Name: Dimaano Hazel Date: 02/27/2024

Silang Keith Margarette

Course and Section: BSMA-2201

ACTIVITY 3
There are intellectuals who built critical contributions to science during the scientific revolution.
Among them are Nicolaus Copernicus, Charles Darwin, and Sigmund Freud. Find a partner and
answer the following questions:
On Copernicus:
1. What is the contribution of Copernicus in the Philosophy of science?
Copernicus changed the mind of humans by creating new perceptions about the
center of the solar system. He debated whether the earth was at rest, culminating in Galileo’s trial
for heresy in 1633. According to Copernicus, the sun is the center of the solar system which the
Earth revolves around it. Copernicus changed how people saw the universe. Before he
discovered this idea, most people believed that the Earth was the center of everything.

2. What lessons could be learned from the experiences of Copernicus?

Copernicus's lesson to us is that courage is essential to building self-assurance and
beliefs. He remained true to himself and persisted in following his convictions in spite of the
criticism he received from others. He also reminds us that we can achieve our goals by being
patient in what we do. In order for us to succeed in the future, Him also teaches us to be careful
and to trust in our efforts. The main lessons Copernicus gives to us are to always believe in
yourself and your work, to not care what other people think of you, and to just be who you are.

3. How can science influence religion today?

Science can influence religion today by providing ideas and importance that people
rely on having religious beliefs. It also influences when it comes to “what are the mysteries on
the universe that is connected to religion” through investigating. Science helps people to think
whether some historical experience regarding religious beliefs were true. Some people
nowadays, especially teenagers, are relying easily on the internet that includes sciences so they
are easily influenced by this information.
On Freud:
1. Look up other sources from books and on internet. What are the controversies on Freud’s
ideas?
Sigmund Freud is known as the “Father of Psychoanalysis and his works are unique,
formal and applicable but it leads different people into different understanding and assumptions.
Freud’s ideas got into controversies and got a lot of criticism. First, Freud's ideas focus on
human’s sexual nature. This criticism is from his idea “Freud’s Psychosexual development”
where he stated that children who are 3-6 years old are starting to feel the pleasure associated
with their genitalia. Second is lack of reliability and validity. This criticism is from Freud’s
Psychoanalytic Theory. People criticized the ideas of Freud because it has limited evidence to
support the ideas. It was said that Freud based his studies in clinical observations and case
studies rather than empirical research.
2. How can you explain Freudian ideas as a scientist?
Freudian ideas are about how the unconscious mind affects human behavior, actions and
mental health of different individuals in daily lives. Freudian theories are very unique and
sometimes it is so hard to analyze that’s why some researchers are failed to prove the
ideas in their studies. Freud’s ideas are very hard to study because it is illogical. It is so
hard to test and finds its validity or accuracy. Besides, his theories are still usable and
beneficial people especially with those who have psychological disorders.
3. If Freud is still alive today, what do you think are the modifications he would make to
revise his theory?
If Freud is given the chance to come back in this modern era I think he will revise his
theories and ideas to lessen the confusion of humans about it. Freud deserves a second
chance to prove that his studies and theories are worth to study. The modifications Freud
will make are: First, he now unfocused his theory in human sexuality and sexual drives
because it leads people in a higher range of sexual fantasies that can turn into emotional
disorder. Second is, Freud will become more specific to avoid the criticism about his
questionable thoughts. Freud will research more ideas and knowledge with acceptable
and valid explanations to support his studies and lastly Freud will be careful in every
words and thoughts he emphasize in every theory to lessen the
On Darwin:
1. What is Darwin’s contribution to the modern science?
Charles Darwin’s contribution on modern science is the diversity of life on earth
by saying that the species evolve through natural selection. He studied the evolution of species
that evolve over time that cause by reproduction. His concept suggested that all living organism
share a common ancestor. His contribution shaped modern biology and diverse fields of
reproduction. His study helps modern science by easily knowing how all living thinks reproduces
new species.
2. How can Darwin’s evolutionary theory influence religion in modern times?
Charles Darwin Theory of Evolution is incompatible with religious beliefs. This theory
made religious people question how the creation of the world and humankind becomes
contradictory to what they believe. In this modern time evolutionary theory challenges
the concept of how God created the world and the people. Different people are starting to
believe that they don't need God in their lives because they already allow humans to
understand the real reason for their existence. To conclude, beliefs and faith of religious
people in supernaturalism lessen because humans are starting to confuse