Medina College

Bulatok, Pagadian City

Name: ANGEL ROSE D. RASONABLE. BSMT-III

PRELIM ACTIVITY: LESSON 1

Clinical Chemistry September 6,2021

I. TRUE OR FALSE

1. Water is commonly used as calibration liquid because it is readily available and it is

similar in viscosity and speed of drainage.
 TRUE
2. To compute for normality: grams of solute over MW multiply by kg of solvent.
 FALSE

3. Ratio is expressed in solute:solvent

 TRUE
4. The conversion factor of chloride from mEq/L to mmol/L is 1.0
 TRUE
5. Ostwald-Folin pipet has single calibration mark and bulb is in the middle.
 FALSE

II. DESCRIBE AND EXPLAIN

1. Describe the following terms and provide the respective units: percent, molarity,
normality, molality, saturation, colligative properties.
2. Explain the reasons why do we need to have dilutions when working inside the
laboratory.
 Dilution is the process of weakening or deconcentrating a solution. We need
to have dilutions when working inside the laboratory because stock solutions
 are frequently acquired and stored in highly concentrated quantities,
diluting solution os a required operation in the laboratory. The solution must
be accurately diluted to a known, lower Concentration before being used in
the lab.
3. What is the difference between distilled and deionized water?
 Distilled water is the condensate collected from steam and created when
water is boiled and vaporized. It has also been purified to remove almost all
organic materials. Whereas deionized water is prepared by using deionizer.
It is free from mineral salts; remove by ion exchange. It has some or all ions
removed but organic material may still be present unlike the distilled water,
it is purified from previously treated water such as prefiltered or distilled
water.
4. Why is water usually used as calibration liquid?
 Water is usually used as calibration liquid because it is readily available and it is
similar in viscosity and speed of drainage to the dilute solutions ordinarily
employed in clinical chemistry. Water is also determined by test for water purity
including its; bacterial/microbiological content, pH, resistivity, SiO2, chemical
oxygen demand, ammonia, ions, and metals.
5. What are the reasons for dilution?
 The reasons for dilution are;
1. Concentration of the material in solution is too high to be accurately measure
2. Removal of undesirable substances like protein in PFF preparation.
3. Preparation of working standards from the stock solutions.

III. PROBLEM SOLVING (provide the correct solution)

1. Convert 0.8 mg/dL of creatinine to umol/L
2. How many grams of NaOH are required to prepare 280 mL of a 6% w/v solution?

Medina College
Bulatok, Pagadian City

PRELIM ACTIVITY: LESSON 2

Clinical Chemistry September 6,2021

I. TRUE OR FALSE

1. Most of the analysis in clinical chemistry is done either on a whole blood, plasma or
serum.
 TRUE
2. Hemolysis is the destruction of white blood cells
 FALSE
3. Bilirubin should always be stored in the dark
 TRUE.
4. Chemicals should be stored inside a safety cabinet with proper ventilation
 TRUE
5. The speed of centrifuge should be checked every month by a tachometer.
 FALSE

II. IDENTIFICATION.
1. This is also known as versene or sequestrene which exist as disodium salts or dipotassium
salts, respectively.
 ETHYLENE DIAMENE TETRA ACETIC ACID (EDTA)
2. It is the destruction of red blood cells.
 HEMOLYSIS
3. Generally used in the determination of blood gas analysis.
 ARTERIAL PUNCTURE
4. What are the three basic PPE?
 Lab coats
 Goggles/mask
 Gloves
 5. It is the yellowish serum due to high bilirubin content.
 ICTERIC SERUM

III. ESSAY.

1. Explain the difference between plasma and serum.

 Plasma and serum are both liquid portion of blood. However, plasma is the liquid
portion of unclotted blood. The liquid part of the blood that separates after
standing or centrifuging blood with an anticoagulant. And it has fibrinogen,
presence of lipemia clearing factor and optically less clearer compared to serum.
Whereas the serum is the liquid portion of clotted blood. The liquid portion of the
blood that separates after standing or centrifuging blood without an anticoagulant.
It has no fibrinogen because it is converted to fibrin. Absence of lipemia clearing
factor because it is destroyed or co-precipitated in clotting process. Optically
clearer compared to plasma.

2. Elaborate the specific precautions in collecting blood sample.

 Fasting
The normal fasting hour is 8 to 14 hours, not more not less. Elevated blood
glucose potassium and lipids like cholesterol and neutral fats are seen in parients
not under Nothing Per orem and the reverse is true with inorganic phosphorous.
Prolonged fasting has been associated with elevation in serum bilirubin, plasma
triglycerides, glycerol, free fatty acids and a decrease in plasma glucose.
 Diet
After a meal, there is an increase in plasma potassium and triglycerides. After a
meal of high fat content, there is an increase alkaline phosphatase. After a high
meat protein diet, there is an increase serum urea, ammonia and urate but not
creatinine. High ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids decrease serum
cholesterol. Diet rich in purines increases serum urate. Presence of serotonin in
bananas, pineapple, tomatoes and avocadoes elevates excretion of 5-
hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Caffeine increases plasma free fatty acids and
catecholamines.

 Exercise
Transient effects of exercise is increase in free fatty acids, alanine and lactate.
Long term effects is increased creatinine kinase, aldolase, aspartate
aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase. Effects of long term physical
 training is increase in plasma testosterone, androstenedione and luetenizing
hormone.
 Alcohol ingestion
Increased plasma lactate, acetaldehyde, acetate and uric acid. Higher plasma
HDL cholesterol has been observed in chronic alcoholics as well as increase
gamma glutamyl transferase and mean corpuscular volume
 Tobacco smoking
Acute effects is increased plasma catecholamine and serum cortisol resulting to
increased neutrophils, monocytes, free fatty acids and decreased eosinophils.
Chronic affects is increased blood hemoglobin concentration, MCV and WBC
count.
 Posture
A change in position from supine to upright causes an increase in albumin, total
protein, enzymes, calcium, bilirubin, cholesterol, triglycerides and drugs bound
to protein.
 Stress
Affects adrenal hormone secretion leading to anxiety than hyperventilation
which causes; disturbances in acid-base balance, increase in serum lactate and
increase in plasma free fatty acid.
 Torniquet application
Blood specimen for LDH should be drawn without torniquet as thus will cause an
increase value. Prolonged torniquet application before venipuncture causes
significant increases in enzymes, proteins and protein bound substances like
cholesterol, triglycerides, calcium, bilirubin and iron.

3. Discuss the characteristics of an ideal anticoagulant.

 Anticoagulant should;

-Not alter the size of the red blood cells. It should not be insufficient which causes overfilled Red
blood cells that will lead to the presence of clot, or it should not be excessive that will cause
underfilled RBC that may lead to RBC shrinkage.

-Not bring about hemolysis. Hemolyzed samples may affect the test results and may not be good
for the test. Distruction of red blood cells should be avoided.

-minimize deformation of leukocytes. Anticoagulant should lessen the deformation of WBC. It

should not cause significant changes in size, and shape of WBC.

- be readily soluble in blood

4. Why do laboratorians need PPE?

 Laboratorians need PPE because they are directly expose to hazardous chemicals,
materials and biological agents capable of transmitting infections. Proper PPE
help minimize the potential for skin exposure to hazardous chemicals, biological
agents, and other hazardous materials.