INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL to accompany CALCULUS ONE AND SEVERAL VARIABLES EIGHTH EDITION SATURNINO SALAS EINAR HILLE GARRET ETGEN University of Houston PREPARED BY BRADLEY E. GARNER University of Houston - Clear Lake CARRIE J. GARNER JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. New York + Chichester + Weinheim + Brisbane + Singapore + TorontoCOVER PHOTO © Robert Shafer/Tony Stone Images Copyright © 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on x not-for-profit basis for testing oF instructional purposes only (o students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States ‘Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Requests for permission or further information should be addressed (o the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012. ISBN 0-471-32960-6 Printed in the United States of America 10987654321 Printed and bound by Oxsey Pres, ne.Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7.. Chapter 8 . Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 . Chapter 17 Chapter 18 CONTENTSSECTION 1.2 CHAPTER 1 SECTION 1.2 1. rational, complex 2. integer, rational, complex 3. rational, complex 4. irrational, complex 5. integer, rational, complex 6. irrational, complex 77. integer, rational, complex 8. rational, complex 9. integer, rational, complex 10. irrational, complex u. 12, 033<3 43. VE> 14M 4. 15, ~2 <-o2ss17 2 we. <2 17. [6|=6 18. |-4)=4 19. 20. a. |-s)+{-8)=13 22, 23. 24 ° 3 25. 26. gg 3 oa 28, i ° ° 31. — 32. a oz 6 ma 2 30 4 8, oo 0 37 20 3 ° 40, 41, bounded, lower bound 0, upper bound 4 ° 42. bounded above by 0 43. not bounded 44. bounded above by 4 45. not bounded 46. bounded; lower bound 0, upper bound 1 47, bounded above, upper bound V3 48, (2-224 2) 49, 22102 +25 = (2-5)? 50. 27(2- Ble + 9244) BL. 828 +64 = 8(2? + 2)(24 ~ 22? +4) 52, 4(2? +)? 53, de? + 1204.9= (2243)? 54. -3,3 55. 2=(2-2(2+1)=0; r= 56. ST. 2-62 4+9= (2-3); 2=3 12 58. 60. 62. 64. 66. or. 68. 69. 70. nm. 72. 73. 74. SECTION 1.2 59. no rel zeros a1. 5:4 9-2-1 HOSTS ASTI 8. 8 om pidge + Par and gig are integers, and gga #0 Lot r be a rational number and s an irrational number, Suppose r-+s i rational. Then (r-+s)—r = is rational which contradicts the fact thats is irational. (2) (2) = BEL, mip and quan are integers, and a.m #0 ‘The product of a rational and an irrational number may either be rational or irrational; 0-V2=0 isrational, 1-V2= V2 _ is irrational. V343V3=4V2 irrational; = +(1—z)=1, rational. (V2)(V3) = V6 irrational; (V2)(3V2=6, rational. Suppose that V2 = p/q where p and q are integers and q # 0. Assume that p and q have no common factors (other than +1). Then p? = 2g? and p* is even. This implies that p= 2r is even, Thus 2q? = 472 which implies that q? is even, and hence q is even. It now follows that p and q are both ‘even and contradicts the assumption that p and q have no common factors. Assume V3 = 2, where p and q have no common factors. Then 3 z, so p? = 3g? Thus p? is a divisible by 3, and therefore p is divisible by 3, say p= 3a. Then 9a? = 34?, so 3a? = q?, where ‘must also be divisible by 3, contracting out assumption. Let z be the length of a rectangle that has perimeter P. Then the width y of the rectangle is given by y= }(P —2) and the arca is so2(3e-) (8) (8) Tt now follows that the area is a maximum when 2 = P/4, Since y=P/4 when z= P/4, the rectangle of perimeter P having the largest area is a square. Circle: perimeter Inr=p =» r= ge => area=art= 7 = P area Poe squate: perimeter 4z=p => 2=Bo =e F<é For an arbitrary rectangle, p = 2(2 +y), so y=2%—z, and area = 2y = (5 ~ 2). This is the equation of an inverted parabola with vertex (hence maximum value) at z=. Thus y=} and the rectangle is a square, The citele still has larger areaPROJECT 1.2 SECTION 1.3 1. & terminates when g is ofthe form 2”5" for m,n nonnegative integers. 3. (a) 2=13.201201---, 10002 = 13201.201201 (b) 297 (©) 7 = 0.2323---, 1002 = 23.2323... Therefore, MIT (d) 4.163 0 Let 2 =0,999---, Then 102 ~ SECTION 1.3 1 243r<5 2. tars) <6 ar<3 2 43<12 eel 2 <9 Ans: (—00, 1) Ans: (—00, $) 3245> 2-2) Bd 42)<}0-2) 122+20>2-2 3142) <4 -2) Lz > 22 3432 < 2-20 a>-2 Ans: (~2,00) 7 -1<0 8. 2?+924+20<0 (@+Ne-1)<0 (+ 5\le44) <0 Ans: (-1,1) ‘Ans: (—5,~4) 10. 2(22~1)(32-5) <0 MU. 28-222 4230 2(r—1)?>0 Ans: (~00,0)U(5,$) ‘Ans: [0,00) 13, 1. tee a(z-1(e+1)>0 (by 13.1) (@+1)z(e-1)>0 Ans: (=1,0)U(L,00) Therefore, 999: wo z=8 “3 13188 13188 and 2= 23 r= 28 and 2= 5 3 16r +64 < 16 Ans: 6 32-2<146r -32 <3 r>-1 Ans: [-1,00) 9 2(e~1)(e-2)>0 Ans: (0,1) U (2,00) 12g 4+4<0 (e- 2? <0 Ans: {2} tte z+t-120 = Forty, a(z*-2+1)>0 (by 13.1) z>0 Ans: (0,00)4 SECTION 1.3 15. Te—5) B45 See @—5) A(z —5)(2 +5) >0 (by 1.3.1) (G2-+5)(2-5) >0 Ans: (-=.-$) UG6, 00) . v9 ze” ° (x +1)(z-3)(2+3)>0 (by 1.4.1) (@+3)(e+1)o-3) >0 Ans : (~3,-1)U(3, 00) 19 (0-2) +3)? <0 (243)%2 (2-2) <0 Ans: (0,2) a a(x — 2246) >0 (e+ 6)2%2—2)>0 Ans: (—00,-6)U(2,00) 23. >0 10 @-ne-5 7° (2-2) 1)(e-6) >0 (2-I(e-2)(2-6) >0 Ans:(1,2) U (6,00) 16. be5 6(1-2)(82~5) <0 (by 13.1) Ans: (20,403, 0) q<° eonera0 Ans: (3,00) 22. Tale 4)? <0 ‘Ans: (~00,0) 24, z-3 77-6 3(e- 6) - 5e 2) -2e-6 <° woe 8 = 26-9 Ax +4)(x - 2)(z -6) <0 Ans: (—4,2)U (6,00) <025. 27. 30. 33. 36. 39. 42. 45. 48. 50. 51. 52. 53. BA, a7. SECTION 1.3 26, Gers <° 2e+8 Ae-3)(z- (2-5) <0 Yess Py er+7 (@-1@-3)(e-5) <0 fet — eee Anse (~00,1) U(3,5) Are CRBC) (2,2) 28. (-00,-1U[1,c0) 29. (—00,-3) U (3,00) (0,2) a. 8) 32. (-1,0)U@,1) 34. (-4,0)U/0,3) 35. 3.3)UG.8) 87. (—5,3)U(3,11)) 38. (-b-D 40. 3.5) 41. (-00,-4)U(-1,00) (~00, 2) (4,00) 43. 44. [2 0)<2or|z| <2 le-O] 2r~4)= 2x2] <2, so (r—4j Ar-2=[2r-4Jc2d => j2e-4pc3 provided that 0 [Sr43/=Sle41]<3A => fse+a}ca provided that 0< A< le41)<2 => 3je+if=[e43]<6 => [artaj 6 toa 1 SS yeSiSvEse 55. 2c yE 0, Suppose that a<. Then a-b<0 and Thus, (1/8) < (1/a). 56 58. 59. 60. on. 62. 63. 65. SECTION 1.3 ace => BP (+ayb-a)>0 => b-a>0 => act. With a > 0 and 6>0 boa => b-a=(Vi+va)(vo-Va)>0 => Vo-va>0 = vb2>Va. Ja —b = ja + (—B)] < fal + | — | = Jal + (B) By the hint {ol — 01? = (al ~ Yo? ~2la| [bl + J? = a? — 2jab] + 3 Oandb>0: ja+b|=a+b= al + [d}, Wa then ja+b|—a~[b] 0 => |a+bj< fal + |bj. ‘Thus equality holds if a and b are of the same sign With 0 Circle of center at(2,—3), radius 4 (=P +P 22 ~ 2)? +3(y +1)? 7 or ellipse, center at (2,—1) Pty det dy=-5 = w= 1) + (y+ 2? =0 Circle of radius 0 => just one point (1,—2). y-2 4-4 w-2" _(e-1 1; hyperbola, center at (1,2) Pede=de+8 => (e+2)?=4(y43), Parabola, vertex (-2,~3) 3" _y +2)? a 16 => d(e-1)° + (y +2) Ale 3)? - (y+ 2) = 16, oF hyperbola, center at (3, ~2) 4c? Boddy? Hay 44 4, ellipse, center at (1,—2) Substitute y = m(z—5) + 12 into 2? + y? = 169 and you get a quadratic in 2 that involves m, ‘That quadratic has a unique solution iff 5 (A quadratic az? + be +e = 0 has a unique solution iff &? — dac = 0. This is clear from the general quadratic formula.) (x -1)? + (y +3)? = 25, so center at (1,—3). The radius through (4,1) is the line with 1434 Seve 5 sotietangent thesis y= 1) = Ste), of fy Se 48 =0. ‘The slope of the line through the center ofthe circle and the point P is 2, s0 the i slope ofthe tangent line is. ‘The equation for the tangent line to the circle at P is w+n= (@-1), or 2=2y- 910 60. 61. 62. 63. 64, 65. 66. or. SECTION 1.4 Slope of line segment is 1 3 4-31 stp = ( quton of perpendicular beter y+ = 420 midpoint of line segment PQ G 5) slope of line segment PQ : 2 ‘equation of the perpendicular bisector: y — 52 (8) (e-8) © seem -wn0 length of sides: PoE: VCAFAP FCI SF = 4, BP: (OFS TOW 3P = VO FP: J+ 4! + UF 1? = Va. isosceles. vertical side. FEFE: 2% Slope of sides: FER ra Not right triangle (Po, Pt) = V2= 1 +O — 3) = VIB, (Py, Pe) = YE2- CDP +6 - OF = v6, 4(P., Ps) = Y= CPF B- OF = vB. Since d(P),P,)=4(P1,P2), the triangle is isosceles. Since [d(Fo, Pi)? +[d(Pi,Pa)l? = [d(Po, Pj]? the triangle is a right triangle. length of sides: POL: VOF 2° 4741) = VOB, FP: (OFA s OI = VE AP: : (3-04 2-1) = VE. _Isosceles, or ttl 2413 pe 2-7 5 slope of sides: POPE: 75 BR sp BPI 3 az (Py, Pi) = V@= IP +=? = VIB, (Po, Ps) = VB= DP +E 3F = VI, a(R..P,) = Y= BPs 08 = Vv. Since d(Po,P:)=a(P1.P:), the triangle is isosceles. right triangle. Since [4(Po, Pi)] + [4(P:,P2))? = (d (Po, Pa)]?, the triangle is a right triangle. Length of side: (=O) + [8 =O) = 5, so we need a point (x,y) that is a distance 5 from both (0,0) and (4,3). Thus 2? + y? = 25 and (x ~ 4)? + (y — 3)? = 25. From this we get 36(25 ~ 28) = 257 — 4002 + 62". Solving gives two possibilities for the third vertex: Lye Q24VR) (, 1 ge 94 Ave (2+ jvon, =), (05am, 5 ) Te cordiaen ot a (3,8); and 4 (M, (0b) = d(M, (0,a)) = d(M, (0,0) = 3Va? +P68, 69. 70. nL. 73. SECTION 1.4 11 =1,=2),B = (2,1),€ = (4,3). distance to C = (4-3)? + (-3- 9)? v2. distance to B = /(@—¥P+ (4 FF = 3v2 G-1; distance wo A= MOPS CTF = v7. Denote the points (0,1), (3,4) and (1,6) by A, B and C, respectively. The midpoints of the line segments AB, AC, and BC are P (2,2), Q(0,3) and (1,5), respectively. ‘An equation for the line through A and Riss x=1. ‘An equation for the line through B and Qis: y= 42-43. ‘An equation for the line through C and Pis: y-2=~-S(r-2). ‘These three lines intersect at the point (1, 22 Midpoint 40 = (3, Midpoint BC ate 2 ‘The de mdpintsare (5,0), ( 8 )- Thos have uations y = (2-9, Tse tht mae (#28) Let A(0,0) and B(a,0), a>0, be adjacent vertices of a parallelogram. If C (b,c) is the vertex opposite B, then the vertex D opposite A has coordinates (a + b,c) [see the figure]. ® v= coos andy= (bye) > (a0) "The line through A and D has equation: y The line through B and C has equations y ‘These Hines intersect at the point (£4, ¢) segments AD and BC. ‘epsnn a =( y= (248, ME), slope of TE = Similarly, slope of BM Zatz yet ye 2° 2 = slope of Ma. slope of Mei, so the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. Since the relation between F and C is linear, F = mC + for some constants m and C. Setting C=0 and P=32 gives $= 32. Thus F=mC+32.Now, letting C=100 and F= 212 gives m = (212 ~ 32)/100 = 9/5. Therefore12. SECTION 1.5 ‘The Fahrenheit and Centigrade temperatures are equal when which implies. C = F = -40°. 373-273 5p 2297 va. K~a79= B27 pony my Ka Sey BO K-37 = BOB ec _10) => K= C4273, linear SECTION 1.5 1. (a) f(0) = 2(0)? — 300) +2 =2 (b) (1) = 2(1)? - 30) +2=1 (9 H-2) =2(-2)8-3(-2) +2 =16 (@ £G) = 20/2)? - 30/2) +2=2 1 1 5 8 2 @)-} wt o3 ws 3. (a) f(0) = VORFRO=0 () (0) = VPFET- V3 (0-2) = VOPETD =0 (©) 1) = V@PFFIOH = BVH 4. (a) 3 (b) -1 (1 (a) -3 2-0 2a & OO Tae O10" Tear 2 _ 2-(-2) ao _ 2- (3/2) 2 C9 = ya cart IQ = Bpyras ORF mB 6 (Jo w 3 (0 oz Te () flex) = (ca -A(-z) 22422) sl4/2) = (fe)? -201/2) (6) f(a +6) = (a+ 8)? ~ 2(a + 8) = a? + 2ab +0? — 20-2 &§ @i-=-sty wey © fe+)= Ge 9 (a) f(-2) = /14+ Fr? = VIF (b) fQ/2) = Y1F O7aF = |al/vT (c) fla+b) = TF (eb? = Va? + ab FP FT 10. (@) f(-2) = ) #4) = © fast) = ee +a i 11. (@) f(a + h) = 20+ h)? ~3(a+ h) = 20? + dah + 2h? — 3a 3h ¢y frase) (0+ hy? = Math] =a = te _ fohe2t = ah ta 42h—3SECTION 1.5 13 12. @) feth=sh fet 4) 13. 2213 4 e=0 15. 16. 18. 19. 20. 21, dom(f) = (~00,00); range(f) = 22. dom/(g) = (0,00); range (9) = [5, 28. dom(f) = (00,0) (0,00); range(f) = (0,00) 24, dom (g) = (0,0) U (0,00); range(g) = (-00, 0) U (0,00) 25. dom(f) 00,1); range(f) = [0, 00) 26. dom(g) =[3,c0);_ range(9) = 0,00) 27. dom (f) = (—00,7]; range(f)=[-1,00) 28. dom(g) = [1,00); range (g) = [-1,00) 29. dom (f) = (—00,2); range(f) = (0,00) 30. dom (g) = (—2,2); range (g) = [}, 00) 81. horizontal line one unit above the z-axis. 82, horizontal ine one unit below the axis, ‘33. line through the origin with slope 2. 34, line through (0,1) with slope 2. 35. line through (0,2) with slope }. 36. line through (0,—3) with slope —$. 37. upper semicircle of radius 2 centered 38. upper semicircle of radius 3 centered at the origin, at the origin 39. dom (f) = (20,00) 40. dom (f) = (00,00)14 41. 43. 45. 46. ar. 48, 49. Bi. 52. SECTION 1.5 dom (f) = (~90,0) U(0,00)5 range (f) = {~1, 1}. dom (f) = (0,00); range (f) = (1,00). a 42, dom(f) = (00,00); range f = (~00, 0) y q i 44. dom (f) = (20,0) U (0,2) U (200). range (f) = {~1} U (0,00). ‘The curve is the graph of a function: domain [2,2], range [~2,2] Not a funetion. ‘The curve is not the graph of a function; it fails the vertical line test. Function; domain: (—00,00), odd: f(-2) = (-2)" neither even nor odd: g(—=) odd C11) 50. even. -2(--1)=2(e+1); g(-)#9(z) and g(-z) #—a(z) 54. oddSECTION 1.5 15 55. 56. (a) (b) ~6.566, 0.493, 5.559 () -2.739, -0.427, 0.298, 2.868 (©) A(-4,28.607), B (3, ~28.500) (©) A(-1.968, 13.016), B (2.032, 17.015) BT. -3S2<8, O V ay _ ays os -(4)- (@)-% 65. ' where a is the length of a side; dom (A) = (0,00) 8. he VaR wo = berth beear=at 67. Let y be the length of the rectangle. Then 2 12a 30 z+2y+ 215 and y=16 SECTION 1.6 The area A= ay +} x(2/2)? ( 68. Set2y=15 => y= 515-22), 69. Let y be the length of the beam. Then y= V@=#, O r= ZL (s—n). vesrne asm), TL. The coordinates and y are related by the equation y=— (2a), <| pes —Py?. and the 2 total areais 4, +4, = 47 + Le Py, 0 P< 28 7A, By similar ri Lh. Then ¥ |. By similar triangles, = 22, so r= 3 75. Sot length plus girth equal to 108. Then {= 108—2xr,and_ V = (108 —2ar)ar® SECTION 1.6 1. polynomial, degree 0 2. polynomial, degree 1 3. rational function 4. polynomial, degree 2 5. neither 6. polynomial, degree 4 1. neither 8. rational function, 9. neither 1 10. A(z) = — 1, rational function (2) = yh, rational fontSECTION 1.6 17 11. dom(f)=(-00,00) 12, dom(f) = (-o0,-1)U(-1,00) 18. dom (f) = (—20, 00) ad 14. dom(f) = (—00, 00) 15. dom(f)=(e: 2442} 16. ()(2)-» 26, sto ar 2(22) naw as, so 29, 30. 2/3, 4n/3 21, tan/2) <1; 2 82. a), t/t 33. cosr = V2/2; 2=n/4, T/A 34. 4n/3, 52/6 52/3 11n/6 $5. cade 0 ana/h Bel Be/4 tHe 36, EE 37, sin 51° = 0.7772 38. cos 17° = 0.9563 29. sin2382) s001 40, ca(-2046") 206258 41. tan72.4° = 3.1524 42, cot(—13.5°) = -4.1653 43, tan(11.249) = 3.8611 44. cot(7:311) ¥ 0.6035,SECTION 1.6 seo(4.360) © —2.8974 sing = 0.5231; 2 = 0.5505, * ~ 0.5505 tang = 6.7192; = 14231, r+ 14231 sec = 44073; = = 1.7097, dom (f) = dom () = dom(f) = (kr - Fk +2), dom (h) = +1797 00,00); range (f) = [0,1] 00, 00); range (f) (—00, 00); range(h) = [0,1] 46. 48. 50. 52. 54, 56. cse(~9.725) % 3.3814 = 2.5308 = 2.9678 0.0976 dom (g) = (90,20); range (a) dom(F) i range(f) (~c0, 00); range (F) {t,00)68. n. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78 79. SECTION 1.6 19 odd 66. odd 67. even even 69. odd 70. even Assume that Bp > 0. Let m = tans, m= tand:.. The angle a between 1; and th is the smaller of 6 ~ 8, and 180° — [0 ~ 6]. In the first case tanda— tan, _ ma—mi 4 T+ tand; tan@ ~ T+ mam; tana = tan{@s ~ 61] = Jn the second ease, tana = tan{180° — (Bs ~6:)] = ~ tan(Bp ~ 8) = — = Thus tana = | ET (0); a239° [my ans, 76°; mp= $= tand, Op £37") (BYR): 73° my = -3= tanh, & 108°; mp = = tans, By = 35°] tan®y, 8 276% my = (3.8): esir = tan8,, 62 = (-H.-B)s a 882 fm = $= tend, 40%, m=-F=tand, sing = "S°, cosd= SS", by similar triangles. All others follows. sin B (see figure) 3 sinuay, SoA. se =n 4 (b—2)? B = sin? A+ 0? — 2hecos A + ¢? cos? A ? +c? — Abecos A ‘ ‘ A A c20 SECTION 1.6 80. (a) y y aol fs 2 -4 2 4 * Loo (©) y y | 3 = * ‘ 20 10 —— s "i za a1. 82.SECTION 1.7 21 (©) A changes the amplitude; B stretches or compresses horizontally 83. (b) ¥ y | (©) Fela) 2 fasa(z) on [0,1]; fa+r(2) > faz) on [1,00) 84. (a) os asl or x * a* x x 7 ae “Foz et 7 OF “FoF 7 OT () f@) 41 asz +0. As 2 0, o(2) oscillates faster and faster, but with decreasing amplitudes; g(2) > 0 as 2 - 0. SECTION 1.7 LF +9002) = FQ) +912) =3 +5 8. (f-9)(~2) = f(-2)g(~2) = 15-5 5. (2F ~ 39)(3) = 2603) ~ 80}22 SECTION 1.7 % (Foa\(t) = slg] = £2) =3 8. (go f)(2) = 9(0), undefined. 9 (f+ a)(@)= fle) +0(2) =2 (F902) = S(@) - (2) = 32-5; dom(f - 9) = dom (f + 9) = (—00, 20) 00, 00) (Ff -9)(2) = f(2)9(2) = 227 + 72-6; dom(f -g) = (-00, 00) (f/9)(z) = 3 dom (f/9) = {z: z #2} Qoe 10. (f+0)(2) = sla) +9l2)=22 +2142; dom(F +9) =(-2,0) (0,00) (= 9@) = f(@) - oe (Fate) = seal) ==Z4; dome vine dom (f — 9) = (—20,0) U (0, 00) = (20,0) U(0,00) = pri mls) = (-20,0)U (0,00) [g(0) is undefined] 1. (f+ g)2) = 24+ VE=1-VEFT; dom(f +g) = (1,0) (f-a)(e) = Ve=1+ VEFT— 2, dom(f 9) =[1,00) (F-o\2) = VE=T (2 VEFT) <2 VE=T~ VAT dom(y-9) =[1,00) va a-verT (F/9\(2) = dom(f/g)={z:2>1 and 2#30+V3)} 12. (f+g)(2) =sin?e+cos22; dom(f +9) = (-20,00) (f= 9)(2) = sin? x —cos22;; dom(f — 9) = (-00, 00) (F-9)(2) = sin? xe0s22; dom (fg) = (00,00) sin? Qn+1. (Ffo 2) = SE: dom(f/a) = (ere 4 Fn, n= 0,41,22,---} 13. (a) (6f +39)(2) 2+ 1) +\vE~ 2/2) =62+8yz 20 (©) (fF -9)(z) = 24 1/V8 -(VE—2/V2) = 24 3/yE—V% 2 >0 ayt+1 () F/9(@) yi re arA2 4 nz, <1 l-a, 2<1 Ue gie)=4 22-1, 10, the graph of f(z —a) is the graph of f shifted horizontally a units to the right; for <0, the graph of f(x ~ a) is the graph of f shifted horizontally al units to the left. 58. (b) For 8 > 1, the graph of f(z) is the graph of f compressed horizontally; for 0 0 and shifted |e| units down if e<0. 60. S(b[z — a]) + ¢ = (x — a)? - 36(2 — a) +1 +c. By stretching and shifting, get x-intercepts at =2,1/2,3 with a= 1/2,b=2V3/5,0= 1. 61. (a) For A > 0, the graph of Af is the graph of f scaled vertically by the factor A; for A <0, the graph of Af is the graph of f scaled vertically by the factor |4| and then reflected in the (b) See Bxercise 59(b).26 SECTION 1.8 62, (a) The graph of f(z ~c) is the graph of f(z) shifted c to the right (if © < 0, this means the graph is shifted [eto the left (b) A changes the amplitude, B changes the period, C changes the phase. PROJECT 1.7 1. (@) (fog) = 352 +5)) and (ge f)(e) = 32-5) +5] =2 (b) (Yay == VE L © Yen) wear st mt ony = FH mi 2. (a) fe)= 42-7 flals)|=Ag(2)]-T=2 => gle) = (b) f(z) =1+32? figs] =14Sp(a)=2 => o2)=(@-98 © fey = 28 Hola) = 2222 2 gle) t2=g(a)+2 =+ gle) = 2% o@)*1* z-1 If g is the inverse of f, then the graph of g is the reflection of the graph of f in the line y = z. SECTION 1.8 1. Let S be the set of integers for which the statement is true, Since 2(1) <2, $ contains 1. Assume now that k € S. This tells us that 2k <2, and thus 2k +1) = 2425 #4 2< 2 +2 = 2004) = 2 «20 This places k +1 in S. We have shown that 1S andthat keS implies k+16S It follows that $ contains all the positive integers. 2. Use 142m +1) =14+2n$2< ar +Ics4s =D C3,SECTION 1.8 27 3. Let $ be the set of integers for which the statement is true. Since (1)(2) = 2is di ible by 2,1€ S. Assume now that k € S. This tells us that k(k + 1) is divisible by 2 and therefore (E+) +2) = (e+ 1) +2641) is also divisible by 2. This places k+1€ S. We have shown that 1€S and that k€ S implies k+1€S. It follows that 5 contains all the positive integers. 4 Use 14345 4-4 Qin $1) -1) =n eng a(n? 5. Use PRP bo bes (41)? = LAG REN + HTP = HE +DROR+ 1) +6664) = Hk-+ 1)(28? + 7h-+ 6) = Heb IE +208 +3) = HG +41) + NBO +Y +4). PHB be tnd (nba (424-0 bn) + (ne Ty? 3 eal + (n+ 1) (by example 1) 8 + 6n? + 13n? + 12044 = Mtoe + tant Lan 4 = [me Dn+9)]? ~ 2 S[Lt24--tn¢ (nt DP By Bxercise 6 and Example 1 BHP edn)? = a np? = = 1'n? < fat and B42 4-408 = [nln YP = bn%(n +1)? > Int 8. By Exercise 5, PH bee (n=) = He Yn(Qn— 1) < de PEP fo bn? = Inn 1)Qn+1) > bad 9 Use 1 va vast > Vit (Gee vata oe28 SECTION 1.8 . rota 1 2 1 n(nt2)41 _ tt 10. Use patra sa Rew sy ntl @eDe sD Mrs? ns? 11. Let S be the set of integers for which the statement is true. Since PO 42 = 2748255 is divisible by 7, we see that L€ S. Assume now that k € S. This tlls us that 31 + 29 is divisible by 7. It follows that gue) 4 gfbt1)42 <3? gtet 4 9 gh? ogpktt yg. ght? a 7g 4 (2h! 4 22) is also divisible by 7. This places k+1€ S. ‘We have shown that 1S andthat FES implies k+1ES. It follows that S contains all the positive integers. 12, n>1: Tueforn For the induction step, use grt 841) 9" — 8n — 9 — Gan + G4n = 9(9" — 8n — 1) + 64n 13. For all positive integers n > 2, (-DO-DGD-4 ‘To see this, let $ be the set of integers n for which the formula holds. Since 1 — Suppose now that & € S. This tells us that. res. and therefore that, 1) (,_) 1 1). L 1 (a) G- ea) -eb-es mi This places k + 1 € and verifies the formula for n > 2 nyt net 1 nt 220) n+2 14, The product is we MAE (;__1_) nat (witon) _ nv? ‘The product is “Gi U8 Ga (: a) an (ap IneSECTION 1.8 29 15. From the figure, observe that adding a vertex Viys1 to an N-sided polygon increases the number of diagonals by (V~2)+1=.N—1, Then use the identity +N 1) =F (V +1-3) aad 16. From the figure for Exercise 15, observe that adding a vertex (Vi-41) to an N-sided polygon increases the angle sum by 180° 17, To gofrom k tok-+1, take A = {a1,"++ ,ay41) and B = (a1,-+-,ae} Assume that B has 2 subsets By,By,--» Bys. The subsets of A ave then By, Ba,--- , Bas together with By U {anys}, Be U {anrr}s-++ 5 Bae U {aesi} This gives 2(2" H+ subsets for A.30 SECTION 2.1 CHAPTER 2 SECTION 2.1 1 (@) 2 ) 2 (a) -4 Co) 3. (2) does not exist (b) 4 @) 1 © 5. (a) does not exist. (b) 6. (a) 1 (b) 7 (a) 2 © 8. (a) 2 (®) 9. (2) 0 () 10. (a) Goes not exist (b) M1. c=0,6 2 6. 2 16. ww. 3 20. 23. 24, 25. 26. ar. 28. does not exist 30. tim (2+ B) <2 32, 33. does not exist, does not exist, 2 2 2 0 does not exist does not exist “4 does not exist does not exist does not exist does not exist 2 2 ° does not exist -1 1 does not exist, (@) (a) (a) (@ @ @ (@) (@) @ @ 4. 18. 22, -3 does not exist does not exist