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And with all the buzz surrounding the topic, getting people to jump on the bandwagon will not been
hard. These simulations show that great care must be taken when designing such modules so as to
ensure that shading conditions that may typically be encountered during operation does not
permanently damage the module. Here, Spiro-OMeTAD, Cu 2 O and NiO x are replaced as the
HTM. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI). We thank the Natural Science
Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Grant Nos. Solution-phase epitaxial growth of perovskite films on
2D material flakes for high-performance solar cells. Note that from the first issue of 2016, this
journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. High-performance flexible perovskite solar
cells on ultrathin glass: implications of the TCO. We cannot influence data processing and tracking
by such third parties. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any
medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Reference: “On-device lead sequestration for
perovskite solar cells” by Xun Li, Fei Zhang, Haiying He, Joseph J. Conflicts of Interest The authors
declare no conflict of interest. From the perovskites solution, 2D crystals can be obtained by
evaporation of solvent by self-organization process. Here, we present a 3D simulation analysis of
various electrical and optical properties of PSCs using the SILVACO simulation software. Several
materials, including CaF 2, SiO 2, and Al 2 O 3, with various thicknesses have been employed to
investigate the effect of anti-reflective coatings, and to improve the efficiency of the simulated PSC.
The increased thickness of the absorbent layer increases the photon absorption at longer
wavelengths. X-ray diffraction, vibrational and photoluminescence studies of the self-organized
quantum well crystal H 3 N(CH 2 ) 6 NH 3 PbBr 4; Journal of Luminescence 2007. 127 404- 408.
42. Yamamoto Y, Oohata G, Mizoguchi K, Ichida H, Kanematsu Y. In order to be human-readable,
please install an RSS reader. Credit: Jin Young Kim (UNIST) Physical chemists and chemical
engineers led by EPFL have used a chemical tweak to push the power-conversion efficiency and
operational stability of perovskite solar cells to 25.6% and at least 450 hours respectively. Note that
from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. The unusual
features and versatile characteristics of hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites open up promising
applications in many fields such as electronics, optics, optoelectronics, mechanics, environment,
medicine and biology. All-inorganic large-area low-cost and durable flexible perovskite solar cells
using copper foil as a substrate. The two-dimensional inorganic layers and an organic ammonium
layer are stacked alternately. Record-efficiency flexible perovskite solar cell and module enabled by a
porous-planar structure as an electron transport layer. Our Authors and Editors We are a community
of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including
Nobel Prize winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Thus, the fabrication method
which chooses the size of nanoparticles is very vital. They used PbI 2 and MAI salts (1:1 molar ratio)
to hot-cast MAPbI 3. Bottom left: SEM image of branch-shaped perylene films. Bottom right: SEM
image of fabric CH 3 NH 3 PbIxCl 3?x films deposited on the branch shaped perylene underlayer.
Funding This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant
nos.U1632121, 11304204), Shanghai Municipal Commission for Science and Technology (No.
20ZR1464100), and the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS. The Solar Energy
Technologies Office also is providing funding assistance for further development of the lead-
sequestration films for hybrid perovskite solar cells.
Given that we know the good light emitter is a good light absorber, perovskites materials because of
their light absorption efficiently over a broad spectrum is convenient option as photovoltaic
materials. Inverted perovskite solar cell with antimony-doped tin oxides achieves 25.7% efficiency
on February 21, 2024 at 4:00 pm Conventional halide perovskite cells have the same structure but
reversed, an “n-i-p” layout. Efficiencies have indeed soared to new heights during this time. As it is
shown in Figure 5, an amount of solution is dropped on the substrate which is fixed on the spin-
coater, and then it is rotated at high speed in order to spread the fluid by centrifugal force. Therefore,
the 3D analysis of a PSC associated with the solution of an electro-optical profile is presented. While
perovskite makes for an ideal intrinsic layer because of its strong affinity both for holes and electrons
and its quick reaction time, commercial-scale fabrication has proved challenging partly because it is
difficult to effectively apply a uniform ETL layer over the crystalline surface of the perovskite. All
authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Tandem organic solar
panels: Fabrication, optimization and portrayal PhD Thesis. Rational interface design and
morphology control for blade-coating efficient flexible perovskite solar cells with a record fill factor
of 81%. Two PhD students, one on each side, have been recruited to work on this project. It’s time
for you to begin saving here we are at vital things and permit our experts to handle effort.
Conclusion References DOWNLOAD FOR FREE Share Cite Cite this chapter There are two ways
to cite this chapter: 1. All-inorganic large-area low-cost and durable flexible perovskite solar cells
using copper foil as a substrate. According to Table 2, the best efficiency under conditions of a
wavelength of 750 nm and a thickness of 500 nm is 28.064%. The characteristic I-V curve for the
three different HTMs of Spiro-OMeTAD, Cu 2 O and NiO x is shown in Figure 9 a. He is a Fellow
of Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC) and a senior member of IEEE. Journal of Manufacturing and
Materials Processing (JMMP). They’ll surely assist you to impress your teachers. It is often difficult
to balance the organic and inorganic rates, an important criterion for achieving the correct
compositions of the resulting perovskite films. Because each organic component easily contaminates
the inside of the evaporation equipment is expected to limit the preparation of various perovskites
using different organic components. Rational interface design and morphology control for blade-
coating efficient flexible perovskite solar cells with a record fill factor of 81%. The two-dimensional
inorganic layers and an organic ammonium layer are stacked alternately. The spin-coated 2D layered
perovskites films are very reproducible, and therefore they are appropriate to be deposited on
devices. 2.3. Two-step dip-coating In a sequential deposition procedure, a metal halide film is first
deposited by vacuum evaporation or spin-coated from solution. Here, we present a 3D simulation
analysis of various electrical and optical properties of PSCs using the SILVACO simulation software.
The effects of these two factors (ohmic resistance and absorption) act in opposite directions until, at
a certain thickness, the ohmic resistance is higher than light absorption, current density undergoes a
downward trend, and the efficiency of cells decreases. One of the unique features of perovskite-
based solar cells is their flexibility. Predictably, we will eventually produce non-lagging, ultra-stable,
and high-efficiency PSCs so that it could be commercialized and provide a force for future energy
demand. This is how a thin-film layer is fabricated in the lab. In addition, post deposition low-
temperature annealing (T o C) of the hybrid films is sometimes employed to improve crystallinity and
phase purity. To the best of our knowledge, despite recent advances in PSCs, inverted planar PSCs
have garnered less attention and only a few studies have been conducted in this field. Today,
perovskites refer to any material that has that particular crystalline structure (shown below). Should
this third-party content contain cookies, these will also be set.
In 2019, Kim et al. systematically studied the effect of methylammonium chloride (MACl) additives
in FAPbI 3 -based perovskites. Highly efficient flexible perovskite solar cells with antireflection and
self-cleaning nanostructures. The stability of the perovskite cells has to be improved and ways are
being sought to replace lead with ecofriendly alternatives. Simultaneous ligand exchange fabrication
of flexible perovskite solar cells using newly synthesized uniform tin oxide quantum dots. Strategies
for High-Performance Large-Area Perovskite Solar Cells toward Commercialization. The perovskites
currently available for use in solar cells, however, contain lead, and Feng Gao, senior lecturer at LiU,
was appointed in the autumn of 2017 as Wallenberg Academy Fellow to develop lead-free double
perovskites, in which a monovalent metal and a trivalent metal replace the divalent lead. Credit:
Northern Illinois University Scientists began to study these crystal structures for use in solar cells
only about a decade ago and have rapidly increased their solar energy conversion efficiency. High-
throughput large-area vacuum deposition for high-performance formamidine-based perovskite solar
cells. Using the density functional theory, it could be concluded that the incorporation of MACl will
affect the formation of the perovskite structure. Accordingly, the highest conversion and quantum
efficiencies of 28.064 and 93.36%, respectively, for the structure with an anti-reflective coating of
CaF 2 with a thickness of 110 nm are approximately identical to the conversion and quantum
efficiencies—27.92 and 93.18%, respectively—of a solar cell with an anti-reflective coating of SiO
2 with a thickness of 110 nm. In (a), a film of the metal halide is deposited onto a substrate using
vacuum evaporation. These deposition techniques had two important drawbacks: first challenging for
large-scale industrial production and second is that the all-solution process results in decreased film
quality, and the vacuum process requires expensive equipment and uses a great deal of energy. As
cost-effective devices, thin film solar cell those containing a few micrometers of inorganic materials
that known as second generation can be introduced. Inverted perovskite solar cell with antimony-
doped tin oxides achieves 25.7% efficiency on February 21, 2024 at 4:00 pm Conventional halide
perovskite cells have the same structure but reversed, an “n-i-p” layout. Three-dimensional meshing
in the direction of the y, x, and z axes is the first determined factor in the simulation. This is the first
report of the packaging method that can pass the airtightness requirements of the relevant PV
standard test. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without
javascript enabled. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they
believe will be particularly. Also, because perovskite can directly deposited from solution,
manufacturing costs is lower than another type of solar cells. The inorganic layer has thickness of a
few atomic layers. Compared with other methods for fabricating perovskite films, this method can
significantly improve the preparation of large-area PSCs. Other cookies and content by third parties
(such as YouTube videos or maps by Google Maps) are only set with your consent by choosing
“Accept all cookies”. According to Figure 10 c, this result can be attributed to the trapping of
photons in each of the three anti-reflection coatings of the inverted planar PSC. Gravure-printed
flexible perovskite solar cells: toward roll-to-roll manufacturing. A polymer composition of Spiro-
OMeTAD and inorganic materials Cu 2 O and NiOx was used as the hole transport material (HTM)
and inorganic ZnO was employed as the electron transport material (ETM) to optimize the solar cell
efficiency, and an optimized thickness was considered for these materials. Provided that the type of
material varies from one layer to another and the electronegativity of each material is a constant
value and independent of the amount of impurities, the areas differed in electronegativity, which
resulted in discontinuity in the structure of the energy bar. Organic and inorganic quantum wells in a
microcavity: Frenkel-Wannier-Mott excitons hybridization and energy transformation. The increased
thickness of the absorbent layer increases the photon absorption at longer wavelengths. As the area of
PSCs increases, the stability and PCE of PSCs will decline rapidly, as shown in Figure 3. Whereas
traditional silicon solar cells are produced with precise processes using high temperatures, perovskites
can be made using room-temperature chemical solutions.
In this mini review, we will introduce the recent progress of FPSCs from the aspect of small-area
flexible devices, R2R processed devices with large scale and emerging flexible cells with
deformability and stretchability. Enhanced efficiency and mechanical robustness of flexible
perovskite solar cells by using HPbI 3 additive. Earlier this year, we also floated the idea that
Volkswagen might be toying around with a perovskite based EV battery, with a decision on the new
battery apparently due this past July. The anti-reflective coating is usually composed of one or
several dielectric layers. International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP).
This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited. This module is capable of simulating different pieces of semiconductor equipment,
including MOSFETs, HEMTs and solar cells, in 2D and 3D manners. Today, perovskites refer to any
material that has that particular crystalline structure (shown below). Second, expensive metals are
applied as the counter electrode in these cells. X-ray diffraction, vibrational and photoluminescence
studies of the self-organized quantum well crystal H 3 N(CH 2 ) 6 NH 3 PbBr 4; Journal of
Luminescence 2007. 127 404- 408. 42. Yamamoto Y, Oohata G, Mizoguchi K, Ichida H, Kanematsu
Y. Moreover, the packaging process is significantly improving the stability without degrading the
performance of the device. A suspension of insoluble powders in a quick-drying solvent are placed
on the heater, because this enables the powder to be in better physical and thermal contact with, as
well as more evenly dispersed across, the sheet. This section will offered a selected compilation of
recent progress in this topic, demonstrating that a number of simple and effective methods can be
utilized for the deposition of this considerable class of materials. 2.2. Spin-coating technique Spin-
coating is a very convenient technique widely applied to uniform thin film deposition. Schematic
diagram of ABX 3 lead halide perovskite crystal structure. After that, scientists began to focus on
designing large-area PSCs with bigger size and greater stability, and, finally, can be commercialized.
Suppressed interdiffusion and degradation in flexible and transparent metal electrode-based
perovskite solar cells with a graphene interlayer. Zoom Live Stream: Abstract: Perovskite Cells are
complex devices consisting of several components and interfaces. Photovoltaic cells are the most
promising device for directly converting the photons to electricity and it has been extensively studied
in the past 50 years using various combinations of inorganic semiconductors or organic sensitizers.
The best thickness of the absorbent layer is 500 nm, using a CaF 2 anti-reflective coating with an
optimal thickness of 110 nm. Aldamasy, Meng Li, Qifeng Liang, Hongliang Lu, Yiming Dong, and
Yingguo Yang. Malleability and pliability of silk-derived electrodes for efficient deformable
perovskite solar cells. He is a Fellow of Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC) and a senior member of
IEEE. Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals. High
efficiency flexible perovskite solar cells using superior low temperature TiO 2. Available online:
(accessed on 6 July 2019). Kim, H.; Lim, K.-G.; Lee, T.-W. Planar heterojunction organometal halide
perovskite solar cells: Roles of interfacial layers. High-efficiency two-dimensional Ruddlesden-
Popper perovskite solar cells. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
(IJERPH). Scientists think that one of the keys is how their atoms move in response to light.
Therefore, they used red-carbon quantum dots (RCQs) rich in carboxylic acids and hydroxyl groups
doped with low-temperature solution-treated SnO 2 to produce effective composite ETL. Compared
with the common semiconductors, the fabrication of perovskites samples is relatively easy.
Using different organic chains (e.g. simple saturated organic chains and unsaturated chains including
aromatic rings and delocalized p electrons) demonstrate enhancement of the photoluminescence and
the binding energy of excitons. The choice of the solvent is important because we need to consider
the solubility for both the organic ammonium and the inorganic lead halide. That date has come and
gone, and the last we heard, Volkswagen chief Martin Winterkorn was still teasing the idea, so if
you’ve heard anything drop us a note in the comment thread. These small scale cells, while solution
processed, are often fabricated using spin coating which is not easily scalable. On our site, we also
embed third-party content by other suppliers (e.g. social plug-ins, geographical map services). They
first deposited PbI 2 -DMSO film, then DMSO mediators were extracted efficiently and rapidly by
optimizing casting solvent and anti-solvent. Encapsulation for improving the lifetime of flexible
perovskite solar cells. Consequently, scientists have been trying to maximize its performance and
stability. This architecture is common to many of the perovskites investigated for solar cell
applications. “Previous studies have mostly explored the role of the methylammonium ions and their
motions in transporting electric charge through the material,” Wu said. “However, we’ve discovered
that light causes large deformations in the network of lead and iodine atoms that could be crucial for
the efficiency of perovskites.”. Flexible, low-temperature, solution processed ZnO-based perovskite
solid state solar cells. Ultra-flexible perovskite solar cells with crumpling durability: toward a
wearable power source. After several days of drying in desiccator, the salts are dry. The changing
trend of PCE and area of large-area PSCs from 2015 to 2020. Accordingly, the highest increase in
photon absorption occurs as a result of optimizing the thickness of the anti-reflective coating of CaF
2 to 110 nm. Hope, Felix T. Eickemeyer, Maengsuk Kim, Yung Jin Yoon, In Woo Choi, Barbara
Primera Darwich, Seung Ju Choi, Yimhyun Jo, Jun Hee Lee, Bright Walker, Shaik M. The
development mechanism for printed silver. G. Thick Film Metallization of Crystalline Plastic Solar
Panels PhD thesis. Several materials, including CaF 2, SiO 2, and Al 2 O 3, with various thicknesses
have been employed to investigate the effect of anti-reflective coatings, and to improve the
efficiency of the simulated PSC. Simulation of Perovskite Solar Cells Optimized by the Inverse
Planar Method in SILVACO: 3D Electrical and Optical Models. Energies. 2021; 14(18):5944. The
record efficiency of PSCs using a solution-processed absorber layer has rapidly climbed over the
past decade, from 3.8% in 2009 to above 23% in 2019. They’re potentially cheaper and simpler to
produce than traditional silicon-based solar cells and, on a small scale in laboratory settings at least,
have demonstrated comparable efficiency levels. This would significantly promote the production of
large area preparation strategies for PSCs, in order to accelerate the commercial process of PSCs. But
despite their popularity, researchers don’t know why perovskites are so efficient. Carbon nanotubes
versus graphene as flexible transparent electrodes in inverted perovskite solar cells. We ensured to
draw in experienced and gifted authors and provide rewarding working problems that motivate these
to do their finest work with each order. The films can absorb the vast majority of the lead in severely
damaged cells due to water ingress. “It is worth noting that the demonstrated lead-sequestration
approach is also applicable to other perovskite-based technologies such as solid-state lighting,
display and sensor applications,” said Zhu, a senior scientist at NREL. Rational interface design and
morphology control for blade-coating efficient flexible perovskite solar cells with a record fill factor
of 81%. Furthermore, the polymer compositions of Spiro-OMeTAD with Cu 2 O and NiO x as HTM
and ZnO as ETM were examined for all structures. Reference: “On-device lead sequestration for
perovskite solar cells” by Xun Li, Fei Zhang, Haiying He, Joseph J. Flexible, transparent
nanocellulose paper-based perovskite solar cells. Therefore, a wider absorption range absorbs higher-
energy photons in the ultraviolet region and emits fluorescence at wavelengths between 450 and 750
nm, where the quantum efficiency of the solar cell is higher.
Tailoring of electron-collecting oxide nanoparticulate layer for flexible perovskite solar cells. These
simulations follow the principles of semiconductor physics, and have a satisfactory level of accuracy.
Therefore, the development prospects of PSCs are undoubted, but there is still a long way to go
before its commercialization because the fabrication of large-area and stable PSCs has always been
problematic. Moreover, once the absorbed light generates electrons within the Perovskite material,
fewer of these electrons are lost thanks to uniquely low recombination mechanisms within the
material. The use of the inverted planar method with inorganic transport materials and properly
selected anti-reflective coatings with a back contact layer to achieve an efficiency of 28.064%
without the presence of a pair facilitates various types of techniques. This additional layer acts as an
effective barrier to prevent water penetration in the solar cell stack. However, there are no such
conditions for large-area PSCs, we have to manufacture PSCs that can be used generally in reality,
and tolerant to the environment. This is a coordination reaction and it can be described by the
chemical formula: 2: 2 R - N H 2. The energy used by people earlier was mainly wood, in the 19th
century, coal began to be used on a large scale, and oil and natural gas were used in the 20th century.
High-performance flexible perovskite solar cells on ultrathin glass: implications of the TCO. High-
throughput large-area vacuum deposition for high-performance formamidine-based perovskite solar
cells. Room-temperature solution-processed and metal oxide-free nano-composite for the flexible
transparent bottom electrode of perovskite solar cells. On the other hand, Spin-coating enables
deposition of hybrid perovskites on various substrates, including glass, plastic, quartz, silicon and
sapphire. Predictably, we will eventually produce non-lagging, ultra-stable, and high-efficiency PSCs
so that it could be commercialized and provide a force for future energy demand. Embedded nickel-
mesh transparent electrodes for highly efficient and mechanically stable flexible perovskite
photovoltaics: toward a portable mobile energy source. The newly developed “on-device
sequestration approach” can be readily incorporated with current perovskite solar cells
configurations, Xu said. In addition, Figure 1 shows the solar cell components from top to bottom,
which are described as follows: Creating an anti-reflective coating on the surface of this type of
structure is the most important method for light trapping to compensate for the current reduced by
the reflection of surface photons. All these properties have raised the potential of graphene as a
potent conductor for electronic applications, including inverted planar PSCs. High-performance
flexible perovskite solar cells via precise control of electron transport layer. International Journal of
Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP). Editor’s Choice articles are based on
recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. In order to be
human-readable, please install an RSS reader. Through one-step scraping and vacuum quenching
crystallization, a thin layer of 2D perovskite can be perfectly self-assembled to cover the surface of
3D Pperovskite. Fakhri N, Salay Naderi M, Gholami Farkoush S, SaeidNahaei S, Park S-N, Rhee S-
B. In addition, the high efficiency resulting from employing the inverted planar method without the
need for silicon compositions and the proper selection of anti-reflective coatings in their construction
can result in a wider range of applications in the industry. Accordingly, the price of five grams of Cu
2 O will be USD 73.43, which shows that USD 1426.57 is saved for every five grams of Cu 2 O.
The use of these fossil energy sources will inevitably cause environmental pollution and seriously
affect people’s health. The light-generated current ( I L ) is a current that is generated by a pn
junction in the presence of light. Highly efficient low temperature solution processable planar type
CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 perovskite flexible solar cells. We first review the electronic properties of this class
of hybrid perovskites, followed by its progress as a solar cell material.
The magazine is published by Singapore-headquartered Wildtype Media Group. International Journal
of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). The solar spectrum ranges widely from 250
to 2500 nm. Index for now and come back when your ready to make a decision. Some other
solvents such as acetone, or acetonitrile can also be used. The researchers were able to apply the
critical electron transport layer (ETL) in perovskite photovoltaic cells in a new way — spray coating
— to imbue the ETL with superior conductivity and a strong interface with its neighbor, the
perovskite layer. Available online: (accessed on 6 July 2019). Kim, H.; Lim, K.-G.; Lee, T.-W. Planar
heterojunction organometal halide perovskite solar cells: Roles of interfacial layers. The inorganic
layer has thickness of a few atomic layers. Efficient flexible perovskite solar cells using low-cost cu
top and bottom electrodes. Feng Yan’s group in the Department of Applied Physics at The Hong
Kong Polytechnic University. The use of proper all-inorganic transport materials in the construction
of solar cells, and using graphene as a back contact instead of metals, significantly reduces the
production costs and instability of PSCs, and increases their flexibility. Synthesis, vibrational and
optical properties of a new three-layered organic inorganic perovskite (C 4 H 9 NH 3 ) 4 Pb 3 I 4 Br
6. These deposition techniques had two important drawbacks: first challenging for large-scale
industrial production and second is that the all-solution process results in decreased film quality, and
the vacuum process requires expensive equipment and uses a great deal of energy. Flexible,
transparent nanocellulose paper-based perovskite solar cells. The changing trend of PCE and area of
large-area PSCs from 2015 to 2020. Highly efficient and stable flexible perovskite solar cells enabled
by using plasma-polymerized-fluorocarbon antireflection layer. Simulation of Perovskite Solar Cells
Optimized by the Inverse Planar Method in SILVACO: 3D Electrical and Optical Models. It also has
good stability and can keep the efficiency unchanged even after 1000 h of storage in the ambient air.
High-efficiency robust perovskite solar cells on ultrathin flexible substrates. Effect of using different
materials as an HTM on the efficiency of an inverted planar perovskite solar cell. Creating a dual-
functional 2D perovskite layer at the interface to enhance the performance of flexible perovskite solar
cells. High efficiency flexible perovskite solar cells using superior low temperature TiO 2. Given that
we know the good light emitter is a good light absorber, perovskites materials because of their light
absorption efficiently over a broad spectrum is convenient option as photovoltaic materials. Vapor-
assisted deposition of highly efficient, stable black-phase FAPbI 3 perovskite solar cells. High-
efficiency robust perovskite solar cells on ultrathin flexible substrates. While perovskite makes for an
ideal intrinsic layer because of its strong affinity both for holes and electrons and its quick reaction
time, commercial-scale fabrication has proved challenging partly because it is difficult to effectively
apply a uniform ETL layer over the crystalline surface of the perovskite. Countless students have
were able to submit their assignments by urgent deadlines because of our assistance. In a thin film
PSC, the light absorbing perovskite layer is embedded within a multilayer stack of different
functional materials that all perform different electroactive roles within the cell (Figure 1, right). I
will conclude with some suggestions and open questions around how it may be possible to better
standardise and verify experimental results, to increase the usefulness of reported results in
accelerating the development of practical perovskite solar devices. The coating prevents the
ultraviolet part of the incident solar spectrum from negatively interacting with the PSC stack by
converting the ultraviolet part of the incident solar spectrum into visible light and increases the
photocurrent by 6%.