UNIT 3:

Foodborne Diseases

Table of Contents

Introduction 3

Lesson 1: Diarrhea 5
Learning Targets 5
Health Check 5
Learn about It! 7
Check Your Understanding 10
Health Care 11

Lesson 2: Typhoid Fever 13

Learning Targets 13
Health Check 13
Learn about It! 16
Check Your Understanding 19
Health Care 20

Lesson 3: Dysentery 22
Learning Targets 22
Health Check 22
Learn about It! 24
Check Your Understanding 28
Health Care 29

Lesson 4: Cholera 31
Learning Targets 31
Health Check 31

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 Learn about It! 33
Check Your Understanding 37
Health Care 38

Lesson 5: Amoebiasis 40
Learning Targets 40
Health Check 40
Learn about It! 42
Check Your Understanding 46
Health Care 46

Lesson 6: Food Poisoning 48

Learning Targets 48
Health Check 48
Learn about It! 49
Check Your Understanding 52
Health Care 52

Lesson 7: Hepatitis A 54
Learning Targets 54
Health Check 54
Learn about It! 56
Check Your Understanding 59
Health Care 60

Pro-health Challenge 61

Self-Check 63

Bibliography 66

Glossary 67

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GRADE 4

UNIT 3
Foodborne Diseases

Fig. 1. Street food vendor.

Photo from pixabay.com

Introduction
Street food offers a ready-to-eat meal which is convenient for most Filipinos. It is especially
true to those who are working and have no time to prepare their meal. However, some
instances of buying street food may pose harm to one’s health.

Since it is quite popular, there are a lot of people who are entering this business. Some

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decide to sell street food without enough knowledge on how to prepare food properly. And
some choose to sell their food right out on the streets which expose them to pollution or
insects. This scenario shows that the quality of food may be compromised.

Street food may not be the only thing that pose harm to one’s health. Eating spoiled food at
home or in a restaurant is possible, too. You might also unknowingly ingest expired packed
meals. Contaminated food will cause diseases to whoever will eat it. This sickness caused by
the ingestion of contaminated food is known as foodborne disease. There are different
kinds of foodborne diseases, but all are a result of contamination which happens during
preparation or storage.

In this unit, you will get to know the different foodborne diseases as well as their common
signs and symptoms. You will get to differentiate one illness from another. Also, healthy
habits and safety measures to prevent such infections will be highlighted in each lesson.

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Lesson 1: Diarrhea

Learning Targets
In this lesson, you should be able to:
● identify common foodborne diseases;
● describe general signs and symptoms of diarrhea; and,
● enumerate ways to prevent diarrhea.

Health Check
Check the Label

One way to ensure that you are not eating contaminated food is by checking its product
label. A product label tells information about the food. Practice how to read a product label
in this activity.

Materials
● any canned goods or packed food available in your home
● pencil

Procedure
1. Check your grocery cabinet at home.
2. Get at least three canned goods or packed food of different kinds.

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 3. Place each food item on the table.
4. Together with an adult, read the label of each food product.
5. List down the important information you can see from the label in the table below.

Name of Product Manufacturing Expiration Date Nutrition Facts

Date

Guide Questions
1. What is the difference between the manufacturing date and the expiration date?
2. Why do you think nutrition facts are included in product labels?
3. What is the importance of reading the product label?

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 Learn about It!
Foodborne diseases are caused by eating contaminated
food. Therefore, it is important to first read food
product label before consuming it. However, there are
instances wherein the food product is still good for
consumption, but how it was prepared resulted in
contamination. It may also happen to drinking water if
not properly stored. One of the most common
foodborne diseases you could get is diarrhea.

If you have experienced loose, watery bowel movement for at least three times a day, then
you had diarrhea. It is also known as the loose bowel movement (LBM). It is because of the
watery stools that come out when one has diarrhea. Diarrhea is described as acute
diarrhea when a person experiences watery stools for three days, or chronic diarrhea
when a person experiences loose bowel movement for as long as four weeks. The latter may
lead to dehydration or loss of too much water in the body.

Dehydration may pose serious health concerns, especially to children and elders. If the body
does not have enough liquid, it will fail to work properly. Therefore, it is essential to address
the symptoms of diarrhea to prevent further harm.

Symptoms of diarrhea

There are other symptoms that you can easily recognize besides diarrhea. For instance, a

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person with diarrhea has the urge to go to the bathroom immediately due to the
uncontrolled bowel movement. Also, cramps or pain in the abdomen may be felt by a
person with diarrhea. In some cases, a person may become feverish too. It is true when
bacterial infection causes diarrhea.

Fig. 2. A person with diarrhea suffers from abdominal pain.

Photo from pixabay.com

Cause of diarrhea
Contaminated food causes diarrhea. Harmful microorganisms or tiny living things may
infect the food causing it to become toxic or poisonous when eaten. Examples of these
microorganisms are bacteria and parasites. Aside from food, water may be contaminated
too. This happens when water is left exposed in an open space or when contaminated by
chemicals. It is very common if there are factories near a food establishment exposed to
harmful chemicals.

Ways to treat and prevent diarrhea

Diarrhea is a treatable disease. Medications are given to address its symptoms. However,
depending on the cause of diarrhea, a specific medicine will be provided. Antibiotic

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medications are given for bacterial infection caused diarrhea. But for some cases,
antidiarrheal medication is given to lessen bowel movements.

A person with diarrhea is advised to take plenty of fluids to replace the lost fluid due to
watery stools. An oral rehydration solution (ORS) is also given to replace the electrolytes in
the body immediately.

Fig. 3. Effervescent tablets are dissolved in water for oral rehydration therapy.
Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Effervescent_tablets_for_oral_rehydration_therapy_(2).JPG

It is important to observe proper hygiene in order to prevent any foodborne disease. Below
are some tips that you can follow to prevent getting diarrhea:

● Wash your hands thoroughly when preparing food and before eating.
● Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly with clean water before eating or cooking.
● Boil water before drinking it if you are unsure if its source is clean.
● Keep raw food in a separate container to avoid being in contact with ready-to-eat
meals.

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● Make sure to use clean utensils when preparing food.
● Cook food well to kill bacteria and other microorganisms in it.

Check Your Understanding

A. Put a check (✔) if the given symptom is experienced when one has diarrhea.
1. coughing
2. watery stools
3. abdominal cramps
4. lack of bowel control
5. vomiting

B. Identify what is being described in each statement.

1. It is the loss of too much fluid in the body.

2. This kind of diarrhea that lasts for almost four weeks.

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 3. It is another name for diarrhea.
4. This solution is given to the person with diarrhea to prevent dehydration.
5. This kind of diarrhea lasts for at least three days.

Health Care
Proper Way to Wash Hands - A Demonstration
One way to prevent acquiring any kind of disease is by keeping your hands clean. It is
important to keep your hands clean, especially before eating to avoid contaminating your
food. However, there is a proper way to wash hands! Do the activity below and be ready to
demonstrate what you have learned to the class.

Materials
● antibacterial soap
● sink with faucet

Procedure
1. Analyze the illustration below.

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 Fig. 3. Guidelines on Proper Hand Washing

2. Observe carefully on how to wash hands properly.

3. Once you are ready, go to the sink with faucet and demonstrate to your parents how
to wash hands properly with soap and water.

Guide Questions
1. What are some tips that you can give in washing hands?
2. Why should you wash your hands thoroughly before or after eating? while preparing
food?
3. How can you let others know the importance of washing hands?

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Lesson 2: Typhoid Fever

Learning Targets
In this lesson, you should be able to:
● identify common foodborne diseases;
● describe general signs and symptoms of typhoid fever; and,
● enumerate ways to prevent typhoid fever.

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Health Check
How Typhoid Fever Affects the Body
When you have a fever, your body temperature increases. It is a sign that something is
wrong in your body. But what is typhoid fever? How does it affect the body? Find out by
doing this activity.

Materials
● paper
● pencil

Procedure
1. Do this activity with your parent.
2. Ask your parents when was the last time you had a fever. Let them share with you the
symptoms you had and how they took care of you until you got well.
3. Once you have finished interviewing your parents, analyze the illustration of people
who got infected with typhoid fever. Discuss with your parents the symptoms
presented in the illustration.

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 Fig. 4. Symptoms of Typhoid Fever

4. After discussing the symptoms with your parents, ask them again if the fever you
experienced before is similar to how the typhoid fever based on the illustration.

Guide Questions

1. Based on the illustration, what is typhoid fever? What are some symptoms that
manifest to a person who has typhoid fever?
2. How is typhoid fever different from an ordinary kind of fever?
3. Why is it important to distinguish typhoid fever from other kinds of fever?

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 Learn about It!
Causes of typhoid fever

Another disease caused by the ingestion of contaminated

food is Typhoid fever. It is a prolonged high fever caused
by Salmonella typhi, a type of bacteria found in damp
areas and garbage sites. Food and water are easily
contaminated by Salmonella typhi when insects from wet
areas like flies and cockroaches become in contact with
them.

Fig. 5. The Housefly can bring diseases when they land on food or water.
Source: https://unsplash.com/photos/aFZktQ7NIOM

Another type of bacteria that causes typhoid fever is the Salmonella paratyphi. This kind of
bacteria causes less severe effects compared to Salmonella typhi. However, the source for
both bacteria and the way they spread are the same. Once a person ingested food or water
with any of the bacteria, it stays in the blood causing further infection. Experiencing high

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fever is an indication of a systemic infection. It is an alteration in the usual bodily functions
caused by foreign bodies like bacteria.
Symptoms of typhoid fever

There are different symptoms a person infected with Typhoid fever shows. These include:

● prolonged high fever - temperature ranges from 39 to 41 degrees Celsius;

● febrile convulsion - a sudden jolting of the body caused by sudden increase of body
temperature;
● headache;
● nausea - feeling or urge to vomit due to sickness;
● weakness and feeling of discomfort;
● sudden loss of appetite - children may lose their interest in eating;
● diarrhea; and,
● constipation - difficulty to move bowel.

Fig. 6. Monitoring body temperature is necessary for a person with typhoid fever
Photo from pixabay.com

The only way to determine if a person has typhoid fever is through blood sample testing. A
person suspected to have typhoid fever due to prolonged fever should be brought to a clinic
or hospital for blood testing. The blood sample will be tested for the presence of Salmonella

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typhi or Salmonella paratyphi to give proper treatment to the patient.

Ways to Treat and Prevent Typhoid Fever

A person with typhoid fever must seek medical advice and should not attempt to do
self-treatment. The following are ways to treat typhoid fever:
● doctor-prescribed antibiotic medication;
● paracetamol to help subside fever - tablet for adults and syrup for children; and,
● laxatives or antidiarrheal medication to ease constipation.

Patients are reminded to finish taking the antibiotic medicines based on the prescribed
number of days to prevent the bacteria from continue growing inside the body.

Fig. 7. Antibiotics and other medications are given to a person with typhoid fever
Photo from pixabay.com

A person with typhoid fever becomes a carrier of Salmonella typhi and paratyphi. It means
that they can spread the sickness once the bacteria are expelled from their body. The most

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common way to spread this sickness is through urine or stool. That’s why it is important to
wash our hands thoroughly after using the bathroom, and more especially before handling
and preparing food.

Aside from regular of washing hands, there are other ways to prevent the spread of typhoid
fever. The best way to do so is to practice proper personal and environmental hygiene.
Below are some tips that you can follow to prevent getting and spreading typhoid fever:

● Keep hands clean and trim fingernails regularly. Long nails may cause some dirt to
stuck in it.
● Make sure to drink clean water. Boil water before drinking it if you are unsure if its
source is clean.
● Avoid buying food from street vendors with an unknown source of drinking water. If
the place seems to be unhygienic, do not patronize the food products they are selling.
● Wash fruits and vegetables under running water. Avoid eating fruits and vegetables
with damaged skin.
● Maintain a clean cooking and dining area.

Check Your Understanding

A. Tell whether the statement is true or false.

1. Typhoid fever is a prolonged high fever caused by bacterial infection.

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 2. Typhoid fever can only affect children and elders.
3. A person with typhoid fever is advised to take self-medication.
4. A person with typhoid fever usually lacks interest to eat.
5. A child with typhoid fever may also experience constipation.

B. Identify what is being described in each statement.

1. It is the feeling of vomiting due to sickness.

2. It is a condition wherein a person has difficulty in moving bowel.
3. This medication is given to a person who suffers from constipation.
4. It is an alteration in the usual bodily functions caused by foreign bodies like
bacteria.
5. This is a sudden jolting of the body caused by the sudden increase in body
temperature due to high fever.

Health Care

A Visit to Your House Kitchen

The kitchen is the place where we prepare food. Therefore, it is important to keep it clean
and sanitized at all times. How thoroughly do you clean your house kitchen? Do you think it
is clean enough to keep your food safe from getting contaminated? Find out by doing this
activity.

Materials
● pencil
● notebook

Procedure
1. Do this activity with an adult.
2. Together with your adult partner, visit your house kitchen.

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 3. Inspect the different parts of the kitchen. Take a look at it carefully and see if each
part is kept clean and sanitized.
4. List down the parts of the kitchen that you think should still be cleaned or improved.
5. Discuss your answers with your partner. Have an action plan on what you are going to
do next to keep your kitchen clean and safe for food preparation. You may use the
table below to summarize your answers.

Part of the Kitchen Observations Areas for Plan of Action

Improvement

Guide Questions:
1. Which part of the kitchen did you find the cleanest?
2. Which part of the kitchen do you think need to be maintained properly?
3. Why is it important to keep the kitchen clean and sanitized at all times?
4. As a child, how can you contribute in keeping your house kitchen clean?

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Lesson 3: Dysentery

Learning Targets
In this lesson, you should be able to:
● identify common foodborne diseases;
● describe general signs and symptoms of dysentery; and,
● enumerate ways to prevent dysentery.

Health Check
Symptoms Charades
You have learned the first two foodborne diseases discussed in this unit - diarrhea and
typhoid fever. This time, try to differentiate the two by playing the symptoms charades.

Materials
● paper
● pencil

Procedure
1. Form two teams with four members each to play this game.
2. Write the following symptoms on pieces of paper.

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 Diarrhea Typhoid Fever

uncontrolled bowel movement prolonged high fever

abdominal pain or cramps nausea

dehydration weakness

slight fever febrile convulsion

3. Fold each piece of paper with written symptom.

4. Take turns in acting out the symptoms. Let your groupmate guess the sickness being
portrayed based on the symptoms given.
5. The group who will be able to guess the most number of symptoms wins the game.

Guide Questions
1. How are diarrhea and typhoid fever similar to one another? Differ from one another?
2. Was it easy to portray the symptoms of the given diseases? Why or why not?
3. Why is it important to differentiate the symptoms of different foodborne diseases?

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 Learn about It!
You have learned that diarrhea is loose, watery stool
which is caused by taking in contaminated food.
However, if the diarrhea is accompanied with bloody
stool, it could probably be another sickness. Bloody
diarrhea is also known as dysentery.

Causes of dysentery

A person with dysentery suffers from an infection affecting the intestines. This is the
reason why blood is also expelled in stools during a bowel movement. Dysentery may be
categorized depending on what causes it. Bacterial dysentery is caused by Shigella bacillus
bacteria while amoebic dysentery is caused by Entamoeba histolytica, or parasites that
infect the intestines. Both microorganisms cause the inflammation or swelling on the
intestines.

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 Fig. 9. Bacterial dysentery is caused by rod-shaped bacteria that infect the intestines.

If a person who has dysentery used the toilet and failed to wash his hands properly, it is
possible that anything he touched will be infected too. The infected object may contaminate
food or water once they get in contact. It will result in the spread of the disease at home or
in the community.

Symptoms of dysentery
Just like in diarrhea, a person with dysentery suffers various symptoms including:
● abdominal pain;
● uncontrolled bowel movement;
● watery stools that is bloody and has mucus or slimy material;
● fever and chills;
● nausea;
● dizziness;
● vomiting; and,
● fatigue or the feeling of tiredness.

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Dehydration may also be observed from a person with dysentery, mainly if the symptoms
were not addressed early on. Some signs that a person is already suffering from
dehydration are weakness, dry skin, sunken eyes, and minimal peeing.

Fig. 10. A person with dysentery suffers from severe diarrhea with occasional vomiting
Photo from pixabay.com

Ways to treat and prevent dysentery

Like any other foodborne diseases, dysentery is treatable and easy to manage. However, it
can’t be simply treated at home. When the signs and symptoms of dysentery have
manifested already, it is important to go to a doctor for consultation. Like the other
foodborne diseases, medication will depend on the cause of dysentery. A stool
examination is done to determine the cause and to find out what microorganism is present
in it.

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Fig. 11. A stool sample with dysentery is tested in the laboratory to determine what microorganism is present
in it.
Photo from pixabay.com

If the cause of dysentery is bacteria, antibiotic medications may be prescribed. If a person

suffers from amoebic dysentery, antiamoebic medications will be prescribed. A
combination of two kinds of medicines are given to the patient if there is difficulty in
determining the cause.

Treatment may be done at home if dysentery is detected early on. An oral rehydration
solution may be given to the patient to replenish the loss of body fluid due to watery stool.
Over the counter medicines may be taken to manage fever and vomiting.
However, if a person starts to weaken and the symptoms last for more than three days,
going to the hospital should be the best option. It is important to address the symptoms
immediately to avoid further complications. For instance, to immediately rehydrate a
person, an intravenous (IV) drip, a bag of fluid with electrolytes inserted to the patient's
vein through a needle, may be administered to the patient.

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 Fig. 12. An intravenous (IV) drip is administered to the patient with dysentery to prevent dehydration
Photo from pixabay.com

Just like other foodborne diseases, dysentery may be prevented with proper personal and
environmental hygiene. Below are some tips that you can follow to prevent getting
dysentery:

● Make it a habit of washing your hands regularly and especially after using the
bathroom. Washing hands before preparing food, before and after eating as well.
● Drink only from a reliable source of water. If you are unsure if the source is clean, boil
the water to kill microorganisms in it. Also, it is safer to buy bottled water than drinks
sold in the streets.
● Avoid swallowing pool water when swimming. A person with dysentery could easily
infect the pool, which can be transmitted to others too.
● Refrain from eating unwashed fruits and vegetables. It is safe not to consume
unpasteurized dairy products such as milk and cheese.
● If you are changing diapers of a baby, make sure to dispose of the diapers properly.
Also, wash your hands thoroughly after disposing of the diapers.

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 Check Your Understanding

A. Tell whether the given statement is true or false.

1. Dysentery is also known as bloody diarrhea.
2. Dysentery may be bacterial or amoebic.
3. A person with dysentery may also suffer dehydration if left untreated.
4. Washing hands with clean water and soap will prevent the spread of
dysentery.
5. A person with dysentery can do self-medication even if he experienced
prolonged symptoms.

B. Identify what is being described in each statement.

1. This microorganism causes bacterial dysentery.
2. This parasite causes amoebic dysentery.
3. It is a bag of fluid with electrolytes that passes through a tube with a needle
that is inserted into the vein of the patient.
4. A laboratory test wherein a sample stool is taken from the patient and is
tested in the laboratory to find out what causes the dysentery.
5. This symptom gives a person a feeling of tiredness.

Health Care

Proper Way to Wash Fruits and Vegetables - A Demonstration

Eating unwashed fruits and vegetables can be a cause of dysentery. This happens when

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fruits and vegetables are sprayed with contaminated water. Therefore, it is important to
know how to wash fruits and vegetables properly before eating or cooking them. Do the
activity below and be ready to demonstrate what you have learned to the class.

Materials
● fruits and vegetables
● sink with faucet

Procedure
1. Together with a partner, study the
illustration on the right.

2. Discuss with your partner how to wash

fruits and vegetables thoroughly. You
may practice together to apply what you
have learned.

3. Once you are ready, go to the sink with

faucet and demonstrate to your
classmates how to wash fruits and
vegetables properly.

Fig. 13 Steps in washing fruits and vegetables.

Guide Questions
1. What are some tips that you can give in washing fruits and vegetables?
2. Why should you wash fruits and vegetables properly at a young age?
3. How can you let others know the importance of washing fruits and vegetables before
eating or cooking them?

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Lesson 4: Cholera

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Learning Targets
In this lesson, you should be able to:
● identify common foodborne diseases;
● describe general signs and symptoms of cholera; and,
● enumerate ways to prevent cholera.

Health Check
Dr. John Snow and the Great London Cholera Epidemic in 1854

In 1854, a great cholera epidemic happened in Broad Street in the Soho district of London,
England. It was a huge medical phenomenon which killed thousands of people for a short
period. It was Dr. John Snow who studied the cause of cholera and had proven to many
people that this sickness is caused by drinking contaminated water. Learn more about the
journey of Dr. John Snow by playing the interactive game via the internet.

Material
● laptop computer or mobile device with internet connection

Procedure
1. Turn on your laptop computer or mobile device and connect to the internet.
2. Open any web browser and visit the website Cholera and the Thames.
3. Click the Dr. John Snow game.
4. Read the instructions very well before proceeding to the game.
5. As you play the game, take note of the important information that you will encounter.
6. Answer the guide questions after.

Guide Questions
1. What caused the cholera outbreak in London in 1854?

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2. How did Dr. John Snow prove his point regarding the cause of the outbreak?
3. If you were living in that time, what will you do to become part of the solution?

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 Learn about It!
The 1854 cholera outbreak in London is caused by
improper sanitation. Dr. John Snow has proven that the
cause of the cholera outbreak is the contaminated water
taken in by the residents. Most of the sewerage systems
in Broad Street were infected by improper waste
disposal particularly of animal manure. This caused harmful microorganisms to breed in
water, which runs in different households, making the outbreak possible.

Cholera is an infectious disease. It causes severe diarrhea which can lead to dehydration if
left untreated. This disease may even be fatal or can cause death due to the complications it
can bring. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are 1.3 to 4.0 million
cases of cholera every year. Among the given cases, around 21 000 to 143 000 die worldwide
due to cholera. It only shows how dangerous it is and that people should pay attention to
how this can be treated and prevented.

Causes of cholera
Cholera is a bacterial infection in the small intestines. The bacteria responsible for causing
cholera is Vibrio cholerae. Similar to other foodborne diseases, Vibrio cholerae may get into
the body through intake of contaminated food and water. Another cause of cholera is the
consumption of raw seafood or not thoroughly cooked shellfish like oysters and crabs. Some
bacteria are living in raw food which can be easily transmitted to humans when eaten
without cooking. Poorly washed vegetables that were irrigated by contaminated water may
be carriers of cholera too.

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 Fig. 14. Raw shellfish like oysters may be a carrier of Vibrio cholerae.
Photo from pixabay.com

Symptoms of cholera
The symptoms of cholera may manifest within 12 hours to 5 days after taking in of
contaminated food or water. The most common symptom is severe watery stools
accompanied with vomiting. This excessive loss of body fluids may result in fast dehydration.
It is the reason why cholera can be fatal if left untreated. Some symptoms that a person is
suffering from dehydration already are:
● rapid heart rate
● loss of skin elasticity or ability to go back to its original form when pinched
● drying of lips and inside of the mouth
● muscle cramps
● low blood pressure
● thirst

Since cholera is a bacterial infection, a person may suffer from fever too. Other symptoms
of cholera are fatigue and nausea.

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Ways to treat and prevent cholera

It is always necessary to determine the causes of diarrheal sickness like cholera. A stool
examination will be beneficial in determining if the severe diarrhea is caused by Vibrio
cholerae. Usually, antibiotic medicines are administered to the patient who is suspected to
have cholera. But recently, the WHO warned the public on the excessive use of antibiotics as
it possibly makes the bacteria resistant to such medicines. Thus, instead of prescribing
medications right away, WHO suggested addressing the symptoms to avoid further harm.

One of the symptoms of cholera that should be addressed immediately is the dehydration.
Once a person experienced watery stools for at least three times a day, it is crucial to
replace the loss of body fluids through oral rehydration solution (ORS). There are ORS
sachets that you can buy through over-the-counter pharmacies. One sachet of ORS may be
dissolved in 1 liter of clean water. A person who suffers cholera for one day must take at
least 6 liters of ORS to replace the lost body fluids. The oral rehydration solution usually
tastes salty compared to water which is tasteless. It may not be appealing for children to
drink, that is why some manufacturers added flavor to it for children to like it.

Fig. 15. A sachet of oral rehydration salts may be dissolved in a liter of water to form an oral rehydration
solution
Source: James Heilman, MD, ORT saches, CC BY-SA 4.0

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If a person is suffering from severe dehydration, hospital confinement is necessary to do a
fast IV drip to replace the lost body fluids immediately. Too much dehydration may cause
shock to the patient’s body, wherein major organs may not be able to work properly and
may be fatal if the organs stop working. Also, during confinement, doctors opt to administer
antibiotics to the patient to reduce the amount of Vibrio cholerae that will be expelled in the
stool of the patient. By doing so, the chances of spreading the sickness will be reduced too.

Fig. 16. An intravenous (IV) drip will immediately replace the lost body fluids due to dehydration.
Source: LeoCarbajal, Intravenuos administration, CC BY-SA 3.0

The spread of cholera that killed thousands of people back in the 19th century was due to
the lack of proper sanitation at home and in the community. Exercising appropriate personal
and environmental hygiene is necessary. Below are some helpful tips to prevent the spread
of cholera:

● Always sanitize your hands before and after eating, especially after using the toilet or
when you know that you have been exposed to dirt.
● If you prefer to eat fruits with peelings, make sure to wash it first thoroughly to
remove the dirt that may come from contaminated water or pesticides.
● Refrain from eating raw seafood.
● If you like to eat salads, make sure that you know the source of the fruits or
vegetables added to it.

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● Store food in clean containers.
● If traveling, boil water before drinking it. Better to buy bottled water than drinking tap
water.

Check Your Understanding

A. Put a check (✔) if the given symptom is experienced when one has cholera.
1. fatigue
2. watery stools
3. chest pain
4. prolonged high fever
5. vomiting

B. Tell whether the statement is true or false.

1. Cholera is a severe kind of diarrhea.

2. There is an intestinal infection when one has cholera.
3. Cholera is caused by a parasite that lives in the intestine.
4. An intravenous drip is given to the patient to address dehydration concerns.
5. Eating raw seafood will not cause cholera.

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 Health Care

Preparing an Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS)

One way to prevent getting dehydrated when suffering from cholera is by drinking an oral
rehydration solution (ORS). A sachet of oral rehydration salts is usually available in
pharmacies. You mix it with a liter of drinking water for a quick remedy. But what if there are
no available oral rehydration salts in the pharmacy? What can you do? Do not fret because
you can have your homemade oral rehydration solution! Prepare the materials and follow
the procedure below to prepare your ORS.

Materials
● clean bowl (big enough to contain 1 liter of water)
● 1 liter of clean drinking water
● 1 liter capacity of clean drinking bottle
● 6 tablespoons of granulated sugar
● 1 tablespoon of sea salt
● clean spoon
● funnel

Procedure
1. Do this activity with an adult.
2. Pour 1 liter of water in the bowl.
3. Add 6 tablespoons of granulated sugar and 1 tablespoon of salt in it.
4. Stir the bowl thoroughly until all the sugar and salt have dissolved already.

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 5. Using a funnel, transfer the solution in a clean drinking bottle.
6. Place it in the refrigerator.
7. You (or any of your family member) may drink it when you experience diarrhea. Take
note to drink it only when you had diarrhea.

Guide Questions
1. What is the importance of knowing how to prepare an oral rehydration solution at
home?
2. What do you think will happen if you drink it even without having diarrhea?
3. How can you let others know the importance of preparing an oral rehydration
solution?

40
Lesson 5: Amoebiasis

Learning Targets
In this lesson, you should be able to:
● identify common foodborne diseases;
● describe general signs and symptoms of amoebiasis; and,
● enumerate ways to prevent amoebiasis.

Health Check
Comparing Diarrhea, Dysentery, and Cholera
Some foodborne diseases you have learned in this unit have similar symptoms but differ
concerning what caused them. In this activity, you will try to compare and contrast the three
foodborne diseases that all result watery stools.

Material
● pencil

Procedure
1. Do this activity with a partner.
2. Review the concepts you have learned in the previous lessons on diarrhea, dysentery,

41
 and cholera.
3. Once you have recalled the important concepts, complete the Venn diagram below.
List down the similarities and differences of diarrhea, dysentery, and cholera.
4. Be ready to share the output to your class.

Guide Questions
1. How do diarrhea, dysentery, and cholera differ from one another? How are they
similar?
2. Why is it important to distinguish each kind of foodborne disease?
3. Do you think there are other kinds of foodborne disease which has similar symptoms
with these three?

42
 Learn about It!
In lesson 3, you learned the two kinds of dysentery,
bacterial dysentery caused by a bacteria called Shigella
bacillus, and amoebic dysentery caused by a parasite. In
this lesson, you will learn more about amoebic
dysentery which is also known as amoebiasis. The
primary cause of amoebiasis is the microorganism
Entamoeba histolytica.

Entamoeba histolytica is a microorganism that is found in contaminated food and water. It is

transmitted through stools that go straight to water sources. This kind of microorganism is a
protozoan parasite or animal-like tiny living things that live by feeding on others.
Amoebiasis is very common in developing countries with poor sanitation. When people from
developing countries travel to another country, they become a carrier of the protozoan
parasite which can cause the spread of the disease.

43
Fig. 18. Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite that infects the intestines causing a person to suffer from
amoebiasis.
Source: Content Providers(s): CDC/ Dr. George Healy , Entamoeba histolytica 01, marked as public domain, more
details on Wikimedia Commons
Symptoms of Amoebiasis

Amoebiasis also results in bloody stools like bacterial dysentery. When one is infected with
it, the intestines become inflamed or swollen. This condition is known as colitis, the lining of
the intestines become inflamed due to the infection. It is the reason why blood may also be
expelled during a bowel movement.

Amoebiasis may be categorized according to its severity. Acute amoebiasis is described as

simple dysentery. A person with acute amoebiasis experiences often but small bloody,
watery stools. Chronic amoebiasis is more severe than the acute amoebiasis wherein a
person may suffer from a sudden loss of weight due to the amount of fluids that have been
expelled out of the body. An infected person also suffers from fatigue and severe abdominal
cramps. He or she may have the urge to go to the bathroom; even when nothing that comes
out as he or she tries to move the bowel. Chronic amoebiasis also presents occasional fever
to the patient.

44
 Fig. 19. A sudden weight loss while experiencing bloody stools can be an indication of a chronic amoebiasis.
Photo from pixabay.com

If the protozoan parasite that infected the person goes out of the intestines, the condition
becomes extraintestinal amoebiasis. This kind of amoebiasis is harmful as it affects other
organs like liver, lungs, and brain. If the protozoan parasite reached the liver, the lining of
the liver will be swollen and starts to develop abscess. This is a swollen area in the body part
which contains pus or thick yellowish liquid which is a result of an infection. An indication
that a person might have amoebic liver abscess is high fever and pain in the upper right
part of the abdomen.

Ways to Treat and Prevent Amoebiasis

Early diagnosis is vital in treating amoebiasis. Often, amoebic dysentery is mistaken as

bacterial dysentery due to the similarities of the symptoms they present. A stool
examination is essential in determining the kind of dysentery so proper medication may be
given. If Entamoeba histolytica is present in the stool, antiamoebic medications are given.

45
Replenishing the blood fluid loss due to watery stools is necessary, just like any diarrheal
illness. Keeping one’s self hydrated in the course of amoebiasis is essential. A person who
suffers from amoebiasis lacks appetite; thus, it is also necessary to strengthen one’s immune
system by eating healthy food. Also, it is advisable to refrain from eating oily food as it may
contribute to diarrhea. If the person feels weakening due to dehydration, it is recommended
to seek doctor’s advice to know the proper treatment and avoid further harm. Remember,
any foodborne disease that will lead to severe dehydration can be fatal if left untreated.

Amoebiasis is transmitted due to poor sanitation. The Entamoeba histolytica usually goes out
of the body through stools. If you fail to wash your hands after moving your bowel, it is
possible that some of the parasites stayed on your hands. The cysts or eggs of Entamoeba
histolytica can last up to 45 minutes under the fingernails if left unwashed. Imagine the
number of objects or food you can contaminate for 45 minutes just because you failed to
wash your hands.

Fig. 20. Washing hands with soap and clean water is necessary to prevent transmission of foodborne diseases
like amoebiasis.
Photo from pixabay.com

It is important to observe proper hygiene in order to prevent any foodborne disease. Below
are some tips that you can follow to prevent getting amoebiasis:

46
● Clean bathroom and toilets regularly. Pay attention on cleaning the toilet seat and
flush handles as these parts may be infected with disease-causing microorganisms.
● Boil water before drinking it if you are unsure if its source is clean.
● Dispose soiled baby diapers properly.
● Make sure to use clean utensils when preparing food.
● Cook food well to kill bacteria and other microorganisms in it.

Check Your Understanding

A. Tell whether the statement is true or false.

1. Amoebiasis is also known as amoebic dysentery.

2. Amoebiasis is caused by bacteria.
3. The body part affected when one has amoebiasis is the intestine.
4. A person with amoebiasis suffers from hardened stool.
5. One side effect of amoebiasis is dehydration.

B. Identify what is being described in each statement.

1. It is a protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis.

2. It is another term for the eggs of Entamoeba histolytica.
3. This is a swollen area in the body part which contains pus.

47
 4. It is also known as the inflammation of the lining of the intestines.
5. This kind of amoebiasis happens when the protozoan parasite goes out of the
intestine and affect other organs of the body.

Health Care

Awareness Poster
Now that you are familiar with the similarities and differences of diarrhea, dysentery,
cholera, and amoebiasis, it is time to apply what you have learned by creating an awareness
poster. Read the details below for your guidance.

Materials
● ⅛ illustration board
● coloring / drawing materials

Procedure
1. Do this activity with a partner.
2. Recall the concepts you have learned about diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, and
amoebiasis.
3. Think of a creative way on you and your partner can raise awareness about the four
foodborne diseases previously discussed.
4. Create a poster with a simple caption that will catch the attention of others and give
enough information about diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, and amoebiasis.

Guide Questions
1. What have you learned so far about foodborne diseases?
2. Why should you be aware of the different foodborne diseases?
3. Aside from creating a poster, how else can you raise awareness on different
foodborne diseases?

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Lesson 6: Food Poisoning

Learning Targets
In this lesson, you should be able to:
● identify common foodborne diseases;
● describe general signs and symptoms of food poisoning; and,
● enumerate ways to prevent food poisoning.

Health Check
Food Detectives

49
Have you ever wondered what it is like to become a detective? A detective is keen in
observing the things around him. Try being a food detective online by doing this activity.

Material
● laptop computer or mobile device with Internet connection

Procedure
1. Turn on your laptop computer or mobile device then connect to the Internet.
2. Open a web browser and visit the website of Fightbac.org and browse through the
Kids Games and Activities.
3. Select the Food Detectives game.
4. Play the game.
5. While playing, take note of the concepts that you learn from the game.

Guide Questions
1. What does it mean to become food detective?
2. What are the important concepts you learned about being a food detective in the
game?
3. Why is it important to be keen in preparing food?

Learn about It!

Food is a basic need of humans. You eat so you can
have the energy to work. The nutrition that you get
from food sustains your body’s need. Without it, it will
be difficult to survive and go on with life. However,
food can also be the source of sickness. It usually
happens when the food the person ingested is
contaminated.

Contaminated food has toxins or poison that can harm the body when ingested. Some
toxins may come from bacteria or other microorganisms that live in contaminated food.
These microorganisms are passed on to food due to improper handling and preparation.

50
Some chemicals from other sources may also contaminate food and add toxins to it. Some
instances expired food or food products that have passed its shelf life can eventually form
toxins through a chemical reaction in it. Therefore, there are various reasons why food
becomes contaminated and when eaten, it could lead to food poisoning.

Fig. 20. Expiration date tells the consumer until when is the best time to consume the food product.
Source: The original uploader was Bando26 at English Wikipedia., Expiration Tag, CC BY-SA 3.0

Symptoms of food poisoning

Just like any other foodborne diseases, symptoms of food poisoning is easily recognized.
However, the time that symptoms of food poisoning manifest vary from one person to
another. Some people manifest symptoms of food poisoning an hour after ingesting the
contaminated food. Others display symptoms days after eating spoiled food. Therefore, it is
important to take note of the symptoms carefully to avoid incorrect diagnosis and
treatment.

The most common symptom of food poisoning is vomiting and diarrhea. An infected person
will experience nausea first, then vomiting. Also, a high level of toxins in the body can also
result in fever and chills. It also leads to stomach cramps and fatigue. Generally, a person
who suffers from food poisoning feels sick and weak. If too much body fluids have been lost

51
due to vomiting and diarrhea, a person may exhibit signs of dehydration also.

Fig. 21. Feeling generally unwell and nausea are some symptoms of food poisoning.

Ways to Treat and Prevent Food Poisoning

Food poisoning may be treated if one can address the symptoms immediately. There are
some first-aid treatments that may be given to a person who experienced food poisoning.
● For nausea and vomiting, over-the-counter medicines can be bought in the
pharmacies to prevent the person from vomiting.
● Refrain from eating solid food to help the stomach to recover from exhaustion after
bouts of vomiting. An affected person can still eat the following: bland soup, salted
crackers, light bread, and banana.
● Avoid eating greasy, spicy, or sweet foods that may trigger vomiting or diarrhea.
● Take plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration.

52
If symptoms persist and diarrhea is getting severe, it is advisable to visit a doctor and ask for
a prescribed anti-diarrheal medication. Do not take self-medication as this may worsen one’s
condition.

Since food is an essential part of life, it is important to ensure that it is free from
contamination. Below are some ways to avoid food contamination which can lead to food
poisoning.

● Wash your hands thoroughly with clean water and soap. Make sure to dry your hands
after washing them before handling food.
● Always clean kitchen tops before and after food preparation.
● Wash dish cloths regularly. Make sure to dry them before reusing.
● Have a separate chopping board for raw food such as meat and fish.
● Keep raw meat and fish away from ready-to-eat food.
● Cook food well to kill bacteria and other microorganisms in it.

Check Your Understanding

A. Put a check (✔) if the given practice will help prevent food poisoning.

1. Washing hands thoroughly.

2. Having the same chopping boards for raw and ready-to-eat food.
3. Using damp washcloth all the time.
4. Cleaning the kitchen top regularly.
5. Consuming food even after its best before date.

53
 B. Tell whether the statement is true or false.

1. Food poisoning is an illness caused by eating contaminated food.

2. Toxins or poison may come from microorganisms that stay in food.
3. Expired food products may be poisonous due to the chemical reactions that
happened inside it.
4. Food poisoning can be fatal if left untreated.
5. A person who suffers from food poisoning has difficulty moving his bowels.

Health Care

Checklist on Food Poisoning

One effective way to help a person treat food poisoning is by having a checklist. A checklist is
a list of things to do or remember. When one suffers from food poisoning, you can easily
remember how to help that person. Do the activity below to create your first-aid treatment
checklist on food poisoning.

Materials
● laptop computer or mobile device with Internet connection
● paper
● pencil

Procedure
1. Turn on your laptop or mobile device then connect to the Internet.
2. Open the browser and go to YouTube and watch the video entitled “Red Alert: First
Aid for Food Poisoning.”
3. While watching, take down notes on the important tips that you have to remember
when one experiences food poisoning.
4. Once done, create a checklist on things that you have to remember to prevent and
treat food poisoning. Share your work to the class after.

54
Guide Questions
1. What are some tips that you can give to prevent or treat food poisoning?
2. Why should you know some basic first-aid treatment on food poisoning?
3. As a child, how can you let others know about the dangers of food poisoning and how
they can avoid it?

Lesson 7: Hepatitis A

Learning Targets
In this lesson, you should be able to:
● identify common foodborne diseases;
● describe general signs and symptoms of hepatitis A; and,

55
 ● enumerate ways to prevent hepatitis A.

Health Check

Liver Lover
Liver is one of the major organs of the body and has different functions. Do you know some
basic facts about liver? Do this activity and see how much you can remember about liver.

Materials
● any Science reference books
● pencil
● bond paper

Procedure
1. You may refer to any Science books to get some information about liver.
2. Once you have read enough about liver, create a short review about the organ on a
bond paper using the template below.

56
Guide Questions
1. What are the important roles of liver in the body?
2. What do you think will happen if the liver is severely affected by a certain sickness?
3. Is it possible for liver to be affected by a foodborne disease? Why do you think so?

57
 Learn about It!
The liver plays different vital roles in the body. It is an
accessory organ in the digestive system. It helps in
breaking down food into simpler and more useful forms.
The liver also filters blood and remove toxins. It is not
possible for a person to survive without a liver. However, it is sometimes inflicted with
diseases due to exposure to harmful microorganisms or even virus. A virus is an infectious
agent that can harm living things once it stays in their body.

One of the most common diseases of the liver is hepatitis A. It is a viral infection
commonly transmitted by taking in contaminated food and water. It is the hepatitis A virus
(HAV) that is responsible for this foodborne disease. As a viral infection, it is highly
contagious. It can be quickly passed on to others through direct contact. A person with
hepatitis A can also infect any object or food that he or she touches, making the spread of
this faster. For example, when a person with hepatitis A drinks a glass of water, his saliva
which contains HAV will transfer to the glass. If another person drinks from the same glass,
he or she will get in contact with HAV that will lead to infection if he or she has a weak
immune system.

58
 Fig. 24. Liver is the organ affected when a person suffers from hepatitis A.

Symptoms of Hepatitis A

The hepatitis A virus will stay in the body from 14 to 28 days. Only during this period that the
body starts to manifest some symptoms of hepatitis A. The most distinct sign of hepatitis A
is jaundice or having a yellowish skin or whites of the eye. Below are other symptoms of
hepatitis A:
● fever ranging from 37.5 to 39 degree Celsius
● loss of appetite
● diarrhea for some; others may experience clay-colored stools
● nausea
● vomiting
● fatigue
● abdominal discomfort
● dark-colored urine
● joint pain

Fig. 25. Jaundice eyes due to hepatitis A

59
 Source: Content Providers(s): CDC/Dr. Thomas F. Sellers/Emory University, Jaundice eye, marked as public domain,
more details on Wikimedia Commons

Ways to Treat and Prevent Hepatitis A

Unlike other foodborne diseases, there is no specific treatment for hepatitis A. But
compared to other kinds of hepatitis, hepatitis A is easier to manage and does not pose
serious harm to the liver. Since it is a viral infection, it is important to combat this disease to
prevent its spread and strengthen one’s immune system to fully recover.

There is no specific medicine for a viral infection except for strengthening one’s immune
system to fight back with the virus that is staying in the body. However, the following are
ways to treat Hepatitis A:

● Take paracetamol to alleviate the fever.

● Do not overdo self-medication as the liver absorbs the medicine into the blood.
● Have enough rest to help the body recover fast.
● Replenish one’s body fluid by keeping hydrated.
● Avoid doing strenuous activity which can be tiring and cause more fatigue.

Below are ways to prevent the spread of hepatitis A:

● If you suspect that you have hepatitis A, isolate yourself especially from children and
elders, who has relatively weaker immune system.
● Use a separate set of eating utensils to avoid the spread of hepatitis A virus.
● Always wash your hands after using the bathroom, or before touching the food that
you will eat.
● Boil water before drinking if you are unsure if it is clean.
● Refrain from buying street food especially if you do not know how the food was
prepared.
● Make sure to use clean utensils when preparing food.

60
 Check Your Understanding
A. Put a check (✔) if the given symptom is experienced when one has hepatitis A.

1. jaundice
2. nausea
3. joint pain
4. chest pain
5. light-colored urine

B. Tell whether the statement is true or false.

1. Hepatitis A is a bacterial infection.

2. A person with hepatitis A may be given an antibiotic medicine for treatment.
3. Jaundice is the condition wherein the skin of the person becomes yellow.
4. Hepatitis A is a highly contagious foodborne disease.
5. It is advisable for a hepatitis A patient to use a separate eating utensils to
prevent the spread of the disease.

61
 Health Care
Prevent Hepatitis
The World Health Organization has a lot of campaigns to prevent various diseases. One of
the conditions that they wish to avoid and stop from spreading is hepatitis. In this activity,
your creativity will be tested as you and your group mates are bound to make a simple song
(jingle) that will let others know how to prevent hepatitis.

Material
● laptop or mobile device with Internet connection

Procedure
1. Turn on your laptop or mobile device then connect to the Internet
2. Visit the World Health Organization page on YouTube and watch their video entitled
“Prevent Hepatitis.”
3. Take note of the tips on how to prevent hepatitis.
4. After watching, gather your groupmates and brainstorm on the different tips you have
listed down.
5. Think of a song that you would like to use in this activity. Replace the lyrics of that
song with the tips you have listed down.
6. Be ready to present your song to the class.

Guide Questions
1. What are some important tips that you have learned to prevent hepatitis?
2. Why should a child like you know how to prevent hepatitis?

62
 3. Aside from sharing awareness on hepatitis through a song, how else can you let
others know the importance of preventing hepatitis?

Pro-health Challenge
Promoting Food Hygiene in School

Goal:
Now that you are aware of the different foodborne diseases, it is time for you to share your
knowledge with your schoolmates. Your goal is to promote food hygiene in your school by
creating an infomercial (informative commercial).

Role:
Your role is to act like models or actors that provide information on food hygiene through a
commercial. Together with three of your classmates, create a 30-second video commercial
that encourages others to practice healthy habits in food preparation and when eating.

Audience:
Your audience will be your schoolmates. It is important to promote food hygiene especially
those in the lower grades.

Situation:
Together with your groupmates, pretend that you are “experts” who discovered that most
foodborne diseases are results of improper food preparation. Therefore, you decided to
inform the public on proper ways to prepare food to avoid such conditions.

Product:

63
Your group is expected to come up with a 30-second video of an infomercial. You may use
any video capturing device (like a cellular phone, mobile tablet, or camera) in making your
commercial. You may ask for assistance from an adult in doing this activity.

Standards:
You will be rated based on the rubric below.

Criteria Beginning Developing Accomplished Score

(0-12 (13-16 (17-20 points)
points) points)

Content
(Focus on details are clearly
evident; it is clearly related
to the topic.)

Organization
(Logical progression of
details; clear transitions
between ideas.)

Language
(spelling, mechanics,
grammar and usage)

Creativity
(Concept is ingenuine and
original)

Video quality
(Video quality is good
enough to relay the

64
 message)

Key Guide Questions

1. What is food hygiene?
2. What are some tips that you can give to promote food hygiene?
3. How important is food hygiene in preventing foodborne diseases?

Reflective Questions
1. Why is it important to promote food hygiene in your school?
2. Why should you know how to prepare food properly even at a young age?
3. Which part of the activity did you enjoy the most? Why?
4. Which part of the activity did you find the most difficult? How did you overcome it?

Self-Check

I think I need more I have a minimal I am confident that I

Skills understanding of it. can do this with
time and assistance.
ease.
I can define or
describe foodborne
diseases.
I can enumerate
examples of
foodborne diseases.

65
I can describe the
common signs and
symptoms of
foodborne diseases.
I can explain the
cause/s of each kind
of foodborne
diseases.
I can relate the
importance of proper
sanitation in
preparing food.
I can suggest ways on
how to prevent
foodborne diseases.

Reflect

I find __________________________ the most interesting because ______________________.

I got ____ checks because _______________________________________________________.
I need to improve on _______________________because _____________________________.
I need to practice _________________________ because _____________________________.
I plan to _____________________________________________________________________ .

66
Wrap Up

67
68
Bibliography

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. “Foodborne Illnesses and Germs.” October 28,
2018. https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/foodborne-germs.html

Dobey, Daniel C., Robert J. Beichner, and Sharon Lee Raimondi. Essentials of elementary
science. 2nd ed. Essentials of Classroom Teaching Series. Boston: Allyn and Bacon,
1999.

Mayo Clinic. “Hepatitis A.” Accessed November 1, 2018.

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-a/symptoms-causes/syc-203
67007

Medical News Today. “Everything You Need to Know about Dysentery.” Accessed October 31,
2018. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/171193.php

World Health Organization. “Foodborne diseases.” Accessed October 27, 2018.

http://www.who.int/topics/foodborne_diseases/en/

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 Glossary

Abscess is a swollen area in the body part which contains pus or thick yellowish liquid which
is a result of an infection.
Bacterial infection is an infection that is brought about by bacteria.
Colitis the inflammation of the lining of the intestines.
Constipation refers to the condition wherein a person has a difficulty to move bowel.
Dehydration is the loss of too much water in the body.
Fatigue is the feeling of tiredness that may brought about by a certain sickness.
Febrile convulsion is a sudden jolting of the body caused by the sudden increase in body
temperature due to high fever.
Inflammation is the swelling of a certain part of the body due to infection.
Intravenous (IV) drip is a bag of fluid with electrolytes that passes through a tube with a
needle that is inserted into the vein of the patient.
Jaundice is a condition wherein the skin or whites of the eye become yellowish in color.
Nausea is a condition wherein a person has a feeling of vomiting due to sickness.
Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) ia a liquid solution that is given to a person with diarrhea
to immediately replace the electrolytes in the body.
Protozoan parasite is an animal-like tiny living things that live by feeding on others.
Systemic infection is an alteration in the usual bodily functions caused by foreign bodies
like bacteria.
Viral infection is an infection caused by a virus.

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