Digital Media Discourse On The Blockage of Huawei by The US Government

SINO-U.S TECH WAR AND DIGITAL DISCOURSE OF U.
S, UK AND CHINA 1
Digital media discourse on the blockage of Huawei by the US government

Muhammad Rashid1
Mureeha Khawaja2
Abstract
In this globalized world the more focus of powerful states on economic capabilities for the
maintenance of their influence and power in the international arena. In the contemporary world,
two economic powers of the world are confronted with each other in the field of a trade war. The
US is the number one economy of the world and on the other hand, China is supposed to surpass
it. The core resentments of the US about China are ideological and political differences; China's
emerging economy is a potential threat to the US hegemony. Recently Trump administration
placed Huawei and 70 of its other affiliations companies in the 'Entity List' of the US and the
allegations were that Huawei Company is a national security threat for the US. Entity List means
that the American companies, which are doing business with Huawei, need licenses on the
specific terms applied by the US government. The US trying to lobby against Huawei with other
democratic industrial democracies like the UK, Germany, and other European countries that not
use Huawei's 5G equipment. On the other hand, China's company Huawei is making its 5G
network and dealing to sell it to other mobile companies and the European countries are not
seems to stand along with the US in this scenario. Past studies have predicted future trade
relations. There are several possible reasons behind the ban of Huawei, escalation of a trade war
between China and the US, new taxes on Chinese products by the US government, Made in
China 2025, Huawei is a national security threat for the US due to lack of data privacy, China's
profitable business of 5G and rise of nationalistic American behavior over the free trade concept.
The purpose of this research is to explore the digital media discourse of the US, UK, and China
to identify the reason behind the blockade of Huawei by the US government. News articles
selected about the ban of Huawei from the US, UK, and Chinese's digital news webs. With the
help of discourse analysis, this research will analyze the concerning phenomenon. The expected
results are that Huawei is a national security threat for the U.S.
1
MS Scholar of Media and Communication and Ph.D. Candidate, working as Research Assistant in Riphah
International University Islamabad Pakistan. Email: rashidamar255@gmail.com
2
MS Media and Communication Scholar student at Riphah International University, Email: mureeha@yahoo.com
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3627682

SINO-U.S TECH WAR AND DIGITAL DISCOURSE OF U.S, UK AND CHINA 2
Keywords: Huawei blockage, trade war, digital media discourse, entity list, technology.
Introduction
After World War II the USA emerged as a global power with capitalist economic
ideology. In the cold war era, two major powers the USA and the USSR confronted with each
other and on the other hand, China was emerging as a new power in the arena of the global state
system. (DeLeon, 2014). At the beginning of the 21st century, China has emerged as an economic
power with the potential of surpassing the biggest economy of the world in the USA(Ratha &
Mahapatra, 2014).
Though they had a strong partnership in trade and economy, which led them towards a
strong partnership in commerce. Their relations have become hostile due to rising conflict of
Trade War under Trump's administration, which is leading America towards industrial and
economic security issues and China became a potential threat for liberal industrial democracies
(Carvalho, 2019). Moreover, the relations are not only worsening in terms of the economy but
also democratic values, free trade, security, and environments are the key issues between two
countries(Zhu, 2018). According to political scholars, there has been another cold war started
between the US and China(Economist, 2019)
Tariffs imposed by the U.S.
When the US announced the sanctions to be imposed on China in US-China trade Act
then it gave rise to the trade conflict between the US and China in 2018. As a result, both
countries have started increasing tariffs on imports. The major reason behinds this war is the
difference in ideological, economic, and political systems between both countries. Due to
emergence as a global player, China has become a threat to the hegemony of the U.S. Now US is
restricting some of its companies to work with technology companies like Huawei in China.
Though China has been paving its way in economy and industry it is harming intellectual
property rights and security of U.S. Therefore, this war has been shifted from the issues on trade
to a technology war(Kwan, 2019)

Besides “Unfair trade practices” by China, Made in China Strategy 2025 strategy has also
increased the vigilance of the US towards its industrial and trade Policy(Kwan, 2019). In this era,
when both countries are trying to maintain their economic relationships despite their historical
and present conflicts, China at the same time announced it's made in China 2025 strategy, it
depicted China as a rising global power in technology and economy, which became an economic
risk for the global industrial powers like America, UK, and Germany (Wayne M. Morrison,
2019). According to this 10 years strategy of China, industries within the country will be
developed for information technology, robotics, vehicles, and many other advanced technologies,
in return, it will reduce China's dependence on global industrial material(Wayne M. Morrison,
2019). As a result, the US through its media started portraying China as a threat towards its
economy.
Huawei in the entity list
On 19 May 2019, when President of the US government announced to add Huawei

company to entity list, which meant to impose a ban on Huawei company and any business
owner or buyer of Huawei needs to get permission from the US trade authority to carry on
business with Huawei. Google not only stopped sharing its smartphones app to Huawei but also
ended its ties along with other companies. U.S government raised concerns that China through
the gadgets of Huawei is spying on America. It has not only become a security threat but against
national and policy interests.
China has become a global player in the market throughout the world because of its
advanced technology at a reasonable cost. Due to the rise of national security concerns, countries
like Germany, Russia, Australia, and Japan have imposed a ban on Huawei 5G technology.
Concerns regarding 5G technology have been raised that using 5G technology and Chinese
equipment which can be easily controlled by china will ultimately increase reliance over their
technology(Hosain, 2019). Huawei has invested in research and development to go ahead in the
field of technology. Thus Huawei Company has developed more the 20 centers around the world
to lead in 5G-network technology. Therefore, due to its leading position and development
centers, Trump imposed a ban to cease its technological advancement (Alfayad, 2019)
Stakeholders

China's US trade war has been escalated due to the retaliation of China on imposed tariffs
by the US government. China and the U.S have negotiated many times coming up with no
fruitful decision. Moreover, U.S authorities are concerned about China’s competitiveness in 5G
growing business. Therefore, concerned countries have different digital discourse regarding the
proposed ban on Huawei by the U.S. UK's stance on Huawei ban is that there are no technical
grounds to blacklist Huawei from 5G and other networks of the UK. The stance of the U.S is that
China-based mobile company has become a national security threat for their country. Therefore
it enlisted Huawei with the claim that Huawei with its advanced technology is spying on the U.S
internal affairs of the government. The stance of China is that it will be a superpower in terms of
technology and Huawei will overcome all the short-term difficulties.
As the research is based on the relationship between Huawei's entity list by Trump and
the digital media discourse of three countries. To measure the digital discourse of concerned
countries like the U.S, UK, and China regarding blacklisting of Huawei, indicators have been
identified based on the trade war. Digital discourse will be measured with the help available data
of digital magazines as a population and 5 articles from each magazine have been selected as
sample size.

Literature review
Past studies have suggested that the U.S has taken Huawei as a national security threat.
Due to unfair trade practices, U.S imposed a ban on the mobile company of Huawei and imposed
tariffs on Chinese goods, which escalated a war, and it has been predicted by many researchers
that future relations between the two countries will become more intense.
Tech War
The US has started another trade war with China, and some scholars named it as a new
cold war. After the US imposed a ban on Huawei, the trade war has been shifted towards
technology war. Though the US had the biggest share in the Huawei market it realized that it has
become a national and security threat for the US. Therefore, it has banned the Huawei Company
in the U.S. The researcher concluded by predicting the future trade between both countries that
trade war will harm both sides not just by suppressing China's economic growth but the U.S will
also lose share in China's business and will be importing goods from other countries with more
tariffs. The researcher has analyzed the previous reports, stances of countries, news articles and
opinions to predict future trade between them (Kwan, 2019)
U.S stance on Huawei
Jeanne and Anna in their article mentioned that the U.S blockade on Huawei would be
ended in two to three years. Though the U.S has banned this company calling it a security threat
and spying company, imposed sanctions, compelled Huawei to eliminate their stuff. Now
Huawei is redesigning its mobiles free from US chips. Moreover, some US companies have got
permission to sell some parts of Huawei, which do not harm the United States. The main hurdle
that the company is facing that the US stopped licensing Google apps in Huawei has made their
phone less appealing for consumers. Both reporter and bureau chief have used the statements
given by government officials and CEO of the company while reporting to Washington Post.
They concluded with views that people are worried and concerned about the Huawei ban
(Whalen & Fifield, 2019)
China has emerged rapidly as a few cases in history. In the modern era, there is no such
country that came from such a low economic background and emerging as a global power which
has become a threat to an already existing superpower. After China entered in WTO, it started

producing cheap, made in China products in the markets and also proved itself to be a competitor
globally. As the competition between the US and China is rising, it seems that cooperation
between them is decreasing which is spreading strategic mistrust. The researcher has done a
content analysis of viewpoints of different analysts and some news articles by concluding that
the competition in recent years has been increased which increased mistrust between both
countries as well. (Mascitelli & Chung, 2019).
China has the only intention to dominate the market of 5G networks. For this, China has
developed infrastructures in various countries to have technological superiority all around the
globe. It is difficult to understand the intentions of the US, whether it has security concerns or it
wants to prevent Chinese technological supremacy. The researcher has predicted the future
relation and trade between the two countries by examining the news articles that in future
Huawei will be operating its system in a smartphone but as the two countries have always tried
to communicate ending up with no solution. Therefore their trade relations will not be friendly
and it will be having negative consequences on consumers (Hosain, 2019)
The U.S has alleged against Huawei that they have such applications, which are spying
Huawei consumers throughout the world without giving and logical evidence. Due to this raised
concern, other countries are also suspicious of the company's spying allegations. Though the U.S
government issued a temporary license to China on providing services the trade war has been
escalated due to imposition of tariffs from both sides between the government of both countries
(Reiff, 2019)
Consequences of Huawei Blacklisting
The Blacklisting of Huawei has negative consequences in the global market of

smartphones not only on makers but also on the user's end. Trump convinced allies about data
privacy issues and to decline the business with Huawei mobile company. This act of the U.S
government has alerted other countries not to depend on others for technology. Moreover, when
Huawei claims to expand business in technology and 5G networks then the U.S tries to show
itself as a competitor in technology. It seems that the China-US trade war indicates a new
competition on becoming a superpower (Mengting & Lee, 2019)

The research will explore the digital discourse of three countries including the U.S, UK,
and China to identify the reason behind the blockade of Huawei by the US government.
Research Method
When Trump's administration imposed a ban on Huawei, which stopped the supply of
Chinese technology in the U.S. Moreover, Partners, consumers, and companies who are working
with Huawei of all have to take permission from the US government to continue any business
with Huawei. However, Huawei has redesigned its chips, which will carry on business. Previous
researches have taken all previous content and used content analysis as a methodology to predict
future consequences for trade among China and the U.S. (Hosain, 2019). After the US-imposed
ban on Huawei, the trade war has been shifted towards technological war. Though the US had
the biggest share in Huawei market it realized that it has become a national and security threat
for the U.S., therefore concerned authorities banned this company in the U.S on certain
conditions and statements of the Trump on this matter has been changed with the time. The
researcher concluded by predicting future trade between both countries will be badly affected if
this ban has not pulled out. The researcher has analyzed the previous reports, stances of
countries, news articles, and opinions to predict future trade between two countries and prospects
of dialogues on new tariffs on Chinese goods in the US (Kwan, The China-US Trade War: Deep-
Rooted Causes, Shifting Focus and Uncertain Prospects, 2019). By keeping in consideration the
previous studies, few types of research have been conducted on Huawei blockade. Therefore,
content analysis will be used as a methodology to explore the digital media discourse by
analyzing the selected news articles from digital magazines of three countries.
As the research is based on the relationship between Huawei's entity list by Trump and
the digital media discourse of three countries. Mainly these three countries are stakeholders in
this matter Huawei Company owned by China, the US has reservations on Huawei's products in
the country and the UK is under the pressure of the US on the usage of Huawei's 5G network.
For examining the digital media discourse of three countries content will be gathered from
digitally available news magazines.
The population is Digital news magazines of three countries China, the US, and the UK
whereas 5 News articles selected on the topic of Huawei Blockade from each news magazine as

a sample. The USA magazines are Economist, Politico, New statement America. The Uk
magazines would beThe guardian and BBC World News and China’s magazine includes South
China morning post, and China today. These magazines are selected because they are the most
prestigious magazines and have more readerships. The sampling used is a consecutive sampling
of non-probability sampling technique. This technique has been adopted as the magazines are
easily accessible which will better represent the whole population.
To measure the Digital media discourse, the researcher classified the paragraphs of the
news articles based on the key slants and topics. After carefully reading the concerned content
there are several slants and topics are identified by the researcher. Based on these slants and
topics extracted from the content of this study will explore the concerned discourse. The
available data mostly comprised of these slants, Huawei’s 5G expanding business, new taxes on
Chinese products, Made in China 2025, and Huawei as a national security threat for the US.
Topics that covered these slants are Escalation of a trade war between China and the US, Data
privacy issues, China's profitable business of 5G, the rise of nationalistic American behavior
over the free trade concept, and US-China trade war. These indicators will be measured by using
content analysis as a methodology through a nominal scale.

Data Analysis
Table 1 Frequency of News Articles
Topics
covered by
Countries Magazines Key Themes Magazines
N Valid 35 35 35 35
Missing 0 0 0 0
As mentioned in Table 1 Frequency of News that 35 news articles selected from all
digital magazines from three countries, themes are identified from which are covered in news
articles.
Table 2 Demographic Information of Countries
Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Valid US 15 42.9 42.9 42.9
UK 10 28.6 28.6 71.4
China 10 28.6 28.6 100.0
Total 35 100.0 100.0

Table 2 Demographic Information of Countries is comprised of the list of three countries

with several articles that are taken from each country's magazine. 42.9% of articles taken from
US magazines, 28.6% from the UK, and Chinese digital magazines.
Table 3 Frequencies of selected Magazines
Valid Cumulative
Economist 5 14.3 14.3 14.3
Politico 5 14.3 14.3 28.6
Valid
New Statement
5 14.3 14.3 42.9
America
The Guardian 5 14.3 14.3 57.1
BBC World News 5 14.3 14.3 71.4
South China Morning

5 14.3 14.3 85.7
Post
China Today 5 14.3 14.3 100.0
Total 35 100.0 100.0
As mentioned in Table 3 Frequencies of selected Magazines that every 5 articles selected

from each magazine from three countries.

Table 4 List of identified Themes
Valid Cumulative
Valid Huawei's 5G
9 25.7 25.7 25.7
Expanding Business
New Tariffs on Chinese

8 22.9 22.9 48.6
Products
Made in China 2025 6 17.1 17.1 65.7
Huawei as National
Security Threat for the 12 34.3 34.3 100.0
US
Total 35 100.0 100.0
All the selected themes mentioned above in Table 4 List of identified Themes. New
tariffs on Chinese product is a dominant theme in all news articles with 28.6%, Huawei as a
national security threat for the US is second dominating with 25.7%. Huawei's 5G expanding
business and Made in China 2025 are at the third number with 22.9%.
Table 5 List of Topics covered by Magazines
Valid Cumulative
Valid Escalation of Trade

8 22.9 22.9 22.9
War

Data Privacy Issues 9 25.7 25.7 48.6
5G growing business 1 2.9 2.9 51.4
US nationalistic
2 5.7 5.7 57.1
behavior
China-US trade war 5 14.3 14.3 71.4
Unfair trade practices 1 2.9 2.9 74.3
The threat to free trade 4 11.4 11.4 85.7
Technological
5 14.3 14.3 100.0
supremacy
Total 35 100.0 100.0
Table 5 List of Topics covered by Magazines comprised on the list of topics which are
covered in all news articles, Data privacy issues, and China-US trade war is most covered topic
with 17.1%, Escalation of a trade war and Technological supremacy at second with 14.3%, 5G
growing business, US nationalistic behavior, and a threat for free trade at third with 11.4%, and
unfair trade practice is least covered topic with 2.9%.





Analysis of digital media discourse
For examining the digital media discourse of three countries, themes and topics were
determined after carefully reading all news articles. Most dominating themes and topics from the
text will determine the digital media discourse of each country.
Table 6 Countries’ digital media with themes
Key Themes
Huawei as
National
Huawei's 5G New Tariffs Security
Expanding on Chinese Made in Threat for the
Business Products China 2025 US
Countries US Count 0 2 4 9
% of
0.0% 5.7% 11.4% 25.7%
Total
UK Count 4 1 2 3
% of
11.4% 2.9% 5.7% 8.6%
Total
China Count 5 5 0 0
% of
14.3% 14.3% 0.0% 0.0%
Total
Total Count 9 8 6 12

% of
25.7% 22.9% 17.1% 34.3%
Total
Table 6 Countries’ digital media with themes are comprised of key themes of the text
from the news articles. As mentioned in the table the US digital magazines mostly focused on the
theme of Huawei as a national security threat for the US with 25.7% of its coverage. While UK's
digital magazines mainly discussed two themes, Huawei's 5G expanding business with 11.4%,
Huawei as a national security threat for the US with 8.6%, another theme can be seen in UK's
magazines which are Made in China 2025 with 5.7%, and least theme covered by UK magazines
is New Tariffs on Chinese products with 2.9%. In Chinese digital magazines, dominant themes
are Huawei's 5G expanding business and new tariffs in Chinese with 14.3%, The rest of the two
themes are not covered by China's these two digital magazines.
Table 7 Identified Topics covered by Magazines
Magazines
South
New BBC China
Statement The World Morning China
Economist Politico America Guardian News Post Today Total
Topics Escalation of Count 0 1 0 3 0 3 1 8

covered Trade War
% of
by 0.0% 2.9% 0.0% 8.6% 0.0% 8.6% 2.9% 22.9%
Total
Magazines
Data Privacy Count 2 2 2 1 2 0 0 9
Issues
% of 5.7% 5.7% 5.7% 2.9% 5.7% 0.0% 0.0% 25.7%

Total
5G growing Count 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
business
% of
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.9% 2.9%
Total
US Count 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2
nationalistic
% of
behavior 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.9% 2.9% 5.7%
Total
China-US Count 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 5
trade war
% of
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.9% 2.9% 2.9% 5.7% 14.3%
Total
Unfair trade Count 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

practices
% of
0.0% 0.0% 2.9% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.9%
Total
The threat to Count 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 4

free trade
% of
0.0% 5.7% 5.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 11.4%
Total
Technological Count 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 5
supremacy
% of
8.6% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 5.7% 0.0% 0.0% 14.3%
Total
Total Count 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 35
% of
14.3% 14.3% 14.3% 14.3% 14.3% 14.3% 14.3% 100.0%
Total

Above mentioned Table 7 Identified Topics covered by Magazines shows all

identified topics covered by magazines in all US's digital magazines the dominant topic was
technological supremacy which is only covered by the Economist and second dominant topic is
Data privacy issues which are equally covered by all US digital magazines. The third dominant
topic in US magazines is a threat to free trade covered by 4 times in two magazines. In digital
magazines of the UK, the main covered topic is an escalation of trade war 3 times covered by
the Guardian, second is data privacy issues and third is China-US trade war, and the Gordian is
also covered technological supremacy two times. China's digital magazines mainly covered the
escalation of the US-China trade war for 4 times by both magazines, 2 times US nationalistic
behavior, and 3 times the US-China trade war.
Table 8 Key themes covered by all Magazines
Key Themes
Huawei as
Huawei's New National
5G Tariffs on Security
Expanding Chinese Made in Threat for
Business Products China 2025 the US Total
Magazin Economist 0 0 2 3 5
es
Politico 0 1 0 4 5
New Statement
0 1 2 2 5
America
The Guardian 3 1 0 1 5
BBC World News 1 0 2 2 5
South China
2 3 0 0 5
Morning Post

China Today 3 2 0 0 5
Total 9 8 6 12 35
Above mentioned Table 8 Key themes covered by all Magazines comprised of themes
covered by all magazines. Politico the US magazine mainly covered Huawei as a national
security threat for the US theme 4 times and the Economist covered this theme 3 times. Made in
China 2025 and Huawei as a national security threat for the US covered 2, 2 times by New
Statement of America. The Guardian a digital magazine from the UK covered Huawei's 5G
expanding business 3 times and BCC World News covered two themes equally Made in China
2025 and Huawei as national security threats for the US 2 times. A Chinese digital magazine
South China morning post mainly covered New Tariffs on Chinese products theme 3 times and
Huawei's 5G expanding business 2 times, China today covered Huawei's 5G expanding business
theme 3 times and New Tariffs on Chinese products 2 times.

Discussion
The results show that the US digital magazines are inclined towards Huawei as a national
security threat for the US and also represent that China is going towards technological
supremacy by violating the rules of free trade among the nations determined by the World Trade
Organization (WTO). U.S accused China of acquiring its intellectual property by attacking the
U.S system to gets its personal information. It also posed a threat that China has such apps in
Huawei, which is spying the internal affairs of the country internationally. According to the U.S,
unfair trade practices of China like copying the technology at cheaper rates forced transferring
U.S technology in China. To reduce the trade deficit, President Trump imposed tariffs on
Chinese products. Digital discourse suggests that trade is not the only reason for which two
countries are putting efforts for dominance, rather the technological development and
advancements by Huawei and other Chinese companies are the reasons to broaden the trade war
into the tech war.
Digital magazines by the UK is showing the government stance of the country, their
discourse is tending towards the escalation of a trade war between the US and China with less
focused on Huawei as a national security threat because the government of the UK is stuck
between the US demands and using 5G network of Chinese mobile company. When the U.S was
forcing the U.K to ban Huawei network from its country with the fear that it will spy the west
then the UK postponed the decision to the next government as it never wanted to cut off from
advanced technology of 5G in its country. Instead of relying on the U.S pressures and decision,
UK decided to rely on its next government for a clear answer as the U.K had never had
intentions to decline the advanced technology of 5G networks, so it focused on 5G business
besides escalation of the war.
The Chinese digital magazines are totally in favor of the Chinese government, their focus
was only 5G growing business of Huawei and trade war because of the new tariffs on China’s
products. China is expanding 5G businesses by developing its infrastructures in other countries
to dominate in technology and by endeavoring to reduce its technological dependency on the
world to become superpower in technology. The trade war has escalated after the imposed ban
by Trump and tariffs on Chinese products, and China in retaliation imposed tariffs on U.S goods,
which not just escalated war but also shifted towards a trade war.

Conclusion
After the discussion on data analysis, the concluding remarks of this research are that
China is emerging technological power in terms of its 5G growing business, other techno powers
of the world like the US and the UK are mainly concerned about China's high-tech growth. The
US has banned Chinese products or imposed high tariffs, while the UK is acting like balancing
between the US and China because of its dependency on China's 5G network. The US is facing
challenges regarding China whose strong economy will become an opportunity for the world
instead of a threat. China has strengthened its economic position and technological development;
therefore, it has immensely increased its foreign trade hence paving a way to opportunity for
other countries. Despite the fact that China is emerging as a global player, which has become a
risk for the global power, the U.S. China has claimed that it will overcome all these hurdles and
will reduce its technological dependency on the world up to 70%. Thus the overall Digital
discourse of the countries is depicting that China is dominating technological advancements and
expanding its 5G network globally. The UK is in support of expanding the 5G network business
by declining the imposed ban on Huawei. Therefore the US after raising national security
concern, imposed tariffs on Chinese products which escalated a trade war between the two
countries and the serious discussion in the U.S magazine was data privacy issues whereas
Chinese digital magazines emphasized on their technological advancements and showed serious
concern on the imposed tariffs by the U.S.
Limitation
This study is limited to news articles of a few digital magazines from three countries; due
to access problems only five articles were selected from each magazine. This research is limited
to the determined sample size. Another reason behind the small sample size is that the Huawei
blockage issue is ongoing and each country is trying to pursue its interests. Currently, the news
articles may have different discourse than the selected period of this research. Further research
on the same topic should have a big sample size with full access to the content of digital
magazines.

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SINO-U.S TECH WAR AND DIGITAL DISCOURSE OF U.

Digital media discourse on the blockage of Huawei by the US government

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3627682

Tariffs imposed by the U.S.

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3627682

Huawei in the entity list

On 19 May 2019, when President of the US government announced to add Huawei

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U.S stance on Huawei

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Consequences of Huawei Blacklisting

The Blacklisting of Huawei has negative consequences in the global market of

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Table 1 Frequency of News Articles

Table 2 Demographic Information of Countries

Valid US 15 42.9 42.9 42.9

UK 10 28.6 28.6 71.4

China 10 28.6 28.6 100.0

Total 35 100.0 100.0

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Table 2 Demographic Information of Countries is comprised of the list of three countries

Table 3 Frequencies of selected Magazines

Economist 5 14.3 14.3 14.3

Politico 5 14.3 14.3 28.6

The Guardian 5 14.3 14.3 57.1

BBC World News 5 14.3 14.3 71.4

South China Morning

China Today 5 14.3 14.3 100.0

Total 35 100.0 100.0

As mentioned in Table 3 Frequencies of selected Magazines that every 5 articles selected

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Table 4 List of identified Themes

New Tariffs on Chinese

Made in China 2025 6 17.1 17.1 65.7

Total 35 100.0 100.0

Table 5 List of Topics covered by Magazines

Valid Escalation of Trade

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Data Privacy Issues 9 25.7 25.7 48.6

5G growing business 1 2.9 2.9 51.4

China-US trade war 5 14.3 14.3 71.4

Unfair trade practices 1 2.9 2.9 74.3

The threat to free trade 4 11.4 11.4 85.7

Total 35 100.0 100.0

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Analysis of digital media discourse

Table 6 Countries’ digital media with themes

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Table 7 Identified Topics covered by Magazines

Topics Escalation of Count 0 1 0 3 0 3 1 8

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Unfair trade Count 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

The threat to Count 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 4

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Above mentioned Table 7 Identified Topics covered by Magazines shows all

Table 8 Key themes covered by all Magazines