METHODS AND APPROACHES IN TEACHING 3.
Guided Practice Phase:The student now will apply what the teacher demonstrated
PEER TEACHING
Peer teaching or learning is the process of students learning with and from each other. Peer
teaching occurs when students, by design, teach other students. In short, peer teaching occurs
when students, by design, teach other students.
This is usually facilitated through teaching and learning activities such as student–led
workshops, study groups, peer-to-peer learning partnerships, and group work.
Some benefits include:
1. Development of student collaboration
2. Development of communication skills
3. Enhancement of student confidence
4. Ability to take control of their learning
5. Students feel more comfortable working with their peers
6. Enhanced interaction and engagement
REFLECTIVE TEACHING
Reflective teaching is a process whereby teachers reflect on their teaching practices to examine
the overall effectiveness of their instructive approaches.
Improvement or change in teaching methods may be required, depending on the outcome of
this analytical process, which is based on critical reflection.
Some ways of practicing reflective teaching include:
1. Teaching journals
2. Classroom observations
3. Critical friends
4. Action research
5. Online groups
6. Teacher beliefs
DEMONSTRATIVE METHOD
Demonstrative method is a teaching style where the teacher uses demonstrations to clearly
show to the student how something is done. It may be a process, skills or procedures in order
for them to easily understand the topic and to enhance understanding.
Things to be considered in Demonstration Method Teaching Style:
1. The method should be applied in a simple and easy manner.
2. The full attention of the teacher should be to the students only.
3. The topic to be demonstrated should be practiced before showing it to the class.
4. The individual differences of the student.
4 Phases in the Demonstration Method:
1. Presentation Phase: The teacher will present the topic or process.
2. Observation Phase: The student will observe the presentation.
with the guidance of the teacher.
4. Independent Practice Phase: The student will apply the demonstrated process on
their own, individually, but with the assistance of the teacher only when needed.
Advantages and Benefits of this Approach include:
1. It improves the understanding of complex topics and principles.
2. It keeps students engaged and active throughout the teaching-learning process.
3. It is a time and cost-effective teaching strategy.
4. Knowledge gained during the demonstration method becomes permanent because
it requires different senses.
5. It reduces misunderstanding as the student could ask the teacher for clarification
along the process.
PROJECT METHOD
Project method is a teaching style where it focuses more on the aspect of student learning
rather than the teaching aspect of the lesson (Bordia, 2022).
Students are given the freedom to choose a problem, real-life problem to solve and should
come up with a solution on the problem they’ve chosen.
A student-centric approach of teaching where the role of the teacher is to merely facilitate and
guide the students throughout the process and not act as the dictator nor the expert.
4 Types of Project Method of Teaching according to William H. Kilpatrick:
1. Constructive Method: The learners are instructed to construct something related to
social life such as models, maps, charts, parcels, and so on.
2. Artistic Method: This type of teaching is generally employed in the field of aesthetics
and arts such as music, fine arts, culture, literature, and so on.
3. Problem Solving/Problematic Method: This is used to solve problems related to
real-life situations on any subject such as how to send an email, how to operate bank
accounts, how to use a particular product, and so on. Solving these problems will
ideally make the students efficient in social life.
4. Group Work Method: This method employs all the students with a task to complete
in the form of a group. The team then sets out to complete that task with the teacher
acting as a guide.
Advantages of the Project Method include:
● Active Learning Experience: Students actively get involved in the learning activity,
hence helping them in enhancing their skillset, first-hand experiences, and thinking
capacity.
● Inculcating a Sense of Responsibility: Helps improve self-reliance and
self-responsibility among students as the teacher serves as a guide rather than a
dictator.
● Improves Collaboration Among Students: In this method, students are given the
opportunity to express themselves freely among their peers as well as their teachers,
hence helping them communicate more effectively.
 ● Improves Critical Thinking Skills: This method will hone the critical thinking of the
students as they will encounter problems that need an in-depth understanding and
knowledge.
INTEGRATED APPROACH
The integrated approach to teaching is a method that combines different subjects or disciplines
into a single lesson or unit of study, emphasizing connections between different areas of
knowledge.
Benefits of this Approach:
1. Promotes Holistic Learning: Students gain a deeper understanding of concepts when
they see connections across different subject areas.
2. Enhances Critical Thinking: Integrating diverse perspectives encourages students to
think critically and make connections between ideas.
3. Prepares for Real-World Challenges: Many real-world problems are interdisciplinary in
nature, so an integrated approach better prepares students for future challenges.
4. Engages Students: Interdisciplinary projects and activities can be more engaging and
relevant to students' lives, increasing their motivation to learn.
Appropriate Times:
● Cross-curricular Units: When planning units of study that naturally lend themselves
to connections between different subjects.
● Interdisciplinary Projects: For addressing complex, real-world problems that require
knowledge from multiple disciplines.
● Remedial or Enrichment Programs: To provide additional support or challenge for
students by offering alternative ways to approach learning.
CONSTRUCTIVIST APPROACH
Emphasizes the active role of learners in building their own understanding. Rather than
passively receiving information, learners reflect on their experiences, create mental
representations, and incorporate new knowledge into their schemas.
Key Principles
1. Knowledge Construction: Constructivism posits that knowledge is constructed rather
than innate or passively absorbed. Learners build new knowledge upon the foundation of
previous learning, and their prior knowledge influences what new knowledge they
construct from learning experiences.
2. Active Learning: Learning is an active process. Instead of viewing learners as “empty
vessels” to be filled with knowledge, constructivism asserts that learners construct
meaning through active engagement with the world. This can involve experiments,
real-world problem-solving, and meaningful connections between prior and new
knowledge.
3. Socially Constructed Knowledge: All knowledge is socially constructed. Learning occurs
through interaction with others, sharing, and negotiation. For example, Vygotsky
emphasized the role of community in shaping how children think and what they think
about.
4. Real-Life Contexts: John Dewey valued real-life contexts and problems as educational
experiences. Learners need to experience consequences in a meaningful, emotional, and
reflective way to adapt, revise habits, and construct new habits.
Generally Applied In:
● Problem-Based Learning (PBL): In constructivist classrooms, students engage in
problem-solving activities. They explore real-world problems, propose solutions, and
collaborate with peers. PBL encourages critical thinking, creativity, and the application of
knowledge to practical situations.
● Student-Centered Learning: Constructivism prioritizes student agency. Teachers create
opportunities for students to actively construct knowledge by exploring topics of interest,
asking questions, and seeking answers. Student-centered learning environments allow for
personalized exploration and discovery.
● Collaborative Learning: Social interaction plays a crucial role in constructivist teaching.
Students learn from each other through collaboration, discussion, and shared
experiences. Group projects, peer teaching, and cooperative learning foster a sense of
community and enhance understanding.
● Scaffolding: Educators provide scaffolding—support and guidance—to help students
build their understanding. This might involve modeling, asking probing questions, and
adjusting the level of challenge based on individual needs. Scaffolding ensures that
students can successfully construct knowledge.
● Authentic Contexts: Constructivist classrooms connect learning to real-life contexts.
Students engage with authentic problems, simulations, or projects. For example, studying
history by analyzing primary sources or learning science through hands-on experiments.
● Reflection and Metacognition: Constructivism encourages reflection. Students think
about their learning process, evaluate their understanding, and make connections
between new and existing knowledge. Metacognitive strategies enhance self-awareness
and self-regulation.
The constructivist approach values student questions, interests, and active participation. It
shifts the focus from rote memorization to meaningful understanding and application of
knowledge
INQUIRY METHOD
● Is a student-centered learning approach with the concept of students who are
actively involved in the teaching and learning activity under the monitoring and
supervision of teachers.
● The inquiry method requires higher-order thinking skills and critical thinking to make
conclusions.
 1. Formal Cooperative Learning - it involves the assignment of tasks and projects to a
team by an employer.
Five Phases of Inquiry Method 2. InFormal Cooperative Learning - it involves quickly forming teams for short periods
to complete a small task at hand.
1. Orientation - Teachers present the students with a topic.
2. Conceptualization - Students come up with a plan for how they might learn more How to use Cooperative Learning
about the topic. 1. Pre - instructional planning
3. Investigation - Students will actively explore the topic through research, 2. Introduce the activity to the students
experimentation, exploration, observation, and data collection. 3. Monitor and Intervene
4. Conclusion - Students should look at the data they collected and see what new 4. Assessment
answers they have. 5. Process
5. Discussion - Students should explore the implications of their new knowledge.
Benefits of Cooperative Learning
Four Levels of Inquiry Method ● Enhanced Academic Achievement
● Development of Social Skills
1. Confirmation Inquiry - students confirm through an activity when the results are ● Promotion of Critical Thinking
already known. ● Increased Motivation and Engagement
2. Structured Inquiry - students investigate a teacher [presented question through a ● Cultural and Diversity Awareness
prescribed procedure.
3. Guided Inquiry - students investigate the presented question using design / selected BLENDED LEARNING
procedures. - is a learning model that combines in-person classroom instruction with online and
4. Open Inquiry - students investigate questions that are students formulated through virtual components to reap the benefits of both. Blended learning also allows
students - designated/ selected procedures. students to simultaneously master their coursework alongside the technology they’re
using to learn it, preparing them for a digital future.
- Sometimes called hybrid or mixed mode learning.
BENEFITS OF INQUIRY METHOD
Types of Blended Learning
● enhances learning experiences for learners
1. Flipped Model - In the flipped model, traditional classroom instruction is inverted.
● fosters curiosity in students
Learners first encounter the instructional content outside of class. Then, in-class time
● deepens students’ understanding of topics
is dedicated to active learning activities, discussions, group projects, and exercises
● allows students to take ownership of their learning
that reinforce and apply the pre-learned material.
● increases engagement with the material
2. Face-to-face driver Model - this is the closest to traditional classroom training, as
most of the training takes place in a classroom setting under the guidance of an
instructor. This approach offers individual, personalized support to learners struggling
to grasp new concepts or falling behind the training curriculum.
COOPERATIVE LEARNING 3. Rotational Model - Teachers decide how much time is spent on face-to-face learning
and how much is spent on alternative learning activities. Examples: face-to-face
● small groups of learners working together as a team to solve a problem, complete a instruction, online activities, small-group discussions, and independent study.
task, or accomplish a common goal. 4. Flex Model - Flex learning is a term that can be used interchangeably with
● a successful teaching strategy in which a small team, each with students of different personalized learning. By accessing means of integration of learning in a Learning
levels of ability, use a variety of learning activities to improve their understanding of a Management System (LMS), the students control their learning path, choosing what
subject, students work through the assignment until a group members successfully they want to learn.
understand and complete it.
Benefits of Blended Learning
Types of Cooperative Learning 1. Provide Students With Autonomy Over Their Learning
Blended learning lets students progress at their own pace. Students can refer to course E – Explore Possible Strategies.
concepts and material as needed and can advance when they feel ready. An LMS makes it easy Once you have an outcome, encourage your learner to brainstorm possible strategies.
for students to look back on earlier materials and to move through coursework at their own Examples of possible strategies to solve a problem:
pace. “I review the textbook; I ask for math help from a friend; I look up the problems online; I email
2. Enhance Communication With Teachers, Students, and Parents my teacher.”
Blended learning environments combine the benefits of in-person and online teaching. This
technology-infused learning helps enhance communication for teachers, parents, and students A – Anticipate Outcomes & Act
both synchronously and asynchronously. Once we generate a list of strategies, the next step is to review the potential steps and decide
3. Track and Improve Engagement which one is the best option to use first. After evaluating the outcomes, the next step is to take
Using EdTech tools to enhance traditional learning practices also helps provide educational action.
stakeholders with more information about learning, engagement, and adoption to inform
teaching and decision-making L – Look And Learn
4. Improve Accessibility and Reach The final step in the IDEAL problem-solving model is to look and learn from an attempt to solve
The integration of technological tools not only ensures that students can use material any time, a problem.
from anywhere—it also improves accessibility for all students regardless of their learning Examples of Look and Learn statements:
needs. “I didn’t learn the problems from looking at the textbook, but it did help to call a friend. I’ll
start there next time.”
PROBLEM-SOLVING METHOD
- is an instructional method or technique where the teacher and students attempt in a
conscious, planned, and purposeful effort to arrive at some explanation or solution to
some educationally significant difficulty to find a solution.
- a systematic approach to defining the problem and creating a vast number of
possible solutions without judging these solutions.
Purpose
- Train the students in the act of reasoning
- Gain and Improve the knowledge
- Solve puzzling questions
- Overcome the obstacles in the attainment of objectives

Ideal Problem Solving Method

The IDEAL method is a tool to help you look at a situation objectively, identify the problem,
explore possible solutions, and evaluate their effectiveness.

I – Identify The Problem.

There’s no real way to create a solution to a problem unless you first know the scope of the
problem. Encourage your learner to identify the issue in their own words.
Examples of identifying problems:
“I have a math quiz next week and don’t know how to do the problems.”
D – Define An Outcome
The second step in the IDEAL problem-solving process is to define an outcome or goal for
problem-solving. Defining outcomes and goals may be a difficult step for some diverse learners.
Examples of defining outcomes:
“I want to do well on my math quiz.”