Chapter 3.

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Integration

3.2.1 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

If is continuous on the interval , then

∫ |

where is a function such that .

∫ |

Example 1:

Evaluate ∫ .

Example 2:

Find the area under the curve of from to .

Example 3:

Evaluate ∫ .

Properties of Definite Integrals

Rule 1: ∫ ∫ , where is a constant

Rule 2: ∫ ∫ ∫

Rule 3: If is continuous on an interval containing , , and , then

∫ ∫ ∫

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Example 4:

Evaluate ∫ √ .

Example 5:

Evaluate ∫ .

Example 6:

Evaluate ∫ .

Example 7:

Evaluate ∫ .

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3.2.2 The Indefinite Integral

The fundamental theorem of calculus showed us a relationship between definite integrals and
antiderivatives. In fact, we found that we were able to evaluate ∫ by finding an
antiderivative of . The general form of the antiderivative is called the indefinite integral. The
symbol, ∫ , without any limits is used to indicate an indefinite integral. Thus, the notation
∫ is used to indicate all the antiderivative of .

Properties of Indefinite Integrals

Rule 1: ∫

Rule 2: ∫ ∫ , where is a real number.

Rule 3: ∫ ∫ ∫

Rule 4: ∫ ,

Example 8:

Evaluate ∫ .

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 Method of Substitution

Some Integrals that cannot be evaluated directly by using the previously stated rules can
sometimes be evaluated using the method of substitution. This method involves the introduction
of a function that changes the integrand, such that the given rules will work when integrating.

Example 9:

Use the method of substitution to determine ∫ .

Example 10:

Use the method of substitution to find ∫ √ .

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5
The Area under a Curve

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Example 11

Find the area under the curve between the y-axis and the line x=4. [76/3]

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3.2.3 Numerical Integration

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus provides a useful for finding the area under a curve. It is
not always an easy task to find the antiderivative of a function. It is also possible that we do not
know how to find the antiderivative of a certain function. In this section, we will look at two
methods for approximating the value of a definite integral to as many decimal places as desired.
All techniques of this type come under the heading of numerical integration.

The Trapezoidal Rule

First, we will assume that we want to find the area under some curve, which we will describe by
. We will also assume that we want to find the area under the area the curve ,
above the -axis, and between the lines and , with .

We will divide the interval into equal parts of length , where

. The corresponding -coordinates of the points on the curve are
, , , , , , . If we
connect these points, we obtain trapezoids as shown in the figure below.

The area of a trapezoid is equal to one-half the product of the altitude and the sum of its bases. A
typical trapezoid is shown in the left bottom figure. If the trapezoid as shown in the right bottom
figure, it is easier to see the altitude of this trapezoid is and the lengths of its base are
and . Thus, the area of the trapezoid is .

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The area under the curve can be approximated by adding the areas of all the trapezoids. Thus,

Using the more conventional function notation, , we can rewrite the formula as follows:

where

Example 1:

Use the trapezoidal rule with to approximate the value of ∫ .

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Simpson’s Rule

Again, the interval is divided into equal parts, but this time must be an even number.
Instead of the straight lines we drew connecting the points , , , and so on,
we are going to draw parabolas through each group of three consecutive points, as shown in the
figure below.

A lengthy algebraic manipulation will show that

Now, if we did this for each subinterval , , , , , we would get

the result known as Simpson’s rule.

where is an even number and .

Example 2:

Use Simpson’s rule with to approximate the value of ∫ .

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