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This model allows the GPU to be very useful for assisting the CPU in performing computations on
data that is highly parallel in nature. While the coverage achieved is nearly the same (due to the
largely SIMD nature of the computations), it is clear that RedTB is a bit more thorough. And they
are used as the precondition of parameterized race checking; thus parametric flow schedule is
considered the Bounded flow schedule. Scalable SMT-based verification of GPUkernel functions.
The final address v points to the same memory as v1. Whereas a single CPU can consist of 2, 4, 8 or
12 cores. We continue searching till each thread is given a chance to hit a test target. It is the
common code representation used throughout all phases of the LLVM compilation and optimization
flow. At program point pnt2 at the barrier, variables %3,%4,%5,%7, and %8 are determined to be not
related to the sinks (e.g., addresses in shared accesses), variable %2 is not live, and variables %1 and
Page 92. Note that each load or store access must be associated with the pred expression, which is
acquired from the PFT. Jive Software (NASDAQ:JIVE) acquired CLARA within the second year of
operation outside of Iceland. It is also used in media streaming servers where hundreds of peers are
served concurrently. Currently, GKLEE resolves only the global reads and writes performed by the
same (parametric) thread. Uses traditional graphics API and graphics pipeline. Patrick Cozzi
University of Pennsylvania CIS 565 - Fall 2012. Lectures. Monday and Wednesday 6-7:30pm Moore
212 Lectures are recorded Attendance is required for guest lectures. A CUDA kernel is launched as
a 3D grid of thread blocks. The hardware that executes a whole block of threats is. IMCSummit
2015 - Day 1 Developer Track - Evolution of non-volatile memory exp. To enable practical tools, we
require scalable testing techniques that are capable of reasoning about real programs. This thesis
examines the problem of precise and scalable formal analysis techniques in the context of data-
parallel GPU programs and presents the first dynamic symbolic analysis, test, and test case generator
tailored for GPU programs. 1.1 MotivationModern GPUs are parallel many-core processors designed
for throughput processing. In contrast, computer architecture is the science of integrating those
components to achieve a level of functionality and performance. Most tools for performance
portability require manual and costly application porting to yet another programming model. For each
new instruction, we apply the taint propagation rules of Figure 4.7, where we use T as a short hand
for LVS. A br instruction is executed in a different manner according to the evaluation result of the
conditional v. To show that the numbers reported by GKLEE track CUDA profiler reports, we em-
ployed GKLEE-generated concrete test cases and ran selected kernels on the Nvidia GTX 480
hardware. The key insight behind their approach is that floating-point values are only reliably equal if
they are essen- tially built by the same operations. Therefore, an analytical orbit propagation
algorithm has been implemented to run on a GPU. First we will introduce SIMD execution here.
3.5.4.1 SIMD Execution We describe the SIMD execution of a CUDA program w.r.t the data store
?. Naturally, we view that all the n threads access. Since the first BI contains no conditional
statements, no forking is needed. An introduction of OpenCL will be given as well as an exemplary
algorithm from the field of space debris simulation. The Developer’s Ecosystem is a growing
multidisciplinary team of developers, designers, marketers, analysts, scientists and operators who are
passionate about solving hard problems and building companies.
Basically we check whether the writes in a BI (barrier interval) will be used in subsequent BIs.
Tarditi Sidd Puri Jose Oglesby Computer Science, Engineering ASPLOS XII 2006 TLDR This work
describes Accelerator, a system that uses data parallelism to program GPUs for general-purpose uses
instead of C, and compares the performance of Accelerator versions of the benchmarks against hand-
written pixel shaders. The GPU is a massively parallel computing device that has a high-throughput,
exhibits high arithmetic intensity, has a large market presence, and with the increasing computation
power being added to it each year through innovations, the GPU is a perfect candidate to
complement the CPU in performing computations. While the coverage achieved is nearly the same
(due to the largely SIMD nature of the computations), it is clear that RedTB is a bit more thorough.
GKLEEp employs a simple flow-based sequential schedule, parametric flow schedule, by default.
We check whether the live variables can flow into the addresses of shared memory accesses. August
28, 2013. OBJECTIVES. Identify the historical influences that helped shape today’s home designs
Recognize and describe the elements of contemporary dwellings. Basically, we keep track of whether
some feature (line or branch) is covered by all the threads at least once, or some thread at least once.
Clearly, all reads in a computation are resolvable if this computation contains no global SIMD writes.
Zhigang Xie Ryan Young Ravi Athipatla Jinhua Wang Shufeng Li Vishal Solipuram Feng Chen
Krishan Narasimhan. Applying of the NVIDIA CUDA to the video processing in the task of the
roundw. Second, GKLEE encounters a major drawback of all the semiformal tools described so far:
these tools model and solve the data-race detection problem over the explicitly specified number of
GPU threads. Designing memory consistency models for shared-memory mul-tiprocessors. However,
the execution order of threads in a GPU is nondeterministic depending on the scheduling and
latencies of memory accesses. SMAC -IoT Technology SMAC -IoT Technology Real Time Analytics
for Big Data a Twitter Case Study Real Time Analytics for Big Data a Twitter Case Study MDEC
Fintech Conference - Demystifying Fintech in the SMAC Era, Darien Nagle. Previously reported
formally based GPU analysis tools have not handled such practical examples before. 5. We describe
conditions under which SESA is an exact race-checking approach, and also present when it can miss
bugs. This can be detected by examining the symbolic models of two threads as follows (private
variables in a thread are superscripted by the thread id, and for simplicity we assume that threads t1
and t2 are in the same block but in different warps). The greatest value that we add is in helping
founders navigate multiple priorities, exposing them to a network of influencers, sequencing tasks
and accelerating the value proposition development of the company. Each thread has a program
counter (pc) recording the label of the current instruction. Laws of order: expensive synchronization
in concurrent algo-rithms cannot be eliminated. IfN is independent of the number of threads (as is the
case in GPU programs where loop iteration counts are independent of the number of threads or
thread-blocks), then the savings are even more dramatic. The next loop iteration reads this variable,
whose value depends on the previous SIMD write. And the search rule will be applied to locate the
right memory. A CUDA kernel is launched as a 3D grid of thread blocks. Column RSLV? represents
if the kernel is resolvable. Project Title Problem Formulation Objectives General Specifics
Justification Research Questions Theoretical Frame. Suppose a thread reads n1 bytes starting from
address a1, and another thread writes n2 bytes starting from address a2, then a overlap exists if the
following constraint holds. (a1 ? a2 ? a2 Without abstracting pointers and arrays, GKLEE inherits
KLEE’s methods for handling them: suppose there are n arrays declared in a program. This makes
these tools difficult to apply in many situations in supercomputing where many program modules
(e.g., library modules) often assume a certain minimum number of threads to be involved, where
these minimum numbers themselves are very large. If the point is at the kernel entry, then we can
obtain all those inputs that should be made symbolic. The core of that is the data set or the model
used to train the algorithms. The data sets cannot be complete by design, but needs to be as close to
reality as is possible so the machines or algorithms can quickly adapt and provide value for the end
user.
As shown later, this scenario is not uncommon in realistic CUDA programs. We present a new tool
SESA (Symbolic Executor with Static Analysis) that significantly improves over prior tools in its
class both in terms of new ideas and new engineering: 1. Basically, this pass answers what variables
will be used by the sinks from a given program point. NVIDIA CUDA. Traditional languages alone
are not sufficient for programming GPUs. We believe we are now ready to scale our learning
through the studio. Patrick Cozzi University of Pennsylvania CIS 565 - Fall 2014. Lectures. Monday
6-9pm Moore 212 Fall and Spring 2012 lectures were recorded Attendance is required for guest
lectures. The main focus of this project is to show the power, speed, and performance of a CUDA-
enabled GPU for digital video watermark insertion in the H.264 video compression domain. That is,
the sets are the same whether the then part or the else is first executed. Unleashing the Power of AI
Tools for Enhancing Research, International FDP on. We are capital efficient or even frugal to a
point of fault because we think those are good disciplines of responsible leaders. However, currently
it is a desktop application and requires a CUDA GPU. In the concrete scenario, after the operations
in A1 and A2, thread 0 and 1 are supposed to execute the “then” branch and the rest will execute the
“else” path, resulting in a race. Expand 352 PDF 1 Excerpt Save CUDASA: Compute Unified
Device and Systems Architecture M. We as GPs need to know how to make the investments work
while actively helping the founders build their companies. It is the extended version of KLEE’s
method to resolve pointer aliasing, which addresses CUDA’s memory hierarchy. The benchmarks are
available at 4.5.1 CUDA SDK Table 4.1 shows results on a few CUDA SDK 5.5 kernels that have no
thread divergence (hence both SESA and GKLEEp explore one flow). Dr. Dan Trent. Mississippi
Valley State University. Instead of the path constraint PC, GKLEEp maintains a parametric flow tree
PFT. This deformation is non-linear, so the distorted image cannot be directly rendered with hardware
rasterization. Since the threads within a flow perform similar operations, they can be reasoned about
using a parametric thread. To make the comparison fair, we disable the OOB checking and OOB
related state spawning in both GKLEEp and SESA. For the second case, we maintain flow
conditions during the analysis. GKLEE profits from KLEE’s code base and philosophy of testing a
given program using symbolic execution. The entire race detection is formally described in the rule T-
race and depicted in Section 2.4.3. 2.4.2.3 CUDA Built-in Variables CUDA built-in variables include
the block size, block id, thread id, and so on, The ex- ecutor accesses these variables during the
execution. When a conditional instruction is encountered, the threads within a warp may diverge into
two parts whose execution order is not fixed. We now define the notion of a Parametric Execution.
4.3.1.1 Parametric Execution Because of the thread symmetry, within each barrier interval in a
CUDA program, threads execute across an “identical-looking” race history. IMCSummit 2015 - Day
1 Developer Track - Evolution of non-volatile memory exp. Specifically, if there exists a thread j
whose write address matches the read Page 67. GKLEEp inherits GKLEE’s SIMD-aware scheduling
scheme and makes it parameterized (the parametric flow is marked in Figure 2.8 as bold arrows). For
an unconditional instruction, its execution by N threads is modeled by using one parameterized
thread. A br instruction is executed in a different manner according to the evaluation result of the
conditional v.
Modern graphics processing units (GPUs) have become capable of performing millions of matrix and
vector operations per second on multiple objects simultaneously. The SMT solver picks two thread
IDs 5 and 13; for this, threadPos assumes values 20 and 52, respectively. Memory coalescing is
achieved by following access rules specific to the GPU compute capability. A traditional method is
to start from all sinks and calculate the relevant variables by exploring the control flow graph
backwards. In order to take full advantage of this development, new algorithms have to be
specifically designed for parallel execution while many old ones have to be upgraded accordingly.
Patrick Cozzi University of Pennsylvania CIS 565 - Fall 2012. CUDA programs suffer from not only
many common concurrent errors, i.e., race conditions, but also CUDA specific errors. Page 23. Also,
running this kernel under GKLEE by keeping all configuration parameters symbolic, we could learn
(through GKLEE’s error message) that this kernel works only if bdim.x is a power of 2 (an
undocumented fact). We believe the next generation of founders and companies that are changing
the nature of data capture, processing, interactivity and algorithmic development of value with the
human-machine interaction will lead us into the age of AI and AR. The GPU is a massively parallel
computing device that has a high-throughput, exhibits high arithmetic intensity, has a large market
presence, and with the increasing computation power being added to it each year through
innovations, the GPU is a perfect candidate to complement the CPU in performing computations. We
sit on the side of the Founder and help them with our network and knowledge to navigate the
process of building and scaling their companies. The SIMT Execution mode which shows how
different threads execute the same instruction Nvidia specific GPU memory architecture. Resources
need to be managed effectively and since we form the core advisory role with the founders, we
consult, educate, debate and bring capital planning discipline to the founders and companies that we
back. It checks several error cate- gories, including one previously unidentified race type. We
discussed logical errors and performance bottlenecks detected by GKLEE in real-world kernels. For
instance, if a thread contains n feasible branches, then O(2n) flows or paths may be generated. GPU
has high parallel processing power, low cost of computation and less time utilization; it gives good
result of performance per energy ratio. GKLEEp inherits GKLEE’s SIMD-aware scheduling scheme
and makes it parameterized (the parametric flow is marked in Figure 2.8 as bold arrows). For an
unconditional instruction, its execution by N threads is modeled by using one parameterized thread.
Variables Research Methodology Population and Sample. A value consists of one or more bytes (our
model has byte-level accuracy). Note that it is nontrivial to use manual or random testing to come up
with such witnesses. Figure 4.12 illustrates the interblock read-write race caught in the binning
kernel. In summary, SESA is able to detect all races and errors found by GKLEE and GKLEEp on
SDK kernels. Architecture Design Viewpoints and view models Architectural styles Architecture
asssessment Role of the software architect. Since F2 contains no computation before the barrier, its
read set and write set are empty. PUG uses the canonical schedule (a sequential thread schedule) to
reduce the number of thread schedules that must be considered. Existing debugging tools often miss
these errors because of their limited input-space and execution-space exploration. For better
readability, this figure does not show the overflowing values in an exact way, e.g., the red bar of bfs-
ls, which has over 3, 000x speed-up. As a venerable mentor, he spent innumerous time guiding me to
do research independently and effectively, answering my questions, keeping tracking of my research
direction and teaching me to prepare presenta- tions and write technical papers properly. The main
focus of this project is to show the power, speed, and performance of a CUDA-enabled GPU for
digital video watermark insertion in the H.264 video compression domain. Hence, GKLEEp evolves
to SESA, and SESA employs static analysis to automatically identify inputs that can be safely set to
concrete values, often identifying most of the inputs that can be so set without losing coverage.
No matter what the execution order of these two parts is, the race between the two parts can be
detected by examining whether the involved accesses conflict. ?t1, t2 in the same warp: (c(t1).
Previously reported formally based GPU analysis tools have not handled such practical examples
before. 5. We describe conditions under which SESA is an exact race-checking approach, and also
present when it can miss bugs. Architecture Design Viewpoints and view models Architectural styles
Architecture asssessment Role of the software architect. For simplicity’s purpose, we do not discuss
the cases where the conditions depend on symbolic inputs in this section. It is the extended version
of KLEE’s method to resolve pointer aliasing, which addresses CUDA’s memory hierarchy. Second,
GKLEE encounters a major drawback of all the semiformal tools described so far: these tools model
and solve the data-race detection problem over the explicitly specified number of GPU threads.
GKLEEp inherits GKLEE’s SIMD-aware scheduling scheme and makes it parameterized (the
parametric flow is marked in Figure 2.8 as bold arrows). For an unconditional instruction, its
execution by N threads is modeled by using one parameterized thread. First we will introduce SIMD
execution here. 3.5.4.1 SIMD Execution We describe the SIMD execution of a CUDA program w.r.t
the data store ?. Naturally, we view that all the n threads access. IMCSummit 2015 - Day 1
Developer Track - Evolution of non-volatile memory exp. A race occurs in schedule 2 if and only if it
also occurs in schedule 1. This way they can make use of parallel hardware such as GPUs and Multi-
Core-CPUs for faster computation. Whereas a single CPU can consist of 2, 4, 8 or 12 cores. Low-
end: 14 - 25 fps, runs hot High-end: 50 - 80 fps, runs warm. At the first instruction, %1’s LVS is
empty since %1 stores local variable s (hence involving no global inputs). Unfortunately, GKLEEp
still suffers from search explosion: even if only two symbolic threads are considered, each thread
may create a large number of flows or symbolic states. We believe we are now ready to scale our
learning through the studio. Intrawarp races can be further classified into intrawarp races without
warp divergence, and intrawarp races with warp divergence. 2.3.2.1 Intrawarp Races Without Warp
Divergence Given that any two threads within a warp execute the same instruction, an intrawarp race
(without involving warp divergence) has to be a write-write race. Threads are blocked together and
executed in group of. Multi-faceted Microarchitecture Level Reliability Characterization for
NVIDIA. GKLEE profits from KLEE’s code base and philosophy of testing a given program using
symbolic execution. Thus, automatically handling large numbers of threads is a Page 48. Note that
Eval(V ) represents the evaluation result acquired through SMT solver under the constraint of the
predicate acquired from PFT. Ways of how to use the benefits of the latter method for space debris
simulation will be discussed. While the coverage achieved is nearly the same (due to the largely
SIMD nature of the computations), it is clear that RedTB is a bit more thorough. In the concrete
scenario, after the operations in A1 and A2, thread 0 and 1 are supposed to execute the “then”
branch and the rest will execute the “else” path, resulting in a race. We however make use of
LLVM’s in-built facilities and perform a forward pass to find out this set. In fact, to perform network
coding simultaneously, multi core CPUs and many-core GPUs can be used. Expand 59 PDF 1
Excerpt Save BSGP: bulk-synchronous GPU programming Qiming Hou Kun Zhou B. We can image
that all the writes are done simultaneously, but need to consider possible data races. However,
GPUVerify suffers from the problem of precise reasoning for data-dependent GPU kernels, whose
control- or data-flow is dependent on shared state.
August 28, 2013. OBJECTIVES. Identify the historical influences that helped shape today’s home
designs Recognize and describe the elements of contemporary dwellings. Given a CUDA program,
PUG generates a verification condition that reflects the accesses of the program from the point of
view of two symbolic (arbitrary) threads. This technique is simple to apply and races that are
uncovered are true bugs (no false positives) because the program is executed concretely. Since most
of these objects can be processed independently, parallel computing is applicable in this field. Notice
that the bid-depdendent conditionals are also categorized into the TDC domain. Now t1 was meant
to see the value written into a1, but it did not, as the value was held in a register and not written
back (a volatile declaration was missing in the SDK 2.0 version of the example). No matter what the
execution order of these two parts is, the race between the two parts can be detected by examining
whether the involved accesses conflict. ?t1, t2 in the same warp: (c(t1). The threads within a warp
are executed in a lock-step manner: two intrawarp threads can race only if they simultaneously write
to the same shared variable at the same instruction. Designing memory consistency models for
shared-memory mul-tiprocessors. We also use a single unique label l (rather than a block ID and an
offset within the block) to represent the label of an instruction. We now check for conflicting
accesses, some of which involve conditionals. This approach is sound (no false alarms) and complete
(no omissions) for safety properties. Finally, if a kernel is access invariant, then race-freedom can be
amplified to all executions of the program. We admit that we are sticklers on performance, but our
motive and philosophy is not driven by counting the spoils but from helping founders win. PUG uses
the canonical schedule (a sequential thread schedule) to reduce the number of thread schedules that
must be considered. We generated purely random inputs (as a designer might do); in all cases,
GKLEE’s test generation and test reduction heuristics provided far superior coverage with far fewer
tests. Page 47. Although these units are specially designed for graphics application we can employee
there computation power for non graphics application too. We have explicit experience taking
founders from the idea stage to a profitable exit. In the rule T-barrier, if the current thread t
encounters the barrier, then next thread is to be executed. We exposed this bug when we took a
newer release of the nvcc compiler (released around SDK 4.0 and does volatile optimizations),
compiled the SDK 2.0 version of this example (which omits the volatile), and ran the program on our
GTX 480 hardware, finding incorrect results emerging. This flag tells the symbolic executor not to
fork a flow. The analysis results can also be used to remove parametric flows. Moreover,
downscaling the number of threads together with other problem parameters in a consistent way is
often impractical. It was described by J. L. Kelly, Jr, a researcher at Bell Labs, in 1956. Since u’s
value is not used in w, we can combine the flows again at line 3 of the Generic example. The entire
race detection is formally described in the rule T-race and depicted in Section 2.4.3. 2.4.2.3 CUDA
Built-in Variables CUDA built-in variables include the block size, block id, thread id, and so on, The
ex- ecutor accesses these variables during the execution. Another usage of these metrics is to perform
test case selection, which still explores the entire state space, but outputs only a subset of test cases
(for downstream debugging use) after the entire execution is over, with no net loss of coverage.
Whenever the code is run on the machine, CPU runs serial portion and GPU runs parallel portion.
Second, GKLEE encounters a major drawback of all the semiformal tools described so far: these
tools model and solve the data-race detection problem over the explicitly specified number of GPU
threads. A powerful feature of GKLEE is therefore its ability to output these minimized high-quality
tests for downstream debugging.