GE07 (Science, Technology and Society)
answers are from the bible
Notes
LESSON 1:
Science and Technology in Ancient times
● Ancient period is the start of early civilization that also gave rise
to the major advancement of science and technology.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Science - There is no individual that can exactly identify when and where
science began.
● Science as an idea - it includes ideas and theories and all
available systematic explanation and observation about the natural
physical world
● Science as an intellectual activity - the process of studies
includes systematic observation and experimentation
● Science as a body of knowledge - It is a subject or discipline, a
field of study that deals with the process of learning about the
natural and physical world.
● Science as a personal and social activity - it explains that science
is both knowledge and activities done by human beings to develop
better understanding of the world around them
Humans engage in scientific activities to understand the world around
them; development of novelized ideas
Scientific Revolution
● 16 - 18 centuries in Europe; changed how people think
● Asking questions to the Church (Ancient Rome & Greece) -
●
●
Reason (find answers through science) and Scientific Revolution
Period of Enlightenment
● Birth of Modern Science (field of discipline)
● Golden Age of People
● Impacted human development, society and scientific ideas
Variables that influences the Development of Science Ideas, Science
Discoveries and Technology
● Creativity - use of imagination
● Curiosity - they seek answer to their questions for the sake of
gaining knowledge
● Critical Thinking - intellectually thinking process; analyzing
facts and evidences to form a judgement by rational and unbiased
evaluation
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
● born in Torun, Poland (February 19, 1473)
● A mathematician, Astronomer, Doctor and a Catholic Priest
● Father of Modern Astronomy
● Author of the book (De revolutionibus orbium coelestium or On
the Revolutions of the heavenly spheres); he wrote manuscript
(little commentary)
● Introduced the Heliocentric Model of the Universe
○ He proposed that the sun is the center of the universe and
earth and all other planets are orbiting the Sun each year.
○ Heliocentric - Sun is the Center of the Universe
○ Geocentric - (Aristotle) Earth is the center of the universe;
west widely accepted by people and the catholic church
for 1,000 years
2 kinds of planetary motion ○ Psychoanalysis works to restore their relationship to their
1. The orbits of mercury and venus lays inside the orbit of the sexuality; strengthen their relationship to their
earth unconscious
2. The orbits of mars, jupiter and saturn lays outside the earth’s
orbit CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE
Development of Science in Mesoamerica
CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN ● Central America from Southern Mexico up to the border of South
● born in Shrewsbury, England (February 12, 1809) America
● A British naturalist and Biologist ● Home to the treasure of culture and knowledge before the
● He embarks on a five-year voyage around the world on the HMS colonization of the Europeans
Beagle ● Historical area and cultural region
○ collected and looked plants and animals
● On the Origin of Species (1859) Maya Civilization
● Known for this theory of evolution and his understanding of the ● 2,000 years
process of natural selection ● Known for their works in astronomy - studying of stars (chichen
○ Natural Selection - by which individual organism with itza in mexico, predict eclipses)
● 2 calendars
the variable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
● Farming and engineering
○ Hydraulic System - mechanical function with
SIGMUND FREUD sophisticated water waste to supply waters to different
● born in Frieberg, Moravia (1856) communities
● A physiologist, Medical Doctor, Psychologist and Influential ● Arts - make colorful paints from rocks
thinker of the early twentieth century ● Maya Hieroglyphics - writing system
● Father of Psychoanalysis Inca Civilization
● Old civilization
● Invented Psychoanalytic Theory and Theory of Talk Therapy or
● Roads paved with stones and stone buildings
Psychotherapy ● Inca calendar - 12 months to mark their religious festivals and
○ Psychoanalytic Theory suggests that human behavior is prepare for planting seasons
influenced by unconscious memories, thoughts and urges ● Farming
○ Psychotherapy attempts to restore the relationship to the ○ Created the First suspension bridge
social norms; strengthen the ego ● Creativity - creation of clothes
● Quipu - keeping records; only experts can interpret; secret codes;
one way of communication
Aztec Civilization
● Mandatory education - they believe that everyone should get
proper education
● Chocolates - cacao beans; used as a currency and part of tributes
to their Gods
● Antispasmodic medication - relax muscles; helpful for surgeries
● Farming
○ Chinampa - mini farms in rectangles with water all
around
○ Canoe - light boat for sailing in water
● Aztec Calendar - help them know when to do their activities,
rituals and planting season
All of them have their own calendars for farming because farming is their
source of income.
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA
India
● They are known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical works.
In the entire Roman empire, its iron steel is believed to be their
finest and most respected.
Field of Medicine
● The discovery of certain medicinal properties in the plants has
made it possible to create medicines that are able to cure different
diseases.
● Ayurveda System - traditional form of medicine; oldest medical
systems; ayur (life) veda (knowledge)
● Susruta Samhita - ancient sanskrit text on medicine and surgery
Field of Astronomy
● They developed theories of the configuration of the universe, the
spherical self-supporting Earth, and the year 360 days with 12
equal parts of 30 days each.
● Their interest in astronomy was also evident in the first 12
chapters of the Siddhanta Shiromani written in the 12th century
(Sama, 2008)
Field of Mathematics
● Aryabhata (Indian Astronomer and Mathematician) introduced a
number of trigonometric functions, tables, and techniques, as well
as algorithms of algebra.
● Brahmagupat, lucidly explained the use of zero as both a
placeholder and a decimal digit, along with the Hindu-Arabic
numeral system now used universally throughout the world
● Madhava of Sangamagrama is also considered the founder of
Mathematical Analysis.
China
● Major contributor in many fields like medicine, astronomy,
science, mathematics, art, philosophy and music among others
● Creately influenced its neighbouring countries
● Old Silk Road - trade route that connects the western world to the
middle east and asia
Traditional Medicine
● Product of centuries of experiences and discovery of chinese
people
● Discovered various medical properties and uses of different plants
and animals to cure human illness
● Herbs that are most commonly used:
- Dong Quai - used commonly by women to lessen the pain
in menstrual cramps; commonly used by women.
- Lotus Flower - used in inflammatory bleeding; bleeding
disorders and fever
- Animals used:
- Tiger (bones) - treat arthritis and other joint illness
 - Black Bear - cure/treat headaches and liver diseases; wide - Also observed heavenly bodies to understand weather changes in
varieties of illnesses and disorders seasons that may affect their activities
Medical Practice before
- Acupuncture - technique which stimulate specific points in the MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES
body usually by inserting needles through skin; Increase relaxation ● A period of muslim scholarship is called golden age of islam
- Cupping ● They gave us mathematical terms like algebra, azimuth,
- Herbal Medicine algorithms and many more
- Meditation ● Contrary to the greeks, muslim scientist place greater value on
- Tai Chi science experiments rather than plain thought experiments
In terms of Technology ● Islamic Scholars - 1750 and 1570s
- Compass - In 202 BC in Han Dynasty, compass was named
‘south pointers’; used by chinese sailors for navigation KEY FIGURES
- 15th century - created the largest navy and had the - Ibn Al-Haytham
greatest power with the compass - Father of Optics
- Papermaking - Most common source of paper was the bark of the - Theory of Light
paper mulberry trees - Known in the was by latinished form of his first name, initially
- Gun Powder - the first known recipe for saltpetre, the principal ‘alhacen’ and later ‘alhazen’
ingredients of gunpowder; made by accident - Understand the concept of light, optics and vision
- Printing Tools - text is carved into blocks which then are inked - Mathematics and astronomy
Other Invented Tools
- Iron Plough - to dig up soils In mathematics
- Wheelbarrow - to carry out loads, foods and other materials Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi
- Propeller - used as a water lift - Father of Algebra
- Seismograph - indicates when and in which direction does the - Famous for his mathematical works - arabic numerals and algebra
earth make movements occured to european mathematicians
In the field of Astronomy - The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion Balancing
- Supernovas - they recorded the first supernova in 1054 - Algorithm
- Lunar solar calendar Jabir Ibn Hayyan
- Lunar and Solar Eclipses - Al-Harrani and Al-Sufi
- Comets - 2,260 years - Father of Arab Chemistry
- Founder of Modern pharmacy
 - Introduction of experimental methodology - The human beings first attempt to make spiritual
- Evaporation, sublimation printing, crystallization, development of connection with the heavens
steel - Egypt - transcontinental country (located in 2 continents: Asia
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and Africa)
- Pioneered in experimental science or medicine - 3 types of calendars: lunar, solar, stellar or the combination of the
- First physician to conduct trials three
- Influential of all islamic philosopher-scientist In the field of Metallurgy and Tools
- Famous works: Book of Healing and Canon of Medicine ● North Africa and the Nile Valley imported Iron Technology from
- Book of Healing - scientific encyclopedia covering logic the Near East region -enable them to benefit from the
and natural science developments until the Iron Age
- Canon of Medicine - famous book for medicine during ● Invented metal tools used in their rooms and building
his time ● Bronze Age
- Geometry, Arithmetic and Music In the field of Architecture and Engineering
● Post of Lintel Architecture of Egypt
Development of Science in Africa ● Sophisticated build environment
Africa ● Early dumps to deliver water from Nile River
● Early african americans In the field of Medicine
In the field of Mathematics ● "Ancient African History. The science of chemistry was originated
- Most high school level mathematics are developed in africa by Africans in the ancient empire of Ghana." - BM Archives
- Books (Division and Multiplication of fractions, geometry; to ● Center of Alchemy - medieval forerunner of chemistry; studied
calculate the volume and shapes) human anatomy and pharmacology and applied (examination,
- Ishango Bones - a tool that was used to count; pinaka old na tool diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for treatment of diseases)
para magbilang
- Ancient Egyptian Mathematics Brief Historical Background of Science and Technology in the
- Post of the Lintel Architecture of Egypt Philippines
In the field of astronomy I. Pre-colonial Period
- Ritual Calendars ● Scientific and technological development in the
- Nabta Playa - african stonehenge; 7,000 years old; oldest stone Philippines began in the pre-colonial period. Even before
circle and possibly the oldest astronomical site: stand 700 miles the Spaniards came to the Philippines
from the gate pyramid of giza; track the summer solstice and the ● Early filipino settlers were already using certain plants
arrival of the monsoon season and herbs as medicines
 ● Systems of farming and animal-raising were also
implemented
● Scientific knowledge is observed in the way they plant
their crops that provide them food
● Moreover, early Filipinos had also developed different
modes of transportation, whether terrestrial or maritime.
● Banaue Rice Terraces - the people were able to cultivate
crops on the mountain sides in cold temperatures. They
incorporated an irrigation system that uses water from the
forests and mountain tops to achieve an elaborate farming
system
II. Colonial Period
A. Spanish Colonization (1565 - 1898)
● Provided modern means of construction (walls,
roads, bridges and other large infrastructures were
built using some of the engineering skills and
tools brought by the Spaniards) (ex. UST)
● Galleon Trade - brought additional technology
and development; it allowed other ideas, crops,
tools cultural practices, technology, and Western
practices to reach the country
B. American Colonization (1898 - 1946)
● The science in this period was inclined towards
agriculture, food processing, medicine and
pharmacy
● Science and technology in the Philippines
advanced rapidly during this period by:
○ the simultaneous government
encouragement and support for an
extensive public education system;
○ granting of scholarships for higher
education in science and engineering;
○ the organization of science research
agencies and establishment of science-
based public services
● Established Bureau of Science - nurturing
development in the field of science and
technology
● Established University of the Philippines
(modern research university); created more public
hospitals
● Transportation and communication systems were
improved, though not accessible throughout the
country
III. Post-colonial Period
● Former President Ferdinand Marcos
○ Philippine Heart Center
○ National Kidney and Transplant Institute
○ Light Rail Transit Authority
○ Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration (PAG-
ASA)
LESSON 2:
MIDDLE AGES
➢ Started 476 A.D. following the fall of the Roman Empire
➢ Lasted for 1,000 years (ending between the 1400 or 1450s A.D.)
Early Middle Ages
 ● Dark Ages ● He began promoting the establishment of schools (attached in
● Started in the 5th century after the fall of the Rome monasteries)
● Poverty, ignorance and barbarism The developments stopped again when Charlemagne died as well as his
Astronomy empire.
- Vikings also known as the master navigators Improvement of Latin Literacy
- Mirage - phenomenon when the light rays are gently blent over ● Centered in education
the horizon High Middle Ages: The Rebirth of Science and Scholasticism
Medicine ● Started in western europe - their economy greatly expanded
- The study of medicine is in the hands of the Monks (the plants are ● Trade of Knowledge
planted in the monasteries) ● Universities blossomed
○ Studium generale (old customary name for a medieval
The Middle Ages: university in the medieval period
● Charlemagne, Science, Learning ○ Thoughts of scientific () ; use of experiments and
observation to collect the evidence and raw conclusions
Systematize Education ● Muslims translated many greek texts to arabic and many
● Education is the key to maintain unity and peace (rulers and participated to translate those to Latin
church leaders)
Carolingian Renaissance Scholasticism - the system of theology and philosophy taught in medieval
● Charlemagne facilitated an intellectual and cultural golden age european universities, based on aristotelian logic and the writings of the
during his reign early church fathers and having a strong emphasis on tradition and dogma
Charlemagne Charles the great ● Main purpose: bring reason to the support of faith; strengthen
● Reestablish knowledge as a cornerstone of medieval society religious faith
● The Golden Hero of the Church ● Silence all doubts and questionings through argument, while faith
● Instigated a revival in art, culture and learning using the catholic is still considered superior to the reason
church to transmit knowledge and education
● Ordered the transition of latin texts and promoted astronomy Major contributions in the High Middle Ages
Alcuin of York 1. St. Thomas Aquinas
● A monk in england ● Italian dominican friar catholic priest and doctor of the
● Instigated a system of education in art and theology, and also in church
arithmetic, geometry and astronomy ● Founder of the thomistic school of philosophy and
theology (main focus is philosophy and theology)
 ● Doctor Angelicus and Doctor Communist(?)
● 3 major theological works
- The commentary on the sentences
- The summa contra gentiles
- The summa theologica
2. Robert Grosseteste
● English statesman, scholastic philosopher, theologian,
scientist and bishop of lincoln
● The real founder of the tradition of scientific thought in
medieval oxford and in some ways, of the modern english
intellectual tradition
● Almost declared as a saint in england
3. Francis Bacon
● The first lawyer, congressman
● During the reign of king james I, Attorney General, then
Lord Chancellor FB01 (in charge of the law courts and
the appointment of judiciary)
● Revolution in teaching and the use of the scientific
method of induction or checking by experiment
● Bacon, in advance, had to carefully say that he excluded
religion from all of his conclusions
● Developed his classification of sciences (1620) -
revolution in teaching in the use of the scientific method
of induction or checking by experiment
LATE MIDDLE AGES: SCHOLASTICISM AND THE SCIENTIFIC
METHOD
William of Ockham
● A 14th century friar
● Philosopher, theologian
● ‘The principle of parsimony (occam’s razor) - simplicity
● In two competing theories, the simpler explanation is to be
preferred. (Avoid looking for complex solutions to a problem)
● Razor - shaving away unnecessary information when
distinguishing between two theories
Jean Buridan
● French priest, philosopher, scientist
● He developed the concept of impetus, the first step toward the
modern concept of inertia.
○ 14th century - motive force
○ Impetus - certain force enabling a body to move in the
direction in which the mover starts it
BLACK DEATH PLAGUE
● The Great Plague, the black plague or the plague
● one of the most devastating pandemics and deadliest disease in
human history, resulting in deaths of an estimated 75 to 200
million people in eurasia and peaking in europe from 1347 - 1351
● Bacterium Yersinia Pestis
● How it is transmitted: Rodents - fleas - humans
● Their prevention: Quarantine technique
Nicholas Kues
● A 15th century german philosopher and theologian
● A papal legate to the holy roman empire of the german nation
● A cardinal and a prince-bishop of brixen
● A vicar general in the papal states
● Works: De Docta Ignorantia, De Visione Dei, De Conjecture
● He stated that the earth was a star like the other stars, that it was
not the center of the universe
● He had introduced the counting of pulse through the comparison
of the rate of pulse and the weighing of the quantity of water
RELATIONSHIP OF SCIENCE AND MIDDLE AGES
Science in the middle ages
● Scientific method - is a systematic process of objectively
establishing knowledge and facts through experimentations
○ The scientists became critical thinkers
● Inventions and innovations - weaponry and equipment -
gunpowder and swords
○ Imagination of the people
● Growing economy - trade and commerce
RELATIONSHIP OF TECHNOLOGY AND MIDDLE AGES
● Innovation of wrought iron - alloy of iron with low carbon
content
● Improvement of agricultural tools
● Innovation of gunpowder - canons and firearms for wars
Printing Press
- a device that uses ink to transmit text and images from movable
types to paper or other media
- 14th century (korea) - first known existing book printed with
moveable type
- China - moveable type and paper
- 15th century - printing in europe was mechanized
Johannes Guttenburg
● a skilled craftsmen and inventor from germany who invented a
way to print using moveable type
● In 1445, he printed a copy of the bible using his printing press
(earliest book printed in moveable type and first complete book
existed in the west
Telescope
● a device that creates enlarged images of far off objects
● In 1608, Hans Lippershey (Dutch lens maker) submitted the first
patent application for a telescope - first person recognized to
describe a telescope in writing
● Galileo Galilei did not create the telescope but he was the first to
see celestial objects with it and document his findings
● This is used to discover important astronomical discoveries such
as craters and mountains in moon
Compound Microscope
- Invented by a dutch Zacharias Janssen in 1590’s
- It is used in many scientific studies in the area of medicine,
forensics and genetics
HISTORICAL INVENTION
● Enabled scientists to explore the unseen (small things to look big)
● Utilized multiple lenses for magnification
● Revealed previously invisible tiny structures
EVOLUTION AND ADVANCEMENT
● Continuous improvement since the 1590s.
● Enhanced strength, accuracy, and utility.
● Upgraded microscope lenses.
● Improved lighting and preparation techniques.
● Modern microscopes offer advanced capabilities
APPLICATION IN MODERN SOCIETY
● Vital tool in Medicine
○ Used for patient diagnosis.
○ Examines microscopic cell components.
○ Supports medical research.
● Crucial in forensics.
 ○ Assists in solving crimes. (For clues)
○ Analyzes tiny evidence like hairs, fibers, and fingerprints.
● Integral to genetics.
○ Examines DNA sequences.
○ Aids in understanding genetic changes.
Heavy plough
● It turned European agriculture and the economy on its head. The
fields with heavy, fatty soil became those that gave the greatest
yields - Prof. Thomas Andersen
● Because of this, northern europe saw rapid economic prosperity
HISTORICAL INVENTION
● Revolutionized European agriculture (8th century)
● Robust design suitable for heavy and compact soils
● Improved tilling capabilities for challenging terrains
EVOLUTION AND ADVANCEMENT
● Marked a pivotal point in agricultural evolution. (enabling farmers
to work on challenging terrains or soils)
● Increased crop yields and food security.
● Enhanced soil aeration and water retention.
● Influenced the medieval economy and population growth.
● Supported surplus food production and trade networks.
APPLICATION IN MODERN SOCIETY
● Heavy plough's legacy in agricultural practices.
● Emphasized tailoring tools to environmental conditions.
● Still relevant in contemporary farming methods.
● Modern equipment evolved, but adaptation to soil types remains
crucial.
Gun Powder (jokerist si kath nung nireport nya to)
● Around 850 a.d, chinese accidentally invented the gunpowder
● Prior to the invention of gunpowder, swords and spears were used
in battles and wars
● The invention of gunpowder has allowed advanced warfare such
as fiery arrows, cannons and grenades
● 15% Charcoal + 75% Potassium Nitrate + 10% Sulphur
Paper Money
● It was first used by chinese in 17th century
● They realized that using paper money brought advantages because
it is easier to keep and transport
● Before the introduction of paper money, merchants, and traders
used precious metals such as gold and silver
Mechanical clock
● Invented in medieval europe
● These cocks did not have numbers or pointers, but instead told the
time by ringing bells. The clocks used hanging weights to make
their wheels move. There were two weights, one made the clock
move and the other made the bell ring
● Giovanni dondi’s well-known astrario
● Lorenzo della volpaia’s planetary clock
Blast Furnace
● Abraham darby created the blast furnace in 1709
● Is typically made with strong metal frame and bricks made of a
special material that can handle very high temperature inside the
frame
● It was filled from the top with different layers of charcoal, iron ore
and limestone. This helped the fire get really hot (3,000 degrees
Fahrenheit); the furnace was emptied every 12 hours; the iron was
made into things and the waste material was thrown away. This
process kept going for many months straight, and only stopped
when the bricks inside the furnace needed to be changed
Spinning Wheel
● A machine transforming fiber into thread yarn for cloth
● Originated between the 6th and 11th century, possibly in India
● Replaced manual fiber spinning, a labor-intensive process
● Increased spinning rate by 10 to 100 times
● Reached Europe via the Middle East in the Middle Ages
● Rapidly supplanted manual methods
● Impacts: Transformed the textile industry; Boosted productivity,
shaping the middle age’s socio-economic landscape
Windmill
● A mechanical device powered by wind
● Originated in Persia (Iran) during the 9th century.
● Utilized wind energy to perform various tasks
● Primarily uses included grinding grain, pumping water and other
labor-intensive processes
● Spread to Europe in the 12th century
● Diverse designs and sizes emerges across different regions
Economic Impact
- Significantly increased productivity in agriculture and industry
- Contributed to food production and economic growth during the
middle ages
Symbol of innovation
- Windmills exemplified middle age innovation and engineering
prowess
- Became iconic structures dotting the european landscape
Legacy
- It played a crucial role in shaping the energy landscape
- Some historical windmills are still operational today, showcasing
their enduring impact
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE
COMMONWEALTH PERIOD IN THE PHILIPPINES
➢ 1935
➢ The Constitution acknowledged the importance of promoting
scientific development for the economic development of the
country by incorporating a provision (Article XIII, Sec. 4)
○ 1936 - 425 private schools recognized by governments (64
college, 7 universities)
➢ The commonwealth government worked towards the development
of economic self-reliance which could be necessary to sustain
genuine political independence
○ This created national economic council also known as
national economic and development authority (NEDA)
○ through successful researches, the development of
government science agencies such as bureaus of Science,
animal industry and plant industry were undertaken for
commercial production
○ Ex. National Development Company - undertake the
successful researches of government
➢ The commonwealth government adopted measures to encourage
and provide assistance to private filipino business in establishment
of industries and manufacturing enterprises
○ Bureau of Mines to provide assurance to businessmen
undertaking mining exploration and development
➢ The occupation by the Japanese during the war brought
educational scientific activities practically to halt. Manila (center
of all educational and scientific activities), was razed to the ground,
destroying everything that had been built up before.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AFTER INDEPENDENCE
 - The underlying pattern of education and training of scientists,
engineers and physicians established during the american regime, MODERN HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
as well as the direction of government support for scientific Medical Technology
research and development has basically remained unchanged since ● the application of science to develop solutions to health problems
independence in 1946 or issues such as the prevention or delay of onset of diseases or the
- The number of state universities, private universities and colleges promotion and monitoring of good health.
have similarly increased in number since 1946; number of college MEDICAL INVENTIONS
students and graduates from public and private universities and Medical Equipments
colleges has shown tremendous increases ● X-ray Machines (Wilhelm Roentgen, 1895)
- The rise of professional organizations of scientists and engineers ● Ultrasound (
followed closely the growth of higher education in the Philippines. ● CT Scanner
- Some professional organizations initiated changes in collegiate ● Hospital Stretchers
curriculum for their specialization and worked for improvements ● AED
in educational standards. These includes: Health Wearables
- The Philippine Medical Association (PMA) ● Antibiotics (1907) - first drug creation of Salvarsan by Alfred
- Philippine Institute of Chemical Engineers Bertheim (Arsphenamine); In 1928, Alexander Fleming's
- Science agencies were created to increase government concern discovery of antibacterial properties of Penicillium Notatum
and support for the development of Philippine science and ● Blood pressure monitor
technology. ● Watch/fitness Tracker
- Philippine Inventors Commission (1964) ● Hearing aids
- Philippine Coconut Research Institute (1964) ● Glucose Monitors
- Philippine Textile Research Institute (1967) Food Technology
- Forest Products Research and Industries ● A branch of science and engineering that focuses on the
- Development Commission (1969) production, processing, preservation, packaging, and distribution
- The expanding number of science agencies has given rise to a of food products
demand for high caliber scientists and engineers to undertake 1. Pasteurization - a heat treatment process used in the food
research and staff universities and colleges and beverage industry to kill or inactivate harmful
microorganisms (pathogens) and extend the shelf life of
perishable products, such as milk, juice, and certain dairy
LESSON 3: products
 - Goal - reduce the microbial load in food products ➢ British Broadcasting Corporation used this for its earliest
without significantly affecting their taste, texture, television programming in 1929
or nutritional content Phonograph
- Louis Pasteur, a french biologist, microbiologist ● Thomas Edison
and chemist invented pasteurization. ● He applied for a patent and over the next few years helped to
- Ex. Butter, Cheese, Nuts, Milk, Hiney, Vinegar, developed the modern gramophone based on the wax-cyclinder
etc. model (December 1888)
2. Refrigeration - a process of cooling and maintaining the Camera (1888)
temperature of a space or substance below the surrounding ● Louis Daguerre
environment to preserve and store perishable items, such ● George Eastman developed the first small kodak box camera
as food, beverages, pharmaceuticals, and other (1888)
temperature-sensitive products. Communication Technology
- The first known refrigeration was demonstrated ● all the tools that can be used to support the communication process.
by william cullen at the university of Glasgow in ● Ex. Telephone (1876), Transatlantic Telegram (1901), Email
1748. (1972), Smartphones
- In 1805, an American inventor, Oliver Evans, Transportation and Vehicle Technology
designed the first refrigeration machine that used Transportation Technology
vapor instead of liquid. ● helps to reduce traffic congestion
- Evans never constructed his machine, but one ● increase the speed and reliability of transportation services
similar to it was built by an American physician, ● enhance the overall accessibility of transportation.
John Gorrie, in 1844 Vehicle Technology
Entertainment Technology ● innovations and advancements made in the design, construction,
● the various tools, devices, and systems used to create, deliver, and and performance of vehicles
enhance entertainment experiences. This can encompass a wide ● Improves safety and convenience for drivers
range of technologies, from traditional forms like theater and Examples
music to modern digital platforms, virtual reality, and more. ● Motor Car (Karl Benz, 1898)
Television ● Bicycle (1885)
➢ Invented by Scottish Engineer John Logie Baird in the 1920s. ● Pneumatic Tyre (John Boyd Dunlop, 1888)
➢ The first television is mechanical and not the same as the ● GPS - Global Positioning System (US Military, 1973)
television we have nowadays. ● Container (1956)
● Jeepneys
Environment Technology Important History
● also known as Green Technology 1. V-2 Rocket (1940s)
● An umbrella term that describes the use of technology and science 2. The Space Race (1950s-1960s)
to create products and services that are environmentally friendly 3. The Space Shuttle Era (1980s-2011)
Examples: 4. Space Telescopes (1990s- Present)
● Electric Vehicles (Robert Anderson) 5. Early Rocketry (20th Century)
● Geothermal Power Plant (Prince Piero Ginori Conti) 6. International Space Station (2000s- Present)
● HydroElectric Power Plant (William Armstrong, 1878) 7. The Rise of Commercial Space (2000s- Present)
● Wind Turbines (Prof James Blyth, July 1887) 8. Mars Exploration (2000s-Present)
Information Technology Examples:
● it is commonly used as a synonym for computers that is to store, ● Sputnik (Union of Soviet Socialist Republic)
study, retrieve, transmit, and manipulate data, or information, ● Luna (Soviet Union, 1959; first satellite to reach the surface of the
often in the context of a business or other enterprise moon)
Examples ● Diwata 1 (first microsatellite to be created in the Philippines)
● Computer Aerospace Technology
● Automation ● means the technology used in the manufacture, design,
Internet Technology maintenance, or servicing of aircraft, aircraft components, or other.
● the various tools, protocols, hardware, and software systems that Examples:
enable the functioning of the Internet. ● Airplanes
● It encompasses everything from the physical infrastructure of ● Helicopter
networks to the software and applications that people use to access
and interact with online resources.
Examples: LESSON 4:
● Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity, first version was released in 1997)
● 4G/5G Technology (mid-2000s) IV. FILIPINO SCIENTISTS
Space Technology 1. Fe del Mundo (1911-2011)
● the scientific exploration of outer space and the universe. With the - A pioneer in child healthcare system and filipino medical
help of developing technology it encompasses a wide range of doctor
activities and tools that are useful for exploration. Space - First Filipino woman to be named a National Scientist
exploration started in late 1957 and until this day there are a lot of
improvements and innovations that create more opportunities.
 - Best known for revolutionizing the healthcare system of
the Philippines
- Established Philippines' first pediatric hospital (The
Children's Medical Center)
2. Gregorio Y. Zara (1902 - 1978)
- Videophone inventor
- Zara invented the device, which makes it possible for two
persons to see each other on a television while talking on
the telephone as early as 1954
- In 1955, Zara patented this device as a ‘photo phone
signal separator network
- A National Scientist of the Philippines award
3. Alfredo Lagmay (1919 - 2005)
- Father of Psychology in the Philippines
- Known for his contribution to hypnosis and relaxation
techniques; research on how to change people's behavior
and how that could help treat mental illness
- Won National Scientist of the Philippines (1988)
4. Geminiano de Ocampo (1907 - 1987)
- Father of eye care in the Philippines
- First person in the Philippines to diagnose and treat eye
problems
- Founded De Ocampo Eye Hospital - first Philippine eye
hospital (1952)
- Designed a corneal dissector - allow him to improve
corneal transplant surgery
5. Gregorio T. Velasquez (1901 - 1989)
- Father of phycology in the Philippines
- Phycology - algae
- National Scientist award
- Research on marine algae; researched diatoms and other
types of algae and also helped come up with a way to tell
them apart on their unique characteristics
6. Dioscoro L. Umali (1917-1992)
- Father of Philippines plant breeding
- National Scientist award
- Focused on how plants grow and adapt to environmental
changes; also studied how economic plants can be grown
more effectively
7. Benito Vergara (1934 - 2015)
- A pioneer in rice farming
- Farmer's Primer on Growing Rice - book that help
revolutionize rice farming in the Philippines; for farmers
who wanted to know how best to grow rice; designed it to
be a teaching tool for those who wanted to know their new
techniques that could help improve their crops
- National Scientist award
8. Luz Oliveros-Belardo (1906 - 1999)
- A natural products researcher who extracted essential oils
from the Philippines plants
- Took more than 30 essential oils out of plants and wrote
down what each did
- Helped to establish the field of natural product chemistry;
paved the way for further research into how these oils can
be used for medicinal purposes
9. Francisco Santos (1892 - 1983)
- A man who fought for a healthy nation
- Specialized in agricultural chemistry and human nutrition
- Sweet Potatoes for Beri-beri disease
- Subsistence Farming or Home Gardening
- National Scientist award (1983)
 10. Eduardo Quisumbing (1895 - 1986)
- An expert in Philippines Medicinal plants
- Wrote books and published over 120 scientific papers on II.
his studies of Philippine medicinal plants
- Forerunner to the country's National Integrated Research
Program
- Plant taxonomy and ethnobotany
- National Scientist award
11. Julian Banzon (1908-1988)
- A pioneer in renewable energy
- Noted for his research on alternative fuels
- Extracting residual coconut oil from the fruit
- National Scientist award (1988) with ethyl ester
- Ethyl Esters - renewable energy; easy to produce
from natural resources (sugarcane)
- Paved the way for future innovations in alternative fuels
sources that could help reduce our reliance on fossil fuels
while also protecting our environment
III.
LESSON 5:
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE
PHILIPPINES
I. Pre-Spanish Era
● Medicinal and therapeutic properties of plants
● Extraction of medicine from herbs
● Alphabet, number system, a weighing and measuring
system and a calendar
● Engagement in farming, shipbuilding, mining and
weaving
Spanish Colonial Era
● Introduction of formal education and founded scientific
institution
● Establishment of parish schools
● Sanitation and more advanced methods of agriculture was
taught to the natives
● Establishment of colleges and universities in the
archipelago
● Trade was given more focus
● Agriculture and industrial development were relatively
neglected
● Opening of the Suez Canal saw the influx of European
visitors to the Spanish Colony and some Filipinos were
able to study in Europe
○ Suez Canal (Nov. 17, 1869) - man-made
waterway that enables a direct route between Asia
and Europe
American Period
● On July 1, 1901 - the Philippine Commission established
the Bureau of Government Laboratories - placed under
the Department of Interior; replaced the Laboratorio
Municipal
● On October 26, 1905 - the Bureau of Government
Laboratories was replaced by the Bureau of Science; on
December 8, 1933, the National Research Council of the
Philippines
● 1946 - Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of
Science
● Marcos regime - the importance given to science grew
 ● Acknowledgement of the government's role in supporting
scientific research and invention
● Inclusion of science development program (Four-Year
Development Plan, 1974-1978)
● Funding for science was also increased
● Executive Order No. 784 - replacement of National
Development Board by the National Science and
Technology Authority
IV. Post Commonwealth Era
● Replacement of the National Science and Technology
Authority by the Department of Science and
Technology (DOST)
● Highlight of science and technology's role in economic
recovery and sustained economic growth
● Corazon Aquino's SONA (1990) - science and technology
development shall be one of the top three priorities of the
government towards an economic recovery
● Creation of presidential task force for science and
technology which came up with the first Science and
Technology Master Plan (STMP, August 8, 1988)
● The Congress did not out much priority in handling bills
related to science and technology
● Cerefin Follosco (former Science and Technology
secretary) reported that the budget allocation for science
and technology was increased to 1.054 Billion (1989)
from the previous year's 464 Million pesos
● Budget allocation for the years 1990 and 1991 were
trimmed down to 920 and 854 million pesos respectively
V. Modern Era
● Incubator (Fel Del Mundo)
● Karaoke (Roberto Del Rosario)
● Erythomycin (Abelardp Aguilar)
● Alco-Diesel, Lan-Gas, and Superbunker (Rudy Lantano
Sr.)
● Feminine Hygiene (Virgilio Malang)
● Single-chip Graphical User Interface Accelerator
(Diosdado Banatao)
Pagtanaw 2050
● Project wherein by 2050, the following areas are already polished
and developed
PARADIGM SHIFT IN HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
Kuhn’s Idea of Paradigm
Paradigm
● a typical example or pattern of something
● A distinct set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories,
research methods, postulates and standards for what constitutes
legitimate contributions to a field.
● Ex. Bigbang Theory
● Science is always critical in their perception, concepts, ideas,
theories, etc. (Real science)
● Critical scientists always try to prove their discoveries wrong
● Pseudoscience always protect their discoveries
Paradigm Shift
- A fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptions
- A fundamental change in the basic concepts and experimental
practices of a scientific discipline.
- Kuhn presented his notion of a paradigm shift in his influential
book, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962)
Not all phenomenon/discoveries undergo paradigm shift
 - Results: Old Paradigm - accepts existing result until new
THOMAS KUHN discovery arise; New Paradigm - will lead to scientific
- American physicist, historian and philosopher of science revolution
- He studied the development of science and saw pattern and order 4. Scientific Revolution Phase (Model Revolution)
in its discovery - Dominant discover will emerge
- being critical in science is an illusion - Begins when serious candidate for a new paradigm
emerge
KUHN’S CYCLE - It is an undergoing revolutionary change
Kuhn’s Phases of Science 5. Paradigm Change
1. Pre-Paradigmatic Phase (Pre-Science) ● The belief has shifted
- Beginning of every concepts and ideas
- No shared concept of science INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS
- Scientists do different things/impossible to work together Before Revolution
- This phase only happens in every phase of history of - The way of life is mainly on agriculture
science discoveries
2. Normal Science Phase Industrial Revolution 1.0 (Age of Mechanical Equipment, Water and
- This phase is where concepts or paradigm are taken for Steam Engines )
granted - time when people realize the importance of mechanization
- Scientists are non-critical - Before the industrial revolution, the way people produce products
- Phases where scientific discoveries are in concrete is through labored-power. They realized how to turn labor into
paradigm (standard) mass production using mechanical equipment.
Model Drift
● Transitional Stage First Industrial Revolution (GREAT BRITAIN)
● The model receives anomalies - In 1700s industrial revolution begin in this country
3. Crisis Phase - They started the agricultural revolution which increased food
- This phase happens when there are lots of anomalies in production by employing technological advancement. Because of
the discoveries this, food production increase and there are more people fed at
- Scientists will start doubting their theories and they lower price with less labor
become more radical and critical - Start of manufacturing of foods and cotton instead of wool
- Rise of cottage industry or decentralized manufacturing facility
- Born of the industrialists, capitalists and entrepreneurs

Keys to Britain’s Industrialization
- Access to raw materials or natural resources
- Transportation of materials
- Availability of capital
- System of banking and credit
- Entrepreneurial spirit
- The british empire
- Government that support the business
People Behind Industrial Revolution 1.0
Thomas Newcomen
● English inventor who created an atmospheric or steam engine
● His invention is sometimes called the ‘Newcomen Engine’
- Steam Engine
● Mechanical instrument that reduces the human effort by
using water and steam as power source
● The mechanisms are run by coal fuel as source of heat
● The engine contains boiler, a piston run by an atmospheric
pressure which created partial vacuum
James Watt
● Scottish chemist and engineer
● His design of steam engine run by a rotational machine generated
a ‘horse-like power’ thus named ‘horsepower’
- Horsepower
● He modify the work of Newcomen’s steam engine by
adding condenser to it to be able to produce cost-effective
steam engine
● He invented the rotary motion pump instead of stationery
movement of Newcomen’s engine
● Gives birth to a rotary mechanical steam-powered
machine including train
James Hargreaves
● An english weaver, carpenter and inventor
● He invented the ‘spinning jenny’ to produce more threads using
spinning wheel
● ‘Jenny’ is an old term for an ‘engine’
- Textile Industry
● Demand for textile industry has pushed Hargreaves to
invent the ‘spinning jenny’ to make wool and cotton
production easier
● Production of cloth includes two processes
a. Spinners made cotton thread from raw cotton then
b. Weavers wove the thread into cloth on looms
Henry Cort
● British inventor and discoverer of pudding process which convert
crude iron (pig iron) into wrought iron
- Birth of Metal and Steel
● Pudding method (metallurgy) produces high grade iron
alloy in a crucible or furnace without the use of coal and
in an oxidizing atmosphere
● The thick iron was called puddled iron
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 2.0 (Age of Electricity and Mass
Production)
- Industrialization of electricity
- Mass manufacturing
- Mass production of steel
- Power source was now petroleum and electricity
- Process of internal combustion
 - Ex. Automated Machines (Raw Materials) — Electricity
(Automation) — Military Technologies during WW 1 (Importance)
People Behind Industrial Revolution 2.0
Karl Benz
● Karl Friedrich Benz, German engine designer and automotive
engineer
● Combustion car engine
Henry Ford
● American industrialist developer of assembly line technique of
mass production
● Standardized and specialized mass production
Challenges in Industrial Revolution 2.0
- The development leads to expansion of middle class line in
society
- The man are now using that power of automation to control over
other nation
- Most of the metal and steel production, aside from rail tracks and
trains, are destructive in nature
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 3.0 & 4.0 (Age of Information,
Digitalization and Smart Machines)
- Aimed to harness more renewable energy
- Transportation and logistics are prominent in this revolutionary
phase (going more to electric than combustion)
- The focus of this revolution is on electric system, IT system and
automation
- Use of cyber-physical system
- The technologies made are in combination with physical, digital
and biological factors
- There are more focus of augmentation, artificial intelligence and
cloud computing
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SUMMARY
1.0 (Mechanical) (Mechanization, water power, steam power)
2.0 (Automation) (Mass production, assembly line, electricity)
3.0 (Digital) (Computer and Automation)
4.0 (Smart Machines) (Cyber Physical Systems)
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION NOW
- Increased standard of living
- Easy way of life
- Your status is being dictated by money and power
- Continuous environmental degradation
- Currently living in an geological era of ANTHROPOCENE
(Holocene Epoch)
ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONS (QUIZZES)
● Middle Ages also describes a period of European history
● Neolithic Revolution -
● Stones - primary raw material used by prehistoric men for hunting
their food
● Serendipity - A term for a discovery developed by chance; a
phenomenon in which you find something valuable without
actually looking for it
● Feudal System - most dominant political system during medieval
period