tam ekg boa ching tha ae moe Sct than my les and ot ps (ea leat x sine phys hing Uke yy “Thee ae al maghon We rest minds neg hog lesan i ey thing Len maps pce Lal 157 Lia Jhon 1980, Tere [mary engl ofeach gl espn PHYSICAL ABSTRACT OR MENTAL topped my tay ‘Theis st oped ou my ed ‘rep th gn ‘rp tat toi| eta fom home, ‘nt rn, {ame tack home "ame oy sees export par explored alta moved ebook Thespeeh moved me maton. Iatppedon Dei ‘Thee stoped my i Jat esis. eee staan ganna ight. gunn tare epaaton eting sin the bo Newing winked rae “htop iat ing oy ‘Ove sins he Sp oper (bit ke bot conse hing in the ere om so he asf king abou sel od sce gs rmeopon Once huma ton tht meuphorial wick of ing abou mest dnc ing they were hing pac an ie, ty wee the pth tebeing le to alk sout aphid sd te eto mancs ook Sheet af male The move fon alk abou coe hing the be od toe shouts andar things waa mop in be development of uma mind amar tan ham ge Tir bok we wl dias many other spporan change is guage We ‘wal wach engage become mote power dd when atl metphor ‘eis ued 0 stout brats mening, We wile ht sal eda te cing inporans clang is nguge. Bur the mos power enkncemett ‘of linguage in human biry woe racy language Ley ch ology jo ike sgl me. So aac dwn hove fp ee oe ‘tthe key says dig ma ave and wil candor npg year fc replengleney in ais pees and pacts We wl ta LyiBeing embodied and situated “Tough pol ele ws hata ink oh scons nd eer sig ars hk ough image expen (Ck 1989, se ‘R), Cone he difeene erween "The cafe pled. go get 2 mop “The cof ple, go pe som” (Chek 196. You weak res wd of crprete oo jut etn of wounded eee. "When re ado undead section o thing hate ool oo bs, orto came ou pee rennin el we often ll one poner Gfecphan 9 dace them Wes fr ape bloga cll aes se Fil oe wachns making hing, We pcre he ide ofan atom aii wee composed ofles pines ong sounds enc toy (ence) We agin DNA fie wasaluepis fra howe Our metaphor a et into out ‘ey ae tontlny in vena haman enderandng Sent’ mods ‘uv len ke meupbon fr example the wie ame mad! ofthe owe hee ‘SfDNA, mode gan inawind tal gr of ef impngag00 4 morn abject th pcr of alin eo epsent vluon, ‘Unies in though nd ngage fro Baars, nd en ee oer ater embed) sd er of icone rata pe ‘Sets BE banc wasn Vy al lp ke os oad SS oO pe) ed ae thy a tod on rary ems of ecpine Undone mos our ose #ch {Stra We eaten qu pec obo undead bevy al slike vey TW hn, hgh ni in ee with al non eed ots or, curbs, ston nd fa he ee nom Weve ol shaban dro log megbor (evi bce mh ou) Phe sino ee rhe mt oh ern wey Tttay allow! ngage ob cored for omen song at spe contr fe edit pcied ngage et ‘Sika and comple tng ‘Dipl cde Ge tae mean Tt, ado oc meh a. rin tig lege bel 2 2 Serer nea bem-ecbor ‘Sens Thy aso big tick conceesige nd epee el 2 aroph or bic te ae de pects pe SESS Ga panes De eyo dog ogee Efendi. ope th nd cl id rl wn anh" wig on soir dn with poole rte wed Sach nection at bo. te, welhiteccGee econ y Digi metas es a wt deh ad espn rade sanngTny alow tnt sonor peo cone noon me hough an ceormape lobe searing ol eee ost laroags 15 pack.os fy siaing we. The a fo: ha bt ito langer ibe Smadon once was We can oe silons and ges mode or pho: ‘or wnersanding (Ge 20720078, ‘Wh ery ngage epee om bod Wis ign made ebay esi but in iced and ial wa We unefiand an crore ed cael + conte embodied expenenc bo ot (urope) "Doy™ 30 {leton We undentnd modern sore on the Bild of bre but he Bed ‘ifual She bd an ta e coil hgh vital esd ie Langage seen t 9 Ralf of vole he Bee aod now concree cooled aiden fo image snd meapbons pdf "oce wie” ‘las! iencione Barts landcope une what come belo3 LITERACY ‘What is language? What is teracy? “The wore i ein many erent wae We wel we ia mas ind cation ee Dy icy we wil mean reading a wring aman fw stead ue fhe em (“emptor tency etc lec) a ef te pogo. Howes hi ack, we Ke the ion of ey cw and oral od ween En det te le enya ten he eo gl med ching ngage Unde ow cya atch inne gag aimporantrundenandng lacs how dil eda tole indore ne Tre wean dct cy crew aed getap sreng) be clear about what wr es by bl ngage” ral onl engage ha Salts soa) Ar we aang othe peu hope we ean eo re sey and wee langage (hich may el bea on falerspetn| ‘Amesenn Sgn Langage (ASL) i gpd aot ake, bt al hopage ji ie Engl Sun (et Gotha 1958 Grea Lane 198, By he Sr we ae elng sat "Signel gli bur sbow ASL aud ae agg: by dean, “heer ngp nolan o other olan o sey 0 one. inher ny nm oops oink om" heer any eae fee to hve shown op ode very fr of RSet wee goa fot i oa, ays er othe qston—wich, of eat hooey get pce KT ay nk lhe ow do ou kn tA ou bl to ta on Kin" andso eth Agi eng 15 ny ithe ope or npn an nals bs ngage is bale inact tnd oe ara mrs pena lou Spang Ju oe ony t Spr epige Thing note ey, “sng acts wy Sek king ad nga ers dee ae rlingge Tym ee nguag eney ec aie ey ‘penn Ech eon ot gig So wn gy? sg Shite deed osha Hine or wen : Linpsge of cl comenton sow bw fo ambi won ph (21! tga ene ie neato cise ‘Td gamma nescey iv dered oop vec ong, Se te, nog of oo tw ma ‘Beng tt cn beget or everetin de ys 7 Tor kusun ig oils play en ong lg pelea (ceed wo (Ge 204,20 Pie 199 Wen balan oa ‘Sectnd vue Sle aguge sor cnbe ook hohe orogned Gb ‘Eagan Ge 204 Cony 1981988 Oson 196 Sow 90), Novalstslnngugs nbs ered hgh wingspan oc xg she an i be pico eve tha Ganaterte ino es ie Engi eo pate bk the Engh wing pe. Nr Se cana net dat dag sword Bend kp rd ccvmemta) n-nonane commen) No weg Stop ia rE oper or ogi or psn) Sc cr "Wing is scot sven, eveing nue hon eek, hous for ofr ook we wa eno gunge {on guge ht eee yee ng or gn te ‘Svat ungng to be guage d's ved by ing ay ng © srry dv ttn Fanay oe ingro urtdcst ed ttnug mew uno recy deny scsg eco ope ‘ae (Ger 300 Har Rt 195 Hens 9 Son Solon 98) ive. fc onl nga nd otiy one yw ogtace Beaty down Cover Stable ohch we 1 lury yen fr han ngs a oe ‘Siriaas gett they he ly change ow buna oy, {SIL pone whe pat thy bbl read oh wel ‘Scnonisigeetyand comme mnie fom ig ee Sepa» dayne moat tum ey Wheaten oftoctapage stamens “Thr enor ew he pat ey eer aye luguge Wen he vol ie ace see pe in el ang crs Ent insane ee mg pte ng ew, ie wir tac 199), Honan yw x wi = ST a rgd enya ee ‘ee cnrn pie ung -harsrashpl” psa) tea oa6 wy ki hare wih ki Gc penton and te ace with pn un wih” an) Sa too when we thi about Key we could se the aoe at homan- cewsg” or enna seme "human with ngage wither” Haman ‘ing and inpsge re bok capa of ent hinge wir kay tan wo (ade 197,985 On 1996; Og 1982S 98 Lteraey ‘nan oui eng en el hi on aed pron a th Und Sas eh aoe te yaa suns 0 fn end ‘pee coms hae a thn we (eer 3 Na Res 2800, These wm oe nec oer ow ach mag ounce ‘On ie ofthe ar Go Ge 2068 fr scone i ay at gel gegen cy ae bot "guage See hie eo ge ‘roghineeron ncn ssn ao fey dose ‘eel my cet aching is ped Cl tl ae eye spe ‘Thy tube mene eg pc wh ye ey hen common Ti are et dh ogg nd ene a ec hing On dnp Ha ong go nese ot hen Sam, wie ey ee ‘sve ment ema nto Thee pur a eo pags iar tec be ny aun lt wor" ce he ssenlieons = —— Bath lo he rng wa a wong and i Lic i et“ shee ht angus ia dery pa lng gt tagug or pr nang ney) To wal oes encag heey a nein be seuon oot mae bg gh eno ap 5, Sie pene ton ey Coan ove ancy tng ting ypc fr gue) ined ‘cquie ough ocizaton Gn he ly ad in schol an rough aes ea oo jt oF ma ve acto (Gx 20 Hrs). +p Sale Become ibe ele” Gray Se enon ort 5 Seeing th conan tg enetion (Gee 204 se 8, 5 Sib San 1 Sve 6 Ths owen ee te aad lie oligo nln pg Irn rt -\.ahect ite berg oad wa eer sn rine ot ey ate “Shy dct pop ofp * chien Eom hom not ecu tem ely it one vein 2° cite eds eon cn ty ol ol enh of pets fetch wed fs pe mer ‘Sonn eoy ats han he hl ty a wl pie Union ch chien spy ge aed of oer nto sofa lta Ts ph stoping cite G2 dey on ih beryl” bang eprom ng, ‘Suse wesley ough en sce ppg he in pa of an bine both nu dy For camp any pro eb Sot compen tne ik the tar ogg wel wen) Tho pt oe ins tc Sone tng sd scree wold Conprcerane soapy prone ingnge by ove Baro 19, iach 199). "Wh ms ol ngs dace hbo pe ee ce commanesion nd ough ap ral dlp wh cut (Goma 199) Ths a ape tin Ol apg leon = {ipote rouge ee anne re ie ink w meer hat ‘rene pov thought od oon we eb a our ny 3a nce ten nependt wy to ke wl sb ba ‘halogen ome vp fr hs ete ‘Wht ak ee dine ta cole dey pen ro pp ee ti bee x once aa ae fit! at ech by mos psple Ba ir ey dnp isiaions we tbe we x oy tear re ded "Tefen ge” Gr Eg ERY me wien swoon end lngag "Were ngage hin one vn onl ng ‘Sogh cp so hnpge ert Eig te any oe? ingaps wien wih par ane o he tot lng Sper tat trerdon of bunan cit (ic 197; Olen 19 Pon 1 ‘5 pe msec mpc ed work eg sow phone inal pth und a igh wos ore eh ey. ‘The ng pier we ony 2 leew epee nts Te tee pen ood huss ono» war se fen “Ataplaiet ss cade poring ohn sso whch ete \pfass ear tephra "ay" (ober tere) wh eng ‘ries ogo cone ty oa ve nye a a ou a ach Calc yay goer ar Canela homo ngs do we se haben a end wr wes bh Sa vt a a To, Sporn woo wonder wold EPR ad ‘Seiya fee Sch. tne eae mowed ara attest Scher eyes wordy epg bon eye aoa ‘eae wiing one yee nut fant ncaa Thee a so wing oe th poet meng aly he opens engage ad onus ar Fo aps adel Coaaand sce gether pen src sel Coal be ed nn nor rn) Sic ingen cd ‘Soe unguege The So ol pss bow owt ten Howe ‘cheney eet ce acy se ans pabound of eet messing, whe an ahibt nel onl couple of dona Soc wring ent ay change one te incorpo bok eat sigalat lee sone othe i the wate the ol ngge te mening ‘ltd wih Ben hte meing-ien her hansen res, wenger ‘cod mning tht yaks fh nguge cn my a wort a ft pes ‘iene lg cin sy tenn ne len gana, since he symbol ‘tnd or mening and note sound of won anyone ngage, Ol gg "eis primary eon te ser. Forthe remainder af rb ew msn phe wing sytem when sel shat wren agunge Wt we wlohe pr Ings tata ween ars rab eer thin poner Ged ia speech sun) nce lites ni fou, Mos ge a ne ‘kg pt eed mre dnc fo meaning mtbr hi sound a we ame ‘tok ta aga wots in the on guage Nontlen e s ook e il ‘ers ounce 0 pes hen we be sbou woes gage “When ne dnt lung ner we wl pit ou tthe be pro chad acres in sol nding ering to rads the ei or olay ood te age of fe (Dion 8 Neaman 2005 Gee 2004 Hate & Riel 1995) Oat ngage cevlopmen he Sundancer in cool an ‘Wehue sendy mensoned sh pen with leg hammer, gu 1. ng pen mace pone han ne win =o Lec 3 ‘uti gc ol Is too fr dling ol bnpsge Or ngage pt heny isa difiene hing tan langage without «aman wih ‘om aie ting tn» oman woot gon When map hl ina athe go macy paces hat hy ean go wig the le lone 5,20, ‘het humane combine ngage wih bere hey cn 2 ing edo pce” (hey cou no wh ja ange el Hee sone ample Bere iencyangap ws we ar ear at ‘clr tout cy wth very le ey (Hook 197,186: Ons 1982) People wed ngwge i ot sate 9 ina pa down memorer “This wa psych he ol thy cold i they ted ol ngage pot al fmemory pps Unley Sloped ec ef ng ‘Sememary and he ennai fang For eanc orl elas dele pie ore (lke Homer Ha and Oey that pore the cae’ iso se knoe a ped thr do hog he enersions ype tel fap. Hanerse Gecko pucaty ted for meh svi nen tha \eoped secre snd ora (eg foo: pes poss phesing. and ees ‘ions teed memary snd et marae Jv) th ade! meals snd ‘ing (Pry 17D) Ties good empleo cle aging evn, and diopng nag eyond is ga rms, ‘When Gree deep ey fr Homer ine banan emery cl be cetanced ins whl et wa Liricy wae spec ol need when ae viens memory. Now meso (hitory and kaw) ood be sone hel in ook and not mins History aed knowledge col be pel on by ring dno ating Fethemore knowledge cul now be viedo drt ls ‘Sr otegorie be stop diplomacy ology ooking, wt edo a a ‘noe clr knwo good de it debe inert sn ed ‘opt in he me gh mente vn, Sepnting nt eet cage 1 woul bve meate kw a to be mmerze in to many ent ats and ped own a woo may fre hae in aon hye ‘ile re Ete olen an encydopetn ay Tp hee cure, onllnguge bs eon od epee ane ew coe: For enmple when mpor st experience 9 2 Gen can ie dow ‘oben ie ih and report ued on whe mot cn ako check the ey ‘Ew id by sing the te The od sl fcumory porn he ‘pearl a bing mpormd oy gely elu Langage so gun new capbti when nay ate fan ll, | we hire cw tao memory tense Hoe ry ie pe or ach fino spat Indeed wa ac ret ad eo ect pe tec bch of noua nce there wer gre lini on ht erey el the bien npr eer n and meer ephng for) Iiagge ied he manera pole ‘One scale a tency howeer cn develop fren anche of know ge epaly a deep wall pat whi ey on penen could emer oF ‘neous lan begin ce lowe sho ngage ent aches tkrowledg.orexmpl npg omens aga rng ngage Se crpenty, opus fr liter fn, nd 0 fre. Now ngage 20 seporane oper pope cn ek ed wee) Seen aie of agua eo wan dfn bancbes of owe, This omer, wold wo Siappenr sme a al ery ce, ocr guna Hodge woul he 0 Be ‘owed in bee nd ped down ory angge io onl cue ns aeaty mule Thee ese oot ii ‘ec cxmple nal guage onl epi tres eer lng, tine, ‘Scene vite of inguge aren snd women Buh uly oflengwage as ben grey enhace by Bey Litany memory (isiog meron oping tem down) and ‘omy (mulplesnlr of aking ad wg) ws em al a owe language to be Iced op cance ro pron tn the haan nd sd bun sy wee cae sel "Ave id belo, with ol ad ectlopethere rsae bth in nd loam When people change guage So new thing they i aed oh [eecsome ol capaci gti charge calories in inporacs Tht, thes of conan epi rie ping down ty an meri (pe sce in moder rte cls We Be lors god deo thet ‘ing nd many ofthe nang device linge ot ci devices ke frase phen peson and pone device, and dramatic arse devices“The ils an devs il und in ny ppl nd cle bat ey ‘ey anand or wesened We ld hn pobre hae ong Sk oh an ceo pe hyd clues when nguige compte ith the hes of Hoes op athe toon Beret a rl eae ands ete oe (anion which oocyte ow nd nen ees he lo ofthe ld wa ith ron ode eo re en ste he lo ee ol treing ‘oy ofpsing dow lege dng ule ogee On ee ober and, (ees ave of ome owe cate by dpi meds ne Sl eae ‘overs le ae mor ct nd id a the mon Bowe ene ‘Sl nd ig cue (ian ned in new ecology of race “Thi tune of loa looms large whe ele cas enologx We olen et on win oo ily one and mete converaon th bee of ‘evn: Bethe ae pn ead we need o cs lone 0 sn ‘Soni xh oer ond in ans t ow owes maybe competed ‘ther gure, We wl tr th theme eer ns ook ‘Wen bnginge pay dla by wang score he not pins and lanes terms oboe elannge Tes ako pin and lasso ther pect ote cal and hw people sn erin eee ee icone win amare din sc nd core Forel ring in tay voces hangs be whole nae of oaeace (Gea 1791967 orca pople ve tat ach other word hey ec juiein ne roc eens} bas on people os Tt how tac the page no appear to be With wing, fen Plced in cms nian he nwa lye 08 popes words Or ‘idence olen checod by writes evince Ia dee Sse, gage har laerome oi ein ceing mat and mating contac Literacy as technology Lisacy i ecology ji he a, pet and pe ores, elevons ed gil camen Like ter exhnlogi cx lp do woo hat ws done haut th eshloy,bt lee cen or ex wel (a esr, tho alow peopl to ow things ie car ey hema he wok ‘A teinaog leacy henge ovr dine eared cone made ty the haan and witha wing mpleere Lar aman aed png prea, ‘Spee a omptcs tn wate wth, Toy thee cholo ht alow ‘pee tobe made dave nm print No aed fr ping, Que ty in he ‘ar pope wl pen in compen order wie acu ad ste thn the chiens Grune rut ae th computer a out oad “This of ethalogy shows cy ut weg deve fr comeing a (hog ed hg Howarth ow ena ile om rie we nw no When ‘new compore wera pce) we ay ove oo sles ngage in oat ado wring We do ao wu yout ud what we wt wet Wet sree Te ew echeclogy ane Go See hagige i ot Bed olen Uggs wring Canpotion wl be feather wl be is oe, “Theo” way of Compoing wal ur bat = canged ecology Vs Ee the comput ley in our ais Raed wre wl eriy ‘hangs he compotion rose ey merken nce wae Seng ws ‘seman ty may make ori and woes thes (espe may cope ifthe top ofa hen by ju ang ny wit mich eo). “Out concern in th book wih tae we ee ko be. vith writen ngsge a Books aga lead document wel in ad {Togs niages im 0-aleleoal ewe mae and words bth sen Ty may pape tnd 9 view the chology ery) = ll, | ‘ona and mowers ar wendy newer olen gin echnaoge Hk oc ‘ei. video ames and gil photepaphy and movi. Many pple soe hae eating a weg "ign the Be of ig r: What they ly fs ot hat ring ad weing ar ui “hing. tr ta ne of or prev fore mays reagan wig at ‘jing or beranng mach le renee (expe eng» novel iy By ‘mel, Resdng td wring si sethng,icing in he ig wo bat thoy a ao cng ‘ur angen hat tec ecology fr desing gn a may swoyeohaeed nd empowered nguge (ied up adpoweed "brie {De vileo-pme spe). ge ngage new il proper, owen) an ‘Steal ions ea atest some Of aguaees apt or caged the bom and when ey a apd or we We wl ake Ser {Bene aout yd meda Tey bo“ ap" or"power op" agus {ean pba oe gi han oe “Ther we woul angina "hanan ng” an a "anguage me” ie ‘os orm nan lng) thi tn moon by elon, Haan re ical aman ete of ae sae Langage rare sw a ngsges ‘endo of cl tae Cala fa alowed fares and angange 0 develop (rel beyond hi"ausbuthi nacre fin pr ony pad wh hey yan dyna be Cale an edt deve th 0 ibe he arc of harass horas) and gegen) ta they ae dangers died ore Tei ot pop wy i the ac inet alk abou buna eo langage tie Toe moon ol lence en are bane cur aie ternary and agg rebut hyo hare porn ants Whe hie ures” are very Genble and capable of grt modem, ey an be ltd or ben "Thee a pele Sercy paces eat Hee wld humans and Iengnge stir. For empl, hr was + Sne (ch wll comin om ers) when de en the Unie Stes where pone or ins {dee the oppor un Arie Sign Language Twa dose neserie fahingthem nl Engi hic ar the nce fou ey ‘ino: band Engh Ken when i ero are Engh sy one he nose gn an in lguge fem be ny ue nage a et (Gombe penoe cn gu ne by ame wan sd ced to ep hee chogh ngage Tit icy wth ei chin la tat tre Langunge by aie tee sd 2 sefpeo canoe npg in inguin nection» ot beter ugh sins ‘tam ipatng The poy so itn he aeons Tinney i meder las at on ose who in py ere hace whos publ nd who cao and bo can pode owe tr who on ot comune ih te ep dete arash wo exes he Ines pric nd jt cone nd fo Be il pre of nd conta ‘her sass fe ted oc seed Digi eddy awe wal oven ths erp pole a wom npr 3 Effects of teracy Mach bt keen writen abou Iency a fice of = sce (Gee 2007 {Gon & a 96; Ga 199, 987 Oa 196 See: Cae 198; Sree 1980 People ec hr enya to moe Romane apd me moder soseter and me peopl nel, racy ae fad gute Sear oe fon ero soc hs po one sof pedal atoms fa ein oki fe th ne the conto igh Osher ys es, he he of ete tcl ch eleven and computer, depend on ‘pele cone in whch feet Mee pcos occur "The fc frac depend on what ple scaly o with nome ct swore iene od ected ppl se moreplseay aioe ad cept the sts quo ene ty tend wo benef om he on gu} tn thr cy pple bv aed de ery sl caleage the ss 0 an eagsge fetta avn Tenner ofigtal di aed ter technologies Ley fd digi meds cn ok doping peopl contoing ten, or pering "hemo thy canbe ol informing people berating th. and rg he Tm ths book we fous oth on Iemcy pacts (hut peopl do with thes ea) ad thet tons an technologie and he "afer fH higher ed ln al ing bing pul ad when her on 15 no countermund tho afore. Laeney ha afore fn the wy 4 baamer doe banners Jose be wefilsd good a ean hing, bo ‘hee no prc wl be eed in hte wa Thea a noe andes ctl we fr rmen 550,50, wh ipl ab 4 LANGUAGE AND INTERACTION ‘The bonding-istancing and the content-soclal Interaction continua of language CConierthe two ex blow The fist fom 1S-yu- fa Son wer ‘Srna the ere wh ern (Ge Hayes 2010139, Tesco ‘fom sgh hol gene eembook (Man 1980.93) {ean FONALLY ac my pict! My cover 4 LH 1.7 ool SICK a tooo exited to re ll Check ba # Should out ete ht “The demucion of and src by the combine ete of abenion sd ren of wert tery tapering sg aed eso ‘Toe tens pment owe ples of bnguge (Lenn 198; Miley & Mitoy 198; Thane 1985) Te informa nd scaly bonding opus ‘The tc tral snd dnacing Inguge We aed tbe cer ere wat “racing en Sich een nguage aot aecemaiy Sting em fem wh me to getthe work done Buti is dancing peopl at rer ‘want An oc mportan fe dancing in the sneha et apne © Be atonl"and nt emotional es deiged tobe fei frngamentaon ad oto projc emai within Soil booing eons (Bateman 138; ye 1950 "Te no example above se both writen tno many peopl (ees ec acon aroete wring mot wi he condor of cape he fs The ane pols exit ia pech Compare" rayne ot yn sh The wether iy well wie scl oem dr eon”24 ngage teneion “The inormlboniing femal stcing ple se poles of consnaum, ‘We can ue ngage Str bere thse Pes Nope hep ae st imporane propery of aman Hngung in he wood They ako gy ‘hanging unr he infec of git me in ys we wl dco ee "Many edacte pope tnd oink shut langage a ol or enchangiog lean Ty ted ote he cote of wat dover socal eon Ship coma we Ye thei ayo mens gage td any eof bnguge la mr on te cnn Bese al! ‘ending npg and cml ee gg bow 1972). Tangsge a aay ar een ot oc fol a feat ook Speaker conocer ences wit tee Bho content tin nd tod stonhpe When we tr more fra aang bags pond {© mor forma booting ngg timp vmshing about ur etionhip > {be prople with whom wee communities (Contato itencion ae ako on + contiaeum, fa some lk, oon (or apes be) sre ngorane tan the soc erin, Tit Language tens tobe more Gia nd dancing, For example ts ofeD ‘eve of» clanoors ltr, hough soi inteaeon i inprtan hte r0. rotor une ane oak re tet ea dlr ote ak, the socal ntseon more important than the content ach 4 when We fk about he neste tobe col sd ren to out went-dor neighbor In yer other cue the ingore of conten atl soil terion we mor “When, cont mich ot impor then soc tenet, we tend ts nk tate contene "enh er"meangon”Somedner we ell le al lk” Honee he pot ofc ak a5 eamey iran ba dor stain put Kins of tcl terion aad mnie, whch ‘ej ingot (Comper 1982, 1982), ‘We sys contict our utes bot 2 1 “rorthing” and shape 4 soc elton wth ur ntostor, Contder he lowing eer, Each ‘oe communi snr conten bt expos flere wo val ton stipe wit apd sds he enon to whom We we Spe 1 be a your pay ene (Ces ie he rey one {apr har nigh gus ve got go our tng [etsy peg 6 ated yur prt igh you wal wat me wl ome 0 Yur pty ght "out neky Tam coming your Fy one “Theis utes Al come hI wil be he party th ty comma en hinge a wel Each enna come omen ou elton {ip Thave with he eer ad he de have ned hence There Lurougeand inca 25 so"nem wy communi Beige oe socom jt at Shenae "ic muy commeaon ong We ss hae 1 ak wha copa codbow cu bag eid rena perf ofa nip Site of aaa aos (Gunpes8m 98) To cine ‘toms we new ak shows pt tereee ona oon om val oh tid vernon ee gt an he coud le lhe oa arco sn coe te Stu al imprancy avo he conan Semper tn mclaren ont ‘Tatngorent ne all oe sy a and" oe at ingrat Chr ch baste eng owe wee or op {igle wide area tea tins people ets vome fechas ones i et arn cx ern hen wok “Ont ayogeetietonht inp tn pin wi ans ett endear wie ote SoU Tis an wr nnd lo nr ee incor eue fee away ol incon fr tama es eo sents nel pen cl toro ipsa ten eee ttn oe cn hur oon (ped sod ‘Snes ppl do ee sour Ee sou enn paps nd rs at tora a hye Literacy and the content-socal Interaction continuum ‘We nd eer ht wring x ele em for on hnguge ts very ‘prem in ich poke wes nd e-ce ntncton appear ‘Sune hat wengcomeyy oe content ot oc exon and ae ‘ol npuge doe Bort ot es “The comenorl iran cou exis fe wen ju ae doe fo sper esse wing delves guage ad onl ge sie ‘Ervtaneomly communi cont and exrotocl rato ind de, “The pry cans be ped in an hogan se en tny wor common) ie Wet sed for sa elk, hog bey eal be wed fg e+ eel eer aed ha sh Pett) Many popu masse Sve 0 eb gsi (ok note (los frm ofa tle More tring writen tent exp studs ad ‘ots ova their ter bur in ern ap than eee oe “Wenig alowe what we wil be someting ober han thy lyre hs woul ot work nal lage bt wean work ‘Sear oc prone tendo be aman when he 0 0 pee (Bed ten he dort bet npr when be no ot Be single hen ism ne Auer nose epee mith women wh hve ge ot their he mig nen they met ho thy dm bein ems of ‘hak wath, mora che, Ting and menpr ae clot ete Ia meophor we tke on hing be woth: Wen tn Soe al lie mole oo bese the worked tard tah dea tam eg Soe whos ot ely a le, he ‘ec inict Mepis Gt dine ce we kow itn dono ie eae ‘hen the United Sate lepton meas» cororion a “peon” with sigh a bed ona mespbor sd son A eorpoion oe ey 2 ‘eebh Buc once hs meuphor become he nanan ee corpontions | Pert fe outa sory reste spew igh and hc ake a ‘Es ewtonn en polcr fhircis jt hay "ober" perso) then we (Se wonder wheter ely Son. Have we ben cine by spor fhe we ake to rou ot hi he aw mae ston ei? ery Tey tw ls of eal srry atin wa hat ne pcs onthe sot tw dot ees son to hve Lyng and mehr we of un, ‘Ponte na or sue, ut teay allows then 9 be am ch ite. Tro common in modern ode eet tition cr wh en COM eae We we werd to “hesng om” aed "aking "the pone company he ‘nk schol present Grenpec, med ous lie CNN We bearfom snd paw he inon in pecan wring but wring eed ‘emo ae, god cornice ne ee pace Tetons He te goeranant the US Cataic Church, Mics ‘Corpor and Haren Unierity al at ext with ley Weng {lowing ole som Sean pas commie at {rue and op etl uo ad ede tke he ton scrap the people hom communis actors othe ton | Bonding and distance ‘We ve been dcusing one contin na (ak) cateot ves (ak =) socal meron Let urn the led onan we ued te oust ofthe caper king achieve socal soa and bonding wih then vem (aking in way th expe more scl tnt a Tes oar ad boing ‘Tin of coun a dente lea the ol nection se oak Home, iafics te comet de sor orc a what eau fw we ame fray or mor fray 2d how we bso subongy r "When wee someone, a kin wat expe (rec aes) loess and Bonding ith hr We ano kn way a rps (eesec ache) mar socl dance nl ene 2d bonding We may ‘ete sich dane bec we nat apres rapt eee iene tte sue t be her oor han ours We may expe sc dice Seoue nese the ln at ower in tur han ours (er empl, pers omens wen me pape te aling to ervce won). Paly we try expe sch dice bene me done kro he ener ele itor ieaeange “The ae bay Gye of th Gm hic point ove We ent ‘ooo moter wins Lt el sine lk Thi ha pos pete Sd cde, sd ow fede olen elk wh each oer We cn lk fo one fothes apne by ape" we mers alte ent nel bor we now bo wth whom wea tint (or dono wa a eine to ea = nia fr eampl when king oot pose a shar work) Le fas peer le ano note enon in ws htt be ooh [gherss orlower sa we ae Let cl ts a lp fer vie sr lk nn “pak” (3 penn of igh sa or whore we wae (tar higher) and"dbwe-ana 3 pena oflaver aro who tre nano meat owe in a) al hee ae ecven gery (teen cles hve que fen er hour owe eat anges Lehi ‘ie smnger le Toi lk ly igh info Upstate fy eal Peek a someem nee, These uso drt ‘fsa ee sar many clus ad alla gous How peopl lk rhe thy ae caged owt nd rage tk ere able so LUngugeininencen 31 ads a ome cas, pope don ak to sega an othe they of tome clrs pope lk ey opel to emgenn we they lk tee [Be pn and noe hy ae er Ando coun ms by ow we et {he sang or gen eras of cal as) The te ue of owe ‘ik wick canbe rps ity fal perk inated meine “Thee sch wry around down-ts and erage bec l langage: and clr He dnt we show poten oe wild Se aeoes acre propery oflingnge wa & Levon 1987; Levin 198) ‘When wep we mur choos bow aio be Iso cles, ole do toe eng elo pales wiht or een We nists Spin ‘hike of plises can beasgn of bonding ndincmcy Wh ees moc of poste sun equi, though oot eldonte poles. (ang thers people mae orlnweborc olen ly ree. Of coon, (Beet eer od ene ngage how polene in feet wip In elling sng and lower pope alse die in how exch oe le ptene oapiThs Deas thy fe on bow ty ew hag ke tring atege (La ound) bing lowfat a ci tant nd seer snngen an oe sts pope in te es aan Ua oer “The ecble wth tang st peopl wom we hink ower isa hat ssc ofen ee omen es hw they El nd report ect we do at “Saks iperant conmguen wae The anger wr ou epee ag ‘eh erm pono my fe es power In ase we cat the dee ee mesg we doa sck people fr gated With pec apd peopl igh in Sra we worty bout es espones ndmat no ee gate (aly cag, imate se people whom we fen ke pnd a el (Wolo 1989, We ame they wil exe igor fap Ou psy in ‘etvor Wea et we den ced to wory no muh but how they a ‘shat we ey and sihr Bee we thank we Know ther lng and ctor, Fret thoghy (nd eke fr granted they won chang) or whe be 3 rfl wth them ht we o ae any Lge weet thi porn, For (he ron hums oretines ea teges ad eit es ape nt ‘efay—beee thy ake chem fe aned—tan thy do pes and people [phe inant whoe Eng ad acon they het onto so worry ‘ou Wea en aor ben” oom our bt ke th pes ad ight su pel TWitng coed» dna sound the scl ma plies apace ofc langage Sone Sens of wring mx pei caja weg, wre ‘tng A wre fc pe we ae suppl wre penried ‘ol eer, 0 pes pope we Haan How do we tet ih oe Ths ‘in ict» elo enim sme peopl Some Nave Aern grou ‘macs end att ak to people hy do ot know because toy aes te ‘ning in ter poole fi or ober noting on poe ele hey arepermis” todo so (Sco & Soe 1981) They exper theme reper fer hem Tey ony want 9 commanict when they know engi bout ‘he peont woe thy ceasing 0 ake comamiotonele- ‘ant ind to pcct how de omarion wl be cee Ste a S88) ‘egies tee commite wih people whom hey do ot nowt ek ‘feommuniaton dey would, ‘Thess alo sunnier acy when people who are peng sein pst coher know people spl gor the x hat hey now tee pope nd te + god dal of bucground Koowedge wih the. Forcximpe when dens wie ny eee expe wet ihe do ot know wt the echo aed Enow ad ees A sae ping 2 onl pot ons wince pj ho Be cama oppved to peed ‘ey areal pore who se ox kode cy hee ae done Se ne pes) bar sutange” who ned 9 Be ad everyting ely ad relay ral "We ain the rl of fton gi-—our pen, fr example, he Become sages ncn np om wie Noe at wring pee thevre of itonl"ipstenandnene” bah rien texan one [Avis or onl iene prin chon il ge fom the wie of anal ‘exper ae the det muy be no sch hing ‘One nd tnd wring ray sown soni. Autor can aly petendea be wens ce obi tir eet A worn can we noel {Soderche nme fs anor vor vera A at comebdaton company can sad (ets leer tat ak ii om» preament geno An cmp best in wrt an tora fr loe nemppe ining oben ronment. ‘thos can cv they tae tem tae, ene pensar exe {5 des atl things tou thr pial opponents ween, or som (oun ha tey would never dea of nying cence ming did no sre ‘id beet ogni shout wis comasetons nd wet ar arworoy {hoo ar wh Ie Thy aoe wth ber and mispced meap hog tp nthe haary ofl language Bu they bec mo ones wh tert Fler Prien wih at lemmas our sagen, nina sons, Son, ing ‘meapocs sno ad non ier nach Tey become Ye ‘Bore conjen with th ie of dg tea, Digtal eda se earning be fonenrsoeal poe fgg othe win which we combine infimaton Sn ints, Dail ene alo tomoming te sabary ance pole fn he mayen which ween nd eet eluonsipe ngage. S NEW KINDS OF PEOPLE AND RELATIONSHIPS Strangers lo the provous chapter inandaced the exist one fein of agg i> ‘mmaiaeacl bonding ver oc sce a chapter we le | idea conse: bow dil mea ae changing ou oa eons, pat boa re one 9 bern sd ates Tel caper we st hat sige one roti at nel eos ‘ac nl vila or al bd hance a pater cee wer ly oseanges ter wo pbs with ow pine wih he Botnet ‘oles soul pope here ae sangre: How toa we ps0 her? ‘Carrs nl even winger tues nd oie, iri ow they shoo ok sagen Brow Levon 987; Levinson 1983 Selon Solo 98, Won 1969). Thnk shout whe you wold you were aning etn a rangers bu sop frome ne Some people wil lk odes ‘dela idly ngsge ne the bonding ed te bonding dance ‘hss do th pets show be rng a ey Jono epee ‘hve A poses tem ha be ranger my eer no at oe he ‘pelo in och anneal deny way ogo he other ad my ke he Tinting oo seriou ad dk ht te spe aly mane more ina Han fe orabe ml inode The peer muy oly Being "socal ‘nea poe ancora tation ‘Oe poole coor ether moe femal pt, dts langue o boo cosay let and otk salt th anger Inn can poteat pole at ‘hestngs nay el thetene forsee alloy rent rng es, tiny be ofeded ty fea tncng al especing or Eien over “Tht he ou with scnges le donot ow the oc "alr" hey exec tobe owed ante Jenteal she the "ler by wich we pete24 Nein tps an ton Pao wo compen mai at people ar nd sone wh cats erin ow te he Be meted Bowe & Lvison 187, Some feople aes wsoger ued Se aeepance ad big thn ote They et ‘ake le ar nd nor nla och pope a iy sclogse 0 ve ‘Song poe oc eed tan “pe Be ee” ‘Otc pene ae ger el Gr Being impor pon han oe “They fl med or bohere pole enc th hr oaks ges of then othe temp nd ham without exc pemanon ot ‘rho knowing them we slogans yack prop ve aoage neve eee” pote ie ned” ‘reyes br bondng eran en be ope and aceon pons Al pepe ae buh ge er ended and ate) ad pe ‘ened be edn snd nx mpd upon ce ede Ba peopel in ‘ih thee sede og hem or smger then re one ‘Te poten with eager me complex in moder aan ois whee any iene rsp indepen be wo pte (ian) tren prop epet toe indie be ial when pop eps tote or plead dat We cn when ey donot wanror eget are) fl Thre te my opportune lauleng peop The pte with eg: ecu yer mae Spo ith gal med Strong and weak tes ‘Wek at ae Ben cleaong at poole we how wll bce we trend ae whem fae We hare rat eB cled"weseSe ople Swhom we do aot Know wd, eee we do oe ee ad ete the fe (Eney Klien 2010;Grnreer 1973 Lin 200, "Tae god a al pec both tong and wes es The poole = edie Tht god fing Sout ther The to” tg tht hoes people Sr thom we ste s god deo knowlege an acoand Sch people Aotelee sure fry er anda nraton "Te pve with whom we hve we ste ot ne wan noe ely tbe eh” ea ae tnt They ome ating Tha se ad pare ovens pepe with whom were mt ls oop nd ack ‘gourd Such people mach more ly know soi ie do nt ae Enos give wae or iforatin Tht he ond pa ‘Comers wean an who oho bad econ The pope wil wor he bsg ae ula Know aot et oe ht he des oy nom shou asaya th ay ae lo hob Tey sy wile hal yh wih nh oe Homers ies un as weak swith page be dot ot know weld iif ome conn with pole oui of oe oil see cle my Snow sou nd ponies be eds Ge do pt ale inte ores 3 ‘now about Festpthey know abouts job ins new el ous temas eh Second incon eee pe thet aoe ol cont mer Insole ees whe chang sw wk se not tht enprant Buta Auer chngg dues, wes Sete eo Thy mayb toy ‘rye cnt Goch inraon oe ope sd trie. Fors bua ny pole dong vw xe rol ch Ue ‘heme people ah whom they Bed ly and had saa a modern ie pepe an nd come oe sng wither ool om diene ‘seal seater poop tough much iran an bere eye ae gil med avery changed he are fog and wake (Contae 11a 1996 Haybormdeate 202, They tae psy compel bth the et {nd ponies of suger Ths dg medi cere inthe diy ‘Sangean inate w ont thee Gne Th har re been poste in ‘ory Ley edly ope ap hi posliy Pople old te longer spondece (i een) ih someone ee seb the ge Toy my | Nie meein genom sd hey uy ave cen ee soa nh ete peony Howerein sch cn, writen fen red rofsionl ius > Sone The foes ogi wee cesar eae ge Fen ona eee Strong weak tes and intimate stranger: A world of ‘contradictions Dipl ta rn pa ke Sy delery ayn fr angus Howe, ‘ey ce consions in whch ngage enter bf bwn Fr sat ‘fami Aiton peopl not ve song er strc eu wits oole ‘rtm thy id ot oo wll o wh wee Gk gens They ela epect {Ses gt del of ew ad ne oman font nated core Find Ath ame ine hy id nce to ge ela port om poole ‘hey i oe kno wel Now a i caged ec coral tony et ao Hi HC. ie we wl jue HOW HOW’ an eel popular sey marie ae Poe am up with the poyes tein que (eg Sing nga fghing ting) Atay ot ine ona pet see oun of peopel be Flying the ae ger ven you arn png ely wi oe poole Tengrmp jou cen onthe tan nein tig ide mol of We What (hsp cn lw you dog way doy pO hide) Noun fou wih lt de ther pope ay tne you not od ee ik shea reo aces with the, "When peopl ply Ste ae preted in he pe bya i chan ta pend not bray sel rennet per The ret0-year white ml yb france, he orl nih When plage fence Haw wh heya tn, gs ao eel ey sing oe cae en afr spe ech eth hoe ode ‘neha, WP ew the ma popes ively mua vdeo gue te word ‘when ib x onhed pee whe e wr namel Ale bea ey ‘heen Lite mony ote the pera Alse py bande of Boat nd eee gle ets the pn He fen eneauneed sate pier, hone ‘oar wo med Band They used ogee a ines nd with ter peopl ‘Toyota nrnoning nosing bot ch er ep ath ere ek es Even lke bo hi ie Yo wit hey el Ser wodl "Ase wa 8 whe man ns is, vig in se United Sas Bad wa a ‘Alin on a ht wet Ale an suze ecology aren Son “ey an Bad wkd ora srggingechnalgy company in Ai Ale set Band some sof ad ie i techno sie, bth of whch Bp Bund copany Henan Doh wer peril sin Hand et ‘saps Als who sed eo pin more power ti sant pe {one em lle pd Ba ud ong They raced pice ow pnd de abot exter hed pene inrmao, snd Dodi LMnqupe wi exch ote rhe weestnagenn he ae ty ade seen xch ers ree ack sod are temo Ales Band dl weak Tey ce lier wor and fen hae sew sd ee inna with ec be Inet oy woe 3 ‘weak be ue och ine fc ch Ye they ho fed {2th ote th of fe rppor dp ur me expec nly foe ed, opi worn we ve ge “Tri el nd or tacos here Aldea Bad se wat bath secog und we Thy beeind f booh neg ad weak ex We xy ‘onto hr happes hough gl med a he tne all oe the woe "Te rong weak te brn Ale sod Bord we Ue god thing We note werd when stg weak ache on he Inarerbrwne to fe pean eng idm nether for exale Like al eis o hse, ‘ng woe tbe or al Sepang a ant acre "New kinds of relationships? New kinds of people? ‘The whale ides of wo pron a wel thot who nots anger oF sna cingng th oii mea When oo pope belts eed pme lie HOW mach t Alea Bnd we they en? Do ey tly know ech othe What he tence eren Alle (@ cue a (he gue tu conte by + human he Bysometing wht male plain [Als pon in he lwo) aha fy something wit le choos ering lee onan 37 Ping Abe? Tet arnt another oy Hee sate Ey somaing white min bing wh iyo se Tay bt ave ecb ee) ele (ia While hy ae ploing sey egenuner sale of cet who wk “fem hy ae mao ole" Me Te man mpi ey ae sie one fie, one even, ing tngetee Theale who cy be | ‘Seg bys t v wih the someing meta fing 9s) the pe ieee “The an hs a ie ow vo pnd 0 ach Bean He ha neve expe ened ach hg nl ifs having aves ben ans ene He ‘ene th powesteige il need to ave when Be or 2 mage By Tic sy wenden shout poner ware et ee [Sf hw op ars senege gad wi er el or oo hing Jstng wth te bny He sara ye epee oot dt so ‘ome pose ‘Okcou n snage ty old hve bona od mis or war o anyone she Thin cy wl eo “esp” many ade The quo eet oct ‘Ecuston a though wit Seth sect a tou te pope ra” fori? Di thea dacoer someting “el” bow ins oF Sout haa ‘haonsipy wher godor bad? Dosech experienc, foe il ed ‘Sow ua teore "new poli ay eo? Tle yu aos ey. Send Ly ely pls viral weed tate than ge ro wo ded nd be by tow aes Toni» et nay rent eneioamen in whic people do eyeing fom cog rok sn sing bared perp poli np ‘ne Mach ws poled eae scl with ech i eS Lt re st a Ya eet ca ok he 9s haa (remy oon sae ‘Our sry sous one tt bene ppl in San Le (A 208) Many rp ie penne cotling ti mtr hore bathe aly hte" worsen es snd pod enon May peopl wanted ‘Diaeaut wih he pron and ough he penon oot “he spenn’ contling he sa ws ot one Fee. a fe pts ins ongem oe Bley The wer people who fa spent ee ei Felty cee ftv deorites Ame cote! the cmon sa nd they dens ether shout wit he ra sol a a, hae wee people hin oe outde weaved and uated In Sad ey Tr sug ot and ve Tiny ha ewes Def experienced wha as {Se eee an ve oorm peopl be male fr who ey wee nd 26 ttt inked ke Thy led pang Sand To Sond ith pl weve led ark they wera no wat hey Tooled Eke Bt hk rte bow whe ht meh wera” ‘Sutin they cold ot Be ia" only when hey were # se2 Newnan oie: eps Ee pepe! Who wa ths “oo” ein (pple oe? We ay Slingshot sting th res apne on sin ete For mo of mn tony oe) et sen and wn eco hence Bet ‘hee peopl hve bole, sein mal way sd on rome hein be Tine tafe ode Uerature ‘Were ou We hat play wi entice and oi weit en Aicosingm uniqu cpa me Wei ts eee camer ad (ba each tse Batre ran agp i ete cough he iy ofc we ee ow ete cecal weedy the a Son fehon We woe ih ny gal mea ete es ‘ell eemaly be ued by an Goer wht nce weed anh cana wie ef ga et ste yw ie Joe Min Ws Stepan Tog he ‘ry se ete conte sesh bh conenate od ee yee Seen lene he wld" Cre Bona) doting The ‘Giving sp th wk Se canon cdo lg peg mi whan et ‘Soir ale ae ees slay ow Te ef wing Sec it ‘Se ing, chiming tt the wes enbeed i the canon oe eng sive fr Asoealy and carly specie tntaton ofthe ae of cern Weer," pope Fogle who wi owe the exon ‘hie dr aura pervs upesioe Bot view shows wef gone af nd even cern dG, iw many propia te pu epecaly ray por poonle eople who ey get [ved to sonic dbus sou te con sly vod and ed cnet ‘ease thee of Homer Sakae, Mion, Ca roll Aen, mean ca grr many ee, Maya wom owe oF por pean sc ea ‘non wos empomting ee th meth halen che etary ftv and be mai wich choo, church and ch people pd ‘his herby tiem oe Jost Rose 001) manive tome The nll ff the Bas ing Cs fal of oes om the egienth ough the eat ery oF tren poor peopl a none peopl who inerpreed cee ese 2 rpreing hat on alos od pation nd mot hse ofthe Wey sod ower For ple Mary Sith (522, stematers oper ho ted fine For og yee Enghthwomens su wer mo tony ciple! sod "amped by the dence of he coat rom the Cane women ey hi ‘out idh sow rating Stake Dee, ed ol “Theatr wrt fom tier fc aman coud low them fsky and wath gh cough bt hd They snaked young at, sn und forse it me th forge wt in 0 tof she wal aaa ce Ce opel Woda expe 0 Shs, ‘enh ands gue bt oe end Ree 20045), “he lef wing yy at My Sh oy cofring the cae of ‘iin her cry witht kaon a mately taking he vas wo be Fecown Bute oly pope who were duped by he canon mete he igh mng (Sis wh doug ener pact er ipo ad be a ig ‘von aped wh then May Sih erred wh ou hgh ee” at [Erber pop” entre ty St en he aie of shoemaker at ‘Be eulsenetigene a brani of ek enon "hy di May Sed rol won feng br oman nd igh to pins Heise? Sh ead hea wth he hace od Vicnpin in thee book She posed hone i tem. She did ance [Stat the how teste he wort male and» King na Shakepe weve ech the igh bee won wd ces deered eae Rees She fv ewan pred int at pen teach Pcs wes ws he ‘i Shalepene ewan der anes ure Pehap sete en (Dic th he gy and te haan worth of eral ona ee ‘Soin se wa lth and more Reenter he war ot at kag on he [bos vnat carin the Book ops Ste wo abo poem | ‘hr ces ceingsnmeting tat bot shea Shp tale ee ote Noles de sight sor he ef wing wate the spe he plain May Su mind sho ised be el fa yep ad rit fer ne Shapes wa deny infeed by sown fs he wrt nga sips noneten Sod ry Sth. Mary Sat el ok dys adensBnd boingwih he exceeds des fain vee gine, bee, peta heed hem a ein pa mc ke thee tne seine lye pes aera od pear at ithe pojened bal the tr thas ang oe gnen beste ea?” {mth cod, Mary Sih sec any mor her eee ht canonical er tu om eoenng elo af why ee undermined dr aes {ded cen or te bp thy were The menage Mary Suh pic fom ‘Sehnert he eloue er eq eno ood er besa ‘Corea en who arg ore te oon tnd nace May Sat wl a ich ook an iter nant meme here” (Be ‘htcwingponpetse) orgie scape che nny be th he {lt (be wing ew) Toe May Seth of th wed net oo srk ng “Te poe ay now ea king wy bogs They sees erin esi ieee cep of ho sd wha hy cul be oes ‘ecco od the4 Newnan Do wedink the isome dette ato Gre Boos" By ro mesa Fore, ‘season and wot ers ce Any book cinoma owe pce mor in wich Mary Suh engaged andl pope to Jse ormote bench. bt reopen fx te Sly f bani woeh and he frie dels ot human putes ral pope A kwon fot {egies pope in Keone Bua (185 19) phe. ae sneer" fol” eat edu ol ar ome, worse Raph son fis Mn nd Gora No Mane aya ani ew pd muy ber pope Tae we 2 god many Book ‘len by women, ont peopl and poor pple ee gt on oo {a enon ms due ose wang fan sod pay bat erin or ema tcl P "Fatkoel canta wot ede f Home Step, Mio, ad Dryden ineson tly gue ety ta hyd a Mary Sou ay Sst sock denied he any oof choking that ave be aecet hee Boks a Fre sony apprise shore’ dhe tobe eng ic ‘onk Sept them ypanyy wh ance anu he ean ‘hej fuer pve ber ows gece od worth Scooby and bg bre ede eanenTey hae made ein the often eligi hie sever nd sada rponss Breyone no ly, thr sta to he anos se when eho hw ede tee Yong [op tdey lesen omar ngs re dof Er ae Enda ee the wey of MySite: ion Pe Lt lye very dee le ee eelogyof Ss wo hun dos es oun een tay: For ber wa reso Boo, ar won ea sro de of Fy lke ( boy he ori ad et er (nd ee ‘uy Fora young pepo dye bok uch oy esol ele ow al win ay or ge one a). “Ths no ple wing Milton, ough rte many people il se sigma de oat of ton anole wie hey ead ee om ‘eosin wal outdeo hol Thee plea of eiece at pope ts ‘wad nd wach may tng haere sme epg he ‘elt fo Mary Sth eis 206). ies me ae ew rm fe They wl nt replace ook they wie beside them tenet wh thm, a change tem td the lin sey | ator waned they sendy og th vies Toy many ave 2 bud on deo gues nd many mor fence! by them) Weve 20 idea yechow epldieopme wt eingtey akefom them, Sa Je do we ow how hey wile hrm nh a ew a it ‘evs by suming hey ate pe of pet mers aught, tote ethen yy ar wl stop be Mary Scot Se wh ‘eel pedis, whet "iho Yow fr god purges 6 LITERACY AND INTERPRETATION Interpretation police Wetingi detvery set fro lng Dever sea we ne ie toils hey ve oe, fen signe one Car ie people One ‘ess ool war pp ee Another ef tn hey at mee or People ia mor ac ten thy cul tot uc anporon “Gower of ween lng ta dt negation cnt whi has sen sway neue comaicon fo wha we night al hee oop” ta rl ule he na way dese wha people soother thn ylunng ose nese wt hey men, we en tes tod psp nur wih he ‘Blea onl cles dre he begining of inept ple, pope wo plc nnspreations er meting A haan, pier, ker my ‘hin pluton deen wt cera joes oo ey en, But the erin pole are exe hs knoe ‘peek They be wo wo ue hice np in of entero [Bear Tiny ive ce gmeeo “Wesing ws + arom beween when and whee something “a (wien und whens whee inept can be wen ole Scand necpeedt sot pce od athe beyond wht 3 pose isan ol cur group of pole can pent tenis exper” co Whi ‘on perf nguge orn pe ters nen “eign sto 4 pln of per of langue (the ngage of tener cng blogs cers od plo) sd pe ono or, tow oor sete ppe, eel ml a op sb git 2 ‘Spon prlfenon ope af epi who "own ceransor flange Sd nt Thy cnt ow wt ch ngage aed tes“, They12 Leryn prin pute hte mening among heals ol on ln wal ed dt tiem oe we comet of a0m-expere. They poe” he es hey tel er peopl hat he ee aly ee Te ena te bey fhe ocd "New Cec” fem of ae readng of ery ein wlrey Engh depen, xe inlet lm cine hn tough sec open a waning what Henry Jimeno ots Shep ey sly men anor 94: Bey {54 Thy plied pono cht ing whch aes wee Tie aed whch ween” Ina mod of tng tk fr granted hee wl ive cb i word conn comer men Joon wi ete it wd wa med ea ‘teow fr wennenysimone cic hw he at norton wef mene Uowheder ipod Even de cide’ new wl gt ep bythe wor fe ‘En nl rl ans hed xp an pec nerped rw of ng (cg mins ng, tng ee poltenton epee a ol ‘Sof ngage at ane wih weg and mest pcan pene “Ths wang ie eso many det fp of gang and dees types often el get srt interpeion police, exper who clot ‘Sinan win cen fpr of language td tee aly ean Thee exper ed ination oppo eo ad ence epee The ear cise ede ibe ives Engl deparanent yee ned i school burt an Ia snocaions doen toed ede choo, bop isarnce omg: ‘nba iol ssttone move cat ted meta owes tapos” {humus and lin scr nnd li scoaejarm a confrences leet polite espe vide te expert om the non-enpee “eres en Tran orl er, wie we people may he Kowa more oo nial td pes esp tn otc eye the cle ce pe eof {onde sou rh bngs ven wha te ore per people ad wat ule an ven ceed Enyce wa fe et hd hat ab ‘oe ec fod with 0 what ican we at exper brea ‘Shon ye sen on pr tro ‘Wh ie emer cone to fcon Ie pom i loa (crate 197m Toys wha erases (og eB Shaper ep Shen el a ha tye oper ening an “every” pope ‘less ove ren we dey rpm te tens ues (enti wi aed acnena eg Hel ors el ge) “Ton plerion of lenges nd soar cnprt nd no obvi tosh god and td Li oy ew may bath and ho than was ‘les Mane hr tie race a efcing conc ce Wie ‘Stes of ced ine aca rs octoning ese exon A ‘She nee insns ve elle rer pepe ken a 23 Cr end ow and chow fe oul nt en ed soot ow ‘Suck hy ely ww ad vw thy no Doug 986), ‘The cise ofthe experts [A esjoela change ke he aden of Key. comple nd hls ilps ese al god oc al aT themed ie fees and be ‘conde sopot tems ene deepen caning Exper, ‘ernest (Clie & Err 2007 run 205; wel 208 Sky 3oos 2030, Te te netting ple At we wt ihe United Se and mach oft ofthe worl ine mi ofthe ingen esi ane the Gr Depsin Till cononse downs nected by complex ane pe 2 core nte Uns See otaon Kesk 210 Lew 200, The reves towel mores taken ope eos Hoses mares) people ora coll wot tes Thy ode marge a sg om te vk athe pron wha tak ou te more wl eb omens tisk len mate hr moceyon 94 on OEE Fenn which oe bank coed "Te buses ook any of ve merge nd cole hem in ond ldathey nit soe ho clic the more peymens The ks, 0, ed on be rab feat een and made et ney pay em [Br eicremicen An testo in end nigh en op owning tgs o0 ‘owen Corin puto many mango pee of he le > te Tend ne bugs The ean Berwoea or hoeowees sed he pon who tne in tbe gg ns 26 oe bt ded wes nea 3 {Doh wor none nce reso by morgage led up io bor, Finks couraged ng apes 0 pede Bonde igh tig. ch en ‘hey wee cone nfs vee hen hey mere) When many fob eed ont home payments prey ik al etn ne he hale ym cole F "Th ctor thw engaged ine pis (oakege Sem oetent ‘ok wang geo eu ht at rope eae) hed ht th procs wes oo copie sl eho fr eee pope ued We stv wom th experi hy gue ich nd evenly vera Fee” ot poor hen ese crab ‘Wc her cones of tony song none I comple ‘ysum st many eecing wat, opedealecommquene, sired ‘omeucoc an! hi a br dagen harm The we led with ach ‘iy comple opens nd hei ke he einen 2 al aig {be dot econ dtl populaton owt ght coun pou conti {omens ofthe tteesonp eee al ofthe esged and raed Spe ie heh defini, Eger tl why andes the ‘Jone mach beter hn ne dabor the consequences oes become digo Wiha exper cepa. ‘Wen economy coord Non Geesnpn cone ending ori cern te won long tne hed oe Ferd Rene Bink the United