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Dissertation, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, 2012. M. E. Barkey, “Calculation of Notch Strains
under Multiaxial Nominal Loading,” PhD. It has been well known that stress-based damage
parameters well define fatigue damage of materials at high-cycle fatigue regimes while the strain-
based damage parameters show better fatigue damage estimations at low-cycle fatigue regimes.
Second, this component will be machined from the investigated alloys and then tested. Relevant
material properties for ABS plastic are given by Table I. Slipping can cause inaccurate data to be
collected and, therefore, inaccurate failure criterion can be established. Multiaxial loading paths
produce complex stress and strain states near notches and can cause a fatigue failure even without
any evident large-scale plastic deformation. Combined tension-torsion strain-controlled fatigue tests
will be used to examine the effect of multiaxialty on fatigue life. For today’s utility-scale wind
turbines, stable boundary layer flows can even introduce low-level jets at heights comparable to that
of larger rotor dimensions. This rush could have caused significant cavities to form, resulting in
stress concentrations that made the specimens fail faster than normal. Adam Torok U of Veszprem,
TU Budapest and Hungarian Academy of Sciences. The box-shaped load path was repeated more
than hundred cycles while recording the strains at the notch tip. Proportional, non-proportional,
sequential, asynchronous or variable amplitude among others, are the loading effects that yield
different damage mechanisms and under random loading conditions all of them can be activated.
The notched shafts were subjected to cyclic tension and torsional load histories under conditions of
load controls by using Instron and MTS tension-torsion biaxial test frames. Dr. Ahmed Sharif
Associate Professor Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering Bangladesh University
of Engineering and Technology (BUET) Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. Once stress and strain
components are determined for the notched component using the approximate analytical approach,
the stress and strain components need to be transformed on potential material planes to evaluate
fatigue damage on various planes. Critical planes in criteria based on strains Socie-Fatemi et al. To
accomplish this, models of the specimen and chuck grips were generated in Solidworks. Several non-
proportional cyclic loading paths during, which ratios of the frequency of applied loads were
unequal, were applied to the notched-bar specimen. Download Free PDF View PDF See Full PDF
Download PDF Loading Preview Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Therefore, the free surface
can be identified by and the plane is perpendicular to the free surface has It is well known that the
local strain approach has been well adapted as a practical engineering method in fatigue assessment
of mechanical components. The specimens were designed to be hexagonal dogbone in shape;
additionally, three of the specimen’s faces contain semi-circular inclusions, as seen in Fig. A-3. The
chuck grips were modified to contain an extruded semi-circular slot that would fit into three of the
specimen’s faces, as seen in Fig. A-2. Once the designs for each were finalized, the chuck grips were
shipped to Page 19. The geometry of the SAE notched shaft was modeled in ANSYS finite element
code and then meshed using 3-D hexagonal (brick) solid elements and the area near the notch root
was carefully refined as shown in Figure 7 to increase the accuracy of the elastic stress-strain results.
In past few decades, a significant number of fatigue damage parameters have been developed and no
universal consensus has been reached on the best approach to multiaxial fatigue problem. During
these combination tests, the state of stress in the torsion test consists of pure shear, with equal tensile
and compressive stresses at 45. This proposed methodology provides more efficient and appropriate
analysis approach preferable to more complex and time consuming life prediction methods using
non-linear stress-strain analysis. 3. Results and Discussion The proposed multiaxial fatigue analysis
methodology has been implemented in computer programs making it suitable for use in the design
evaluation of engineering components. Coupling the notch correction method and the cyclic
plasticity to compute the local stresses and strains at critical locations in components provides a great
advantage over experiments and incremental elastic-plastic finite element analyses due to its
simplicity, computational efficiency, low cost and reasonable accuracy. Three cycles of torsional load
were applied in same time period as one cycle of tensile load ( Figure 6 (a)). Kurek Download Free
PDF View PDF RELATED TOPICS Engineering Materials CHEMICAL SCIENCES See Full PDF
Download PDF About Press Blog People Papers Topics Job Board We're Hiring. The ratio of the
torsion to bending load was kept constant during each test. In addition, the conservative fatigue life
predictions in high cycle regime by the damage parameter may be attributed to overestimation of
notch stress and strain components by Neuber’s rule.
Furthermore, the multiaxial fatigue analysis methodology includes the APDL macro for plotting
fatigue damage contour for the critical notch area to visualize the fatigue damage map. To
accommodate for the timeline of the project, but still provide significant results to establish “proof-
of-concept,” the specimens were printed in the UF MAE 3D Printing Lab using ABS plastic. It has
been well known that stress-based damage parameters well define fatigue damage of materials at
high-cycle fatigue regimes while the strain-based damage parameters show better fatigue damage
estimations at low-cycle fatigue regimes. These are being compared to similar computations for
neutral flows. In recent decades, a large number of research studies have been conducted to develop
a successful multiaxial fatigue damage parameter. A cumulative damage law has been used to analyze
the validity of the proposed method. Dr. Ahmed Sharif Associate Professor Department of Materials
and Metallurgical Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. The prediction of fatigue life was improved when using the life-dependent
material parameters compared to the fixed material parameters. Axle and shaft components often
experience combined bending and torsion loads. The PCRN method and the QCP method provide
best results compared with other assessed methods. Although numerous damage parameters have
been proposed during the past decades to predict the multiaxial fatigue failure, most of them are
limited to specific load cases and material and there is no universally accepted damage parameter yet.
It can be noted that the agreement between the calculated and measured strain responses are
qualitatively and quantitatively good. In a synergistic way, a multiaxial fatigue criterion must gather
tools that allow capture the different damage mechanisms. See Full PDF Download PDF See Full
PDF Download PDF See Full PDF Download PDF Loading Preview Sorry, preview is currently
unavailable. Attempts to remedy this can still be considered ineffective due to the extra cost
associated with specialized multiaxial testing equipment. The behavior observed and the placement
of the mixed tensile and torsional stress on the material’s established failure graphs allowed us to see
that the test method worked, and accurate results were achieved. For the case of general multiaxial
loading applied to a notched body, the state of stress near the notch tip is tri-axial. Kurek Download
Free PDF View PDF RELATED TOPICS Engineering Materials CHEMICAL SCIENCES See Full
PDF Download PDF About Press Blog People Papers Topics Job Board We're Hiring. To minimize
the risk of slipping, the contact area needed to be expanded on both the specimen and grips so the
resultant force and moment generated mimic the behavior of a wrench when tightening a bolt, as
seen in Fig. 4. Fig. 4. Behavior of a wrench twisting a bolt. Critical planes in criteria based on strains
Lohr and Ellison criterion (1980) The critical plane The critical plane is theplane inclined by 45.
Unfortunately, the combination of multiaxial loading paths and complex geometries of mechanical
components is unavoidable in practice and experiments performing durability test are often not
feasible because of time and cost considerations. The observation and the follow-up of the loading
history and the characterization of the damage accumulation were evaluated in the presence of an
artificial surface defect. To accomplish this, models of the specimen and chuck grips were generated
in Solidworks. Therefore, we intend to develop testing methods that can be applied to the testing of
brittle and ductile materials in one comprehensive failure test that will yield accurate failure criterion
for combined tensile stress and torsional forces. The plane of interest is reached by first rotating x-y
plane clockwise about z axis by an angle of and then second clockwise the rotation about x axis by
an angle of. Furthermore, when comparing the stress results to those in Table I and gathered
previously by Cantrell et. Readers are introduced to the important considerations of multiaxial
fatigue that differentiate it from uniaxial fatigue. Failure Criteria. Materials have flaw or crack in
them: Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM). Experimental verification Unfortunately, this
criterion was used only to determine thefatigue limit and the results were not compared to any
standard fatigue characteristic. He continued his education at Broward College, graduate with his
Associates of Arts degree in May 2015. Strain and energy approaches are suitable for fatigue design
analysis because of their localized nature.
The model requires analytical, numerical and experimental techniques. In addition, many of machine
components contain notches and geometrical irregularities because of design requirements. The
behavior observed and the placement of the mixed tensile and torsional stress on the material’s
established failure graphs allowed us to see that the test method worked, and accurate results were
achieved. One major problem encountered was misaligned chucks on the UTM; as the specimens
were tightened into the grips, slight bending was observed which could have altered how or when
the specimen failed. Critical planes in criteria based on strains Brown-Miller criterion (1973) The
critical plane Brown-Miller criterion: Maximum shear strain planeWang-Brown criterion: The critical
plane of maximum damage Critical planes in criteria based on strains Lohr and Ellison criterion
(1980) Lohr and Ellison proposed a criterion to calculate fatigue life in low-cyclic fatigue regime.
Yielding and Failure Criteria Plasticity Fracture Fatigue Jiangyu Li University of Washington. It
should be noted that since the material used (ABS plastic) is a brittle material, the yield stress and
ultimate stress are the same. The results of the MMP criterion that allows users to evaluate the
multiaxial fatigue loading quickly are also of interest because the method provides results only
slightly worse than the two best performing solutions. The newly modified grips were loaded into
the UTM’s chucks and attached to the machine’s multiaxial actuators. Critical planes in criteria based
on strains Socie-Fatemi et al. The box path indicates a high degree of non-proportionality loading.
After analyzing the results of the comparison of design and experimental durability, it can be stated
that the proposed fati. No substantial deviation of results based on the selected lifetime was
observed. Proportional, non-proportional, sequential, asynchronous or variable amplitude among
others, are the loading effects that yield different damage mechanisms and under random loading
conditions all of them can be activated. It has been well known that stress-based damage parameters
well define fatigue damage of materials at high-cycle fatigue regimes while the strain-based damage
parameters show better fatigue damage estimations at low-cycle fatigue regimes. Then the fatigue
failure assessment is performed by considering a function of the stress components acting on the
critical plane. Furthermore, when comparing the stress results to those in Table I and gathered
previously by Cantrell et. In recent decades, a large number of research studies have been conducted
to develop a successful multiaxial fatigue damage parameter. As seen in Fig. 5, the specimen was
loaded into the chuck, where the three grips were screwed in until the new extrusions were fully
inserted into the specimen’s slots. Slipping can cause inaccurate data to be collected and, therefore,
inaccurate failure criterion can be established. Therefore, an incremental elastic-plastic finite element
analysis for long loading histories would require impractically long computation times and excessive
data storage. When special contours need to be cut that a spark won’t be able to cut accurately, wire
EDM is used. Critical planes in criteria based on stresses Carpinteri and Spagnoli proposed to
compute the critical plane orientation nwithrespect to the averaged maximum principal stress
direction 1 in the plane of 1,3by the following relationship (23) where the angle. The plane of interest
is reached by first rotating x-y plane clockwise about z axis by an angle of and then second
clockwise the rotation about x axis by an angle of. The fatigue criterion is defined by (17) where a3
is the third criterion parameter. Therefore, under such conditions, a multiaxial fatigue criterion must
be able to capture all of those loading effects. The observation and the follow-up of the loading
history and the characterization of the damage accumulation were evaluated in the presence of an
artificial surface defect. During these combination tests, the state of stress in the torsion test consists
of pure shear, with equal tensile and compressive stresses at 45. Therefore, the box-shaped load path
provides a critical test for the proposed stress-strain model for notch tip strain and stress calculations.
In plane stress state, all possible orientations of the considered planecan be described by the angle.
However, the absence of sequence effects encountered in a defect-free material has been found.
Yielding and Failure Criteria Plasticity Fracture Fatigue Jiangyu Li University of Washington. For
these reasons, more efficient and simpler methods of elastic-plastic stress-strain analysis and fatigue
life estimations are necessary for notched bodies subjected to lengthy cyclic load histories. The
difference between these two types of multiaxial failure observed could be attributed to print quality
of the specimens (the grey had several visible defects and cavities) or the testing rates used. The
prediction of fatigue life was improved when using the life-dependent material parameters compared
to the fixed material parameters. The data that resulted from subjecting the specimen to a pure
torsion force exhibited properties of a brittle material, as expected. Critical planes in criteria based on
stresses Robert et al. Therefore, stress and strain responses at the notch area of SAE 1045 notched-
shaftare determined using an FE-integrated simplified analytical modeling approach. To study the
material, individual tensile and torsion tests were run to establish a baseline for the material’s failure
criterion. These constants are obtained by performing both monotonic and cyclic tests. Upload Read
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What is Scribd. If any material was missing, this could have been caused by a high testing rate that
caused the material to violently rupture and get thrown from the specimen. This can be seen by the
fact that the graph reaches the failure point without entering a plastic deformation region. The
maximum nominal tensile and torsion stresses were. In plane stress state, all possible orientations of
the considered planecan be described by the angle. Crack opening (by maximum normal stress)
decreases the friction force between slip planes. (33) (34) where: ?y -yield stress nis an experimental
coefficient - maximum normal stress (35) Critical planes in criteria based on strains Socie-Fatemi et
al. Seven fictitious linear elastic stress and strain components are obtained from the linear elastic FE
solution, however the actual elastic-plastic stress and strain components at the notch tip are
unknown. Figure 1. Computational flow chart of the integrated multiaxial fatigue analysis. Figure 2.
Stress and strain state at a notch tip. Meanwhile, he gained some research experience in the summer
of 2017 by participating in the University of Michigan’s Summer Research Opportunity Program. It
can be noted that the agreement between the calculated and measured strain responses are
qualitatively and quantitatively good. Boundary and loading conditions are also shown in Figure 7.
Critical planes in criteria based on stresses McDiarmid criterion (1972) The critical plane Critical
planes in criteria based on stresses Dietman et al. Materials Tetrahedron. Processing. Performance.
Properties. The behavior exhibited is that of a brittle material due to the sudden rupture of the
specimen without the presence of any plastic deformation, such as necking. Page 39. Solidworks
drawing of the original tension-torsion chuck grip. Page 36. In addition, AZ based alloys have high
formability and weldability and ZK-based Mg alloys, which are produced by adding zinc (Zn) and
zirconium (Zr) to Mg, have a higher hot- workability than other materials. Finally, the experimental
and predicted fatigue lives of the component will be compared. They proposed tomodify the
criterion of octahedral shear stress to take into account the changes ofdirection of principal stress
axes. These geometric discontinuities cause significant stress concentrations. The resultant forces on
either face of the bolt-head help in generate a moment on the bolt and assist in twisting. A-1, have a
very small contact area, meaning that slipping is likely to occur during any of the tests.
Finally, the experimental and predicted fatigue lives of the component will be compared. This
yielded in the robust curve as seen in Fig. 7. Therefore, for the remaining tests run for pure tension,
the testing rate was reduced to 0.05 and 0.025 inches per second, so the data would be more precise
and yield consistent data. Furthermore, true random loading paths have a certain level of uncertainty
that cannot be fully simulated in the lab. Istanbul, June 2010. Outline. Definition Endometrial
factors Causes of endometrial abnormality How to investigate Treatment options. These complex
cyclic loadings are defined as multiaxial loadings, where principal stresses rotate and change non-
proportionally their magnitudes during a loading cycle. Critical plane approach Among these criteria,
one type called the critical plane approach can be distinguished. Coefficientsm allows to take into
account the mean stress value ?eq,m. Solidworks drawing of the original tension-torsion chuck grip.
Page 36. In this program, David worked at the Epcot Engineering Services department assisting
current Imagineers with facilitating the design and installation of a maintenance bridge for the
support team at the Frozen Ever After attraction, as well as enhancing ride components for the Test
Track ride vehicles. This can be seen by the fact that the graph reaches the failure point without
entering a plastic deformation region. However, the stress state at the notch tip is bi-axial because of
the notch-tip stress for a free surface as shown in Figure 2. This paper presents the results on the
study of fatigue-crack propagation of a chosen medium carbon steel using Modal AE along with
other techniques such as electrical resistivity(ER) and digital image correlation (DIC). This criterion
assumes that material fatigue failure occurs when the shear stress amplitude, ?ns,a, in the critical
octahedral plane reaches the critical stress value, ?ns,a,c, characteristic for a given material (11)
Critical planes in criteria based on stresses Dietman et al. Motivation When attempting to establish
failure criterion for a material, the type of test and material being used must be considered. Thereare
also criteria based on few critical plane orientations and criteria based on critical plane
orientationsdetermined by a weighted averaging process of rotating principal stress axes. Second,
this component will be machined from the investigated alloys and then tested. However, when being
implemented into real-world applications, materials are often exposed to more than just uniaxial
forces. In general, most of the damage parameters can be classified as stress-based, strain-based and
energy-based damage parameters. Critical planes in criteria based on stresses Matake criterion (1977)
Critical planes in criteria based on stresses Dang Van criterion (1982) This criterion is based on the
concept of micro-stresses in the critical volume of material. (15) where: ?? is the microscopic shear
stress in grain area, ??,h is the microscopic hydrostatic stress, a1, a2 are constants determined from
cyclic uniaxial fatigue tests. A thin tube subjected to cyclic axial and torsional loading with a phase
differences a nonproportional loading case with rotating principal axes. Typical printing of the
specimens took about 5-6 days; however, due to the timeframe of this experiment, some of the
specimens had to be printed within 2-3 days. Dr. Ifju sparked my interest in Mechanics and Materials
and has always encouraged me to get involved and learn more about the field through positions
under his various Master’s and Ph.D. students. Without his encouragement and motivation for me to
succeed, this project may not have happened or gotten as far as it did. Moreover, some materials
experience additional hardening due to nonproportional multiaxial loading. To better accommodate
such testing, specialized grips can be manufactured to better grab the specimen and prevent slippage.
Criterion A Criterion B Criterion C Criterion D Criterion E Criterion F. The box path indicates a high
degree of non-proportionality loading. Test specimens with a notch at the edge are machined from
the provided stock of 1045 steel and are subjected to fatigue.The acoustic emission events along
with potential drop during the fatigue cycles helps in predicting the failure of the given steel before
it actually occurs. After Broward College, David transferred to the University of Florida to pursue
his Bachelor’s degree in Mechanical Engineering. Download Free PDF View PDF See Full PDF
Download PDF Loading Preview Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. No substantial deviation of
results based on the selected lifetime was observed.
The resultant forces on either face of the bolt-head help in generate a moment on the bolt and assist
in twisting. Crack Initiation. Crack Propagation. Final Fracture. Fatigue Failure. Critical planes in
criteria based on stresses Robert et al. Critical plane approach Multiaxial fatigue criteria based on the
criticalplane concept usually apply different loading parameters in the critical plane whose
orientationis determined by (a) only shear loading parameters (crack Mode II or III), (b) only normal
loadingparameters (crack Mode I) or sometimes (c) mixed loading parameters (mixed crack Mode).
Since the critical plane is not known before the analysis, the fatigue damage parameter on all
potential planes is computed in order to determine the critical plane experienceing the maximum
fatigue damage. However, while the blue specimen’s notch matched those of the pure torsion test,
the red and grey specimens had two notches surrounding an additional flat surface. The prediction of
fatigue life was improved when using the life-dependent material parameters compared to the fixed
material parameters. It can be noted that the agreement between the calculated and measured strain
responses are qualitatively and quantitatively good. In general, most of the damage parameters can
be classified as stress-based, strain-based and energy-based damage parameters. Multiaxial fatigue
analysis is a very complex process in comparison to uniaxial fatigue. Finally, the experimental and
predicted fatigue lives of the component will be compared. A review of multiaxial fatigue failure
criteria based on the critical plane approach. Strain gauges were mounted on the notch root for strain
measurements. Moreover, some materials experience additional hardening due to nonproportional
multiaxial loading. Combined tension-torsion strain-controlled fatigue tests will be used to examine
the effect of multiaxialty on fatigue life. To accommodate for the timeline of the project, but still
provide significant results to establish “proof-of-concept,” the specimens were printed in the UF
MAE 3D Printing Lab using ABS plastic. Axial and shear strain histories obtained from the model
and experiments are plotted in Figures 5(b) and 6(b) for the tensile to torsional frequency ratios of
3:1 and 1:3, respectively. The accuracy of local stress and strain histories is essential for the reliable
fatigue life assessment for a notched component. Additionally, to gain a more comprehensive idea of
failure criterion, multiple tests of different failure modes, such as tensile and torsional stress, will
need to be tested. Contextual Influences On Interracial Relationships. This paper presents the results
on the study of fatigue-crack propagation of a chosen medium carbon steel using Modal AE along
with other techniques such as electrical resistivity(ER) and digital image correlation (DIC). You can
download the paper by clicking the button above. The plane of interest is reached by first rotating x-
y plane clockwise about z axis by an angle of and then second clockwise the rotation about x axis by
an angle of. Finally, a spar-buoy support structure for a floating wind turbine is also being studied as
part of this project. For the case of general multiaxial loading applied to a notched body, the state of
stress near the notch tip is tri-axial. Socie D, editors. ESIS10. London: Mechanical Engineering
Publications, (1991), p.35. Critical planes in criteria based on stresses McDiarmid criterion (1972)
The critical plane Critical planes in criteria based on stresses Dietman et al. Critical planes in criteria
based on stresses Simburger and Grubisic criterion (1976) The critical plane In principle,this criterion
does not belong to the critical plane approach becausethe parameter Sn is independent of a specific
plane orientation. Therefore, the box-shaped load path provides a critical test for the proposed stress-
strain model for notch tip strain and stress calculations. This study is seeking to develop procedures
for simulating such stable flows, the turbine response to such flows, and resulting fatigue damage.
While simple and inexpensive elastic stress histories (linear elastic results of the FE analysis) are used
to compute notch root elastic-plastic stress and strain histories, the proposed fatigue analysis
methodology provides reasonably accurate fatigue life predictions. Different from the uniaxial
fatigue problem, the multiaxial fatigue involves complex stress and strain states, load histories and
fatigue damage parameters relating the fatigue life. Each cylindrical specimen was machined from
SAE 1070 steel stack to the proper geometry, then heat treated to give uniform material properties.
Before fatigue life was calculated, the critical plane orientation according to Carpinteri’s model and
the proposed model were determined. However, while the blue specimen’s notch matched those of
the pure torsion test, the red and grey specimens had two notches surrounding an additional flat
surface. The problem is: which plane orientation is critical. First, numerical analysis will be used to
design suitable component geometry and loading mode. Criterion A Criterion B Criterion C
Criterion D Criterion E Criterion F. Odd Aalen Section of Medical Statistics, University of Oslo,
Norway. Coworkers. Ornulf Borgan: Institute of Mathematics, University of Oslo Johan Fosen:
Section of Medical Statistics, University of Oslo. This criterion assumes that material fatigue failure
occurs when the shear stress amplitude, ?ns,a, in the critical octahedral plane reaches the critical
stress value, ?ns,a,c, characteristic for a given material (11) Critical planes in criteria based on
stresses Dietman et al. In addition, many of machine components contain notches and geometrical
irregularities because of design requirements. The reason of this is that the fatigue failure criteria
based on strains are usually applied for non-brittle materials, where crack Mode II and III dominate.
Load More. Multiaxial loading paths produce complex stress and strain states near notches and can
cause a fatigue failure even without any evident large-scale plastic deformation. Once actual strain
and stress responses at notch areas are determined, the proposed multiaxial fatigue damage parameter
can be used to estimate the fatigue life. Combined tension-torsion strain-controlled fatigue tests will
be used to examine the effect of multiaxialty on fatigue life. However, it was successfully used also
at low cycle fatigue regime. AM series alloys, which are produced by aluminium (Al) and manganese
(Mn) to Mg, have good combination of strength, ductility, energy absorption properties and
castability. During these combination tests, the state of stress in the torsion test consists of pure shear,
with equal tensile and compressive stresses at 45. The specimens were designed to be hexagonal
dogbone in shape; additionally, three of the specimen’s faces contain semi-circular inclusions, as seen
in Fig. A-3. The chuck grips were modified to contain an extruded semi-circular slot that would fit
into three of the specimen’s faces, as seen in Fig. A-2. Once the designs for each were finalized, the
chuck grips were shipped to Page 19. These complex cyclic loadings are defined as multiaxial
loadings, where principal stresses rotate and change non-proportionally their magnitudes during a
loading cycle. B-1), and the second was perpendicular (about 45?) to the shaft axis (see Fig. B-2).
This combined behavior can be seen in the failure mode exhibited by the physical specimen in Fig.
You can download the paper by clicking the button above. This can be seen by the fact that the graph
reaches the failure point without entering a plastic deformation region. Additionally, to gain a more
comprehensive idea of failure criterion, multiple tests of different failure modes, such as tensile and
torsional stress, will need to be tested. Critical plane approach Multiaxial fatigue criteria based on the
criticalplane concept usually apply different loading parameters in the critical plane whose
orientationis determined by (a) only shear loading parameters (crack Mode II or III), (b) only normal
loadingparameters (crack Mode I) or sometimes (c) mixed loading parameters (mixed crack Mode).
Fatigue Fract. Engng. Mater. Struct., Vol. 29 (2006), p.331. A computational process, shown in
Figure 1, is proposed to implement the multiaxial fatigue analysis methodology. Typical printing of
the specimens took about 5-6 days; however, due to the timeframe of this experiment, some of the
specimens had to be printed within 2-3 days. The FE model contains 34275 nodes and 31968
elements. Critical planes in criteria based on stresses Matake criterion (1977) Critical planes in criteria
based on stresses Dang Van criterion (1982) This criterion is based on the concept of micro-stresses
in the critical volume of material. (15) where: ?? is the microscopic shear stress in grain area, ??,h is
the microscopic hydrostatic stress, a1, a2 are constants determined from cyclic uniaxial fatigue tests.