Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2Пособие по переводу с английского языка на русский
2Пособие по переводу с английского языка на русский
Москва
2007
Предисловие
2. Замены.
3. Добавления.
4. Опущения.
Вызываются они целым рядом причин, но основной причиной, как уже указывалось,
является различие в строе предложений в английском и русском языках.
Закрепленный порядок слов английских предложений обычно носит иерархический
характер. Сначала следуют главные члены предложения – подлежащее и сказуемое, затем
второстепенные (дополнения, обстоятельства). В русском языке порядок слов свободный, но
есть тенденция помещать основное содержание высказывания (рему) в конце предложения,
выражая его подлежащим. В академической грамматике русского языка указывается, что
обычное расположение членов предложения следует модели: обстоятельства, сказуемое,
подлежащее, т.е. порядок, обратный принятому в английском языке. В русском языке
второстепенный член предложения может стоять в начальной позиции, если он является
исходным моментом высказывания и вводит т.н. тему – то, о чем делается сообщение. Однако
такой порядок не является абсолютно обязательным.
e.g. A meeting of firemen’s and employers’ representatives scheduled for today has postponed.—
Намеченная на сегодня встреча представителей пожарников и предпринимателей была
отложена.
A Catholic priest in South Africa told of the malnutrition, disease and starvation there. – Один
католический священник из Южной Африки рассказывал о существующих там недоедании,
болезнях и голоде.
2. Замены в чистом виде встречаются не так часто. Замена частей речи обычно
вызывается отсутствием той или иной конструкции в русском языке, несовпадение в
употреблении соответствующих форм и конструкций, а также лексическими причинами:
различным словоупотреблением, различными нормами сочетаемости в английском и русском
языках, отсутствием части речи с соответствующим значением.
e.g. Her hands rested side by side on her lap. (Steinbeck) – Ее руки спокойно лежали на коленях.
Употребление синонимических пар характерно для всех стилей письменной речи
английского языка. Очень часто сохранение такой синонимической пары в переводе
воспринималось бы как плеоназм (повторение сходных слов и оборотов, нагнетание которых
создает тот или иной стилистический эффект), и оно совершенно излишне, например, в
переводе официальных документов, хотя они и требуют предельной точности.
e.g. The Treaty was declared null and void. – Договор был аннулирован. ( Договор был объявлен
недействительным.)
The storm was terrible while it lasted. – Буря была ужасной.
Временнóе придаточное предложение в такой функции является чем-то вроде клише, не
имеет аналога в русском языке и является совершенно излишним в переводе.
Интересен нижеследующий пример из романа Коллинза «Лунный камень»:
There, on the threshold of her bed-room door, stood Miss Rachel, almost as white in the face
as the white dressing-gown that clothed her. There also stood the two doors of the Indian cabinet
wide open. – Там на пороге спальни стояла мисс Рэчел. Лицо ее было белее ее белого
пеньюара. Дверцы индийского шкафчика были широко распахнуты.
Опущение в данном случае необходимо, т.к. сохранение такого повтора, основанного на
разных планах употребления глагола “stand” и подчеркнутого наречием “also”, в русском
языке совершенно исключено.
Т.о., в большинстве случаев при переводе с английского языка на русский русское
предложение не накладывается на английское, не совпадает с ним по своей структуре. Часто
структура русского предложения в переводе полностью отличается от структуры английского
предложения. В нем другой порядок слов, другое следование частей предложения, часто
другой порядок расположения самих предложений – главного, придаточного, вводного.
В ряде случаев части речи, которыми выражены члены английского предложения,
передаются соответственно другими частями речи. Сжатость выражения, возможная в
английском языке благодаря наличию целого ряда грамматических структур и форм, требует
декомпрессии при переводе – введения дополнительных слов и даже предложений. Однако
некоторые различия в привычном употреблении (узусе) вызывают опущения отдельных
элементов английских предложений при переводе на русский язык.
Все это объясняет широкое использование грамматических трансформаций при
переводе.
1. Артикли
При переводе с английского языка на русский следует помнить о необходимости
передавать в некоторых случаях значение артиклей, так как несмотря на свое крайне
отвлечённое значение артикль нередко требует смыслового выражения в переводе.
Как известно, оба артикля имеют местоименное происхождение: определённый артикль
произошёл от указательного местоимения, а неопределённый – от неопределенного
местоимения, которое восходит к числительному один.
Эти первоначальные значения артиклей иногда проявляются в их современном
употреблении.
В таких случаях их лексическое значение должно быть передано в переводе, иначе
русское предложение будет неполным и неточным, так как значение артиклей семантически
является неотъемлемой частью всего смыслового содержания предложения.
Определённый артикль
1) Во многих случаях употребления определённого артикля в нем так или иначе
прослеживается значение указательного местоимения (тот, те, именно тот, вон тот).
e.g. The England of yesterday was judged abroad by Wells, Kipling, Galsworthy and Conrad. (Fox) – Об
Англии прошлого за рубежом судили по Уэллсу, Киплингу, Голсуорси и Конраду.
In the boy, the Dartie and the Forsyte were struggling. (Galsworthy) – В этом мальчике черты,
присущие Форсайтам и Дарти, вступали в борьбу.
e.g. In Stepney the three conservative councillors were reelected. (The Daily Mail) – Все три
консерватора, члены муниципального совета Степни, были переизбраны.
Неопределённый артикль
1) В ряде случаев неопределённый артикль приближается в своём значении к местоимению
some – «какой-то». Иногда очень наглядно выступает его историческая связь с числительным
"один".
e.g. Martin, who had never seen Dave, to whom the name was only a name, was aware of the shadow.
(Saxton) – Мартин, который никогда не видел Дейва и для которого это имя было всего лишь
имя (одно из незнакомых имён), понимал, что это знак (предзнаменование).
e.g. Some of them had made him humiliatingly feel the great gulf that separates a minister, any minister,
from a private member of the House. (Bennett) – Некоторые из них унизительно заставили его
почувствовать ту пропасть, которая разделяет одного из министров, министра вообще, от
любого члена палаты, не занимающего правительственного поста.
e.g. It was a Saturday, and Erik worked in the lab only until lunch time. (Wilson) – Это была обычная
суббота, и Эрик работал в лаборатории только до обеда.
It is in the nature of a Forsyte to be ignorant that he is a Forsyte. (Galsworthy) – Форсайтам
свойственно не осознавать, что они Форсайты.
By a network of exams, promotion ladders and buggings we have held the young at a time when
they know more about the ways of the world than ever before. (The Daily Mail) – Посредством
системы экзаменов, системы продвижения по службе и негласному надзору мы не даём ходу
молодёжи в такое время, когда она больше, чем когда-либо, разбирается в положении вещей.
1). “A diamond, sir! A precious stone! It cuts into glass as though it were putty”. “It’s more than a
precious stone.It’s the precious stone.” (Doyle)
2).She treated the teacher (Lanny) with the respect a teacher deserves whether he is white, or blue,
or green. (Abrahams)
3) …George brought me to your house, to show me the Amelia whom he was engaged to.
(Thackeray)
4). You’re not the Andrew Manson I married. Oh! If only you’d be as you used to be. (Cronin)
5). When a Forsyte was engaged, married or born, all the Forsytes were present. (Galsworthy)
6). These are from practitioners in your own town. One is a Doctor Denny. The other signed by
Doctor Page. (Cronin)
7). Sally looked up to see Dinny Quin coming towards her. But a Dinny she had never met before. (Prichard)
8). It is commonly stated that a government should resign if defeated on a major issue in the House
of Commons which has been made one of confidence.(The Guardian)
9). Yet H.G.Wells had not an enemy on earth. (Shaw)
10). We need a Government which believes in planning ahead for jobs and which will use available labour to
build homes for the British people. (The Daily Mirror)
11). The influence and authority of the U.N. Secretariat depends to an extent (though not nearly to the extent
that is popularly supposed) on the talents of one individual – the Secretary-General. The job is a peculiar
one.(Lyon)
12). The assumption that there is a special relationship between London and Washington irritates the French.
(The Guardian)
13). Perhaps he would achieve some sort of peace, the peace of an elderly man, a peace of cosy retirement.
(Murdoch)
14). The dreamy Caleb still stood watching his blind daughter with the same expression on his face. (Dickens)
15). She turned from the sleeping Lanny and went to the fire. (Abrahams)
16). The main advantage of Esperanto as a world language is that Esperanto is a neutral language. It doesn’t
have the national, political, and cultural bias that all others, of course, have. If everybody has to learn a
second language, then everybody is equal. (The Observer)
17). The group of managing and marketing directors from 9 national subsidiaries of a large international
company had gathered in a European capital city for a three-day meeting with a dual purpose. (The
International Management)
18). She identified the lady as a Miss Hale. (Gaskell)
19). You’ll strain your eyes if you read in a bad light. (The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)
20). I said in surprise that meter readers usually put readings down in a book. He said that he had had a book
but that it had been burnt in the fire in Mr. Smith’s house. (Thomson and Martinet)
21). There is a curate appointed to read prayers – a Mr. Brown. (Gaskell)
22). Mr. Bell has recommended me to a Mr. Thornton, a tenant of his, and a very intelligent man, as far as I
can judge from his letters. (Gaskell)
23). This has led to the theory that they did not exist 2,000 years ago, a theory scientists do not take seriously.
(The National Geographic)
24). The young girl who first made them gave her recipe to a Mr. Billet, who, after her death, opened a
“Maids of Honour” shop in Richmond. A certain Mr. Newen went to work in Mr. Biller’s shop and bought
the recipe from the owner for a thousand guineas. The present Mr. Newen still makes them by hand at 288
Kew Road, Kew Gardens. (British Airways Highlife)
25). I was surprised, however, to find from what Mr. Horsfall said, that there were others who thought in so
diametrically opposite a manner, as the Mr. Morison he spoke about. (Gaskell)
26). To Sherlock Holmes she was always the Woman.I have seldom heard him mention her under any other
name. (Doyle)
27). Here is a lady who says she saw you in Sorrento last week and knows who you are and would like to
meet you. (Fitzgerald)
28). “The plot?” inquired Rosemary, half understanding. “Is there a plot?” (Fitzgerald)
29). All the resident young men spoke of her as the Madam. (Joyce)
30). They hadn’t met a soul for miles. (Galsworthy)
31).The only sensible solution in Iraq is a peace which would withdraw American troops. (The Moscow
Times)
32).Only in the fields where talent cannot be hidden have the young conquered-the theatre, music, football,
computers, physics, fashion.(The Daily Mail)
e.g. It is easy for you to say that. – Вам легко это говорить.
It is necessary for the goods to be packed in strong cases. – Необходимо, чтобы товары были
упакованы в крепкие ящики.
The 1st thing for me to do is to find out when the steamer arrives. – Первое, что я должен сделать,
это выяснить, когда прибывает пароход.
The water was too cold for the children to bathe. – Вода была слишком холодна, чтобы дети
могли купаться.
e.g. The delegation is reported to have left Moscow. – Сообщают, что делегация уехала из Москвы.
e.g. The delegation is reported to have left Moscow. –Делегация, как сообщают, уехала из Москвы.
e.g. The price is considered by the buyers to be too high. – Покупатели считают, что цена слишком
высокая.
e.g. The goods are unlikely to be unloaded today. – Маловероятно, что (Вряд ли) товары будут
разгружены сегодня.
He is sure to be asked about it. – Его непременно спросят об этом.
С прилагательным «likely» вместо «to be» иногда употребляется «to seem» и «to appear».
e.g. They seem most likely to have received our letter. – Вероятнее всего (кажется весьма вероятным),
что они уже получили наше письмо.
The goods appear unlikely to arrive at the end of the week. – Кажется маловероятным, что товары
прибудут в конце недели.
There seem likely to be some objections to your proposal. – Кажется вероятным, что будут
некоторые возражения против вашего предложения.
e.g. The delegates who are likely to arrive tomorrow will be lodged at this hotel. – Делегаты, которые,
вероятно, прибудут завтра, будут размещены в этой гостинице.
Оборот «именительный падеж с инфинитивом» очень распространён в газетном стиле, с
одной стороны, благодаря своей сжатости, а с другой стороны – потому что он даёт
возможность избежать ответственности за помещаемую информацию.
I woke one morning to find myself famous. – Я проснулся в одно прекрасное утро и обнаружил,
что я знаменит.
Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения:
1). The success of the poem gave Byron every right to write in his diary: “I woke one morning to find myself
famous.”(The Guardian)
2). He looked round to see Harry coming up from behind. (Lindsay)
3). Two young men were arrested only to be released. (Leacock)
4). He had picked up a Kansas City paper – the Star – only to realize that his worst fear in regard to all that
had occurred had come true. (Dreiser)
5). I have spent many weary hours in hunting up words and forms given in Matzner’s grammar, merely to find
that they have no existence. (Sweet)
6). He had had a tremendous quarrel with her in her flat and she had walked out and left him there, only to
discover, when she returned 3 hours later, that he had shot himself. (Priestly)
7). Mrs. June Makin woke early to find two burglars carrying her TV set from her home. (The Daily Mail)
8). Although the mill, a former military factory, filters the tons of waste water it pours into Baikal every day,
enough toxic chemicals reach the lake to kill creatures in a contaminated zone of about a square kilometer
and a half. (The Moscow Times)
9). I woke up to find the room full of smoke. (The Daily Mirror)
10). Both fervently hope that Jeffrey’s two toddlers will grow up to be Timberland bosses. (The Economist)
11). A small number of people live to be 80 in Russia. (The Moscow Times)
12). The company itself has had a complicated history, passing out of the hands of chemists Lea and Perrins in
the 1930’s to join HP sauces. (The Independent)
13). They made their way to the hotel only to find it dark and deserted. (Dreiser)
14). You shouldn’t give the child everything he wants. You shouldn’t satisfy his every craving for food, drink
and comfort. Otherwise, he will grow up to believe the world owes him a living. (Focus Magazine)
15). Then in 1984 we saw a drop of 2% to return to the 1980 figure. (The Financial Times)
16). We talked for a while and then I looked round to find that he had gone. (Gaskell)
17). “One of my pupils cancelled our appointment and I came back looking forward to Mr. Thornton’s lesson,
only to discover that he also fears he might find himself too busy to read this evening. (Gaskell)
18). The most magnificent date from the 10th and 11th centuries when wealthy noblemen competed with each
other to establish the best churches and monasteries. (The National Geographic)
19). When the lava cooled quickly, it solidified to form quite hard, monolithic rocks. (The National
Geographic)
20). For example, in Shakespeare’s days very few people lived to be 40. Even as late as 1900, most people
could expect to live to be 50 or so. But a boy born today will probably reach the age of 75. Women
generally live longer than men, so a girl born today will probably live to the age of 80. In the future, people
will probably live much longer than that. So maybe one of us will live long enough to hear an orchestra
whose members are all over 100. (Men’s Health)
21). Then she told Pongo her story. She had eight puppies, but one afternoon she woke up to find not one
puppy in bed with her. (Smith)
22). And here he comes if I am not mistaken to resolve all our doubts. (Doyle)
23). Health experts worry the virus could combine with human flu to create a drug-resistant bug that could
cause the world’s next pandemic. (The Moscow Times)
24). He turned halfway along the 3rd floor corridor, to see Fred and George peering out at him behind a statue
of a humpbacked one-eyed witch. (Rowling)
25). The lucky residents woke up to find biscuits with heart stickers stuck to their doors, gates and cars. (The
Daily Mail)
26). He went out to find himself surrounded by the enemies. (The Daily Mail)
27). As the most passionate worshipper of every word he was saying and every gesture he was making I came
here only to realize all my expectancies were ruined. (Sheldon)
28). It is often said that any child born in the US can grow up to become president, because one doesn’t need
to come from the upper class or have an important family to become president, although these things
sometimes help. (Newsweek)
29). As our country received its birthright from the peoples of many lands who were gathered on these shores
to found a new nation, so did the pattern of the Stars and Stripes rise from several origins back in the mists
of antiquity to become emblazoned on the standards of our infant republic. (Time)
30).Sally looked up to see Dinny Quin coming towards her. But a Dinny she had never met before.(Prichard)
31).In the early 1960s, Levi Strauss was sky-rocketing. American films and music had spread to Europe and
jeans had come to symbolize a new, youth culture.(The Economist)
e.g. The sun having risen, they continued their way. – После того как солнце взошло, они продолжили
свой путь.
2) причину, соответствуя придаточному предложению причины.
e.g. The day being piercing cold, he had no desire to loiter. – Так как день был пронизывающе
холодным, он не имел желания медлить.
3) сопутствующие обстоятельства, соответствуя самостоятельному предложению, которое
стоит в конце и вводится одним из сочинительных союзов (причем, в то время как, а).
e.g. The wool was placed in the warеhouse, the cotton being forwarded to the factory. – Шерсть была
помещена на склад, а хлопок был отправлен на фабрику.
В некоторых случаях такие самостоятельные причастные обороты переводятся на
русский язык или самостоятельными предложениями с сочинительным союзом «и», или
самостоятельным предложением, не присоединенным ни одним из сочинительных союзов.
e.g. Business on the London Mental Exchange was very brisk that day, over one thousand
tons of tin being sold in the afternoon. – В тот день сделки на лондонской бирже металлов были
очень оживленные, и во второй половине дня было продано свыше 1000 тонн олова.(или:Во
второй половине дня было продано свыше тысячи тонн олова.)
В ряде случаев самостоятельный причастный оборот, выражающий сопутствующие
обстоятельства, может переводиться на русский язык деепричастным оборотом со значением
образа действия.
e.g. She stood silent, her lips pressed together. – Она стояла молча, плотно сжав губы.
He stood with his arms folded. – Он стоял, скрестив руки на груди.
4) условие, соответствуя придаточному предложению условия.
e.g. Weather permitting, the ship will leave port tomorrow. – Если погода позволит, пароход выйдет
из порта завтра.
В самостоятельных причастных оборотах встречаются все формы причастия
действительного и страдательного залога. Past Participle встречается реже других форм.
Самостоятельный причастный оборот с Past Participle чаще всего выражает время.
e.g. His story told, he leaned back and sighed. – Когда его история была рассказана, он откинулся
назад и вздохнул.
Present Participle следует переводить глаголом в настоящем времени, если сказуемое
выражено глаголом в настоящем времени, и глаголом в прошедшем времени, если сказуемое
выражено глаголом в прошедшем времени, т.к. Present Participle выражает действие
одновременное с действием глагола-сказуемого.
e.g. That plant produces/produced large quantities of pig-iron, most of the pig-iron being turned into
steel. – Этот завод производит/производил большое количество чугуна, причем большая
часть этого чугуна перерабатывается/перерабатывалась в сталь.
Present Participle может переводиться глаголом в настоящем времени и в том случае,
когда сказуемое выражено глаголом в прошедшем времени, т.к. Present Participle может
выражать также действие, совпадающее с моментом речи, независимо от времени глагола-
сказуемого.
e.g. The steamer could not enter the dock, its length exceeding 120 metres. – Пароход не мог войти в
док, т.к. его длина превышает 120 метров.
Perfect Participle всегда переводится глаголом в прошедшем времени, т.к. Perfect
Participle всегда выражает действие, предшествующее действию, выраженному глаголом-
сказуемым.
e.g. The goods having been unloaded, the workers left the port. – После того как товары были
разгружены, рабочие ушли из порта.
В современном английском языке самостоятельные причастные обороты могут
начинаться с предлогов «with» и «without». Такие обороты, как правило, выражают
сопутствующие обстоятельства или причину.
e.g. With the USA and Great Britain spending large sums on rearmament, it is hard to believe that there
can be any serious decline in the demand for metals. – Т.к. США и Великобритания тратят
большие суммы на перевооружение, трудно предположить, что может быть серьезное
снижение спроса на металл.
He was slowly and carefully spreading the papers on the table, with Tom closely watching. – Он
медленно и аккуратно раскладывал бумаги на столе, а Том внимательно наблюдал за ним.
11). I have his name written down because I know you find it difficult to remember Chinese names. (Greene)
12). Have your secretary type it at once. (Hammett)
13). I won’t have her insulted. You’ve no right. (Greene)
14). I made him feel uneasy. (Galsworthy)
15). He had little hope of making them understand it. (Aldridge)
16). They were not respectable folk but they could cause things to be accomplished. (Kipling)
17). Senior managers’ attitudes to women’s employment are changing more slowly than corporate image-
makers would make you believe.(The Economist)
18). Aunt Alexandra stared him to silence. (Dane)
19). She had tended them, mothered them into life. (Dane)
20). The strikers can’t be bluffed and bullied into submission. (The Guardian)
21). He tried to bounce me into a rash decision by concealing half the facts. (The Longman Dictionary of
Contemporary English)
22). “Using your hands and exploring with your hands and exploring with your senses is a way to get people
to think”, says Ms. Thomas.(The Guardian)
23). The 1st explosions cause a building to start falling and the process gets faster as the explosions move
upwards. (Focus Magazine)
24). Each language has its own personality, or “speech-feeling”, which limits its speakers to a certain way of
thinking .( Focus Magazine)
25). The Biblical story of the Tower of Babel says that God forced people to speak many languages in order to
reduce their power. (Focus Magazine)
26). During centuries of colonialism, European missionaries and administrators forced Third World people
into giving up their own languages. (Focus Magazine)
27). It is no coincidence that the crater (which was caused by a kilometre-wide meteor crashing into the earth
at 86,000 km/h) contains diamonds. (The National Geographic)
28). Intensifying international competition and high domestic costs are forcing German business – among
others – into radical restructuring and a much greater reliance on global securities markets. (The Financial
Times)
29). He stopped terrified by the glance that bid him be silent. (Steinbeck)
30). You ought to keep him looked up. (Galsworthy)
31). The exertion of making themselves heard was too great. (Galsworthy)
32). Why did you start me talking before I finished my work? (Shaw)
33). The thought sent him cold with panic. (Carter)
34). The shock sent him spinning. (Conrad)
35). He gave a short laugh that left his lips fixed in a queer fierce smile. (Galsworthy)
36). The night left him a wreck. (Wallace)
37). This concrete tenacity renders a family so formidable a unit of society. (Galsworthy)
38). What he has done names him the master realist of English drama. (Quincey)
39). Probably other readers have had this trick tried on them. (The Daily Mirror)
40). “We’ve just had our house painted. Why don’t you?” “I’m going to do it myself.” “We had men in white
overalls do ours”. (Newsweek)
41). This, combined with the one million barrels of leaded petrol used per day, has caused pollution levels to
sky-rocket. (The Guardian)
42). She governed the house cunningly and firmly, knew when to give credit, when to be stern and when to let
things pass. (Joyce)
43). An acute heart attack is believed to happen when a tear in plaque inside a narrowed coronary artery
causes platelets to aggregate, forming a clot that blocks the flow of blood .(Men’s Health)
44). She wanted to be a surgeon, but a serious eye infection forced her to abandon the idea. (Newsweek)
45). Sequoyah’s desire to preserve words and events to later generations has caused him to be remembered
among the important inventors. (The National Geographic)
46). Watched by colleagues, George Mallory and Andrew Irving set out to get to the final peak. The pair had
almost reached it when they were enveloped by cloud and never seen again. No one knows whether or not
they conquered Everest, but new evidence discovered in the 1980s has led many people to believe they did.
(The National Geographic)
5. Слова-заместители
____________________
1
Повтор очень распространен в английском языке, но его употребление всегда должно быть логически и
стилистически оправдано, иначе он воспринимается как нечто ненужное, как стилистическое нарушение. Этим
отчасти объясняется такое широкое употребление слов-заместителей.
Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения:
1). The table was a round one. (Dickens)
2). The workers are the ones who count in elections, in peaceful production and in war. (Johnstone)
3). What is peculiar about the fur of moles compared with that of most other furry animals? (The Daily
Mirror)
4). A direct object is that upon which the action described by the verb is performed. (Pence)
5). When our children can read and write their names, then they will no longer live in poor houses like the
ones here.(Abrahams)
6). He had seen no daily paper all week, and strangely to him, felt no desire to see one. (London)
7). Gitano’s body was as straight as that of a young man. (Steinbeck)
8). But it (bicycle) was then solid-tired and grotesquely composed of one five-foot wheel and one tiny one.
(Furnace)
9). One of the great periods of social and political change in the ancient world was that which saw the final
breakdown of the Roman Republic and the creation of the Empire. (The Guardian)
10). The thought had been mingled in my nightmares with that of the one-legged seafaring man. (Stevenson)
11).If you think this sounds very complicated, you are correct.It is.(Yates)
12). An ugly pair of 1960’s concrete blocks of flats, situated in one of the poorest areas of the East End of
London, was an unlikely location for a party. But recently Hackney Council held one for local residents
that quite literally went off with a bang .(Focus Magazine)
13). When I was a kid, my family could only afford to send one child to private piano lessons – it was
expensive – and my older sister got to be the one to go. (British Airways Highlife)
14). Of course, I wanted to act, but many other people also did .(British Airways Highlife)
15). Once a producer didn’t like my name, I tried a new one but it wasn’t a success either so I went back to the
old one. (British Airways Highlife)
16). His incredible career, and the legend which developed around his impressive personality, was that of a
man of action, a devil-may-care adventurer, a brave war correspondent, an amateur boxer, a big-game
hunter and deep-sea fisherman, the victim of 3 car accidents and 2 plane crashes, a man of 4 wives and
many loves, but above all a brilliant writer of stories and novels. (Focus Magazine)
17). Indeed, the tourists speaking French might have been Belgians or Canadians; those speaking Russian
could have been Lithuanians; and the ones speaking Japanese might have been doing so for the benefit of a
distant relative from Tokyo. (Focus Magazine)
18). More pessimistic estimates state that only about 200 languages, those protected as official languages or
spoken by more than a million people, will survive until the year 2,100 A.D. There are hundreds of
languages which are spoken by fewer than 1,000 people and these will be the 1st to go. (Focus Magazine)
19). His work took much longer to gain acceptance than that of the Impressionists – an injustice for which
Cezanne bitterly resented his former artistic colleagues .(The European)
20). The English language is spoken all over Scotland with a variety of regional accents, but all of these can
be at once recognized as Scottish. (British Airways Highlife)
21). Many grown birds eat both seeds and insects and feed these to their babies. (The National Geographic)
22). The dog that does not come home as well as the one that does is a large field of research for the
inquisitive mind, and scepticism in such matters is scarcely a method of investigation. (The National
Geographic)
23). His own background gave him the basic materials for his best novels, which were realistic comedies of
lower-middle-class life. In these he was at his peak as an artist .(Focus Magazine)
24). Progress in art is unthinkable without that in technology; they always go hand in hand. (The Guardian)
25). The films which held their attention were the ones with the simplest situations and the ones which
appealed to their emotions or humour .(Le Monde)
26). We looked at a lot of nurseries in the neighbourhood. We wanted a lively and friendly nursery school
with plenty of activities. Fortunately, our daughter is very content in the one we found .(British Airways
Highlife)
27). He has promised he won’t go there again, but I think he’s too addicted to stop. Even if he wanted to, he
couldn’t – and he doesn’t. (The Daily Telegraph)
28). The Parliament has different committees. Briefly, these consist of two main types. (O’Driscoll)
29). We’ve got exams, Mum. How can anyone learn lines when they’ve got those to worry about? (Paran)
30). Two smaller groups of strong-cultured companies were selected for closer study. The 1st one comprised
high-performing firms whose net profits had, on average, increased by three times as much over an 11-year
period as those in the 2nd one .(The Economist)
31). Clara, uninvited, thought she might as well step in, so she did. (Drabble)
32). In many fields the science of the Mayas surpassed that of the Greeks and the Romans. (The National
Geographic)
33). In Chichen Itza they built observatories whose domes were better orientated than the one erected in Paris
in the 17th century. (The National Geographic)
34). Soaps are human stories-dealing with the feelings and emotions of their characters. We like looking into
soap characters’ lives – especially ordinary ones. If people are talking and thinking about human
behaviour, it means they are increasing their understanding of human nature and learning to make their
own judgements. Who is to say that these are any less valuable than the ones made about characters in
literature – or in real life? (The Daily Mail)
35). The monks decorated the walls and ceilings with simple designs yet ones symbolic of early Christianity,
such as crosses, fish, pomegranates and the palm tree of Paradise .(The National Geographic)
36). A long ladder provided the only route to the top and this could be drawn up by the monks in case of
danger. (The National Geographic)
37). Many of them don’t last the course, though. Those that do, however, can look forward to a career which
can earn them between $800 and $1000 per day, depending on who the client is, of course. (The European)
38). Good news doesn’t usually make headlines. Bad news does. (The Gardian)
39). Many stolen paintings have a strange history. But one of the strangest was that of a painting by the
famous 16th century painter Bruegel, stolen from the Courtauld Institute in London in the Eighties.(The
Sunday Times)
40). His manner was not effusive. It seldom was; but he was glad, I think, to see me .(Doyle)
41). In this case I found her biography sandwiched in between that of a Hebrew rabbi and that of a staff -
commander who had written a monograph upon the deep-sea fishes. (Doyle)
42). In 1930 Scotland Yard set up its first single fingerprint classification system to enable officers to compare
fingerprints found on the scene of the crime with those of criminals known to the police. (The Sunday
Times)
43). “All we know is that the blackguard’s gone to Paris”. – “I thought they got on so well”. “So they did.”
(Maugham)
44). He occupies one of those pleasant detached houses in the mixed style that make the western end of the
Upper Sandgate Road so interesting. His is the one with the Flemish gables and the Moorish portico.
(Wells)
45). The discovery that there was Celtic blood about this family had excited one who believed that he was
Celt himself. (Galsworthy)
46). Many observed that the finds on Easter Island recalled in many ways the relics of the prehistoric
civilizations of South America. Perhaps there had once been a bridge of land over the sea, and this had
sunk? (Heyerdahl)
e.g. A crisis meeting is being held in London next Monday between secretaries of the printing trade
unions and the proprietors of the Daily Sketch. (The Daily Mail) – В будущий понедельник в
Лондоне состоится встреча между секретарями профессиональных союзов печатников и
владельцами «Дейли Скетч» в связи с возникшим конфликтом.
Легкость и свобода образования определений путем соположения иногда приводит к
таким нагромождениям, которые не всегда бывают сразу понятны, т.к. они нелегки для
восприятия, и тогда из-за своей громоздкости атрибутивная группа в какой-то степени теряет
свои положительные качества и свою целесообразность.
Кроме того, следует отметить, что т.к. в английском языке (в силу его аналитического
характера) семантические связи между определением и определяемым гораздо шире 1, чем в
русском языке, то определения, образованные соположением, иногда допускают разные
толкования, и их истинный смысл может быть раскрыт только благодаря знанию ситуации.
Таким образом, очень часто правильный перевод невозможен без тщательного анализа макро-
контекста, который помогает понять значение данной атрибутивной группы в каждом
конкретном случае.
e.g. It was the period of the broad western hemisphere and world pre-war united people’s front struggle
against fascism. (The Times) – Это был период широкой предвоенной борьбы против фашизма
за единый народный фронт в Западном полушарии и во всем мире.
The country was a prey to the confusion into which the Heath news plunged it. (The Times)
В данном случае речь идет о том, что Хит 2 решил не подавать в отставку и предложил
либералам образовать коалиционное правительство, то есть правильным является второе
толкование:
«Страну терзают общественные волнения, вызванные заявлением, сделанным Хитом.»
(«Сообщение Хита ввергло страну в смятение.»)
Отдельную группу атрибутивных сочетаний составляют фразовые сочетания. К ним
относятся цитаты, пословицы, поговорки, лозунги. Они могут состоять из целого
предложения или части предложения. Они имеют своеобразное графическое оформление (их
компоненты обычно соединены дефисами или заключены в кавычки), благодаря чему они
очень заметны и сразу бросаются в глаза.
Особенно разнообразны и выразительны фразовые сочетания, встречающиеся в
художественной литературе. К ним часто прибегают авторы для описания выражения лица,
внешности, манеры поведения.
e.g. There was a man with a don’t-say-anything-to-me-or-I’ll-contradict-you face. (Dickens) – Там был
человек, на лице которого было написано: что бы вы мне ни говорили, я все равно буду вам
противоречить.
Фразовые сочетания встречаются и в научной прозе, которая допускает эмоциональную
окраску (например, в работах по гуманитарным наукам).
e.g. The ‘Shakespeare was somebody else’ theories. (McNight) – Теории, что Шекспир был не
Шекспиром, а кем-то другим.
Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания и
предложения:
Take-home pay; a heavier-than-air machine; the brink-of-war policy; a pay-and-hours claim; a right-to-strike
pledge; a smash-and-grab raid; a Five-Nation resolution; Beeching dinner row; three Nicosia Greek-language
newspapers; the corporation’s civic amenities committee; the shadow cabinet defence minister; the public
opinion poll results; mail train robbery case; the world’s first push-button controlled solid fuel central heating
system; a special temporary non-pensionable cost-of-living adjustment; a handful of dates and a cup of coffee
habit; “pull down the slums” march; a white-washing “our policemen are wonderful” report; hand-to-hand
fighting; a poison gas expert; a five-hundred-dollar-a-week contract; a before-breakfast pipe; state forest fire
losses; a “tomorrow we die” feeling; disaster relief coordinator; their guessed, but unknown perils; week-end
patrol by ex-servicemen in the canal zone; potato-crisp munchers;( the) decimal report (of Lord Halsbury’s
committee); a house search; the wounded figure; fireside death; first topless jail term; avalanche death; grain
silo death; American Express’s leather luggage tags; lower-income car buyers; standard product categories;
across-the-board cancer prevention; the free art festival and artists’ studio walk; ex-cabinet ministers; a
fantastic dream world; aircraft and navigation equipment; circus lion in horror break-out; a major bank
robbery; animal rights activists; land reclamation schemes; talent scout; informal cultural elements; hi-tech
thievery; hi-tech bandits and mischief-makers; new-product team; twin-line kite competitions; gap-year
students.
1). Unfortunately, it never seemed to be chocolate cake and silver teapot day when Lady Montdore came.
(Mitford)
2). The government is faced with the need to provide both rapid and effective disaster aid for masses of poor
people made even poorer by the muddy waters 5 or 6 feet deep that now cover hundreds of miles of the
country. (Newsweek)
3). Meanwhile a three-man orchestra struck up briskly. ( Isherwood)
2
4). It was all agreed that this gallery was to put on a one-man show and give every one a chance to see my
work .(Waine)
5). Columnist Jack Anderson disclosed the minutes of the National Security Council’s Washington Special
Action Group discussions of the Indo-Pakistan war. (Newsweek)
6). To the well-wined pavement cafe patron he remarks with a shrug, “But the foreigners love the music”.
(Newsweek)
7). Apart from variations of expression he really had three faces: the young, open, boyish one, which I saw
most often in love and loved best; the petulant, explosive, tormented one, without patience and without
malice, which was rooted in his paintings, his work, his drive to create, and the narrow, cautious one, eye-
on-the-door, whisper-behind-your-hand, money envious, the one most rarely seen-at least by me. (Graham)
8). The paintings buyer is two special separate breeds really, you know. Quite separate, see. There’s the one
kind – the with-it, art-conscious, glossy-magazine-buying, demi-semi-avant-guarde junior executive.
(Graham)
9). We had that “all’s well with the world feeling” after an enjoyable breakfast at a village inn. (Newsweek)
10). The eternally-asked, never-to-be-answered question, why people could not mind their own business. (Mc
Night)
11). The “call a spade a spade” ideal of Swift should once more be called to mind. (Mc Night)
12) John was of the look-before-you-leap and think-before-you-speak sort. (Mc Night)
13). He said it with a please-leave-me-alone expression. (Isherwood)
14). Scanning his face I observed on it an “if-you-would-only-be-guided-by-me” expression which annoyed
me greatly. (Wodehouse)
15). Ned explained this to me with his “Where-would-he-be-without-me?” look firmly in place. (Waine)
16). Salons which cater to a budget-minded clientele. (The New York Times)
17). Glasgow faces evening paper closure crisis. (The Guardian)
18). He glanced up at the Richard portrait and went back to his professional inspection. (Tey)
19). Neither spoke again until he drew up to the Barley house. (O’Hara)
20). Official IRA denies Falls Road Killing. The Belfast command of the Official IRA yesterday said that it
was not connected with the murder of John Crawford of Andersonstown whose body was found near the
Falls Road late on Wednesday. (The Times)
21). Christmas Roads kill 94. (The Times)
22). Embassy Protests. Deputations will be going to the American Embassy in Grosvenor Square next
Monday to protest against Iraq bombings. (The Times)
23). The Rev. Philip Knight, rector of St Mary’s Church, Rolleston, yesterday made a pulpit appeal to
parishioners to help the police. (The Daily Mirror)
24). Gibraltar Row Goes to U.N. (The Times)
25). Palace Protest Goes Ahead. On Sunday, Londoners intend to stage their protest at Buckingham Palace
about London’s Homeless. (The Times)
26). Juggernaut protest. Singer Vera Lynn yesterday led a protest march of residents five abreast carrying
banners in Ditchling (Sussex) against Continental Juggernaut Lorries. (The Daily Mail)
27). As the two miles of pompous grief passed through the streets of London, every citizen stood at his
doorway holding a lighted taper. (Morton)
28). All through the long foreign summer the American tourist abroad has been depressed by the rubber
quality of his dollar. (Newsweek)
29). According to “Host school language dominant” which is the 1st approach, the language of the school’s
operators is the basic language of instruction. (Flisi)
30). The Italian clothes maker’s autumn 1991 campaign includes an ad picturing a not-so-platonic kiss
between a priest and a nun clad in old-fashioned habits. (The Economist)
31). A campaign that backfires in one market often wins awards in others: the white-baby-black-breast ad that
shocked America won awards in France and Italy. (The Economist)
32). In line with its “united colours” global philosophy, Benetton shows the same ads around the world. (The
Economist)
33). Currently at the top of the developed-world age league tables of 33 countries is Japan with an average life
expectancy of 79.1 – a rise of seven and a half years for men and eight years for women since 1965.
(Men’s Health)
34) “Host language country dominant” on the other hand; is when the basic language of instruction is that of
the country where the school is situated. (Flisi)
35). Proposals include taking control of private parking and issuing licences (at a fee) for spaces, removing
almost half the existing parking meters, encouraging “park and ride” travellers and most controversially,
reintroducing a modified scheme of supplementary licensing. Although this idea was abandoned 2 years
ago as impractical, transport planners are nevertheless drawing up proposals for what is now described as
an “area licensing scheme” which would allow only permit holders into central areas. (The Guardian)
36). The linear, time-conscious Nothern Europeans discovered the mysteries of their Latin colleagues’ flexible
approach to time and capacity to deal with several projects simultaneously. (International Management)
37). Note how Honda’s motorcycle engine-building skills enabled it to move into cars in the late 1960s. (The
Economist)
38). You probably won’t even notice that you’re going through what has been called the “roid rage” since you
will be too occupied with building up mass. But others will see, and even experience, your personality
changes. (Men’s Health)
39). Marion Garai, coordinator of the Rhino and Elephant Foundation’s elephant research programme, says
that some of the orphan elephants attached themselves to a herd of rhinos after arriving in Pilanesberg,
looking for support. (The European)
40). This is the World Human-Powered Submarine Race Championships. (The Guardian)
41). Ideal propeller speed for one of these subs has been estimated at 50 revolutions per minute. (The
Guardian)
42). The British consumer goods market has been free from any global encroachments for quite some time.
(The Financial Times)
43). Madrid, March 18.
Spanish police arrested 5 more suspects – 4 Moroccans and 1 Spaniard – in connection with last week’s
deadly morning rush hour train bombings. At least one of the suspects was wanted in connection with
suicide attacks in the Moroccan city of Casablanca last year. (The Guardian)
44).He had yesterday changed his mind about going to the Clay funeral. The Tisdall evidence progressing
normally, he had seen no need to give himself a harrowing hour which he could avoid. (Tey)
45).Grain Silo Death. Mr.Arthur Farmer, aged 21, died yesterday when he fell into a grain silo at Llynclyst,
while cleaning it. (The Times)
46).Fireside Death. When a relative called to leave a Christmas gift for Miss Isabella Thekston…she found
her lying dead with her clothes smouldering by a fireplace which was wrecked. (The Daily Mail)
47).First Topless Jail Term. Athens dancer and stripper Polycrati Themis was yesterday sentenced to three
months in jail for wearing a topless swimsuit. (The Daily Mail)
48).We slept little that week, fearing a house search by S.S. troops. (The Moscow News)
49).Decimal Report. The report of Lord Halsbury’s committee on decimalization of Britain’s currency is to be
published today. (The Times)
б) Разное управление
Поскольку слово, отношение к которому выражает предлог, может быть отделено от
основного компонента словосочетания, постольку к одному и тому же слову может быть
выражено несколько отношений при помощи двух или более предлогов. Это явление тесно
связано с исчезновением флексии в английском языке и представляет известную трудность
при переводе.
e.g. The U.N.Charter says that all international differences must be settled by peaceful means, and not by
threats of, or resort to, force. (The Moscow News) – Устав ООН гласит, что все международные
споры должны урегулироваться мирными средствами, а не угрозами применения силы или
применением силы.
He called for, and got, sympathy in the way most of us could never do. (Snow) – Он требовал и
добивался сочувствия, но большинство из нас никогда бы не смогли действовать подобным
образом.
2) два существительных;
3) глагол и существительное;
В русском языке это часто невозможно, ибо разное управление требует и разных
падежей.
Следует обратить внимание на своеобразную пунктуацию, которая указывает на
синтаксические связи между членами предложения: если зависимое слово следует за
последним предлогом, то на письме оно часто, но не всегда, отделяется от него запятой
(таким образом, запятая отделяет предлог или глагол от дополнения).
Перевод таких предложения требует очень внимательного отношения к русским
падежам. Как правило, слова, употребленные в английском языке с разными предлогами,
относящимися к одному и тому же члену предложения, при переводе на русский язык
требуют разных дополнений. Таким образом, при переводе редко можно обойтись одним
дополнением, обычно приходится вводить другое в соответствующем падеже. Однако, если в
русском языке оба слова требуют дополнения в одном и том же падеже, то при переводе
можно ограничиться одним дополнением.
Бывают также случаи, когда в английском языке оба слова требуют прямого
дополнения, а соответствующие им русские слова требуют дополнения в разных падежах.
e.g. But some day, we must hope, the concerned and understanding fractions of our nation will coalesce
in a party which, having the confidence of the great majority, can govern and reconstruct the
country. (Newsweek) – Но мы должны надеяться, что однажды, те фракции, которые
понимают свою страну и беспокоятся о её будущем, объединятся в такую партию, которая,
обладая доверием огромного большинства, сумеет реформировать страну и управлять ею.
1). The old man had seen many great fish. (Hemingway)
2). Ichthyology is that branch of zoology which treats of the internal and external structure of fishes.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
3). There were long unexplained silences between her letters. (Longman Dictionary of English Language and
Culture)
4). A new glass works has been built near the village. (Newsweek)
5). Russian exports to China as well as Russian imports from that country have greatly increased. (Newsweek)
6). This drink is made from 4 tropical fruits. (Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture)
7). The government must evolve new policies to reduce unemployment. (Longman Dictionary of English
Language and Culture)
8). The government is making some fresh initiatives to try to resolve the dispute. (Longman Dictionary of
English Language and Culture)
9). There was a lack of local talent, so the drama group hired an actor from London. There was a competition
to encourage young talent. (Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture)
10). We have two vacations a year. (School Leaver Magazine)
11). Strikes broke out in many British industries. (The Times)
12). She felt embarrassed by his persistent attentions. (Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture)
13). A German of 55 has seen 2 wars, 2 defeats, 2 terrors, an inflation and 3 major economic crises. (The
Times)
14). Every endeavour will also be made to find alternative employment for all men becoming redundant. (The
Daily Mirror)
15). Appearances are deceitful, never judge by appearances! (Longman Dictionary of English Language and
Culture)
16). We’re trying to make a few economies. (Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture)
17). Most of the countries in the region have unstable economies. (Longman Dictionary of English Language
and Culture)
18). They are able to keep their costs low because of economies of scale. (Longman Dictionary English
Language and Culture)
19). Lanny stood looking at the lorry rolling away, with his cheek burning and his fists clenched. (Abrahams)
20). The problem is now beginning to affect our national economies. (McCarthy and O’Dell)
21). “Pain! No”, replied Mrs. Hale, her cheek flushing. (Gaskell)
22). Margaret carried them (letters) back to her mother, who untied the silken string with trembling fingers;
and, examining their dates, she gave them to Margaret to read, making her hurried, anxious remarks on
their contents, almost before her daughter could have understood what they were. (Gaskell)
23). Her sallow cheek flushed, and her eye lightened, as she answered. (Gaskell)
24). By 1815 the value of imports arriving in New York harbor was double that of Boston and three times that
of Philadelphia, the major colonial ports before the Revolutionary War. (Newsweek)
25). “As long as the human heart is strong and the human mind is weak the monarchy shall live”, wrote
Walter Bagehot, a prominent political ideologist of the Victorian epoch, “because monarchies rest on the
feelings and republics on the senses.” (The Times)
26). Thus what I shall be saying here and in later chapters is based not only on my own experiences, but also
on those of others, many of whom have taken their children cruising around the world .(Cornell)
27). That cookbook for dieting claims you can eat as much as you like as long as you stick to the foods they
recommend and I’ve had bad experiences with that sort of thing. (Men’s Health)
28). There is insufficient evidence to suggest that he was there on the night of the murder. (Christie)
29). The witness gave her evidence in a clear firm voice. (Christie)
30).To prevent a thermonuclear war should be the supreme duty of every person of good will. (Endicott)
31).Many of the criticisms made by the British Road Federation report are fully justified. (The Daily Mail)
32).What are the company employees’ attitudes towards these policies? (Longman Dictionary of English
Language and Culture)
33).Those aged between 19 and 35, with relevant experience of working with groups of children, can spend up
to 8 weeks teaching sporting arts and dramatic activities at camp and have time to travel around North
America afterwards. (School Leaver Magazine)
2. Замена частей речи
Замена частей речи обычно вызывается отсутствием той или иной конструкции в
русском языке, несовпадением в употреблении соответствующих форм и конструкций,
различным словоупотреблением, различными нормами сочетаемости в английском и
русском языках, отсутствием части речи с соответствующим значением в русском языке.
e.g. The actions of Congress and of North Carolina and Tennessee statesmen, aided by gifts of wise
conservationists, have set this land aside as Great Smoky National Park. (The National
Geographic) – Эта местность на берегу реки Смоки-Хилл была превращена в Национальный
парк благодаря усилиям конгресса и государственных деятелей штатов Северная Каролина и
Теннесси, а также пожертвованиям любителей природы, понимающих всю важность ее
сохранения.
The Times yesterday warned editorially…(The Guardian) – Вчера в своей передовой статье
газета «Таймс» предупреждала…
An attempted overthrow in Peru (The Times) – Попытка совершить переворот в Перу.
You give me food and drink and I’ll tell you how to sail the ship.(Stevenson) – Вы будете поить и
кормить меня, а я покажу вам, как управлять кораблем.
e.g. Abstentions on, and even votes against, the coming bill are certain in the Commons. (The Guardian)
– Когда в палате общин начнется голосование по предстоящему законопроекту, многие
несомненно воздержатся и даже будут голосовать против.
e.g. The expedition landrovers were frequently buzzing up and down amidst swarms of people and
animals. (Snailham) – Лэндроверы нашей экспедиции, жужжа моторами, часто пробирались
по шоссе, забитым людьми и вьючными животными.
A type of girl who taps her way to stardom in one day. (Time) – Это одна из тех девушек,
которые сразу, в один день, танцуя чечетку, становятся звездами.
e.g. My father was watching with mild blue-eyed interest. (Snow) – Мой отец с интересом смотрел
(на него) ласковым взглядом своих голубых глаз.
He waved a warning finger. (The National Geographic) – Он предостерегающе погрозил
пальцем.
The early horrors of the factory system. (Gaskell) – Ужасы фабричной системы на ранней
стадии ее развития.
3. Пассивная конструкция
Иногда, по ряду причин, какая-нибудь форма или конструкция имеет в одном языке
более широкое хождение, чем в другом. Ярким примером является пассив, столь
распространенный в английском языке.
Как и в русском языке, страдательный оборот, а не действительный, употребляется,
когда в центре внимания говорящего находится лицо или предмет, который подвергается
действию, а не лицо или предмет, который совершает действие. В страдательном обороте
название лица или предмета, который подвергается действию, является подлежащим и стоит
на первом месте, привлекая поэтому больше внимания, чем дополнение в действительном
обороте.
cf.: Pushkin wrote «Poltava» in 1828. – Пушкин написал «Полтаву» в 1828 г.
«Poltava» was written by Pushkin in 1828. – «Полтава» была написана Пушкиным в 1828 г.
have (to)
Have (to) выражает необходимость выполнения действия вследствие сложившихся
обстоятельств. Обычно это вынужденная необходимость (cf.:«пришлось», «приходится»).
Have (to) употребляется только в сочетании с неперфектной формой инфинитива, при
этом инфинитив всегда употребляется с частицей “to”.Употребленный с отрицанием, глагол
have (to) означает отсутствие необходимости.В разговорном стиле речи вместо have (to) в его
модальном значении может употребляться сочетание have got (to).
e.g. He had to wait nearly a quarter of an hour till the right number came up. (Lindsay) – Ему пришлось
прождать почти четверть часа, пока не подошел нужный ему номер.
It was a pleasure for her… not to have to go to work every morning. (Maugham) – Для нее было
удовольствием то, что ей не приходилось ходить на работу каждое утро.
“Well, we’ve got to do it!” said Val obstinately. (Galsworthy) – «Хорошо, нам придется это
сделать!» – сказал Вэл упрямо.
You don’t have to do it. – Вам нет необходимости делать это.
to be (to)
В своем модальном значении to be выражает необходимость как нечто ожидаемое,
предстоящее, намечающееся, предусмотренное – часто то, что должно неизбежно
совершиться в силу чьей-либо воли, договоренности, приказа, плана, предписания и т.д.
Глагол to be в значении необходимости употребляется обычно в формах настоящего и
прошедшего времени. В настоящем времени он употребляется только в сочетании с
неперфектной формой инфинитива, в прошедшем времени to be (to) может употребляться с
перфектной формой инфинитива, такое сочетание означает, что то, что должно было
свершиться, в действительности не имело места. Употребленный с отрицанием, to be (to)
выражает либо необходимость не делать что-либо, либо запрещение.
e.g. You are not to leave before I come back. – Ты не должен уходить прежде, чем я вернусь.
He was preparing his mind for the heavier work that was to come. (London) – Он мысленно
готовился к более тяжелой работе, которая ему предстояла.
“It was to be expected,” Mrs Morse said gently. (London) – «Этого следовало ожидать.» –
спокойно сказала миссис Морс.
According to the agreement rent was to be paid strictly in advance. (London) – Согласно
договоренности арендная плата должна была вноситься строго заранее.
The contract was to have been signed last week. – Контракт должен был быть подписан на
прошлой неделе (но не был подписан).
need
Need обычно употребляется с отрицанием и выражает отсутствие необходимости,
нецелесообразность. Иногда need употребляется без отрицания, обычно в риторических
вопросах, для выражения порицания, укоризны.
Need сочетается как с неперфектным, так и с перфектным инфинитивом. В сочетании с
перфектным инфинитивом need с отрицанием означает, что действие, которое совершилось,
не требовалось, не было необходимым, являлось излишним.
e.g. We need talk of this no more. (Dickens) – Нет нужды больше говорить об этом.
Need you be so inflexible, Blanshe? (Shaw) – Надо ли тебе быть такой непреклонной, Бланш?
You needn’t have kept him waiting all this time. – Не надо тебе было заставлять его ждать все
это время.
should
Should выражает необходимость как нечто требуемое, как то, что, казалось бы,
необходимо, часто как чье-либо субъективное мнение, соображение, совет, упрек,
увещевание, сожаление.
Should употребляется в сочетании как с неперфектным инфинитивом, так и с
перфектным.
Сочетание should с перфектным инфинитивом обозначает либо действие, которое
требовалось и, казалось бы, должно было состояться, но не состоялось (в утвердительном
предложении), либо действие, которое не требовалось, не должно было состояться, но
состоялось (в отрицательном предложении).
Should может выражать вероятность, особенно желаемого события или результата (will
= probably). В этом значении should употребляется в сочетании с неперфектным
инфинитивом, обычно глагола to be. Употребление should с инфинитивом вместо Present
Indefinite в придаточном предложении условия придает условию оттенок меньшей
вероятности.
Should употребляется также для выражения недоумения, раздумья, растерянности,
колебания, досады, упрека, порицания, нерешительного утверждения.
e.g. I should go there if I had time. – Я бы пошел туда, если бы у меня было время.
We should have caught the train if we had walked faster. – Мы бы успели на поезд, если бы шли
быстрее.
ought (to)
Ought (to) выражает необходимость того, что естественно, по логике вещей следует
обычно ожидать от лица или предмета при данных условиях. В отличие от should,
употребляемого обычно для выражения субъективного мнения, глагол ought означает, что
сообщаемое является наиболее подходящим, подобающим, соответствующим обстановке или
отвечающим общепринятым взглядам. Употребление глагола ought с перфектными формами
инфинитива в утвердительных и отрицательных предложениях аналогично тому, которое
было описано выше в отношении should. Ought (to) может употребляться также для
выражения вероятности, предположения с неперфектным инфинитивом (обычно глагол to
be).
e.g. “You are a Bachelor of Arts,” he said meditatively, “and you ought to know.” (London) «Вы имеете
степень бакалавра гуманитарных наук, – сказал он задумчиво, – вы должны знать.»
Erik ought to have been here ten minutes ago, but he’s got toothache. (Wilson) – Эрик должен
был быть здесь десять минут назад, но у него болит зуб.
Bosinney? He ought to be at work. (Galsworthy) – Босини? Он, должно быть, работает.
can (could)
1) Can выражает реальную возможность, физическую или умственную способность; в этом
случае can всегда употребляется с неперфектной формой инфинитива.
e.g. He can translate, can’t he? (Heym) – Он умеет переводить, не так ли?
I could hear his voice, and so I knocked. (Twain) – Я мог слышать его голос и поэтому я
постучал.
He could not walk very fast. (London) – Он не мог ходить очень быстро.
may (might)
Глагол may, в отличие от can, выражает не саму реальную способность или
возможность, а лишь допущение возможности или предположение.
1) Допущение возможности: в том, что сообщается, нет ничего невероятного, при
определенных условиях оно вполне возможно, нет ничего удивительного, если оно
произойдет.
e.g. Friends may meet, but mountains never.(Поговорка) – Друзья могут встретиться, а горы нет.
1
Can (can’t) употребляется при выражении отказа поверить чему-либо («не может быть!», «неужели?»).
Одним из часто употребляемых значений may с неперфектным инфинитивом является
значение разрешения, т.е. допущение возможности совершения действия.
e.g. “May I come in?” “Certainly you may.” – «Можно войти?» «Конечно, можно».
В отрицательной форме may с неперфектным инфинитивом употребляется для
выражения запрещения.
e.g. You may not smoke here. – Вам нельзя курить здесь.
2) Предположение с оттенком неуверенности (cf.: maybe, perhaps, possibly)
Это значение may особенно ярко проявляется в сочетании с формой продолженного
вида инфинитива, а также с простой формой инфинитива глаголов, не употребляющихся
обычно в форме продолженного вида.
В значении предложения may употребляется также с перфектной формой инфинитива.
e.g. Erik says that you may be coming to New York. (Wilson) – Эрик говорит, что ты, может быть,
приедешь в Нью-Йорк.
“He may be in the house now,” said the cabman. (Wells) – «Может быть, он сейчас в доме,» –
сказал кэбмен.
He may have lost your address. – Он, может быть (возможно) потерял ваш адрес. (Он мог
потерять ваш адрес).
will и shall
Сочетания глаголов shall и will с инфинитивом не всегда образуют аналитическую
форму будущего времени: те же сочетания могут выражать также и модальные значения.
Поскольку они употребляются в предложениях, содержащих волеизъявление, распоряжение,
предупреждение, приказ, выражаемые ими значения по смыслу также всегда относятся к
будущему.
Модальные сочетания с этими глаголами иногда трудно отличить от аналитических
форм будущего времени, тем более, что сама семантика формы будущего времени тесно
связана с модальным значением предположения (будущее действие или состояние еще не
существует, а только предполагается).
shall
Модальный глагол shall выражает волю, решимость, гарантию, твердое обещание,
предупреждение, угрозу, торжественное заверение говорящего в отношении действия,
которое должно произойти с лицом или предметом, выраженным в подлежащем. Shall
употребляется только в сочетании с неперфектной формой инфинитива. В вопросительном
предложении shall в 1-м и 3-м лице означает просьбу дать указание в отношении дальнейших
действий.
Shall употребляется также в придаточном дополнительном предложении, если в главном
предложении выражается уверенность или решимость.
will (would)
1) Will выражает волю, решимость, настойчивое желание, упорство, намерение или
расположенность к осуществлению действия со стороны лица, выраженного в подлежащем.
e.g. “I will,” he said passionately. “And I promise you, Miss Morse, that I will make good.” (London) –
«Я хочу», – сказал он страстно. И я обещаю вам, мисс Морс, что я добьюсь успеха».
То же значение иногда выражается формой сослагательного наклонения would.
e.g. A good dictionary is, of course, indispensable to anyone who would know words and their use.
(Smart). – Хороший словарь, конечно же, необходим любому, кто хотел бы знать слова и как
они употребляются.
Употребляемый с отрицанием, will выражает нежелание, отказ выполнить какое-либо
действие (даже в случае, когда подлежащее выражено неодушевленным
существительным).Would с отрицанием употребляется для выражения упорного нежелания
совершить действие в прошлом.
e.g. I told him to go away but he won’t. (Abrahams) – Я сказал ему уходить, но он не хочет.
The door won’t open. – Дверь не открывается.
He tried to persuade me but I wouldn’t listen to him. – Он пытался убедить меня, но я не хотел
его слушать.
2) Will также выражает распоряжение, предложения, волю, пожелание или приказ
говорящего в отношении действия, которое говорящий ожидает от 2-го или 3-го лица.
e.g. The battalion will start out at 5 a.m. – Батальону выступить в 5 часов утра. (военный приказ)
3) Will (would) выражает вежливое обращение, просьбу.
e.g. Will you come in, please. (Mansfield) – Входите, пожалуйста.
Would you tell me the time, please? – Вы не подскажете мне, который час?
2. You’ve been at Harrow and Cambridge, you’ve been to India and Japan. You must know a lot of
things now. (Shaw)
3. I must say your behaviour has been far from straightforward. (Shaw)
4. It must not be forgotten that the time of which I write was considered “good times” in England.
(London)
6. “You must think I have a very short memory”, said his father sarcastically. (Lindsay)
7. He must have been filing for hours… yes, of course, that was what made his arm ache. (Voynich)
8. Your conclusions are in line with the books which you must have read. (London)
21
Глагол would в этом значении приближается по значению к used (to), который чаще употребляется в
разговорной речи.
10. Besides, she loved having to arrange things .(Mansfield)
12. He was to leave that night (after supper)… for Gravesend, where the ship, in which he was to make
the voyage, lay, and was to be gone I don’t know how many years. (Dickens)
13. Look after him, and if he should say anything at any time, put it down, and let me know. (Galsworthy)
15. If anything were to happen, it would cost me my place all right. (Dreiser)
16. They were to have met Canadian Guides at a given rendez-vous, but the guides were not there.
(Aldington)
17. He told her he was safe and well, and that she was not to fret about him .(Jerome)
18. Not another penny need he expect from the family resources. (Prichard)
19. And yet I must admit that this thing that has happened does not affect me as it should .(Wilde)
20. Where is Moose now? He should have been back long ago. (Aldridge)
21. He was a lawyer, and thought that things ought to be done according to juridical formulas which he
had learned .(Galsworthy)
22. You would have to say before all the servants that we have done things we ought not to have done,
and left undone things we ought to have done. (Shaw)
23. “You see, dear, I should have told you before now”, said Peggotty, “but I hadn’t opportunity. I ought
to have made it, perhaps, but I couldn’t exactly bring my mind to it…” (Dickens)
24. “What time is it?” she asked . “Quarter to one”, said Yates. “We can be in Luxemburg tonight”.
(Heym)
25. I should think there never can have been a man who enjoyed his profession more than Mr. Creakle
did.(Dickens)
26. And, indeed, she did feel there was something deep in it, though she couldn’t have put the feeling into
words. (Lindsay)
27. A few moments may change our character for life, by giving a totally different aims and energies.
(Gaskell)
28. You may break the body, but you cannot break the spirit. (Galsworthy)
29. “Very” is an adverb of degree and may modify an adjective or an adverb; but it cannot modify a verb.
(Pence)
30. A fool may ask more questions than a wise man can answer. (Proverb)
31. “I may have spoken a bit too strongly”, said David .(Lindsay)
32. “He said he might be coming in”. “Might?” said Erik bitterly. “Was that all he said?” (Wilson)
33. I could earn a dollar and a half a day, common labour and I might get in as instructor. I say “might”,
mind you, and I might be chucked out… for sheer inability .(London)
34. A man who might have made an admirable ambassador in the 17 th century is unlikely to
prove anything but a laughing-stock today. (Nicolson)
35. Had she been 14 instead of 24, she might have been changed by then (but she was 24,
conservative by nature and upbringing) .(London)
36. There shall be no difficulty about money; you shall entertain as much as you please: I will
guarantee all that .(Shaw)
37. I am resolved that my daughter shall approach no circle in which she will not be received
with full consideration to which her education and her breeding entitle her.(Shaw)
38. Nobody must have warned him. What had been done, could be done again, and he, Martin
Eden, could do it and would do it, for Ruth Morse. (London)
39. We proudly proclaim that we stand for peace, and that we will do all in our power to ensure
that it shall be a lasting peace .(Pollitt)
40. I told him then that he ought to apply for a rest, but he wouldn’t listen to me. (Aldington)
41. He meant to tell his mother that Mabel had gone but the words would not come. (Abrahams)
42. The reader will understand, therefore, that a question from such a friend was not to be put
lightly aside .(Leacock)
43. May you never regret it. (Dickens)
44. Might I make a suggestion? Maybe we might be going to Washington? (Wilson)
45. The door opened and who should come in – the redhead! (Wilson)
46. “Why did you not say so before?” “I didn’t know before.” “Then you ought to have known
your own mind before entering into such a serious engagement.” (Shaw)
47. Here she would sit, sewing and knitting, while he worked at the table; and at 11 o’clock
every night she got up. “Time for bed”. (Cronin)
48. This streak of light was, in all likelihood, a gleam from a lantern. (Bronte)
49. That’s what I was about to observe too, certainly. (Dickens)
50. Timothy, indeed, was seldom seen. (Galsworthy)
51. Of course, they did not intend to occupy permanently an apartment so splendid. (Thackeray)
52. Perhaps, I shall be unhappy, too, and that’s important of course. (Galsworthy)
53. Of course, it’s dangerous, and particularly so for you .(Voynich)
54. And I’d done my best, of course, to prevent her.(Huxley)
55. “It is extraordinary to me, Dorian”, said Hallward, “that you should have seen this in the
portrait. Did you really see it?” (Wilde)
56. Ironical, that Soames should come down here – to his house, built for himself. (Galsworthy)
57. I would suggest now, what I suggested then, that all sections of the industry should be
brought together for a conference. (Gallacher)
58. He would sit on a rock with a rod and fish all day, even though he should not be encouraged
by a single nibble. (Irving)
59. Pliny may not have been so far out when he said that for every disorder suffered by a man,
nature provided a remedy if only it could be found. (The Guardian)
60. It is surprising that some critics should say we don’t understand Shakespear.(The Guardian)
61. It is necessary that the dynamo shall be driven by some kind of prime mover. (Electrical
Engineering)
62. Whatever they may say in their comments, they will never be able to define this matter more
clearly .(Ahlers)
63. This gives the team plenty of time to be found if the helicopter should crash into the sea.
(Focus Magazine)
64. In case this should happen, the crew go on many practice runs. (Focus Magazine)
65. But when Allen dipped the stockings into the boiling water, they floated and wouldn’t sink.
(London Standard)
66. As a result, organic farmers are fearful of losing their livelihoods should their neighbours,
near or far, choose to plant GM crops.(The Economist)
67. Should Blanche be better, it might be possible for her husband to see her. (Maugham)
68. In China high-ranking girls from a very early age would have their feet bound to make them
as small as possible. As young ladies they would squeeze their feet into shoes that were only
3 or 4 inches long. (British Airways Highlife)
69. After weddings guests would throw shoes at the bride and groom as they left their wedding.
(British Airways Highlife)
70. Owing to the scandal my predecessor had caused, it had been decided that the next Governor
must be a model of respectability. I expostulated. I argued. Nothing would serve. The
minister was adamant. (Maugham)
71. Clara could not think of any scheme in which the man she had just seen could have been
described as lovely, but she instantly invented one. (Drabble)
72. These phones were often sold to immigrants for about 250 dollars. They would often make
international phone calls and run up huge bills on other people’s accounts. (Newsweek)
73. There shouldn’t be any difficulty about getting her a visa. (Longman Dictionary of English
Language and Culture)
74. A man thinking of marriage should be preparing for marriage.(London)
75. I should grow a beard. I look too young to have been publishing for five years.(Wilson)
76. To think that he should be a full cousin to this wealthy and influential family!(Dreiser)
77. If Mr. Joseph Sedley is rich and unmarried,why should I not marry him?(Thackeray)
78. Why on earth should I knit him socks?(Mansfield)
79. You shouldn’t go off like that without letting me know.(Shaw)
80. It is wonderful how little a man can do alone.(Wells)
81. But limited minds can recognize limitations only in others.(London)
82. At any rate he knew he could write it better now.(London)
83. “If I have to give you an answer right this minute, the answer obviously is no. But if you
could wait,” he went on, ”I wouldn’t ask for anything more”.(Wilson)
84. Does it ever strike you that I might be interested?(Lindsay)
85. Who knows? Somebody might have found us in the end.(Lawson)
86. We might have gone about half a mile when the carrier stopped short.(Dickens)
87. Really, you might do it for me. Really, you might have consulted me.(Wilson)
88. Great heavens! That’s my idea exactly. How could you have guessed it?(Leacock)
89. But he is sure to marry her.(Hardy)
90. Later they had thought he was certain to die.(Abrahams)
91. “I’m not likely to see you again,” he said slowly.(Galsworthy)
92. I will listen to you patiently. You will then allow me to say what I have to say on my part.
(Shaw)
93. And if you would learn more of him you must go to a little inn near Port Stowe and talk to
the landlord.(Wells)
94. I would have given it (the cat) milk, but I hadn’t any. It wouldn’t be quiet, it just sat down
and miaowed at the door.(Wells)
95. “I knew his father Professor Harold Pyle – you’ll have heard of him.” “No”.(Green)
96. Despite his suspicion he liked this man as he would often like man.(Aldridge)
97. These little things will happen from time to time.(Mansfield)
98. Vice President added in a campaign speech in Denver: “We are the ones who get to
determine the outcome of this election, not unnamed foreign leaders. (Newsweek)
99. One minute we would be passing through a cutting, the next we would seem to be gliding
high above a steep-sided wooded valley. (The Sunday Times)
100 . I know that from practical standpoint, from the standpoint of common decency, from
the standpoint of what is right and wrong, I have done what I ought to do.(Wilde)
101. I must speak, and you must listen. You shall listen.(Wilde)
102. Who seeks blows shall perish by blows.(Поговорка)
103. Woe to him that betrays its secrets, for he shall be thrown to the lions.(Haggard)
104. There is a wide range of programmes to choose from and they are designed to be self-
financing, so you should be able to earn back your initial expenses and have sufficient money
to pay for your post-work travels. (School Leaver Magazine)
5. Союзы и наречия
Союзы и наречия представляют сложность при переводе, так как являются
многозначными. Следует помнить, что союзы и наречия омонимы имеют разные значения, а
также не следует забывать, что перевод союзов допускает ряд возможностей при одном и том
же значении.Например:
1. While I understand what you say I can’t agree with you. (Longman Dictionary of English
Language and Culture)
2. Their country has plenty of oil, while ours has none. (Longman Dictionary of English
Language and Culture)
3. Since you can’t answer the question, perhaps we’d better ask someone else. (Longman
Dictionary of English Language and Culture )
4. He must have shut the door since he was the last one to leave. (Longman Dictionary of
English Language and Culture)
5. Once she arrives, we can start. (Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture)
6. She felt sad yet at the same time relieved that it was time to leave. (Longman Dictionary of
English Language and Culture)
7. The plan could even yet succeed. (Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture)
8. As yet, we have received no answer. (Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture)
9. I know he’s admitted putting the money back, but that still doesn’t explain how it came to be
missing in the 1st place. (Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture)
10. It’s cold now, but it’ll be still colder tonight. (Longman Dictionary of English Language and
Culture)
11. He gave still another reason. (Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture)
12. I’m going by car but you can go however you like. (Longman Dictionary of English
Language and Culture)
13. I won’t accept their offer, however favourable the conditions. (Longman Dictionary of
English Language and Culture)
14. The company’s profits have fallen slightly. However, this is not a serious problem.
(Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture)
15. He saw her as he was getting off the bus. (Longman Dictionary of English Language and
Culture)
16. As the election approached, the violence got worse. (Longman Dictionary of English
Language and Culture)
17. As she has no car, she can’t get there easily. (Longman Dictionary of English Language and
Culture)
18. As popular as he is the President has not been able to get his own way on every issue.
(Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture)
19. The purpose of the scheme is not to help the employers but to provide work for young
people. (Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture)
20. There was not a man but had tears in his eyes. (Longman Dictionary of English Language
and Culture)
21. Who else but John would have played a trick like that? (Longman Dictionary of English
Language and Culture)
22. The old lady does not go out in the winter, for she feels the cold a great deal. (Longman
Dictionary of English Language and Culture)
23. He gripped the iron bar until his fingers were white. (Longman Dictionary of English
Language and Culture)
26. Simon had apparently been working, for the table in the middle was littered with papers.
(Maugham)
28. It was just as if I had never had a brush or pencil in my hand. (Galsworthy)
29. The book must be here, or else you’ve lost it. (Longman Dictionary of English Language and
Culture)
30. The accident was serious, but we can’t yet tell you just how serious. (Longman Dictionary of
English Language and Culture)
31. If you can’t come tomorrow, we’ll just have to postpone the meeting till next week.
(Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture)
32. But Rawdon Crawley springing out, seized him by the neck-cloth, until Steyne, almost
strangled, writhed and bent under his arm. (Thackeray)
33. I have never been dishonest, nor do I intend to start being so now. (Longman Dictionary of
English Language and Culture)
34. Still looking at me, Agnes shook her head while I was speaking. (Dickens)
35. He offered to accompany her, as the distance was considerable and the days were short.
(Hardy)
36. At first they were shy, and since Charley was shy too, they sat in silence. (Maugham)
37. She would not hear of staying to dinner lest she should by chance fail to arrive at home
before dark. (Dickens)
39. Still he hesitated even though he knew she had to have an answer. (Wilson)
40. However that might be, the repairs were ordered to be executed. (Eliot)
41. It was all as I had left it except that now it was spring. (Hemingway)
42. She swayed away from him as she would have done from a stranger. (Huxley)
43. The motion was swift and abrupt as though he were angry. (Wilson)
44. We are confident peace can be maintained once the determination is there. (The Guardian)
45. Each time he turned he stumped his stick, and then dragged it, as if to show that he could do
without it. (Galsworthy)
46. It was a nice meal, if a little expensive. (Longman Dictionary of English Language and
Culture)
47. Once the problem has been solved, the Sea King helicopter can take off again. (Focus
Magazine)
48. Once over the target it (the Sea King) sits completely still, 50 feet above the water. (Focus
Magazine)
49. Once in the air, the team all have their positions and their own jobs. (Focus Magazine)
50. Once zipped up, the suit is completely waterproof. (Focus Magazine)
51. The computers automatically adjust the position of the helicopter as it approaches its target.
(Focus Magazine)
52. Once this weakening has been achieved, the engineer works out where to put the explosives.
(Focus Magazine)
53. Only 80 kilometers to the south of Jerusalem, the Negev desert begins. (The European)
54. As the majority of the population becomes more computer literate, hi-tech crime is
increasing. (The Independent)
55. Once armed with a new product, a company must establish its market share as quickly as
possible, before rival firms produce competitive brands. (The Economist)
56. Once a drug is presented to regulators for approval, the marketing men get to work. (The
Economist)
57. Joyful yet intense, the music was a statement of black pride during that era. (Newsweek)
58. My 1st time on TV was at five but since I always wanted to play the show’s producers got
angry with me and I had to wait for about nine years before my next chance. (British Airways
Highlife)
59. Sadly, Cézanne’s efforts frequently left him dissatisfied as he felt he was not achieving the
high artistic goals which he had set himself. Nor was his dedication appreciated by the
townspeople of Aix, where Cézanne was born in 1839. (The Economist)
60. While gene flow raised serious environmental questions, its immediate significance is
commercial, says Brian Johnson, head of English Nature, a conservation group. (The
Economist)
61. While they could strengthen the case for GM maize to be commercialized, that is unlikely to
do much for British agriculture, since far less of it is grown than oilseed rape and beet, and
most goes into lower profit animal feed anyway. (The Economist)
62. The Negev desert covers nearly half of Israel, yet it is largely ignored by the country visitors,
who see it as nothing but endless dust and rock. (The Economist)
65. People needed to be tough, independent and self-reliant. Yet they also needed to work
together, helping each other with such tasks as clearing land and building houses and barns.
(The Herald Tribune)
66. And help was forthcoming for there was a whole row of somehow familiar books. (Drabble)
67. French executives argued for their proposal, since it was manifestly the most logical.
(International Management)
68. Streets were narrow and very dirty since people would throw their rubbish out into the
streets. (The Daily Mail)
69. “They can deliver the machine in December provided they receive the order within the next
ten days”. (The Economist)
70. “They’ll be able to ship the goods at the end of May providing that the order is received
immediately.” (The Economist)
71. Travelling by car is convenient provided that you have somewhere to park. (The National
Geographic)
72. “Yet it is pain to think that perhaps I may never see my darling boy again. Or else he did
right, Margaret. They may say what they like, but I have his own letters to show, and I’ll
believe him, though he is my son, sooner than any court-martial on earth”. (Gaskell)
73. Once you start, you’ll probably want to do more and discover a whole new freedom-and
that’s precious. (Cycling, Touring and Campaigning Magazine)
74. You may well wonder how this method could help the police to solve crimes, since criminals
very seldom are kind enough to leave their measurements on the scene of the crime. Well, it
didn’t. It did have one important use, though. (The Sunday Times)
75. There is noting but bad news coming form Borussia Dortmund, Germany’s only soccer club
listed on the stock exchange. (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung)
76. Once a model is filled with all the relevant information of past and present performance, it
can then be used to evaluate alternative investment scenarios. (The Financial Management)
77. For, even if the Polynesians live scattered over an area of sea four times as large as the whole
of Europe, nevertheless they have not managed to develop different languages in the different
islands. (Heyerdahl)
78. He moved steadily, looking neither left nor right, neither slackening nor hastening his
footsteps. (Abrahams)
79. But this was not the end nor the decision. (Aldridge)
1
О.С. Ахманова.Словарь лингвистических терминов.Издательство «Советская энциклопедия». Москва, 1966г.
Не следует путать данную конструкцию с конструкцией, используемой для выделения
вспомогательного или служебного глагола в сказуемом любого типа и имеющей целью
подтверждение предыдущего высказывания (без изменения субъекта).
cf.: Bill was tired after the bull-fight. So was I. (Hemingway) – Билл устал после боя быков. Я тоже.
“He is tired.” – “ So he is”. – «Он устал.» – «Да, так оно и есть».
e.g. Some roads in Scotland were ice-bound, cars were abandoned in many places and many people
returning from Saturday’s international rugby game did not reach home until the early hours . (The
Daily Mail) – На некоторых дорогах Шотландии была гололедица, повсюду стояли
оставленные владельцами машины, и многие люди, возвращавшиеся в субботу с
международного состязания по регби, попали домой только под утро.
Not until the US occupation from 1919-1934 did Haiti emerge from its isolation. (The New York
Times) – И только после окончания американской оккупации, которая продолжалась с 1919 по
1934 год, Республика Гаити вышла из своей изоляции.
Оборот it is … since служит для выделения обстоятельства времени, обозначающего
продолжительность действия (for ten years, etc.). При переводе на русский язык в этом случае
обычно пользуются словами «уже… как». При помощи этого оборота можно так же выделить
обстоятельства времени типа a month ago, etc.
cf.: I haven’t seen him for 5 years. – Я не видел его 5 лет.
It is 5 years since I saw him. – Уже 5 лет, как я его не видел.
1. Up goes unemployment, up go prices, and down tumbles the Labour Vote. (The Times)
2. The form of the symphonic movements, complex though they became, still bears the mark of
the folksong.
3. It was not until he had read for several days that he came upon a story that quickened his pulse.
(Stone)
5. Walter might be said to have a great sense of fun, if no very strong sense of humour. (Walpole)
7. They passed no village bigger than a hamlet and no inn better than an alehouse, but Harry was
urgent to stop at one of them and seek better horses. (Buchan)
8. The differences between India and Pakistan are not irreconcilable. (The Guardian)
9. Drought so late in the year is rare but not unknown, commented a gardening expert in the local
newspaper. (Kenyon)
10. She could see in him nothing that was not rich, shining, desirable. (Johnson)
11. Any international agreement concerned with non-proliferation must ensure that a way to a
future deterrent is effectively barred. New fingers on a nuclear trigger would be no less
acceptable if the nuclear decision were in the hands not of one new power but of a majority in
some consortium. This fact cannot be stated too often and too clearly. The accumulation of
nuclear weapons cannot be too often emphasized. (The Guardian)
12. The Senator was less than delighted at the news. (Newsweek)
13. And in a little while I received the grateful news that the object of Julia’s affections was no less
a person than the incorruptible Chandra Lal. (Maugham)
14. Ulanova did more than embellish the art of dance. (The Moscow Times)
15. The assumption that there is a special relationship between London and Washington irritates
the French, not least because they regard it as largely imaginary. (The Guardian)
16. The sun was shining and the Mediterranean was at its bluest. (Christie)
17. The distant hum of the street traffic was at its faintest. (Collins)
18. Old Jolyon was as lonely an old man as any in London. (Galsworthy)
19. As many as three weeks the travellers spent in the jungle. (The Guardian)
20. As early as 1904 while still a student Webern met Arnold Schoenberg and became his lifelong
friend and disciple in the cause of overthrowing tonal music. (“Time”)
21. Never before in the history of the world have there been so many persons engaged in the
translation of both secular and religious materials. (Nida and Taber)
23. His audience last night may also have been less than enthusiastic about the PM’s attitude
towards Government spending. (The Times)
24. Her appearance on the stage has been as exhilarating as anything that has happened since the
beginning of the season. (The Times)
26. It was not an unfavourable moment to abolish all military pacts. (The Times)
27. Now she was going away, and somehow Paris would be more lonely without her. Not that he
ever saw her, but it was nice to know she was about, read her name in the Mondanités now and
then. (Mure)
28. Colonel Hunt, head of the Evrest expedition, lost his temper and implied that, far from being a
hero, I wasn’t even, technically, a very good climber. (Tenzing)
29. There was the long drive home; the long drive and the warm dark and the pleasant closeness of
the hansom cab. (Galsworthy)
30. Up went the steps, bang went the door, round whirled the wheels, off they rattled. (Dickens)
31. Never had he read fiction with such keen zest as he studied those books. (London)
32. Many a time in the course of that week did I bless the good fortune. (Kipling)
33. Little did we think that we were never to see him again. (Dickens)
34. He leaned forward confidentially, and continued in an intimate half-boyish tone: “I am not
being quite frank with you, Andy, I feel I must be. It’s my wife. My wife won’t let me go.
(Bennett)
35. Oh, yes, and there’s our Matt – you know Matt – he’s always talking politics. (Lindsay)
36. Presently, he stopped and leaned over a gate … He was always stopping and leaning as Val
called it, “mooning”. (Galsworthy)
39. Not only did he speak correctly but he spoke more easily. (London)
40. Not merely did he not know any editors or writers, but he did not know anybody who had ever
attempted to write. (London)
41. No sooner had the dog caught sight of him, however, than it began to growl savagely. (Wells)
44. It was there that he gained his reputation as a missionary preacher. (Voynich)
45. It was because he loved her that he did not quite understand her. (London)
47. Fame was all very well, but it was for Ruth that his splendid dream arose. (London)
48. It is to save yourselves from further loss that you have decided to make me this scapegoat.
(Dreiser)
49. It was you who called the sheriff, not I. (Gow and D’Usseau)
50. It was still her hand which kept him from utter destitution. (Brontë)
55. “I am a determined character,” said Mr. Creakle. “That’s what I am. I do my duty. That’s what
I do.”. (Dickens)
56. What I suffered for that placard nobody can imagine. (Dickens)
57. Inexperienced though he was, he had still a strong sense of the danger. (Wilde)
58. And, as dark as it was, and as fat as Bill was, and as good a runner as I am, he was a good mile
and a half out of Summit before I could catch up with him. (O’Henry)
59. Was it not the fashion to keep abreast of certain things, however moral one might be?
(Galsworthy)
60. It’s as dark as anything outside. (Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture)
61. There are few visitors to the countryside around Aix-en-Provence who do not see its dramatic
forms through the eyes of its most famous inhabitant, Paul Cézanne. (The European)
62. His works were not shown in the town museum until some years after his death. (The
European)
63. People have dreamed of travelling in space for thousands of years. But it was not until 1957
that it became a reality. (The National Geographic)
64. The number of eruptions these days is not abnormal, but human populations near these active
mountains have been growing rapidly.(The National Geographic)
65. This is when the winchman prepares to step out of the helicopter to rescue someone below.
(Focus Magazine)
66. It was the drug, not the disease, that killed him. (Focus Magazine)
67. Spectacular as this event was, the process is normally neither as quick as it looks on TV, nor
does it need huge amounts of explosives. (Focus Magazine)
68. It wasn’t until the following morning, after 70 hours on the mountain-side, that he was able to
reach civilisation. (Focus Magazine)
69. Not only would it contain all the essential elements that make up Walt Disnay’s ideal world of
fantasy, but it would cater to people’s every day needs as well. (The European)
70. They didn’t come back until it became quite dark. (Focus Magazine)
71. According to this linguistic school of thought it is not genes or culture, but “speech-feeling”
that sets the French apart from the Finns and the Russians from the Romanians. (Focus
Magazine)
72. Fitzpatrick believes that as people walk through the gates reality should be suspended, and it is
not only through the eyes that visitors are drawn into the enchantment. The sense of hearing
also plays an important role. (The European)
73. Not until they reached the point now called Cape Melvill did they escape coral maze and enter
the open sea, by a route known today as Cook’s Passage. (The National Geographic)
74. In 394 AD the Games were abolished and were not renewed until many centuries later.
(Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture)
75. However, as early as 1609, with the help of the 1st little telescope this conception was put an
end to by Galileo who thought that he saw mountains and valleys, seas and continents on the
Moon. (The National Geographic)
76. I was as surprised as anyone when they offered me the job. (The Economist)
77. Many of the ancient columns lie broken on the beach, while others have been swallowed by the
sea or buried in the ground. While few people take seriously the fanciful tale of the powerful
giants, the regularity of the columns does lend to the illusion that they were manmade. (The
National Geographic)
78. In Britain, women’s salaries in equivalent jobs are as much as a fifth lower than men’s, and
most bosses are still men. (Focus Magazine)
79. It is not unusual for a puffin to return to its nest with as many as 17 fish in its mouth. Yet
Skye’s puffin population is far from growing. (The National Geographic)
80. As you can see these natural harbours formed the perfect base for battles pitched at sea, not
least the famous battle of the River Dart. (The National Geographic)
81. Trade has been bad, not least because of the increased cost of imported raw materials. (The
Economist)
82. Historians tell us that the Chinese used bells as long ago as 7000 BC so the known story of
bells goes back almost six thousand years.
83. At its worst, a strong but misdirected culture can lead all of a firm’s employees to run, hand in
hand, in the wrong direction. (The Economist)
84. And she thought, a little aggrieved: I do think Clelia might have told me, how could she
assume that I knew her mother’s maiden name? Her discovery did, however, do much to help
her understanding of the conversation.(Drabble)
85. The poor officer, nursing 2 injuries that caused him more than a little pain and embarrassment,
considered to himself: “That cockney’s quite a clever chap! He kissed the girl, and the girl hit
me!” (The Sunday Express)
86. This artist’s paintings are no more than ordinary. (The Economist)
87. Instead of floating, they are planted firmly on the sea bed and designed to stand up to the worst
of sea and weather. (The Guardian)
88. Americans proved to be less than optimistic. (The Economist)
89. Anthony Simpson, author of the book “The Anatomy of Britain”, thinks the British should not
only mind the history of the reigning dynasty but also the country’s political history: it was
Parliament that resolved to retake the Falkland Islands and it was Parliament that initiated the
resignation of Margaret Thatcher. (The Financial Times)
90. The name of the bank, founded as early as in 1728, became known around the world in 2000
when the Royal Bank of Scotland succeeded in taking over the National Westminster Bank,
though being several times smaller in size. (The Financial Times)
91. I began to form a fairly coherent picture of their lives and it seemed to me that my surmises
had not been incorrect. (Maugham)
94. But it was the monarchs who helped strengthen the fighting spirit of the nation in periods of
war. (The Times)
95. Although Hamburg resident Cornelia Funke has written more than 40 books for children, it
wasn’t until her work was translated into English that she hit it big. (Frankfurter Allgemeine
Zeitung)
96. The success of “The Thief Lord” is perhaps a bow to the renewed interest in children’s
adventure books started by what is now the Harry Potter empire. (Frankfurter Allgemeine
Zeitung)
97. Though the whole plant was no larger than one of my fingers, I couldn’t contemplate the
delicate formations of its roots, leaves and capsules without admiration. (Hemingway)
98. Two more people have died of bird flu in Asia, as experts warned the virus was far from being
under control. (The Times)
99. Being a Parliamentarian is a very demanding job. It is no ordinary job – you must have a huge
amount of commitment and energy. (The Big Issue)
100. We have rain, and our leaves do fall, and get sodden; though I think Helstone is about as
perfect a place as any in the world. (Gaskell)
101. The local white wine has a unique flavour and a bouquet not unlike burning sulphur. (The
Economist)
102. For instance, one day, after she had passed a number of men, several of whom had paid her
the not unusual compliment of wishing she was their sweetheart, one of the lingerers added,
”Your bonny face, my lass, makes the day look brighter.” (Gaskell)
103. The girls, with their rough, but not unfriendly freedom, would comment on her dress, even
touch her shawl or gown to ascertain the exact material. (Gaskell)
104. It is only after these basic lessons have been taught that they are allowed some Costner
action. (The National Geographic)
105. “I’ll know you won’t forget me again. I’ll not mistrust you any more. But remember, in a
week or a fortnight I may be dead and buried!” (Gaskell)
106. But it was an accident that might happen to themselves any day; and Thornton was as good to
manage a strike as any one; for he was as iron a chap as any in Milton. (Gaskell)
107. Twins often find great strength and support in one another. But this strong connection,
endearing though it can be, can push individuality aside. (The Guardian)
108. It hurts like anything. (Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture)
110. Her eyes were not quite closed, but surely were not seeing.(Galsworthy)
111. He glanced at Fleur. There she sat and what she was feeling he couldn’t tell.(Galsworthy)
112. Taking part in the discussion were a poet, several painters, a pianist and music critic.(New
World Review)
113. Only now, at this moment of giving up, did she seem to realize how ugly their old quarters
had been.(Lindsay)
114. Only by a jerkiness in his movements and by the scuffing of his heels could it be seen that he
was old.(Steinbeck)
115. …a girl…who would die of horror did she witness but one moment of what he had lived
through.(London)
Зевгма не представляет трудности для перевода, только если в обоих языках и прямое и
переносное значение глаголов совпадают, что случается, однако, не слишком часто. Как
правило, зевгма не всегда легко переводима. Это объясняется целым рядом причин:
различными нормами сочетаемости, несовпадением прямых и переносных значений глаголов
в двух языках, различием лексических элементов фразеологизмов. Иногда зевгма никак не
может быть сохранена в переводе, однако она должна быть обязательно компенсирована
(например при помощи игры слов или деления на два предложения).
Следует отметить, что английские писатели любят зевгму, она часто употребляется для
создания юмористического эффекта. Возможно, это объясняется тем, что в английском языке
довольно часто употребляются, как указывалось, логически несовместимые однородные
члены, что является предпосылкой такого широкого употребления зевгмы.
5) Парцелляция- это экспрессивный синтаксический прием: предложение интонационно
делится на самостоятельные отрезки, графически выделенные как самостоятельные
предложения. Парцеллируется обычно тоже однородный член.
e.g. “That old man – it’s the only one he’s got.”
“Oh, yes! Of course you’d see it that way. Disloyally. Stupidly.” (Hailey) –
1. Great works of art over the last several thousand years have been pillaged, burned, bombed,
neglected, discarded, ground up for lime if of marble, melted down if of gold or bronze, used
to line shoes if on canvas – this in Germany during the last days of World War II – painted
out, broken up, thrown away, and now and then reverently preserved. (The New York Times)
2. Oh! But he was a tight-fisted hand at the grindstone, Scrooge! A squeezing, wrenching,
grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous, old sinner. (Dickens)
3. The fact that the government was finally – and firmly – coming to grips with crime
impressed many. (Time)
4. Remained the bedroom, small as the one occupied by Martin, into which she and her seven
little ones crowded and slept. (London)
5. The waiter came and they ordered spaghetti and half a bottle of Chianti, and watched the
restaurant fill up with people and actors, who still had traces of grease-paint around their
collars and tall, astonishing-looking girls in mink coats from the musical across the street.
(Shaw)
6. It was a little store on Grove Street in the slums. The people who came to the store were all
interesting and poor. (Saroyan)
7. My lady and Mr. Godfrey (not knowing what Mr. Franklin and I knew) both started and both
looked surprised. (Collins)
8. A few minutes later nurse Davis, starched and curious, arrived. (Christie)
9. In a few seconds Crumble-Howard came stalking out of the cottage. He was scarlet in the
face and alone. (Willock)
10. He strolled to the window, saw a fine bright New England day and a knot of photographers.
(Schlesinger)
11. She seemed puzzled; not antagonistically puzzled, but puzzled puzzled. (Willingham)
12. The old, the universal anodyne; the common lot. (Galsworthy)
13. To think of the years and years and years it is since I did read. (Christie)
14. “She was eating seed cake one day and one of the seeds got the wrong way and she choked
and she choked and she choked and she died of it. Oh dear, that’s very sad, isn’t it?”
(Christie)
15. And wherever you go or turn, on streets or subways or buses or railroad stations or airports or
reading the newspaper or the theatre program or getting a cup of coffee at the corner
drugstore or looking up at the sky, your friendly advertiser is at you with his product, with
his circling words, his jingles, his scareheads, his spiel about hats and toothpastes and night-
clubs and smash hits and colossal bargains in laces and linens and buildings coming down
and entire stocks that must be sold: everything, everything must go. And why? Why? For that
New York look. For that sophistication money can’t buy, but you can. For last year’s Drama
Critics’ Circle award winner, for that refurbished splendor, for that special something. You
still have time. But hurry, hurry, hurry. Open till nine. (Ausler)
16. Everyone was complaining that the TV, dominated by the carve-up of the three parties, was
serving up dull and boring pap. (The Times)
17. One of the main purposes of the UNO is adjustment or settlement of international disputes or
situations which might lead to a breach of the peace. (The UN Charter)
18. The morning found her out of wool and patience. (Chesterton)
19. The Dean collected his wits and his hat. (Chesterton)
20. Colonel Ito (who had thrown himself upon the Russian guns at the siege of Port Arthur) had
been blown to pieces and into national immortality. (Michener)
21. He (Ashenden) was ingratiating, ingenuous, humble, grateful, flattering, simple, and timid.
(Maugham)
23. This conscious, deliberate, calculated Government policy spells ruin for Britain if we meekly
accept it. (The Guardian)
24. Recently, at the opening of this Parliament, we had again the opportunity of witnessing all
the splendour, pomp and pageantry which, my honourable Friend will assure me, bespeaks
the greatness of our nation. Did any of my honourable Friends contrast it, for one second,
with the beggary, poverty, misery and penury which exist within the greatness of that nation.
(Cronin)
27. His wife, he thought, would at this moment be doing something silly or foolish or, if not that,
she would be doing something which might not be silly or foolish but would be highly
dangerous. (Willingham)
28. London had in the world only one commercial rival, now long outstripped, the mighty and
opulent Amsterdam.(Macaulay)
29. Poets loved to contrast its (Chelsea) silence and repose with the din and turmoil of the
monster London. (Macaulay)
30. The Pacific is inconstant and uncertain like the soul of man. (Maugham)
31. The billows, magnificently rolling, stretch widely on all sides of you, and you forget your
vanished youth, with its memories, cruel and sweet, in a restless, intolerable desire for life.
(Maugham)
32. She (freedom) is a child of people, born in the very height and heat of battle. (Norris)
33. Captain Trevelyan’s own room was in exquisite and apple-pie order. It was the room of a
man almost fanatically tidy and neat in his habits. (Christie)
34. Parliament (i.e. Government) must give leadership and take decisions. The public’s function
is to watch and weigh the Government’s actions with a view to passing judgements at
election time. (The Guardian)
36. The purposes of the Western Powers in pouring arms into Israel have been open and
unconcealed. (The Moscow Times)
37. The wiles and cunning which had enabled the Tories to dominate one-quarter of the world
were brought into play to rob the working class of the fruits of their struggle for democratic
advance. (The Daily Mirror)
38. The Government plans consist of a wide-ranging attack on democratic rights and liberties of
Britain’s working people. It is the most serious attempt to shackle and muzzle the working
class in living memory. (The Daily Mirror)
39. Beyond the closed window the moon rose up, a full and brilliant moon. (Galsworthy)
40. The Treaty was declared null and void. (The Times)
41. This was a hearty, healthy, dapper, red-faced gentleman, with a shock of hair prematurely
white, and a boisterous and decided manner. (Stevenson)
42. Mr. Crisparkle was a minor canon and an early riser, musical, classical, cheerful, kind, good-
natured, social, contented and boy-like. (Dickens)
43. The long-term effect may, in fact, be utterly and totally different. (The Times)
44. There was the blue sky and the bright morning sun and a cool breeze.(Abrahams)
45. It lightened, too, for three whole hours; each flash being bright, and blue, and long. (Dickens)
46. These visions come out of things and events and books of yesterday and last week.(London)
2. Вводные слова, словосочетания, предложения
Вводные слова, словосочетания и предложения обычно даются в скобках, в тире или в
запятых. Включенные в другое предложение, они грамматически с ним не связаны и могут
быть изъяты без нарушения грамматической цельности этого предложения. В основном,
вводные предложения выполняют функцию оговорки и являются как бы комментарием к
высказыванию, несут в себе дополнительную информацию или уточнение, могут служить
пояснением, иллюстрацией к сказанному. Являясь вводными, такие структуры сохраняют
смысловую самостоятельность (по отношению ко всему предложению) и в какой-то степени
нарушают логический ход мысли предложения, в которое они включены, разрывают его.
Такой разрыв, очевидно, более допустим в английском языке, чем в русском, поэтому при
переводе далеко не всегда можно сохранить вводное предложение на том же месте, на
котором оно стоит в английском предложении.
Более того, далеко не всегда возможно сохранить в переводе вводное предложение как
таковое, так как подобное сохранение нарушило бы логическую последовательность мысли.
Хотя вводное предложение, как уже было сказано, несет в себе дополнительную
информацию и может быть безболезненно изъято из предложения, оно логически связано с
каким-либо из членов предложения, чем и обуславливается его перевод и место в русском
предложении: вводное предложение может быть переведено как сочинительным, так и
подчинительным предложением, а также самостоятельным сложносочиненным или
сложноподчиненным предложением, оно может быть вынесено и в конец (чаще), и в начало
(реже) фразы.
e.g. Exactly 280 hours spent in outer space – such was the working record of the Luna 16, the Soviet
Lunar automatic station – was the triumph of the world science and engineering, of Soviet
automatics and means of control. (The Moscow News) – Ровно 280 часов, проведенных в
открытом космосе, – а именно таким был рекордный период работы Луны-16, советской
лунной автоматической станции, – это была победа мировой науки и техники, а также
советской автоматики и систем управления полетом.
Sometimes, when she saw him, she felt – there was no repressing it – plain irritated. (Gardner) –
Иногда, когда она видела его, она испытывала откровенное отвращение и никак не могла
справиться с этим.
The average annual death toll from shootings is 6,500 with an additional 44,000 woundings p.a.
Between the killing of one Kennedy and the killing of another about 32,000 Americans were
murdered with guns. In his message on Thursday – the most recent of many unheeded urgings for
stricter gun laws – the President pointed out that in England there are only 30 gun murders a year, in
Canada 99, in Germany 68, and in Japan 37. (The Guardian) – Среднегодовое количество
погибших от огнестрельного оружия составляет 6500 человек, кроме того, 44000 человек в
год получают огнестрельные ранения. В период между убийствами братьев Кеннеди, около
32000 американцев было убито из огнестрельного оружия. В сделанном в четверг докладе,
который является последним из многочисленных оставленных без внимания призывов к
ужесточению действия закона об огнестрельном оружии, президент отметил, что в Англии в
год совершается всего 30 убийств с применением огнестрельного оружия, в Канаде – 99, в
Германии – 68, в Японии – 37.
1. Within a few weeks Tom Wintringham – who had been in charge of the technical
preparations – announced that editorial premises had been found. We were overjoyed – there
was about a week to go – until we saw the premises. Our faces fell, our hearts sank. (The
Daily Mirror)
2. In three months – he was a bank employer – she had married him. (Du Maurier)
3. She had broken a precious china and, to make the things still worse, she never told anyone
about it. (Hilton)
4. To put it plainly, these men were plotting, openly and without any disguise. (Wells)
6. The sky, of a clear bright blue, with white promising clouds, began to have the evening look.
(Galsworthy)
7. Others, afraid of the Party bloodhounds who assembled outside, looked the other way and
moved out even more hastily. (Maltz)
9. From Mrs Bern, a woman of some diplomatic talent, he learned nothing. (Galsworthy)
10. It flashed upon her that he was the pedestrian who had joined in the club -dance at Marlett –
the passing stranger who had danced with others but not with her. (Hardy)
11. The Justice Party in Turkey has taken part in a coalition, and on another occasion its leader
has been asked – but failed – to form a government. (The Times)
12. Then, more significant than mere vociferation, Presley’s listeners, as he began to speak
again, grew suddenly silent. (Norris)
13. Few Northerners could stomach any strengthening of the Fugitive Slave Act, the most
bitterly hated measure – and until Prohibition, the most flagrantly disobeyed – ever passed by
Congress. (The Guardian)
14. The real question is whether, as languages become fewer and more similar and our own
language begins to take on words and phrases from other types of “speech-feeling”, our
understanding of other cultures will become deeper and we will be able to understand other
people and ourselves better. (Focus Magazine)
15. Overwhelmingly – and surprisingly, since culture is the sort of “soft” information that
analysts are thought to ignore – they said that a strong culture had helped the high
performers. (The Economist)
16. The room’s function – for it was beneath all, a bedroom – was all but concealed. (Drabble)
17. The combination of these two ideas – a strong belief that individuals had to help themselves
and a need for them to cooperate with one another – strengthened the feeling that people
were equal and that nobody should have special rights and privileges. (The Herald Tribune)
18. Even with the basic root crops, carrots being the prime example, this may now be observed.
(British Airways Highlife)
19. This means that men are bearing the brunt of the 1990s recession, since traditionally “male”
jobs – especially in areas such as mining and production – have been the hardest hit. (Focus
Magazine)
20. The British police officer – sometimes called the “bobby” after Sir Robert Peel, the founder
of the police force – is a well-known figure to anyone who has visited Britain or who has
seen the British films. Policemen – and women – are to be seen in towns and cities keeping
law and order, either walking in the streets (“pounding the beat”) or driving in cars (known
as “panda cars” because of their distinctive markings). (Laird)
21. But, even though the firm is confident – perhaps overly so – that Europe is unlikely to
follow America’s courtroom assault on the cigarette business, demographics, health concerns
and politics (such as proposed bans on smoking in public) make Western European countries,
such as Britain and Germany, look potentially as unexciting as Japan. (The Economist)
22. “You know, we have very little society here, mamma. The Gormans, who are our nearest
neighbours (to call society – and we hardly ever see them), have been in trade just as much as
these Milton-Northern people”. (Gaskell)
23. If people choose not to work and can support themselves, what business is it of the state –
however cash-strapped – to try to push them into work? (The Economist)
24. Just as Margaret had exhausted her last subject of conversation – and yet conversation that
could hardly be called which consisted of so few and such short speeches – her father came
in, and, with his pleasant gentlemanly courteousness of apology, reinstated his name and
family in Mr. Thornton’s good opinion. (Gaskell)
25. Mr. Bell said they absolutely lived upon water - porridge for years – how, he did not know;
but, long after the creditors had given up hope of any payment of old Mr. Thornton’s debts
(if, indeed, they ever had hoped at all about it, after his suicide), this young man returned to
Milton, and went quietly round to each creditor, paying him the first installment of the
money owing to him. (Gaskell)
26. “And the poor men around him – they were poor because they were vicious – out of the pale
of his sympathies because they had not his iron nature, and the capabilities that it gives him
for being rich”. (Gaskell)
27. And then we saw a report in the papers – that’s to say, long before Fred’s letter reached us –
of an atrocious mutiny having broken out on board the Russell. (Gaskell)
28. They came from hundreds of miles away – he normally made sure of this before beginning to
trick them – so even when they discovered they had been swindled they were unlikely to
return. (Rushdie)
29. So, of course, ten years older than Ramani, five children alive and two dead, she would be
interested in him. (Rushdie)
30. It bowed again and ushered them in, and somehow or other – neither Dan nor Lucy nor
Nettie could later explain why – they all three found themselves climbing the steps into the
elevator. (Jones, Adams)
31. The use of a baton, though at least as old as the 15 th century, did not become the almost
universal method of directing a performance until the 2 nd half of the 19th century. (Collins
Encyclopaedia of Music)
32. He came out, looked up at them – the pale cluster of faces – and smiled good courage to
them, before he locked the factory door. (Gaskell)
33. The organizational change at Ilford—involving the move away from a lot of different jobs to
a number of core jobs—is a third complete, says the company’s head of human resources,
Frank Sharp.(The Financial Times)
34. In reality, to use a racing analogy, it was a 10-furlong race and the finishing point was to get
everybody on board, understanding what the reward process was about.(The Financial
Times)
35. Each employee’s job will be put into one of the new grades using a method of job evaluation
—almost certainly the work profiling system of consultants Savile & Holdsworth—involving
the employee.(Ibid.)
36. And the company’s aim—that none of Ilford Ltd’s 1,400 employees should be left in the dark
about the programme—has meant an exhaustive series of consultative meetings.(Ibid.)
1. Very few people, if any, still support this idea. (Longman Dictionary of English Language
and Culture)
2. Over a period I have asked bronchial friends who smoke, what advice, if any, their doctor has
given them in this matter. (The Daily Mirror)
3. In the morning, if anything, it was colder. (Tanzing)
4. A top-level group of American scientists yesterday stated that in the past 20 years the study
of flying saucers had little added to scientific knowledge, if at all. (Newsweek)
6. Too sweet? – I thought it was a little dry, if anything. (Longman Dictionary of English
Language and Culture)
8. If anything, the membership in Congress ought to be reduced to 400 or less. (The New York
Times)
9. It appears that the total activity in the economy of Britain may not have increased very much,
if at all. (The Times)
10. It was a situation of a delicacy to be tactfully approached – if at all. (The Daily Mail)
11. Few, if any, political events of recent times have kindled the imagination of free men so
strongly or been so widely acclaimed and celebrated. (The Guardian)
12. “I’m going out. I’ve got to be free of this house for a while. I don’t know when I’ll come
back. Don’t expect me till tomorrow – if then. (Whitney)
13. Given the scope and complexity of the work in hand, it will be hardly surprising that the
reconstruction will take long. (The Daily Mail)
14. I don’t know if I’ll ever finish this opera, let alone if it will ever be performed. (La Mure)
15. At this special meeting they hope to announce recommendations which, if accepted by the
government, would help to arrest economic decline. (The Guardian)
16. Given his failings, Galsworthy’s work still supplies material for the understanding of a
section of the social scene in which he grew up. (The Moscow Times).
17. The 18th century English explorer Captain James Cook discovered the Great Barrier Reef by
the simple, if dangerous, method of sailing straight into it. (The National Geographic)
18. As recession looms, managers should be questioning the policies they pursued while the
good times rolled – and asking to which, if any, they should be preparing to return when the
good times come back. (The Economist)
19. At the start of every month I have to send him an account of my earnings, if any. (Paran)
20. Once or twice, on Sundays, she saw him walking with a girl, evidently his daughter, and, if
possible, still more unhealthy than he was himself. (Gaskell)
21. If anything, a school uniform encourages you to develop your own character more. Because
you all have to wear the same clothes, you have to try harder to make your individual
character stand out. (School Leaver Magazine)
22. No doubt many people found marriage a tender, hand-in-hand journey through life… He
hadn’t. Instead he had found that marriage did not create companionship. If anything,
marriage induced the kind of thoughts it was wise to keep to yourself. (La Mure)
23. In 1917 Congress passed an act permitting the President to determine, when, if at all, the
National Government should take over and operate the railroads. (Newsweek)
24. Rhyme is a repetition of final stressed vowels and final consonants and consonants clusters,
if any, but not of initial consonants in the syllable. (Sebeok)
25. Few, if any, attempts have been made to study this phenomenon. (The Daily Mail)
26. The lower storey was, besides, naked of windows so that the building, if garrisoned, could
not be carried without artillery. (Stevenson)
27. Evidence collected by the spacecraft shows some present volcanic action, though the
volcanoes are believed to be dormant, if not extinct. (The National Geographic)
28. “Gold and World Power” is a clear, if somewhat repetitive, tract on the problems of the two
reserve currencies.(The Moscow News)
29. If you know the other side must reach agreement on a deal by a certain date for financial
reasons, your willingness to comply with that date could be worth a great deal of money to
them, without costing you much, if anything at all.(The Economist)
30. If anything, Britain’s attitude on territories for which it has its direct responsibility is even
worse than that of other colonial powers.(The Daily Mirror)
31. “Don’t waste any time pitying me”, he said. “I’m not easy on those who victimize others.
Nor am I patient with willing victims—if that’s what you are.” (Whitney)
e.g. Even now, many years after it happened, the assassination of Abraham Lincoln may be called
America’s most deplored and deplorable crime. (Newsweek) – Даже сейчас, много лет спустя,
убийство Авраама Линкольна можно назвать наиболее горьким и печальным преступлением в
США.
Таким образом, чтобы избежать ошибки при переводе необходимо понять, что в
подобных случаях речь идет не о разных лицах, и предметах, а об одних и тех же, то есть надо
видеть, что местоимение-подлежащее соотносится с подлежащим главного предложения.
Иерархическое выражение подлежащего обычно не сохраняется в переводе, так как это
противоречит логическому началу, доминирующему в русском языке, где в первую очередь
сообщается, о ком или о чем идет речь. (То есть в русском языке в таких случаях подлежащее
придаточного предложения выражается существительным во избежание неясности.)
e.g. He crossed Tottenham Court Road and Gower Street, walking without any particular object, except to
take the air. It was not until he was under its shadow and saw the vast bulk of London University
insulting the autumnal sky that he remembered that here was the Ministry of Information. (Waugh)
– Он пересек Тоттенхем Корт Роуд и Говер Стрит, идя без какой-либо определенной цели,
желая лишь подышать свежим воздухом. И только тогда, когда на него упала тень от
огромного здания Лондонского университета, уродливо вырисовывающегося на фоне
осеннего неба, он вспомнил, что здесь было министерство информации.
Большая группа подлежащего, как правило, требует перестройки всего предложения при
переводе: короткое сказуемое в конце предложения как бы ритмически не выдерживает такой
нагрузки. Разновидностью большой группы подлежащего является придаточное предложение
подлежащее (subject clause), которое не всегда содержит в себе эмфазу.
e.g. The spectacle of the PM addressing the portly, cigar-smoking, brandy-swilling guests at the Lord
Mayor’s banquet as “merchant venturers” was certainly one of the most ludicrous sights we are
likely to witness this year. (The Daily Mail) – Момент, когда премьер-министр обратился на
банкете у лорда-мэра к дородным, курящим сигары и жадно пьющим бренди гостям как к
отважным коммерсантам, был, вероятно, самым смешным зрелищем, свидетелями которого
мы стали в этом году.
How this death would affect Fleur had begun to trouble Soames. (Galsworthy) – То, как эта смерть
повлияет на Флёр, начало беспокоить Сомса.
That he has made a mistake is strange. – Странно, что он сделал ошибку.
Грамматическая трансформация также вызывается столь частым в английском языке
употреблением существительных, обозначающих неодушевленные предметы или понятия, в
роли агента действия (то есть подлежащего). Это явление языка, а не стилистический прием,
оно ни в коей мере не носит индивидуальный характер. Его можно объяснить твердым
порядком слов в английском предложении. При переводе предложений с таким
неодушевленным подлежащим, выступающим в роли агента действия, обычно приходится
прибегать к синтаксическим, морфологическим, лексическим заменам. В качестве
подлежащего-агента действия часто выступают такие существительные, как report, article,
newspaper, rumour, tradition, legend, etc.
e.g. The article says that the Japanese formula requires an island nation to industrialize, maximize
exports, minimize imports, expand productive growth and compete abroad by extreme austerity at
home. (The New York Herald Tribune) – В статье говорится, что японская формула успеха
заключается в следующем: держать курс на индустриализацию, максимально увеличить
экспорт, сократить до минимума импорт, стремиться к росту промышленного производства и
добиться повышения конкурентоспособности за рубежом путем внутренней политики
крайней экономии (путем крайнего ограничения внутреннего рынка).
This comparatively short span of about 150 years has seen a fantastic change in the lives of women.
Nowhere in the world, in 1850, did a woman have any freedom. (The Moscow Times) – За 150 лет
– сравнительно короткий промежуток времени – жизнь женщин изменилась коренным
образом. В 1850 году во всем мире не было женщины, которую можно было бы назвать
свободной.
This week-end will see the culmination of a four-week campaign conducted by the Liberal Party
among old-age pensioners here and aimed at stopping the rise in electricity charges. (The Daily
Mail) – Предстоящий уик-энд станет кульминацией (в предстоящие выходные завершится)
четырехнедельной кампании, проводимой либеральной партией среди пенсионеров
(преклонного возраста) и направленной на приостановку увеличения платы за электричество
(тарифов на электроэнергию).
1. As they crawled the men picked the grapes and ate them. (Steinbeck)
2. When she arrived, the governess went into her room. (Collins)
3. While they talk about peace, the Americans continue to practice the vilest barbarities of
modern war in Iraq. (The Moscow Times)
4. Although he clearly intends to keep a firm rein on foreign affairs the president does not
consider them – or national defense – domains reserved for the presidency.(The Herald
Tribune)
5. An important landmark in the creation of fraternal unity between the youth of Britain and
of her former colonies in Asia, Africa and America has been reached. (The Daily Mirror)
6. That the economic crisis in all the main developed countries of the world, and most
conspicuously in the US, the dominant leader and pacemaker, is deepening is now
recognized by all their spokesmen. (The Guardian)
7. Legend (never a good historian!) has it that it was from here that one September day in
1645 Charles I watched the final stages of the Battle of Rowton Heath in which his forces
were defeated by Cromwellian troops. (Ogden)
8. The 5th century saw the end of the Roman Empire in the West. (Longman Dictionary of
English Language and Culture)
9. This year has seen a big increase in road accidents. (The Daily Mail)
10. Tradition has it that this house was visited by Henry VIII. (Longman Dictionary of
English Language and Culture)
11. While it lasted the storm was terrible. (The Daily Mail)
12. A big wave of actions by all sections of workers – skilled and unskilled, men and women,
manual and non-manual – for higher wages and equal pay, for shorter hours and a greater
say in shaping the environment at work was rising. (Gaskell)
13. How to earn daily bread by my pen was then the problem. (Shaw)
14. Rumour has it that the prince and the dancer are going to get married soon. (The Daily
Mail)
15. Tradition has it that this lime tree standing in front of the City Hall sprang from a twig
planted after the battle of Morat in which in 1476 the little Swiss army defeated the
immense forces of Charles the Bold from Burgundy. (The Times)
16. More pessimistic estimates state that only about 200 languages will survive until the year
2100 A.D. (Focus Magazine)
17. Another popular commercial is a Spanish ad which shows a dog called Pippin packing
her bags because she feels neglected by her television addict of a master. (Le Monde)
18. This is largely because of country-specific factors, like political risk and Russia’s
sovereign debt default in 1998, which also saw some corporate borrowers fail to service
their debts. (The Financial Times)
19. History shows that having fewer languages doesn’t necessarily mean more cooperation or
fewer wars. (Focus Magazine)
20. Its spring 1991 advertising campaign showed a group of tombstones, one sporting the
Jewish star of David, just as the 1st Iraqi Scud missiles hit Tel Aviv. (The Economist)
22. His being against this proposal doesn’t mean that I must decline it. (The Moscow Times)
23. While he was walking in the mountains, Henry saw a bear. (The Daily Mail)
24. On coming home from the college, after he had passed his exams, Robert felt very happy.
(The Daily Mail)
25. A couple of months ago a newspaper reported that 5 British banks’ computers were
broken into by a gang of hackers. (The Independent)
26. Tradition says that Easter eggs are delivered by Easter Bunny and it is a popular game for
the children to hunt for small eggs concealed around the house or garden. (Longman)
27. The coal industry, the worst hit area, has seen employment fall by as much as three
quarters. (Focus Magazine)
28. The article is questioning the theory that strong corporate culture always helps firms
succeed. (The Economist)
29. A recent report suggests that companies are often at risk from security breaches by their
own employees. (Newsweek)
30. This type of fraud is responsible for up to one million dollars per year in illegal phone
calls. (Newsweek)
31. There are 11 million cell phones in America alone, and each has its own serial number
and identification number. These numbers are highly prized by thieves. The reason is that
the numbers validate phone calls and charge the customer. (Newsweek)
32. 1984 saw a slight increase, and 1985 a slight fall. 1983 brought a slight improvement. In
1984 there was no great change, but 1985 saw another increase to about 13.5. (The
Financial Times)
33. They shook hands when Erica and John were introduced to each other. (Paran)
34. Official figures suggest workers in Britain send around £1 billion abroad every year. (The
Economist)
35. These natural forces are still at work – scientific estimates put the upward progress of the
Himalayas at around 5 centimetres a year. (The National Geographic)
36. A native of New York finds that her home city sets very high standards for other cities to
reach. However, Sarah Lyall of the New York Times finds London matches up to it.
(British Airways Highlife)
37. The statistics present a rather different picture however. (The Financial Times)
38. Recent years have seen attempts to create some form of unity between the Catholic
Church and the Church of England. (The Guardian)
39. A recent unofficial survey indicated that approximately two-thirds of the population
profess a belief in God (although not necessarily a Christian one). ( The Guardian)
40. Now I live in London and lie to myself that I don’t need to drive, forgetting that my
inability has lost me several jobs. (School Leaver Magazine)
41. Surveys reveal that the message is getting across: 40% of those questioned have changed
to a healthier diet and 12.5% of smokers have given up. (Men’s Health)
42. The past few years have seen quite an increased interest by women in off-road riding.
(Cycling, Touring and Campaigning Magazine)
43. On the night before he left Ashley walked through the lanes of the village. (Wilder)
44. As they leave Washington, the four foreign ministers will be travelling together by plane.
(Newsweek)
45. The quality of its leisure activity sets the tone of any society, defines its version of the
Good Life and measures the level of its civilization. (Men’s Health)
46. When he telephoned from the airport, Mr. Jones was told that the hotel was full. (British
Airways Highlife)
4. Questioners at the P.M.’s press conference wanted to pin him down. (The Guardian)
5. Biggest foreign exhibitor at Expo 70, the world fair in Osaka, was the Soviet Union. (The
Guardian)
6. The U.S. is the net gainer from the brain drain. (The New York Times)
7. On the two previous mornings Newman had come to breakfast late; and I didn’t fancy that at
any time he was an early riser. (Christie)
9. American military draft evaders were given asylum by Sweden defying the U.S. Government
displeasure. (Newsweek)
10. A proposal made by a Tory ought to make it a non-runner for Labour. (The Daily Mirror)
11. Various schemes have been put forward to outlaw taxi gratuities. The taxi drivers themselves
respond to the non-tipper with a selection of crisp, four-letter, Anglo-Saxon words. (“The
London News” )
12. The “Lost Sierre” is an isolated corner of north-eastern California that the forty-niners
penetrated for gold. (The National Geographic)
13. He also resented – as one of the hotel’s most consistent nine-to-fivers – the idea of working
all night. (Hailey)
14. “My electric razor created a sensation; so did the decorative and washable wallpaper in our
bathrooms.” (Chasins)
15. They (the starlings) peel off the National Gallery and fly to the trees, to the Nelson Column,
to St. Martin’s, apparently without any discoverable purpose. (Morton)
16. He had a town house then. His place is in the next county, a drivable distance. (Dane)
17. Through the glasses it was possible to see series of ridges running across the faces of others;
they were quite climbable. (Davidson)
18. If cannabis had been absolutely prohibited 30 or 35 years ago in North Africa, the drug
problem would now be manageable. (The Daily Mirror)
19. But the Government are doing nothing to prevent avoidable tragedies – deaths due to
inadequate heating and food – happening this winter (The Daily Mirror)
20. Passers-by could see a small red car with a sturdy ruffle-haired, polo-sweatered young man
opening the door for a pale pretty cripple. Her thin leg stuck out like a stick, unhidable,
unavoidable, incurable, ridiculous. (Graham)
21. Strange Nicholas! So quiet, friendly, composed, and underneath so tormented and
ungraspable a spirit. (Dane)
23. “It’s the friendliness of the village I like,”said Eager Wright as the three paying guests of the
Mill walked across the heath that evening after dinner. “That’s right,” said Guffy
expansively. “You don’t get this curious clubbable atmosphere in many country places.”
(Allingham)
24. I had sized up the Taylor woman as a package-leaver as soon as she joined us. (du Maurier)
26. Did it matter that an opponent had once dubbed him the smiler with the knife. (Sinclair)
27. The immediate bottle-orderer was often starting on a drink, and might not intend to pay, or
couldn’t. (Hailey)
28. “Marta said that you wanted something looked up.” “And are you a looker-upper?” “I am
doing research, here in London. Historical research, I mean…” (Tey)
30. It (dawn) was a low point in the life of any hotel – the night staff still on duty were less alert
as the end of their shift approached. Day workers had not yet come on. Guests – even party-
ers and stay-out-lates – were back in their rooms and most likely to be sleeping. (Hailey)
31. The war had become simply the war and battles were no more than a part of a slow
progression to an untimable end. (Aldridge)
32. He was waiting for the last batch of the purified uranium with unfillable time on his hands.
(Snow)
33. The lanes were not passable, complained a villager, not even jackassaable. (The National
Geographic)
34. All through their visit (in consequence of Mr. Fairlie’s invalid condition) we produced no
such convenience in the house as a flirtable, dansable, small-talkable creature of the male
sex. (Collins)
35. London Conversation is an interesting and listenable record. (The Daily Mirror)
36. The songs of the film, old and new, are hummable and the setting is colorful enough. (The
Daily Mirror)
37. After a great weight of put-downable books by generals on how they won the war, here is an
un-put-downable one about some of the men who helped them to do it. (The Spectator)
38. Mr. Thornhill’s command of “same again” was so sharp and loud that a wire-haired terrier
belonging to a tweeded gentleman at the far end of the bar yapped out a series of loud and
agitated barks. (Bates)
39. His son Ted aspired to a Packard and an established position in the motored gentry. (Lewis)
40. He looked at his bank and considered how clever and solid he was to bank with so marbled
an establishment. (Lewis)
41. The love-story, so multi-heroed, which is the life story of the Hon. Jane Digby El Mezral,
begins in Norfolk and ends in Damascus. (Blanch)
42. People who think gangsters are only to be found in gambling dens and houses of prostitution
are old-timers. (Newsweek)
43. Chicago.A proposal that the problem of out-of-this world meat prices be put on the
conference table for a working-over by packers, farmers, organized workers and consumers
was made here by the President of the United Packinghouse Workers (AFL-CIO).
(Newsweek)
44. Similarly most parents do not let non-swimmers near water alone or without protection.
(Cornell)
45. We do not disparage any nonjailable definition of happiness, nor question any man’s right to
define the great quarry for himself. (Men’s Health)
46. In 1664, when the English sent a formidable fleet of warships into the New Amsterdam
harbor, Dutch governor Peter Stuyvesant surrended without resistance. (Time)
47. The symptoms of the want-disease are easily discernible, and often show that sufferers must
have what they don’t really want, let alone need. (Newsweek)
48. Harry Potter’s appearance did not endear him to the neighbours, who were the sort of people
who thought scruffiness ought to be punishable by law, but as he had hidden himself behind
a large hydrangea bush this evening he was quite invisible to passers-by. (Rowling)
49. To be a good comedian you have to be a friend to the audience as well as an entertainer.(The
Daily Mail)
50. It was not until he encountered an Arab villager who told him of a large mound near a remote
village that Botta hired two diggers and sent them to the spot with instructions to see what
they could uncover.(Elder)
51. The boys ate quickly and quietly, wolfed their food. Aron said, “Will you excuse us, Father?”
Adam nodded, and the two boys went quickly out. Samuel looked after them: “They seem
older than eleven,” he said. “I seem to remember that at 11 my brood were howlers and
screamers and runners in circles. These seem like grown men.”(Steinbeck)
52. “What are you in for?” he asked in a low voice. “Murder,” said John Lexman laconically. He
had answered the question before and had noticed with a little amusement the look of respect
which came into the eyes of the questioner. (Wallace)
53. I managed to smile at him. How had I ever thought Wayne Martin a harsh, unreachable man?
There was nothing but kindness in him now.(Whitney)
54. “War bread”—Pain de guerre…Oh, the delicious rolls of the garret days! As for tobacco, it
was all but unfindable.(La Mure)
55. But I am afraid we should all be mildly surprised if your ingenious friend can really persuade
us that we can afford the unaffordable. (Snow)
56. Attractive plastics pottery is now available, while disposable paper plates are becoming the
thing at many parties. This may be paralleled by development of paper clothes, attractive but
disposable and cheap.( The Daily Mail)